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55-544: The modern Barisal division area was the part of Vanga and Gangaridai empire in ancient times. After the fall of Gupta rule in Bengal, the region became a part of Gauda Kingdom in the 6th century. Later the region came under the rule of Khadgas , Palas , Chandras and Varmans in the early mediaeval period. According to the epigraphical records of Sena period, the mordern Barisal was known as Anuttara Banga (southern Bengal), an ancient division of Bengal region . After

110-483: A class of non-cultivating intermediaries, or zamindar (জমিদার). Zamindars typically resided in the provincial capital, where they had ready access to the chief provincial revenue officer, or dewan (দেওয়ান). In a second pattern of land development, Muslim pirs or Qazi went directly into uncultivated regions, organized the local population for clearing the jungles, and only later, after having established themselves as local men of influence, entered into relations with

165-518: A common ancestry. They were all adopted sons of a king named Vali (Bali), born by a sage named Gautama Dirghatamas, who lived in Magadha close to the city of Girivraja. Other texts say that, because king Bali had no descendants, this deputed rishi Dirghatamaas to give birth of the children through Niyoga and thus five sons were born from the womb of the wife of Bali. The Kashmiras , the Daradas ,

220-747: A hub of sailors. In the 5th century BCE, the Vanga king Sinhabahu 's son prince Vijaya sailed across the Bay of Bengal and established a kingdom in what is now Sri Lanka . The religious traditions of the kingdom included Buddhism , Jainism and Hinduism . Vanga is recorded as an administrative unit in the Arthashastra written by Kautilya . It is described as a notable naval power by Kalidasa . There are also records of subdivisions within Vanga, including an area called "Upa Vanga" (minor Vanga) which corresponds to Jessore and forested areas corresponding to

275-679: A nawab's wife is begum . Most of the nawab dynasties were male primogenitures , although several ruling Begums of Bhopal were a notable exception. Before the incorporation of the Subcontinent into the British Empire , nawabs ruled the kingdoms of Awadh (or Oudh, encouraged by the British to shed the Mughal suzerainty and assume the imperial style of Badshah), Bengal, Arcot and Bhopal. All of these states were at some point under

330-509: A river port once connecting Calcutta-Barisal-Dhaka and many other routes. Today Barisal River port is the most important hub of steamer and motor launch service of Southern Bangladesh. Kuakata beach is the main tourist spot in the division. It is one of the two sea beaches in South Asia where both sunrise and sunset at sea can be seen. Durga Sagar is a man-made pond where a number of migratory birds arrive every winter. Guthia Mosque

385-474: A trans-shipment center for hides, rice, dried beans, dried peas, lentils, chickpeas, and other legumes for Bengal. Bakery, textile, and pharmaceutical products are the output of a few industrial installations. There are Sher-e Bangla Medical College (affiliated with the National University) and B. M. College (an educational institution of Barisal Division established in 1889). Barisal is also

440-411: Is a mosque complex having a land area of 5.7 hectares (14 acres), comparing to the 3.36 ha (8.30 acres) land area of the national mosque Baitul Mukarram of the country. Char Kukri-Mukri Wildlife Sanctuary ( Bengali : চর কুকরি মুকরি বন্যপ্রানী সংরক্ষণ অভয়ারন্য ) is a wildlife sanctuary in southern Char Fasson Upazila of Bangladesh , located on Char Kukri Mukri island in the Bay of Bengal in

495-522: Is mentioned as the ruler of Vanga at (8:22). Probably all these rulers had a stake in the territory of Vanga. All of them were mentioned as ruling the neighbouring kingdoms of Vanga, in other passages in Mahabharata. Bhagadatta was the ruler of Pragjyotisha kingdom to the north of Vanga. Paundraka Vasudeva ruled Pundra kingdom to the east of Vanga and Karna ruled Anga kingdom to the west of Vanga. Kings of Kalinga and Vanga were mentioned as attending

550-476: The Arabic honorific plural of naib , or "deputy." In some areas, especially Bengal , the term is pronounced nobab . This later variation has also entered English and other foreign languages as nabob . The Subahdar was the head of the Mughal provincial administration. He was assisted by the provincial Diwan , Bakhshi , Faujdar , Kotwal , Qazi , Sadr , Waqa-i-Navis , Qanungo and Patwari . As

605-566: The Bengali pronunciation of "nawab": Bengali : নবাব nôbab . During the 18th century in particular, it was widely used as a disparaging term for British merchants or administrators who, having made a fortune in India, returned to Britain and aspired to be recognised as having the higher social status that their new wealth would enable them to maintain. Jos Sedley in Thackeray's Vanity Fair

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660-660: The British Raj , some of the chiefs, or sardars , of large or important tribes were also given the title, in addition to traditional titles already held by virtue of chieftainship. The term " Zamindari " was originally used for the subahdar (provincial governor) or viceroy of a subah (province) or regions of the Mughal Empire. Nawab was a Hindustani term, used in Urdu , Hindi , Bengali , Pashto and many other North-Indian languages, borrowed via Persian from

715-1192: The Kaurava army at (7:158). Many foremost of combatants skilled in elephant-fight, belonging to the Easterners, the Southerners, the Angas, the Vangas, the Pundras, the Magadhas, the Tamraliptakas, the Mekalas, the Koshalas, the Madras , the Dasharnas , the Nishadas united with the Kalingas (8:22). Satyaki , pierced the vitals of the elephant belonging to the king of the Vangas (8:22). Bhagadatta

770-1194: The Kuntis , the Kshudrakas, the Malavas , the Angas , the Vangas , the Kalingas , the Videhas , the Tamraliptakas, the Rakshovahas, the Vitahotras, the Trigartas , the Martikavatas were all vanquished by Bhargava Rama (7:68). Karna captured the Angas, and the Vangas, and the Kalingas, and the Mandikas, and the Magadhas. the Karkakhandas; and also included with them the Avasiras, Yodhyas, and

825-594: The Malaysian variant ) to translate the component of "deputy" or "vice" in certain titles (e.g "Vice President" - Naib Presiden ) aside from timbalan and wakil (latter predominant in the Indonesian variant ). In colloquial usage in English (since 1612), adopted in other Western languages, the transliteration "nabob" refers to commoners: a merchant-leader of high social status and wealth. "Nabob" derives from

880-480: The Mughal empire began to dissolve in the early 18th century, many subahs became effectively independent. The term nawaab is often used to refer to any Muslim ruler in north or south India while the term nizam is preferred for a senior official; it literally means "governor of region". The Nizam of Hyderabad had several nawabs under him: Nawabs of Cuddapah, Sira, Rajahmundry, Kurnool, Chicacole, et al. Nizam

935-810: The Ottoman Empire , successive early modern Persianate kingdoms ( Safavids , etc.), and in the eastern Caucasus (e.g. during Caucasian Imamate ). In the Sultanate of Morocco , the Naib was the Sultan's emissary to the foreign legations in Tangier between 1848 and 1923, when the creation of the Tangier International Zone led to its replacement by the office of the Mendoub . Today,

990-529: The Sundarbans . The rulers of the Vanga kingdom remain mostly unknown. After the 2nd century BCE, the territory became part of successive Indian empires, including Mauryans , Guptas , Shashanka 's reign, Khadgas , Palas , Chandras , Senas and Devas . The term Vangala was often used to refer to the territory. For example, an inscription of the South Indian Chola dynasty referred to

1045-867: The Ahikshatras (3:252). The Angas, the Vangas, the Kalingas, the Magadhas, the Kasis , the Kosalas , the Vatsyas , the Gargyas, the Karushas and the Paundras were mentioned to be vanquished by Vasudeva Krishna (7:11). Arjuna defeated the countries of the Vangas, the Pundras, and the Kosalas (14:82) in his military campaign after Kurukshetra War . The kings of Anga, Vanga and Pundra were mentioned as attending

1100-462: The Arial Khan, Bishkhali, Burishwar, Tentulia, Paira, Haringhata, Baleshwar, Kirtankhola, Katcha, and Agunmukha. It is linked by steamer with Dhaka (117 km or 73 mi to the north) and with Chittagong to the southeast. Road communication has improved significantly over last decades with the building of many bridges. The Barisal airport has regular service to Dhaka. Barisal Division has

1155-463: The Barisal interior lay ripe for colonization. Land developers acquired grants of plots of land, taluq (তালুক), from provincial authorities. Abundant and easily obtainable by purchase from the late 17th century, these grants tended to be regarded by their possessors taluqdar (তালুকদার). As taluqdars brought their taluqs into agricultural production, these men passed up the land revenue through

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1210-495: The Barisal region (known as Sarkar Bakla to Mughals) was more accessible to businessmen and developers than at any previous time. However, piracy in this region along the coasts and rivers of southeastern Bengal by Arakanese and renegade Portuguese seamen inhibited any sustained attempts by Mughal governors to push into the Barisal forests. After 1666, when Mughal naval forces cleared the Meghna estuary of such external threats,

1265-598: The Fakir as their guide and did not pay rent to the Nawab ." In this situation, one Lala Chet Singh, a captain in the employ of the governor, "succeeded in persuading the Fakir to leave the country." In 1797 the area was established as Bakerganj District but later renamed as Barisal District and Pir of Hizla-Muladi, Faizus Ahmed Khan stayed back and settled in Muladi-Hizla village. In 1948 part of Bakerganj District area

1320-616: The Hindu epic Mahabharata , which is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of India. The other epic, the Ramayana , mentions the kingdom as an ally of Ayodhya . The Vanga kingdom emerged in the lower Ganges delta during the Northern Black Polished Ware Period. It controlled many of the islands of the delta with its naval fleet and embarked on overseas exploration. Ancient Indian records refer to Vanga as

1375-868: The Kalingas, the Magadhas, the Tamraliptas, the Supundrakas, the Dauvalikas, the Sagarakas, the Patrornas, the Saisavas, and innumerable Karnapravaranas, were found waiting at the gate (2:51). Vanga army was skilled in handling war elephants . They sided with the Kauravas . Vangas sided with Duryodhana in the Kurukshetra War (8:17) along with the Kalingas. They are mentioned as part of

1430-415: The Mughal authorities. Relationships between the religious Muslim pirs and Mughal authorities was not always harmonious, since a pir's natural ties of authority and patronage generally lay with the masses of peasants beneath him and not with the governors and bureaucrats. For example, in remote Jhalakati Thana in the eastern Bakarganj many of 18th-century pirs and Educationist, Islamic scholars came under

1485-486: The Mughal emperor along with the administration of a certain province. The title of "nawabi" was also awarded as a personal distinction by the paramount power, similar to a British peerage , to persons and families who ruled a princely state for various services to the Government of India . In some cases, the titles were also accompanied by jagir grants, either in cash revenues and allowances or land-holdings. During

1540-520: The Muslim conquest of Barisal, and soon later Muhammad bin Tughluq completely conquered eastern Bengal . The Hindu chieftains from northwest Bengal were dislodged from power and they dispersed over Barisal region and founded the kingdom of Bakla. During the Mughal intervention in Bengal, Hindu society was concentrated to northern and western Barisal (known as Bakarganj ). Barisal's southern portion

1595-510: The Nawabs of Dhanbari, Nawabs of Ratanpur, Nawabs of Baroda and such others. Nawab was also the rank title—again not an office—of a much lower class of Muslim nobles—in fact retainers—at the court of the Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar State, ranking only above Khan Bahadur and Khan, but under (in ascending order) Jang , Daula , Mulk , Umara and Jah ; the equivalent for Hindu courtiers

1650-478: The Vangas, however, quickly jumping down from that elephant, alighted on the ground (6:93). At (2:29) two rulers Samudrasena and Chadrasena were mentioned. It is not clear if they were rulers of Vanga kingdom. Karna is mentioned as the ruler of Anga and Vanga at (2:43). Paundraka Vasudeva, an ally of Jarasandha and enemy of Vasudeva Krishna is mentioned as king of Vanga, Pundra and the Kiratas at (2:14). Bhagadatta

1705-534: The authority of the Nawab of Rohilkhand, later made the Nawab of Rampur. Most of these states were annexed at the close of the First Rohilla War . The title nawab was also awarded as a personal distinction by the paramount power, similarly to a British peerage , to persons and families who never ruled a princely state. For the Muslim elite various Mughal-type titles were introduced, including nawab. Among

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1760-527: The authority, among them named Saiyid Faqir and Faizus Ahmed Khan (A Persian business man and educationist, came for the business trade through Khyber pass and spread education among the Indian sub continent) from wielded enormous influence with the cultivators of the all-Muslim village of Saiyidpur, Hizla and Muladi named after the pirs. But a difficulty arose, noted a 1906 village survey of Pir Fakir of Saiyidpur village, because "the people of this part looked upon

1815-582: The court of Yudhishthira at (2:4). The Vangas, Angas, Paundras, Odras , Cholas , Dravidas and Andhrakas were mentioned to be giving tribute to Yudhishthira (3:51). The Angas, the Vangas, the Punras, the Sanavatyas, and the Gayas—these good and well-born Kshatriyas distributed into regular clans and trained to the use of arms, brought tribute unto king Yudhishthira by hundreds and thousands. The Vangas,

1870-848: The east; Pundravardhana in the north; and Magadha , Anga , Suhma and Radha in the west. The Vanga kingdom encompassed the many islands of the Ganges delta and the Sundarbans mangrove forest. Chandraketugarh and Wari-Bateshwar ruins are the major archaeological site of the kingdom. At (6:9), Anga , Vanga, and Kalinga were mentioned as close kingdoms in Bharata Varsha (Ancient India). All regions of sacred waters and all other holy palaces there were in Vanga and Kalinga, Arjuna visited all of them, during his pilgrimage lasting for 12 years throughout ancient India . The founders of Angas , Vangas, Kalingas , Pundras and Suhmas shared

1925-527: The highest literacy rate (age 7 and over) of any division in the country, 65.7% as of the 2011 Bangladesh census . There are three public universities in the division: Patuakhali Science and Technology University , founded in 2002, University of Barisal (2011). and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Pirojpur founded in 2022 . There are also three private universities: Global University Bangladesh , University of Global Village , and Trust University Barisal, although as of 2018

1980-1135: The last had no enrolled students. There are 258 colleges in the division. They include: Charfasson Govt. College , Bhola Govt. College , Barisal Government Women's College , Brojomohun College (1889), Government Barisal College , Government Syed Hatem Ali College , and Syed Bazlul Haque College. The division also contains specialized tertiary educational institutions: two medical schools: Patuakhali Medical College (2014) and Sher e Bangla Medical College (1968); three law colleges; four teacher training colleges; Four polytechnic institutes; three textile colleges, including Bhola Textile Institute, Shaheed Abdur Rab Serniabat Textile Engineering College ; engineering college Barisal Engineering College , and military school Barishal Cadet College . Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2011 Census figures are based on preliminary results. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Vanga Kingdom Vaṅga

2035-408: The noted British creations of this type were Nawab Hashim Ali Khan (1858–1940), Nawab Khwaja Abdul Ghani (1813–1896), Nawab Abdul Latif (1828–1893), Nawab Faizunnesa Choudhurani (1834–1904), Nawab Ali Chowdhury (1863–1929), Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda (1862–1922), Nawab Sirajul Islam (1848–1923), Nawab Alam yar jung Bahadur , M.A, Madras, B.A., B.C.L., Barr-At-Law (1890–1974). There also were

2090-409: The other sons of the ruling nawab used the style sahibzada before the personal name and only Khan Abassi behind. "Nawabzadi" implies daughters of the reigning nawbab. Elsewhere, there were rulers who were not styled nawbab yet awarded a title nawabzada to others. The word naib ( Arabic : نائب ) has been historically used to refer to any suzerain leader, feudatory , or regent in some parts of

2145-453: The powers that went with it, became hereditary in the ruling families in the various provinces. Under later British rule, nawabs continued to rule various princely states of Amb , Bahawalpur , Balasinor , Baoni , Banganapalle , Bhopal , Cambay , Jaora , Junagadh , Kurnool (the main city of Deccan), Kurwai , Mamdot, Multan , Palanpur , Pataudi , Radhanpur , Rampur , Malerkotla , Sachin , and Tonk . Other former rulers bearing

2200-424: The region as Vangaladesha during a war with the Chandra dynasty of Samatata region of Bengal . After the Muslim conquest of Bengal , the region was referred to as Bangalah , which may have evolved from Vangala . The names are the precursors of the modern terms Banga and Bangla . The core region of Vanga lay between the Padma - Meghna river system in the east and the Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system in

2255-416: The reign of Sena Dynasty , Barisal was ruled by Deva kings in the 12th-13th century. In early times the Barisal region was composed of an amalgamation of marshlands formed by the merging of islands brought into existence and built up by alluvial soils washed down the great channels of the combined Brahmaputra - Ganges - Meghna river systems. In the early 13th century, Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji led

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2310-402: The rule of the Gupta Empire , ancient Bengal was divided into two independent kingdoms – Gauda and Vanga. Historically, Chandraketugarh , present-day Berachampa , has been identified as the capital of the Vanga kingdom. Indian and Greco-Roman writers referred to the region's war elephants . In Indian history, Vanga is notable for its strong navy . There are numerous references to Vanga in

2365-406: The self choice ceremony of the Panchala princess, along with Vasudeva the king of Pundra. Nawab Nawab is a royal title indicating a ruler, often of a South Asian state, in many ways comparable to the western title of Prince . The relationship of a Nawab to the Emperor of India has been compared to that of the Kings of Saxony to the German Emperor . In earlier times the title

2420-446: The south of the country. The division is subdivided into six districts (zilas) and then into 42 sub-districts ( upazilas ; Rangabali in Patuakhali and Taltoli in Barguna being the most recent). Lower level administrative areas are 353 union parishads , 3,159 mouzas , 12 municipalities , 25 wards and 4,163 villages. Numerous rivers and canals force the inhabitants to use boats as the main medium of transportation. The main rivers are

2475-431: The title, such as the nawabs of Bengal and Awadh , had been deprived by the British or others by the time the Mughal dynasty finally ended in 1857. Some princes became nawab by promotion. For example, the ruler of Palanpur was "diwan" until 1910, then "nawab sahib". Other nawabs were promoted are restyled to another princely style, or to and back, such as in Rajgarh a single rawat (rajah) went by nawab. The style for

2530-451: The very front of Duryodhana's car. With that elephant he completely shrouded the car of thy son. Beholding then the way (to Duryodhana's car) thus covered by the intelligent king of the Vangas, the eyes of Ghatotkacha became red in anger. He ruled that huge dart, before upraised, at that elephant. Struck with that dart hurled from the arms of Ghatotkacha, that elephant, covered with blood and in great agony, fell down and died. The mighty king of

2585-414: The west. In the east, it encompassed the modern Bangladeshi Khulna Division excluding pre-1947 Jessore District i.e. Upa Vanga which is in Paschim (West) Vanga and Barisal Division , as well as the southwestern part of Dhaka Division . In the west, it included Presidency Division of West Bengal and may have extended to Burdwan Division and Medinipur division . Its neighbors included Samatata in

2640-429: The word is used to refer to directly elected legislators in lower houses of parliament in many Arabic-speaking areas to contrast them against officers of upper houses (or Shura ). The term Majlis al-Nuwwab ( Arabic : مجلس النواب , literally council of deputies ) has been adopted as the name of several legislative lower houses and unicameral legislatures. "Naib" has also been used in the Malay language (especially of

2695-436: Was Raja Bahadur . This style, adding the Persian suffix -zada which means son (or other male descendants; see other cases in prince), etymologically fits a nawab’s sons, but in actual practice various dynasties established other customs. For example, in Bahawalpur only the nawbab's heir apparent used nawabzada before his personal name, then Khan Abassi , finally Wali Ahad Bahadur (an enhancement of Wali Ehed), while

2750-490: Was an ancient kingdom and geopolitical division within the Ganges delta in the Indian subcontinent . The kingdom is one of the namesakes of the Bengal region. It was located in southern Bengal. Vanga features prominently in the epics and tales of ancient India as well as in the history of Sri Lanka . Vanga was probably the center of the Gangaridai Empire mentioned by numerous Greco-Roman writers. The exact capital of ancient Vanga kingdom could not be identified. After

2805-409: Was his personal title, awarded by the Mughal Government and based on the term nazim as meaning "senior officer". Nazim is still used for a district collector in many parts of India. The term nawab is still technically imprecise, as the title was also awarded to Hindus and Sikhs , as well, and large zamindars and not necessarily to all Muslim rulers. With the decline of that empire, the title, and

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2860-452: Was mentioned as the ruler of the Pragjyotisha kingdom that took part in the Kurukshetra War. Behind Duryodhana proceeded the ruler of the Vangas, with ten thousand elephants, huge as hills, and each with juice trickling down (6:92). The ruler of the Vangas (Bhagadatta) mounting upon an elephant huge as a hill, drove towards the Rakshasa, Ghatotkacha . On the field of battle, with the mighty elephant of great speed, Bhagadatta placed himself in

2915-406: Was ratified and bestowed by the reigning Mughal emperor to semi-autonomous Muslim rulers of subdivisions or princely states in the Indian subcontinent loyal to the Mughal Empire , for example the Nawabs of Bengal . "Nawab" usually refers to males and literally means Viceroy ; the female equivalent is " Begum " or " Nawab Begum ". The primary duty of a Nawab was to uphold the sovereignty of

2970-424: Was renamed Barisal and other was Patuakhali District as one of five districts of Khulna Division . The Greater Barisal region (Barisal District along with five other neighbouring districts) was created as Barisal Division on 1 January 1993. Barisal is known as the "Granary of Bengal" for its rice production. It is still an important rice-producing area of the country. Since the Middle Ages, Barisal has acted as

3025-420: Was still covered by forests and laced with lagoons. The northwest was also the only part of Bakarganj where the Hindu population exceeded Muslims in early British censuses. Barisal saw a second wave of immigration in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. This time, it was Muslim pioneers who assumed the leading role. Establishing Dhaka as the provincial Mughal capital of the region, in the early 17th century

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