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139-545: According to local legends, the river was named by the Romans who, after seeing it for the first time, said una (lat. one , as a reference to its unique beauty) to describe it. Una is a popular female name even in the areas that are not located in the vicinity of the river. One explanation for this is that people that were displaced during the Yugoslav Wars continued to give the name to their children. The source of

278-579: A Greater Serbia )". He assumes that the Serbian policy changed from conservative–socialist at the beginning to xenophobic nationalist in the late 1980s and 1990s. In Serbia and Serb-dominated territories, violent confrontations occurred, particularly between nationalists and non-nationalists who criticized the Serbian government and the Serb political entities in Bosnia and Croatia. Serbs who publicly opposed

417-528: A distance of 66.5 km (41.3 mi). The deposition of carbonate minerals and the formation of porous limestone rock (tufa) and pronounced karst influence is characteristic for this section. The middle section of the river spans from the city of Bihać to the town of Novi Grad and its confluence with the Sana . Not long after exiting the city the river takes in the waters from the short Klokot river, after which it meanders, slowly turning eastward before entering

556-526: A general northeast direction until its confluence with the Sava river near Jasenovac. Major towns and villages on the river in this section are Novi Grad, Kostajnica and Kozarska Dubica on the right bank in Bosnia and Dvor na Uni, Hrvatska Kostajnica and Hrvatska Dubica on the left bank in Croatia. The waterfalls, rapids and tufa rock that were common in previous sections are almost completely nonexistent in

695-475: A genocide by several authors, and they also supported the instatement of a Serbian monarchy and the establishment of a Yugoslav federation. The Communist -led Yugoslav Partisans were able to appeal to all groups, including Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks, and also engaged in mass killings. In 1945, the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) was established under Josip Broz Tito , who maintained

834-504: A highway attack between Pristina and Mitrovica, and arrested more than 100 Albanian militants. Adem Jashari, as one of the founders and leaders of the KLA, was convicted of terrorism in absentia by a Yugoslav court on 11 July 1997. Human Rights Watch subsequently described the trial, in which fourteen other Kosovo Albanians were also convicted, as "[failing] to conform to international standards". The NATO North Atlantic Council claimed

973-617: A lesser extent, Croatian populations in Bosnia-Hercegovina". A telegram sent to the White House on 8 February 1994 by U.S. Ambassador to Croatia, Peter W. Galbraith , stated that genocide was occurring. The telegram cited "constant and indiscriminate shelling and gunfire" of Sarajevo by Karadzic's Yugoslav People Army; the harassment of minority groups in Northern Bosnia "in an attempt to force them to leave"; and

1112-537: A massive number of deaths as well as severe economic damage to the region. During the initial stages of the breakup of Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) sought to preserve the unity of the Yugoslav nation by eradicating all republic governments. However, it increasingly came under the influence of Slobodan Milošević , whose government invoked Serbian nationalism as an ideological replacement for

1251-411: A maximal 98.1 m/s (3,460 cu ft/s) recorded in 2009, with the average discharge being 7.21 m/s (255 cu ft/s). The spring seems to have a limited outflow capacity, potentially caused by limited dimensions of the karst outflow channel, water retention in the karst, water flowing under pressure and water overflowing into other watersheds. The total amount of water that flows out of

1390-694: A multi-party system, Serbia, led by Milošević, demanded an even more centralized federation and Serbia's dominant role in it. At the 14th Extraordinary Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia in January 1990, the Serbian -dominated assembly agreed to abolish the single-party system. However, Slobodan Milošević, the head of the Serbian Party branch ( League of Communists of Serbia ) used his influence to block and vote down all other proposals from

1529-497: A population of 10   196, and the municipality has a population of 25   545. Another large settlement on the banks of the river in the municipality is the town of Bosanska Otoka . The river enters the town from the west, just after having exited its large canyon, and continues to flow through the city, turning north. The river, just like in Bihać, forms multiple cascades and smaller islands connected by bridges. Downstream of Bosanska Krupa,

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1668-538: A population of 3   834, and the municipality has a population of 5   977. The river enters the towns from the west and after exiting the town continues to flow east. Hrvatska Kostajnica is the largest town in the Hrvatska Kostajnica municipality in the Sisačko-moslavačka županija and the administrative center of said municipality. The town has a population of 2   746. Novi Grad is the largest town in

1807-562: A strongly authoritarian leadership that suppressed nationalism . After Tito's death in 1980, relations between the six republics of the federation deteriorated. Slovenia , Croatia and Kosovo desired greater autonomy within the Yugoslav confederation, while Serbia sought to strengthen federal authority. As it became clear that there was no solution that was agreeable to all parties, Slovenia and Croatia moved towards independence . Although tensions in Yugoslavia had been mounting since

1946-475: A substantial Muslim minority. Clear ethnic conflict between the Yugoslav peoples only became prominent in the 20th century, beginning with tensions over the constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in the early 1920s and escalating into violence between Serbs and Croats in the late 1920s after the assassination of Croatian politician Stjepan Radić . This nation lasted from 1918 to 1941, when it

2085-526: A three-month moratorium on separation. The Federal Army completely withdrew from Slovenia by 26 October 1991. Fighting in Croatia had begun weeks prior to the Ten-Day War in Slovenia. The Croatian War of Independence began when Serbs in Croatia , who were opposed to Croatian independence , announced their secession from Croatia. In the 1990 parliamentary elections in Croatia, Franjo Tuđman became

2224-495: A three-month moratorium was placed on the implementation of the decision that ended on 8 October. The armed incidents of early 1991 escalated into an all-out war during the summer, with fronts being formed around the areas of the breakaway SAO Krajina. The JNA had disarmed the Territorial Units of Slovenia and Croatia prior to the declaration of independence, at the behest of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević. This

2363-407: A total of 64 m/s. It has a hydraulic head of 12 m as the powerplant was constructed at the site of a large cascade of waterfalls. The installed capacity of each turbine is 2.35 MW for a grand total of 9.40 MW. Even though there are two hydroelectric powerplants constructed on the main course of the river, the river flow can still be classified as uninterrupted because the powerplants do not divert all

2502-478: A trend of decreasing discharges from other springs in the nearby regions believed to be caused by global warming. The upper part of the river spans from its source to the city of Bihać. After emerging from its source, the river flows for about 5 km before reaching its confluence with the Krka river, after which it forms the border between Bosnia and Croatia for about 7 km and then enters Bosnia completely for

2641-507: A unique environment in need of protection. The largest current threats to the river and its ecosystem are pollution and proposed hydropower projects. The upper section of the river is, for now, still a relatively untouched and unpolluted part of the river. The main pre-war pollutants, such as the cellulose factory in Drvar and the glue factory in Srb, have stopped operating after the war, and as such

2780-436: A yearly electricity production of 400 MWh. It has a hydraulic head of 2.6 m and an intake capacity of 9 m/s. The water is directed into the intake by a low, 70 m long concrete dam, colloquially called "beton" (bos. concrete), that doubles as a walkway and bathing site during low water levels. During high water levels, excess water flows over the dam forming a long waterfall. The power plant along with all other related structures

2919-525: Is a right tributary of the Una, and, for the entirety of its length, forms the border between Bosnia and Croatia. It's 4 km long and forms a small canyon. It has a watershed area of 119 km and is part of the Una National Park. The Krušnica is a right tributary of the Una. Its source, a strong karst spring with an average discharge of 7 – 8 m/s, is located 6 km south of Bosanska Krupa. It

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3058-510: Is a tributary of the Una , which it flows into at Novi Grad . It is the longest of the nine rivers that flow through Sanski Most , and is 142 km long. It is not a navigable waterway . The name of the river derives from the Latin adjective sānus , feminine sāna hence sana , which roughly translates "healthy" ( Aqua Sanus translates as healthy water / river). The Sana in its upper course

3197-485: Is around 7 km long and has a watershed area of 301 km. One interesting thing to note about the river itself is the fact that a small branch of the Una river flows into the Krušnica first, before the Krušnica flows into the Una. A small hydroelectric power plant is also located near the river source. Due to the rivers's steep gradient, especially in the upper course, 942 MW of electrical energy could be produced if all

3336-452: Is around 72 km (45 mi), with a gradient of 0.041% and drop of 29.6 m (97 ft). The watershed of the Una river has a total area of 10,200 km (3,900 sq mi), of which 79% (8,080 km or 3,120 sq mi) belongs to Bosnia and Herzegovina, and 21% (2,120 km or 820 sq mi) to Croatia. It borders the watersheds of the Korana, Glina and Sunja to

3475-556: Is fast mountain river with upland freshwater ecology, and its waters being very clear and cold. Gushing out of the karst plateau with Ovčara as most prominent summit (1576 m), between Klekovača and Vitorog mountains, and flows toward alluvial plains of the Bosanska Krajina with lowland freshwater ecology. Well-spring areal is located in the vicinity of Marići village, between surrounding villages of Gornja and Donja Pečka , Gornji and Donji Vrbljani , and Medna , on

3614-469: Is located 9 km downstream of Bihać, near the village of Kostela. It is a run-of-the river plant that diverts a large part of the flow to be used for power generation and leaves behind a minimum amount of water to flow over the old waterfalls. Construction of the powerplant was finished in 1952. during the Yugoslav period . The powerplant contains four Kaplan turbines that use 16 m/s of water each for

3753-560: Is located at an elevation of 870 m above sea level, but is relatively insignificant in terms of discharge (1 m/s or 35 cu ft/s) when compared to the main source of the Sana river. The mouth of the Sana is located in Novi Grad, at an elevation of 117 m above sea level. The Sana has a high karstification coefficient of 0.43 at the Ključ measuring station, which has the consequence of

3892-536: Is located in Republika Srpska , after which it crosses the entity line and enters the Una - Sana Canton where it flows through Ključ and Sanski Most. After exiting Sanski Most, it crosses the entity line again and takes a sharp left turn at the foot of the Kozara mountain, after which it enters Prijedor and continues to flows towards its confluence with the Una in Novi Grad. The major cities and towns located on

4031-625: Is one of the most popular form of outdoor recreation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is important part of the national park offer for the river Una. The river Una as well as the Unac are popular fly fishing grounds, and among the largest in Europe. An abundant ichthyofauna , rich in salmonid species, primarily grayling and brown trout , with the Una being also famous huchen destinations. Fly fishing and other angling methods are allowed only in certain sections and under strict rules and regulations of

4170-548: Is the largest and most important city located on the banks of the Una river and is the administrative center of the Una-Sana Canton in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and is the center of the Bihać municipality itself. The city itself has a population of 39   690, and the municipality has a population of 56   261. The Una National Park is almost completely located in the Bihać municipality, along with some of

4309-466: The Bosniaks , who wanted to preserve the territorial integrity of the newly independent Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina , and the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb proto-state Republika Srpska and the self-proclaimed Croat Herzeg-Bosnia , which were led and supplied by Serbia and Croatia respectively, reportedly with a goal of the partition of Bosnia , which would leave only a small part of land for

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4448-690: The Croatian and Slovene party delegates. This prompted the Croatian and Slovene delegations to walk out and thus the break-up of the party, a symbolic event representing the end of " brotherhood and unity ". The survey of Yugoslav citizens that was conducted in 1990 showed that ethnic animosity existed on a small scale. Compared to the results from 25 years before, there was a significant increase in ethnic distance among Serbs and Montenegrins toward Croats and Slovenes and vice versa. Upon Croatia and Slovenia's declarations of independence in 1991,

4587-556: The Inter-Entity Boundary Line and shortly after forms the border with Croatia for the last time, and remains a border river until its mouth. Not long after becoming the border, the river enters the town of Novi Grad, where the confluence with the Sana river is located. The Sana is the longest and most significant tributary of the Una and greatly increases the discharge of the river. Waterfalls and tufa are rarer in this section, albeit still present. The confluence with

4726-524: The Lička Plješevica and Stražbenica mountain ranges. The Una river, flowing out of the spring, forms its first travertine cascade roughly 20 meters downstream and another large waterfall 3 – 4 meters in height roughly 100 meters downstream. The spring itself was explored and mapped up to a depth of 248 meters, which makes it the deepest explored spring in the Dinaric karst region and the fifth deepest in

4865-692: The Socialist Republic of Serbia , Kosovo's autonomy suffered and so the region was faced with state-organized oppression: from the early 1990s, Albanian language radio and television were restricted and newspapers shut down. Kosovar Albanians were fired in large numbers from public enterprises and institutions, including banks, hospitals, the post office and schools. In June 1991, the University of Priština assembly and several faculty councils were dissolved and replaced by Serbs. Kosovar Albanian teachers were prevented from entering school premises for

5004-468: The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina , a paper mill "Celpak" in Prijedor was draining wastewater into the Sana, just downstream from the town, so that the further flow of the river was considered polluted. From the outset of the war, and after the war to this day, the factory has been shut down and the discharge of wastewater is reduced to significantly smaller scale. At the center of Novi Grad the Sana reaches

5143-517: The 1992 referendum on independence. They failed to persuade people not to vote, and instead the intimidating atmosphere combined with a Serb boycott of the vote resulted in a resounding 99% vote in support for independence. On 19 June 1992, the war in Bosnia broke out, though the Siege of Sarajevo had already begun in April after Bosnia and Herzegovina had declared independence. The conflict, typified by

5282-467: The 2022 Ukraine war. The areas of "Sector East", unaffected by the Croatian military operations, came under UN administration ( UNTAES ), and were reintegrated to Croatia in 1998 under the terms of the Erdut Agreement . On 2 April 1992, a conflict engulfed Bosnia and Herzegovina as it also declared independence from rump Yugoslavia. The war was predominantly a territorial conflict between

5421-700: The Balkans 1941–1945 , the ethnically mixed region of Dalmatia held close and amicable relations between the Croats and Serbs who lived there in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many early proponents of a united Yugoslavia came from this region, such as Ante Trumbić , a Croat from Dalmatia. However, by the time of the outbreak of the Yugoslav Wars, any hospitable relations between Croats and Serbs in Dalmatia had broken down, with Dalmatian Serbs fighting on

5560-694: The Bosniaks. On 18 December 1992, the United Nations General Assembly issued resolution 47/121 in which it condemned Serbian and Montenegrin forces for trying to acquire more territories by force. The Yugoslav armed forces had disintegrated into a largely Serb-dominated military force. The JNA opposed the Bosnian-majority led government's agenda for independence, and along with other armed nationalist Serb militant forces attempted to prevent Bosnian citizens from voting in

5699-633: The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina required the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska to recognize all "constituent peoples" as entitled to full equality throughout the nation. Similarly, Article X of the constitution declares that the rights and freedoms defined in Article II may not be altered. Features like these are common throughout the constitution in order to assuage feelings of mistrust between

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5838-592: The Croatian Army and the combined Bosnian and Croat forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina conducted an operation codenamed Operation Mistral in September 1995 to push back Bosnian Serb military gains. The advances on the ground along with NATO air strikes put pressure on the Bosnian Serbs to come to the negotiating table. Pressure was put on all sides to stick to the cease-fire and negotiate an end to

5977-566: The JNA's advance into Slavonia. By the end of October, the town was almost completely devastated as a result of land shelling and air bombardment. The Siege of Dubrovnik started in October with the shelling of UNESCO World Heritage Site Dubrovnik , where the international press was criticised for focusing on the city's architectural heritage, instead of reporting the destruction of Vukovar in which many civilians were killed. On 18 November 1991,

6116-521: The JNA. By mid-July 1991, the JNA moved an estimated 70,000 troops to Croatia. The fighting rapidly escalated, eventually spanning hundreds of square kilometers from western Slavonia through Banija to Dalmatia. Border regions faced direct attacks from forces within Serbia and Montenegro. In August 1991, the Battle of Vukovar began, where fierce fighting took place with around 1,800 Croat fighters blocking

6255-445: The KLA undertook a series of attacks against police stations and Yugoslav government employees, saying that the Yugoslav authorities had killed Albanian civilians as part of an ethnic cleansing campaign. On 22 April 1996, four attacks on Serbian security personnel were carried out almost simultaneously in several parts of Kosovo. In January 1997, Serbian security forces assassinated KLA commander Zahir Pajaziti and two other leaders in

6394-516: The KLA was "the main initiator of the violence" and that it had "launched what appears to be a deliberate campaign of provocation". Pursuing Jashari for the murder of a Serb policeman, the Serbian forces again attempted to assault the Jashari compound in Prekaz on 22 January 1998. Between 1991 and 1997, mostly in 1996–97, 39 persons were killed by the KLA. Attacks between 1996 and February 1998 led to

6533-476: The KLA. The KLA sought to destabilize the region, hoping the United States and NATO would intervene. Serbian patrols were ambushed and policemen were killed. It was only in the next year that the KLA organization took responsibility for these attacks. The KLA, originally composed of a few hundred Albanians, attacked several police stations and wounded many police officers in 1996–1997. In February 1996

6672-545: The Krušnica river flows into the Una Novi Grad is the largest town in the Novi Grad municipality in Republika Srpska and the administrative center of said municipality. The town has a population of 10   120, and the municipality has a population of 27   115. The river enters the town from the southwest and after exiting the town continues to flow northeast. The confluence of the Una and its largest tributary,

6811-502: The Novi Grad municipality in Republika Srpska and the administrative center of said municipality. The town has a population of 10   544, and the municipality has a population of 21   524. The river enters the town from the west and after exiting the town continues to flow northeast. The Una river, with the quality of its waters, unique landscape, rare tufa deposits and waterfalls, rapids, river islands and other aesthetic, geomorphological, hydrological and biological characteristics represents

6950-465: The Sana empties into the Una river as its most important and largest tributary. From Sanski Most, through Prijedor, to its confluence with the Una in Bosanski Novi, the average drop is 41.21 m. Between Prijedor and Novi Grad, the river also serves as a natural border between the two subregions , Potkozarje and Podgrmeč . In this section the Sana is characteristically lowland river . Before

7089-400: The Sana marks the end of the middle section of the river and the beginning of the lower section. The total length of the river between Bihać and Novi Grad is around 103 km (64 mi), with a gradient of 0.067% and drop of 69.5 m (228 ft). The lower section of the river spans from the town of Novi Grad to the river mouth. After exiting the town of Novi Grad, the river flows in

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7228-458: The Sana springs one-by-one, with first three supplementing it from the left and, after just a little more than one kilometre downstream, with the fourth from the right. This fourth well-spring is also known for the Mračaj karstic cave from which it emerges. From this point the Sana is formed river, with steady average discharge. The river at this point is still with low average discharge, and receiving

7367-523: The Sana watershed being relatively undeveloped and having few surface streams. The tributaries of the Sana river are the Banjica (53 km watershed area), Gomjenica (776 km ). Kozica (120 km), Ribnik (447 km ), Sanica (468 km), Kijevska rijeka (64 km), Dabar (111 km), Zdena (65 km), Blija (133 km), Majdanuša (60 km) and Japra (355 km). The Sana flows through both entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its source

7506-430: The Sana, is located in the town itself, and the town also divides the middle and lower portions of the river. Main articles: Kostajnica and Hrvatska Kostajnica Kostajnica and Hrvatska Kostajnica are two towns on opposing banks of the river, in Bosnia and Croatia respectively. Novi Grad is the largest town in the Novi Grad municipality in Republika Srpska and the administrative center of said municipality. The town has

7645-437: The Una and the watersheds of the Korana and Glina are often grouped together for analytical purposes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Una river has an average discharge of 240.3 m/s (8,490 cu ft/s) at its mouth, with a minimal discharge of 40.95 m/s (1,446 cu ft/s). There are relatively small differences in the average monthly discharges (the driest month August has 37% of average yearly discharge while

7784-464: The Una river is located near the Croatian village of Donja Suvaja and consists of multiple smaller springs. The largest spring by discharge is a large karst spring at an elevation of 396 m (1,299 ft) above sea level, called Vrelo Une, and is considered to be the main spring of the river. The water, originating from great depths, forms a round, calm, bluish green lake, thirty meters by fifteen meters in size, surrounded by forests and steep cliffs of

7923-457: The Una river, the biggest of which is the huchen ( mladica , Latin: Hucho hucho ). The river is rich in salmonid fish species, where as the healthy population of endemic huchen, otherwise globally endangered, makes the river Una and its main tributary the Sana, one of Europe's primer habitats and spawning grounds . Other smaller tributaries are also important for this fish, as it enters smaller stream during spawning season to lay eggs. Bihać

8062-475: The Una river. Plans to harness hydropower on the Sana have been proposed; a concession was granted to begin a project in 2008 or 2009. The hydroelectric power plant MHE Medna opened in 2018 and was developed by the company Kelag  [ de ] in the upper reaches of the river, just a few kilometres from the Sana's source outlets . The project was protested by local and national NGOs for years, but without success. Opponents raised concerns that

8201-443: The Una, and their data is show in the tables below The Una river has a relatively weakly developed network of tributaries, owing to its karst geology. Most of the tributaries are shorter rivers, albeit with strong sources and relatively large discharges. There is also a number of karst springs located directly at the main channel of the river. The right tributaries of the river are the Krka, Unac, Krušnica, Vojskova and Sana rivers, and

8340-483: The Unac is Drvar , through which the river is regulated. The river is 66 km long and, throughout its course, flows through multiple gorges and canyons, the deepest one lying between Crno vrelo and Bereka in the National Park itself. It is 350 m deep and noted for its hydromorphological, geological, hydrological characteristics and its biodiversity. Throughout its course there is pronounced karst influence, and

8479-567: The Yugoslav Wars, such as " Greater Albania " (from Kosovo , idea abandoned following international diplomacy) and " Greater Croatia " (from parts of Herzegovina , abandoned in 1994 with the Washington Agreement ). Often described as one of Europe's deadliest armed conflicts since World War II , the Yugoslav Wars were marked by many war crimes , including genocide , crimes against humanity , ethnic cleansing , massacres , and mass wartime rape . The Bosnian genocide

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8618-537: The Yugoslav federal government attempted to forcibly halt the impending breakup of the country , with Yugoslav Prime Minister Ante Marković declaring that the secessions of Slovenia and Croatia were both illegal and contrary to the constitution of Yugoslavia, and he also expressed his support for the Yugoslav People's Army in order to secure the integral unity of Yugoslavia. The Slovenes (represented by Milan Kučan and Lojze Peterle ) and Croats argued that

8757-480: The act was not secession but disassociation ( Slovene : razdruževanje , Croatian : razdruživanje ) from Yugoslavia as the federation was originally established as a voluntary union of peoples. The Badinter Commission ruled in November 1991 that the act was not secession but a separation as provided for by the constitution of the second Yugoslavia. According to Stephen A. Hart, author of Partisans: War in

8896-735: The attacks that were coming from the UÇPMB. The insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia was an armed conflict in the northwestern part of the country which began when the ethnic Albanian National Liberation Army (NLA) militant group began attacking the security forces of the Republic of Macedonia at the end of January 2001, and ended with the Ohrid Agreement in August. The goal of the NLA

9035-477: The banks of the river are Prijedor , Sanski Most and Ključ . There are multiple measuring stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Sana, and their data is show in the table below: The Unac river is the longest headwater of the Una, and, at their confluence, has a larger discharge and a larger watershed. The longest headwater of the Unac, Šatorski potok, flows out of Šator lake under the Šator mountain at an elevation of 1460 m above sea level. The largest town on

9174-525: The battle of Vukovar ended after the city ran out of ammunition. The Ovčara massacre occurred shortly after Vukovar's capture by the JNA. Meanwhile, control over central Croatia was seized by Croatian Serb forces in conjunction with the JNA Corps from Bosnia and Herzegovina, under the leadership of Ratko Mladić . In January 1992, the Vance Plan established UN controlled (UNPA) zones for Serbs in

9313-468: The cities. Some of the vandalized bridges on the river even required complete reconstruction. Another large but often overlooked issue is the fact that there are multiple illegal landfills located in the watershed of the river, most notable in the Una-Sana canton. Some of the landfills are located directly above spring which feed directly into the river itself. To this date, there have been no solutions to

9452-576: The city is located at the end of the low concrete dam of the hydroelectric power plant. After flowing under the bridge, it continues to flow north where it forms the Gradska otoka island. The island is accessible by two pedestrian bridges connecting it to both banks of the river, and another pedestrian bridge connecting it to the smaller Amerikančevo island. After Gradska otoka island, the river splits into multiple smaller channels and forms multiple islands, some of which are private property and are connected to

9591-474: The city itself is surrounded by the Una river, and a channel carries water from the river to a small hydroelectric power plant. Another small tributary of the Una, the Drobinica, flows through the city in a regulated channel before merging with the Una. In its upper course, the Una is a youthful river with a steep gradient of 0.232% and a large amount of waterfalls. The total drop is 154 m (505 ft) over

9730-489: The communist leadership was divided along national lines. The representatives of Vojvodina , Kosovo and Montenegro were replaced with loyalists of the President of Serbia, Slobodan Milošević . Serbia secured four out of eight federal presidency votes and was able to heavily influence decision-making at the federal level, since all the other Yugoslav republics only had one vote. While Slovenia and Croatia wanted to allow

9869-402: The conflict in which the Yugoslav government requested KFOR support in suppressing UÇPMB attacks, since the government could only use lightly armed military forces as part of the Kumanovo Agreement, which created a buffer zone so the bulk of the Yugoslav armed forces could not enter. Yugoslav president Vojislav Koštunica warned that fresh fighting would erupt if KFOR units did not act to prevent

10008-626: The conflicts. According to the International Center for Transitional Justice , the Yugoslav Wars resulted in the deaths of 140,000 people, while the Humanitarian Law Center estimates at least 130,000 casualties. Over their decade-long duration, the conflicts resulted in major refugee and humanitarian crises. In 2006 the Central European free trade agreement ( CEFTA ) was expanded to include many of

10147-467: The dam would damage the river's flow ( river morphology ), ambient value, and beauty; and inflict habitat destruction of native fish such as the endangered Huchen (Danube salmon). Rafting is one of the most popular forms of outdoor recreation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the river Sana is popular destination. The Sana is known for an abundant ichthyofauna , rich in species, and recreational and fly fishing are very popular on entire course of

10286-469: The deaths of 10 policemen and 24 civilians. A NATO -facilitated ceasefire between the KLA and Yugoslav forces was signed on 15 October 1998, but both sides broke it two months later and fighting resumed. When the killing of 45 Kosovar Albanians in the Račak massacre was reported in January 1999, NATO decided that the conflict could only be settled by introducing a military peacekeeping force to forcibly restrain

10425-570: The destruction of the river's unique environment and, eventually, were cancelled. Yugoslav Wars The Yugoslav Wars were a series of separate but related ethnic conflicts , wars of independence, and insurgencies that took place from 1991 to 2001 in what had been the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia). The conflicts both led up to and resulted from the breakup of Yugoslavia , which began in mid-1991, into six independent countries matching

10564-508: The different ethnic groups and maintain lasting stability. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the United States reported in April 1995 (three months before Srebrenica massacre ) that nearly 90 percent of all the atrocities in the Yugoslav wars up to that point had been perpetrated by Serb militants. Most of these atrocities occurred in Bosnia . After September 1990 when the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution had been unilaterally repealed by

10703-628: The direction of Grmeč mountain, and in this section reaches the Sana from the left at Vrhpolje  [ bs ] . Soon after, the Sana receives the Kijevska rijeka from the right and the Dabar from the left. After 72 km and the altitude difference of 262.52 m, the Sana then passes through Sanski Most and combines with two significant tributary rivers, the Zdena and the Bliha river, both from

10842-420: The early 1980s, events in 1990 proved to be decisive. In the midst of economic hardship and the fall of communism in eastern Europe in 1989, Yugoslavia was facing rising nationalism among its various ethnic groups. By the early 1990s, there was no effective authority at the federal level. The Federal Presidency consisted of the representatives of the six republics, two provinces and the Yugoslav People's Army, and

10981-412: The electrical network of the city. The old defensive moat of the city was deepened, widened and repurposed as an intake channel for the power plant, utilizing the natural drop of the river. In its original form, it contained two Francis turbines with an installed power of 87 kW each and was used to power the city's electrical lighting. Today, it contains one generator with a power of 160 kW and

11120-577: The end of 1992, tensions between Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks rose and their collaboration fell apart. In January 1993, the two former allies engaged in open conflict, resulting in the Croat–Bosniak War . In 1994 the US brokered peace between Croatian forces and the Bosnian Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina with the Washington Agreement . After the successful Flash and Storm operations,

11259-561: The end of these operations, Croatia had reclaimed all of its territory except the UNPA Sector East portion of Slavonia, bordering Serbia. During and after theses offensives, around 150,000–200,000 Serbs of the area formerly held by the ARSK were ethically cleansed and a variety of crimes were committed against some of the remaining civilians by Croatian forces. The Croatian Serbs became the largest refugee population in Europe prior to

11398-413: The entire watershed is 0.244, which means that 24.4% of the surface area in the watershed lacks proper surface streams and drainage. The karstification coefficient up to Bihać is 0.43, up to Novi Grad 0.28 and up to Kostajnica 0.26. The average air temperature in the area of the watershed is 10.2 °C (50.4 °F), and the average amount of annual rainfall is 79 mm (3.1 in). The watersheds of

11537-554: The escalation of the Yugoslav crisis, the JNA became heavily dominated by Serbs. According to the former commander of the fifth army in Zagreb Martin Špegelj , 50% of the command positions were previously held by Croats, while a few years later at the beginning of the war all key positions were held by Serbs. The first of the conflicts, known as the Ten-Day War, was initiated by the JNA (Yugoslav People's Army) on 26 June 1991 after

11676-436: The first President of Croatia . He promoted nationalist policies and had a primary goal of the establishment of an independent Croatia. The new government proposed constitutional changes , reinstated the traditional Croatian flag and coat of arms , and removed the term "Socialist" from the title of the republic. The new Croatian government implemented policies that were openly nationalistic and anti-Serbian in nature, such as

11815-468: The first armed clashes between Serb paramilitaries and Croatian police occurred in the Battle of Borovo Selo . On 19 May an independence referendum was held, which was largely boycotted by Croatian Serbs , and the majority voted in favour of the independence of Croatia. Croatia declared independence and dissolved its association with Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991. Due to the Brioni Agreement ,

11954-557: The first time, flowing through the village of Martin Brod where it forms a cascade of waterfalls with the total drop being about 54 m (177 ft). Downstream of Martin Bord, the Una more than doubles in size at its confluence with the Unac. After 9 km the river bends west at the town of Kulen Vakuf where it is joined by the small tributary Ostrovica before continuing to flow in a general northward direction. Downstream of Kulen Vakuf,

12093-535: The growing Serbian insurgency, while many government employees, mostly police where commanding positions were mainly held by Serbs, lost their jobs. The new Croatian constitution was ratified in December 1990, and the Serb National Council formed SAO Krajina , a self-proclaimed Serbian autonomous region. Ethnic tensions rose, fueled by propaganda in both Croatia and Serbia. On 2 May 1991, one of

12232-496: The historic town of Ključ . At this point, passing through Ključ, the upper course ends and river enters its midsection narrow gorge, with steep but relatively low slopes, while turning its course to more clear south-to-north direction. The river here combines with the waters of several typical karstic streams , abundant in water but short in length. Its main tributary is water abundant the Sanica river, which flows east-to-west from

12371-552: The largest waterfalls, canyons, cascades and tourist attractions. Some of the settlements on the Una river in the Bihać municipality are Martin Brod, Kulen Vakuf, Lohovo, Ripač, Pritoka, Golubić and Ostrožac na Uni. The river enters the city from the south after having formed the large Ribićka otoka island. It continues to flow north towards the Alija Izetbegović bridge and passes by the Midžića jezero lake. The first cascade in

12510-484: The left tributaries are the Dobrenica, Drobinica, Klokot and Baštra rivers. The Sana river is the longest and most important tributary of the Una river, with a watershed size of 4,258 km (1,644 sq mi) and average discharge of over 8 m/s (280 cu ft/s). Its source is located under Lisina mountain, 420 m above sea level. The longest headwater of the Sana is the Korana, whose source, Dobra Voda,

12649-461: The left, as well as the smaller Majdanuša from the left. From here it runs toward the town of Prijedor , where its middle section ends, and where it receives the waters of Gomjenica river from the right. The Sana then turns sharply under an angle of almost 90 degrees and heads west. Near Blagaj Japra and Blagaj Rijeka , it receives the Japra from the left. In its final destination in Novi Grad,

12788-456: The location where the water flows out of the hydroelectric power plant, and the one on the eastern side is a popular bathing site. After the island, the river channels combine again and the water flows under the second large bridge in the city, the Bakšaiš bridge. After the bridge, the river forms multiple cascades before splitting into two channels again and forming the large Bakšaš island, after which

12927-433: The lower section as the Una takes up the characteristics of a mature river, meandering through alluvial plains and having a low gradient. Near its confluence with the Sava exist a couple of oxbow lakes colloquially called Stara Una (lit. "Old Una"). After a total length of about 212 km, the Una flows into the Sava river near the Croatian village of Jasenovac. The total length of the river between Novi Grad and Jasenovac

13066-404: The mainland by bridges and some of which are wild, uninhabited islands. Two additional cascades are located in this stretch. After the individual channels combine, the water flows over a large, V-shaped cascade, after which the river splits into two channels again, forming another island. There are cascades on both sides of the island. The western one is a popular fishing and fly fishing spot and

13205-711: The military protection of the Kosovo Force (KFOR). The 15-month war had left thousands of civilians killed on both sides and over a million displaced. The Insurgency in the Preševo Valley was an armed conflict between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and ethnic-Albanian insurgents of the Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (UÇPMB), beginning in June 1999. There were instances during

13344-536: The mountainous areas of the Lička Plješevica, Čemernica and Mala Kapela mountains, and the Koreničko, Bijelopolje, Krbavsko and Lapačko polje karst fields . All aforementioned karst fields are directly connected to spring of the river itself, and other nearby springs (Klokot, Vedro Polje, Dobrenica, Ostrovica). The discharge of the spring varies from a minimal 0.076 m/s (2.7 cu ft/s) recorded in 1987 to

13483-566: The national park and flows through the villages of Lohovo and Račić . After that, the river slowly enters the Bihać field, flowing through the villages of Ripač , Golubić and Pritoka, taking in the waters of the Dobrenica and forming multiple river islands and small waterfalls, before finally entering the city of Bihać after about 70 km of total flow. In Bihać, the river forms multiple islands of varying sizes, often surrounded by small waterfalls, some of which are private property while others are public and often popular bathing sites. The core of

13622-597: The national park services. This also applies on most tributaries, especially the Unac, Krušnica, and Klokot, while the Krka, like most of the Unac watercourse within the National Park, is completely excluded from all water and underwater activities. Over 170 types of medicinal herbs grow by the Una River; a rare plant called Campanula unensis , the "Una bluebell", was named after the River Una's bright turquoise and green colors. Twenty eight (28) species of fish live in

13761-489: The nationalist political climate during the Yugoslav wars were reportedly harassed, threatened, or killed. However, following Milošević's rise to power and the outbreak of the Yugoslav Wars, numerous anti-war movements developed in Serbia. Protests were held against the actions of the Yugoslav People's Army, while protesters demanded the referendum on a declaration of war and disruption of military conscription , resulting in numerous desertions and emigrations. With

13900-484: The new school year beginning in September 1991, forcing students to study at home. In the 1990s, the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) was formed. They started carrying out attacks on Serb civilians. By the early 1990s, there were attacks on Serbian police forces and secret-service officials in retaliation for the abuse and murder of Albanian civilians. A Serbian policeman was killed in 1995, allegedly by

14039-621: The northwest, the Adriatic watersheds of the Lika, Zrmanja and Cetina to the southwest, the watershed of the Cetina to the south and the watersheds of the Vrbas and Jablanica to the east. The shape of the watershed itself is very irregular, but roughly triangular. Due to strong karst influence in the area, the watershed is poorly developed with few large surface streams. The karstification coefficient for

14178-657: The peacekeepers by force, using this refusal to justify the bombings. The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia followed, an intervention against Serbian forces with a mainly bombing campaign, under the command of General Wesley Clark . Hostilities ended 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 months later with the Kumanovo Agreement . Kosovo was placed under the governmental control of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo and

14317-494: The potential energy of the watershed was used, and currently, less than 1% of the river's hydroelectric potential is put into use. There have been multiple hydropower projects drafted to use the potential energy of the rivers biggest waterfalls and canyons, but they were met with fierce resistance from the local and international communities due to fear of the destruction of the river's natural and cultural heritage. Currently, there are only three smaller hydroelectric powerplants in

14456-409: The previous Yugoslav republics. In order to show that despite the political conflicts economic cooperation was still possible. CEFTA went into full effect by the end of 2007. The Yugoslav Wars have alternatively been referred to as: The state of Yugoslavia was created in the aftermath of World War I , and its population was mostly composed of South Slavic Christians , though the nation also had

14595-444: The problem as the government of the Una-Sana canton is unable to properly organize and find a suitable location for a canton-level landfill. There have been multiple hydropower projects proposed on the rivers itself and its tributaries, including the large Unac, Vrhpolje and Ključ hydroelectric power plants, and the smaller Štrbački buk power plant. There have also been multiple proposals for smaller mini hydroelectric power plants along

14734-615: The removal of the Serbian Cyrillic script from correspondence in public offices. In an attempt to counter changes made to the constitution, local Serb politicians organized a referendum on "sovereignty and autonomy of Serbian people in Croatia" on 17 August 1990. Their boycott escalated into an insurrection in areas populated by ethnic Serbs, mostly around Knin, known as the Log Revolution . Local police in Knin sided with

14873-417: The river banks and into the river itself. Commons sites where large amounts of trash can be found are bathing sites, especially more obscure ones, the intake of the hydroelectric power plant in Bihać, publicly accessible river islands, and the shallower parts of the river. Completely destroyed trash cans, park benches and vandalized bridges are not an uncommon sight, especially in more obscure, badly lit parts of

15012-417: The river basin and the river itself. The Unac river is prone to sudden increases of discharge and water level, which could also lead to additional erosion. In the cities and towns located on the river banks, most of the local population lacks any sort of ecological consciousness, which, combined with the lack of public trash cans and the ongoing migrant crisis, leads to a large amount of trash being thrown onto

15151-505: The river is partially disappears as a losing stream in part of its course, only to reappear at Crno vrelo, a couple of kilometers before its mouth. There are multiple measuring stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Unac, and their data is show in the table below: The Klokot is a short river with watershed area of about 94 km and a length of 4,5 km. It flows out of a very strong karst spring around 5 – 6 km west of Bihać and has an average discharge of 14 – 15 m/s. The Krka

15290-490: The river meanders through a valley by the village of Klisa before again meeting the Croatian border after about 8 km. This time, the river forms the border for about 18 km and cuts through a gorge, forming a cascade of rapids and waterfalls, the biggest and most notable being the Štrbački buk . After entering Bosnia completely for the second time, the rivers forms the Troslap and Dvoslap waterfalls, after which it exits

15429-418: The river through the canyon. After flowing for about 27 km through it, the river exits the canyon and enters the town of Bosanska Krupa where it takes a turn north. Like in Bihać, the river forms multiple islands surrounded by small waterfalls. Downstream of Bosanska Krupa, the river takes in the waters of the short Krušnica river before heading north towards the town of Bosanska Otoka , after which it forms

15568-454: The river's watershed: the small Bihać and Krušnica hydroelectric plants, and the larger Una Kostela plant. The small Bihać hydroelectric power plant is located near the city center, with the machine room being located at the end of a 1000 m long intake channel, taking water from the river near the city park. It was constructed in 1912. during the Austro - Hungarian rule in Bosnia , together with

15707-456: The river. Most important is critically endangered endemic huchen , whose population is maintained healthy in the Sana and its tributary the river Sanica, while the Bliha, Dabar, Zdena, Gomjenica, Kozica, and especially the small river Banjica near Ključ are all important spawning grounds for both, huchen and its prey, common nase ( Chondrostoma nasus ) and grayling ( Thymallus thymallus ). In

15846-476: The separation of Slovenia from the federation on 25 June 1991. Initially, the federal government ordered the Yugoslav People's Army to secure border crossings in Slovenia. Slovenian police and Slovenian Territorial Defence blockaded barracks and roads, leading to stand-offs and limited skirmishes around the republic. After several dozen casualties, the limited conflict was stopped through negotiation at Brioni on 7 July 1991, when Slovenia and Croatia agreed to

15985-442: The side of the self-declared proto-state Republic of Serbian Krajina . Even though the policies throughout the entire socialist period of Yugoslavia seemed to have been the same (namely that all Serbs should live in one state), political scientist Dejan Guzina argues that "different contexts in each of the subperiods of socialist Serbia and Yugoslavia yielded entirely different results (e.g., in favour of Yugoslavia, or in favour of

16124-494: The six entities known as republics that had previously constituted Yugoslavia: Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Serbia , and Macedonia (now called North Macedonia ). SFR Yugoslavia's constituent republics declared independence due to unresolved tensions between ethnic minorities in the new countries, which fueled the wars. While most of the conflicts ended through peace accords that involved full international recognition of new states, they resulted in

16263-420: The smaller tributaries, such as the Dobrenica. Some of those power plants, like the Unac power plant, would have large dams that would flood attractive canyons while other would divert a large portion of river's water to a machine room several kilometers downstream, leaving large parts of the riverbed dry. All of those proposals were met with fierce resistance from the local and international communities for fear of

16402-506: The spring yearly ranges between 105 × 10 m (3.7 × 10 cu ft) and 350 × 10 m (1.2 × 10 cu ft). The temperature of the water varies in relatively narrow margins of 8 to 11 °C (46 to 52 °F) with an average of 9.5 °C (49.1 °F), which also leads to the conclusion that the surfacing water spends a large amount of time in the karst underground. The average, minimal and maximal monthly and yearly discharges seemed to have increased in recent times, contrary to

16541-402: The term "ethnic cleansing" itself a euphemism for genocide denial created by Slobodan Milošević and Serbian propagandists. In its report published on 1 January 1993, Helsinki Watch was one of the first civil rights organisations that warned that "the extent of the violence and its selective nature along ethnic and religious lines suggest crimes of genocidal character against Muslim and, to

16680-424: The territories of Ribnik and Mrkonjić Grad municipality not far from the town of Šipovo . The source itself consists of four major and water abundant karstic well-springs, with relatively high average discharge, and after about hundred meters first three individual wellsprings merge with a main course, which is set by the small stream of Korana coming from the right form direction of Gornja Pečka village, receiving

16819-588: The territory which was claimed by the Serbian rebels as the self-proclaimed proto-state Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) and brought an end to major military operations, but sporadic artillery attacks on Croatian cities and occasional intrusions into UNPA zones by Croatian forces continued until 1995. The majority of Croatian population in RSK suffered heavily, fleeing or evicted with numerous killings, leading to ethnic cleansing . The fighting in Croatia ended in mid-1995, after Operation Flash and Operation Storm . At

16958-635: The two channels combine again before forming another large set of river islands called Jotanovi otoci or simply Jotani. The last large cascades in the city are located here. After Jotani islands, the river flows under an old pedestrian bridge just before its confluence with the Klokot river. Bosanska Krupa is the largest town in the Bosanska Krupa municipality in the Una-Sana Canton and the administrative center of said municipality. The town has

17097-510: The two sides. Yugoslavia refused to sign the Rambouillet Accords , which among other things called for 30,000 NATO peacekeeping troops in Kosovo; an unhindered right of passage for NATO troops on Yugoslav territory; immunity for NATO and its agents to Yugoslav law; and the right to use local roads, ports, railways, and airports without payment and requisition public facilities for its use free of cost. NATO then prepared to install

17236-518: The use of detainees "to do dangerous work on the front lines" as evidence that genocide was being committed. In 2005, the United States Congress passed a resolution declaring that "the Serbian policies of aggression and ethnic cleansing meet the terms defining genocide". Sana (river) The Sana ( Serbian Cyrillic : Сана , pronounced [sǎːna] ) is a river in the north-western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina . It

17375-539: The village of Pokoj where it takes a sharp turn north and enters a canyon between Bihać and Bosanska Krupa where it slowly turns eastward again. The Una Kostela hydroelectric power plant is located not long after the entrance into the canyon and is currently one of two hydroelectric power stations on the main course of the river, the other being the small Bihać power plant. The canyon is, on average, around 150 m (490 ft) deep with lush vegetation growing on its cliffs. A road that connects Bihać and Bosanska Krupa follows

17514-672: The war in Bosnia. The war ended with the signing of the Dayton Agreement on 14 December 1995, with the formation of Republika Srpska as an entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina. Along with ending the war, the Dayton Agreement also established the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The constitution is consociational in nature and describes Bosniacs, Croats and Serbs as "constituent peoples," giving each ethnic group far reaching veto powers in government. In 2000,

17653-508: The warring factions. In 2012, Chile convicted nine people, including two retired generals, for their part in arms sales. It is widely believed that mass murders against Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina escalated into genocide. On 18 December 1992, the United Nations General Assembly issued resolution 47/121 condemning "aggressive acts by the Serbian and Montenegrin forces to acquire more territories by force" and called such ethnic cleansing "a form of genocide ". Genocide scholars consider

17792-437: The water quality is satisfactory. Currently there are still multiple locations where raw, untreated sewage still flows into the river, and a large part of the sewage system of some of the cities on the river was destroyed during the war, worsening the problem. A current problem is also the exploitation of forests on the river banks and the exploitation of sand and clay from the riverbed, which could lead to erosion that could affect

17931-468: The water to be used for power generation. The entire watershed of the river has a very large potential for the development of tourism. Notable areas include the upper section of the river, with the Una National Park and its waterfalls, the cities of Bihać and Bosanska Krupa and the surrounding countryside. The tourism sector experiences steady growth, and the number of visitors to the national park has increased every year since its founding in 2008. Rafting

18070-460: The waters of several other smaller streams, but after just about 17 km the Sana meet with its first major tributary, the short but water abundant river, the Ribnik . The area surrounding confluence of the two rivers is called Ribnik, and is divided between two settlements, Gornji and Donji Ribnik . From Ribnik, the Sana runs through a valley in a south-to-north-northwestern direction as it reach

18209-550: The weakening communist system . As a result, the JNA began to lose Slovenes , Croats , Kosovar Albanians , Bosniaks , and Macedonians , and effectively became a fighting force of only Serbs and Montenegrins . According to a 1994 report by the United Nations (UN), the Serb side did not aim to restore Yugoslavia; instead, it aimed to create a " Greater Serbia " from parts of Croatia and Bosnia . Other irredentist movements have also been brought into connection with

18348-449: The wettest month April has 155%) and minimal daily and monthly discharges also show a very small difference. Low discharges last a relatively long time and high discharges appear quickly due to sudden rainfall and snowmelt and last a comparatively short amount of time. High discharges and water levels are present in April and December, and low discharges in August and January. There are multiple measuring stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina on

18487-420: The world. Due to their unique aesthetic, ecological, geomorphological and hydrological value, the spring and the surrounding region, totaling an area of 163 ha (400 acres), were declared a natural monument in 1968. The karst aquifer of the Una is located mostly in the territory of Croatia. The aquifer itself takes up a large area from Korana in the northwest to Velika Popina in the southeast. It encompasses

18626-758: The years-long Sarajevo siege and the Srebrenica genocide , was by far the bloodiest and most widely covered of the Yugoslav wars. The Bosnian Serb faction led by ultra-nationalist Radovan Karadžić promised independence for all Serb areas of Bosnia from the majority-Bosniak government of Bosnia. To link the disjointed parts of territories populated by Serbs and areas claimed by Serbs, Karadžić pursued an agenda of systematic ethnic cleansing primarily against Bosnians through massacre and forced removal of Bosniak populations. Prijedor ethnic cleansing , Višegrad massacres , Foča ethnic cleansing , Doboj massacre , Zvornik massacre , siege of Goražde and others were reported. At

18765-551: Was invaded by the Axis powers during World War II, which provided support to the Croatian fascist Ustaše (founded in 1929), whose regime carried out the genocide of Serbs , Jews and Roma by executing people in concentration camps and committing other systematic and mass crimes inside its territory. The predominantly Serb Chetniks , a Yugoslav Royalist and Serbian nationalist movement and guerrilla force , committed mass crimes against Muslims and Croats that are considered

18904-516: Was greatly aggravated by an arms embargo, imposed by the UN on Yugoslavia. The JNA was ostensibly ideologically unitarian, but its officer corps was predominantly staffed by Serbs or Montenegrins (70 percent). As a result, the JNA opposed Croatian independence and sided with the Croatian Serb rebels. The Croatian Serb rebels were unaffected by the embargo because they were supported and supplied by

19043-482: Was in 2011. declared to be a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Krušnica hydroelectric powerplant is located near the source of the Krušnica river near Bosanska Krupa and was, like the Bihać power plant, build during the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia, in 1911. It has an installed capacity of 460 kW and a yearly electricity production of 400 MWh. The Una Kostela hydroelectric power plant

19182-564: Was the first European wartime event to be formally classified as genocidal in character since the military campaigns of Nazi Germany , and many of the key individuals who perpetrated it were subsequently charged with war crimes; the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established by the UN in The Hague, Netherlands , to prosecute all individuals who had committed war crimes during

19321-548: Was to give greater rights and autonomy to the country's Albanian minority, who made up 25.2% of the population of the Republic of Macedonia (54.7% in Tetovo). There were also claims that the group ultimately wished to see Albanian-majority areas secede from the country, although high-ranking NLA members have denied this. The United Nations Security Council had imposed an arms embargo in September 1991. Nevertheless, various states had been engaged in, or facilitated, arms sales to

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