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75-460: Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense ( CBRN defense ) or Nuclear, biological, and chemical protection ( NBC protection ) is a class of protective measures taken in situations where chemical , biological , radiological , or nuclear (including terrorism ) hazards may be present. CBRN defense consists of CBRN passive protection, contamination avoidance, and weapons of mass destruction mitigation. A CBRN incident differs from

150-469: A hazardous material incident in both scope (i.e., CBRN can be a mass casualty situation) and intent. CBRN incidents are responded to under the assumption that they are intentional and malicious; evidence preservation and perpetrator apprehension are of greater concern than with Hazmat team incidents. A 2011 forecast concluded that worldwide government spending on CBRN defense products and services would reach US$ 8.38 billion that year. In English ,

225-453: A "plop" rather than exploding, being initially dismissed as dud high explosive or shrapnel shells, giving the gas time to work before the soldiers were alerted and took precautions. The major drawback of artillery delivery was the difficulty of achieving a killing concentration. Each shell had a small gas payload and an area would have to be subjected to saturation bombardment to produce a cloud to match cylinder delivery. A British solution to

300-534: A CBRN School to train Marine CBRN Defense Officers and Marine CBRN Defense Specialists at Fort Leonard Wood , Missouri . See also: Chemical Biological Incident Response Force (USMC CBIRF) The USN requires all personnel to take a web-based CBRNE training annually to get a basic understanding of facts and procedures related to responding to a CBRNE incident. The Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Protection Troops (NBC Protection Troops) of

375-628: A CBRN unit. Both PGK and FRU teams handle CBRN calls before an army PNBK unit responds. All members of the NZDF are trained in CBRN drills for deployment. RNZN personnel conduct training with the NZ Army and RNZAF for any deployment or training. The RNZAF conducted regular yearly training for all its personnel given the higher probability of airfields being the target of an enemy CBRN attack. RNZAF Security Forces personnel conduct all CBRN training for

450-598: A career in CBRN at the United States Army CBRN School (USACBRNS) at Fort Leonard Wood . The USAF uses Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC 3E9X1) U.S. Air Force Emergency Management , who are also CBRN Specialists. The USAF trains all US Airmen pursuing a career in counter-CBRN operations at the USAF CBRN School at Fort Leonard Wood. The USMC uses CBRN as an abbreviation for two military occupational specialties . The Marine Corps runs

525-442: A few minutes or hours or even only a few seconds. Purely gaseous agents such as chlorine are nonpersistent, as are highly volatile agents such as sarin. Tactically, nonpersistent agents are very useful against targets that are to be taken over and controlled very quickly. Apart from the agent used, the delivery mode is very important. To achieve a nonpersistent deployment, the agent is dispersed into very small droplets comparable with

600-517: A gas, and therefore present primarily a contact hazard. The droplet size used for persistent delivery goes up to 1 mm increasing the falling speed and therefore about 80% of the deployed agent reaches the ground, resulting in heavy contamination. Deployment of persistent agents is intended to constrain enemy operations by denying access to contaminated areas. Possible targets include enemy flank positions (averting possible counterattacks), artillery regiments, command posts or supply lines. Because it

675-588: A grenade with K-51 aerosol CS gas from an unmanned drone. Although crude chemical warfare has been employed in many parts of the world for thousands of years, "modern" chemical warfare began during World War I – see Chemical weapons in World War I . Initially, only well-known commercially available chemicals and their variants were used. These included chlorine and phosgene gas. The methods used to disperse these agents during battle were relatively unrefined and inefficient. Even so, casualties could be heavy, due to

750-622: A million reindeer against anthrax in 2015. Around 1.5 million reindeer carcasses in Russian permafrost are at risk of melting due to global warming in the Arctic . There is a risk that global warming in the Arctic can thaw the permafrost, leading to new infections in reindeer. An anthrax outbreak in 2016 in reindeer caused the Russian Armed Forces to evacuate a nomadic reindeer herding tribe. In May 2012, BioPrepWatch reported that

825-451: A multitude of submunitions, so that a large number of small clouds of the chemical agent would form directly on the target. Thermal dissemination is the use of explosives or pyrotechnics to deliver chemical agents. This technique, developed in the 1920s, was a major improvement over earlier dispersal techniques, in that it allowed significant quantities of an agent to be disseminated over a considerable distance. Thermal dissemination remains

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900-432: A one- to three-letter " NATO weapon designation" in addition to, or in place of, a common name. Binary munitions , in which precursors for chemical warfare agents are automatically mixed in shell to produce the agent just prior to its use, are indicated by a "-2" following the agent's designation (for example, GB-2 and VX-2). Some examples are given below: The most important factor in the effectiveness of chemical weapons

975-446: A technique for delivery of phosgene in a non-explosive artillery shell. This technique overcame many of the risks of dealing with gas in cylinders. First, gas shells were independent of the wind and increased the effective range of gas, making any target within reach of guns vulnerable. Second, gas shells could be delivered without warning, especially the clear, nearly odorless phosgene—there are numerous accounts of gas shells, landing with

1050-586: Is considered chemical warfare under the provisions of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Under this convention, any toxic chemical, regardless of its origin, is considered a chemical weapon unless it is used for purposes that are not prohibited (an important legal definition known as the General Purpose Criterion ). About 70 different chemicals have been used or were stockpiled as chemical warfare agents during

1125-840: Is a regiment of the Sri Lanka Army that focuses on countering chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards in the country.[1][2] The Sri Lanka Navy and Sri Lanka Air Force also maintain CBRN units in addition to the Army's CBRN regiment The Malaysian Army formed a CBRN unit, Peperangan Nuklear, Biologi dan Kimia 3 Divisyen (English: Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Warfare Division 3 ; PNBK 3D) in April 2002. The Royal Malaysia Police has CBRN providers. The Pasukan Gerakan Khas (PGK) has two special operations detachments with HAZMAT expertise - 69 Commandos and Special Actions Unit . The Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) also has

1200-696: Is also used by the UK Home Office as a civil designation. Police, fire and ambulance services in the UK must all have some level of CBRN providers. Within the ambulance service, this is performed by the Hazardous Area Response Team (HART) and Special Operations Response Team (SORT). Since the introduction of new equipment to UK fire services under the New Dimension program , CBRN decontamination of personnel (including members of

1275-481: Is called a chemical warfare agent ( CWA ). About 70 different chemicals have been used or stockpiled as chemical warfare agents during the 20th and 21st centuries. These agents may be in liquid, gas or solid form. Liquid agents that evaporate quickly are said to be volatile or have a high vapor pressure . Many chemical agents are volatile organic compounds so they can be dispersed over a large region quickly. The earliest target of chemical warfare agent research

1350-441: Is different from the use of conventional weapons or nuclear weapons because the destructive effects of chemical weapons are not primarily due to any explosive force . The offensive use of living organisms (such as anthrax ) is considered biological warfare rather than chemical warfare; however, the use of nonliving toxic products produced by living organisms (e.g. toxins such as botulinum toxin , ricin , and saxitoxin )

1425-587: Is not necessary to deliver large quantities of the agent in a short period of time, a wide variety of weapons systems can be used. A special form of persistent agents are thickened agents. These comprise a common agent mixed with thickeners to provide gelatinous, sticky agents. Primary targets for this kind of use include airfields, due to the increased persistency and difficulty of decontaminating affected areas. Chemical weapons are agents that come in four categories: choking , blister , blood and nerve . The agents are organized into several categories according to

1500-580: Is privately owned by the mining company Vale and comes under the authority of the Port of Itaguai (Rio de Janeiro). Guaiba consists of deep water berths for loading the largest bulk carriers in the world, but has no residents and no road connections. Iron ore reaches the terminal through a railway bridge that connects the island to the mainland, and further, to the Vale mines in Minas Gerais . In March 2019,

1575-693: Is responsible for decontaminating military equipment, weapons, and personnel, and the Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Company, based at Goiânia and part of the Brazilian Special Operations Command , that makes the decontamination and defense in CBRN situations. The Brazilian Presidential Guard and Army Police also have CBRN units. The Brazilian Marine Corps has the CDefNBQR (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Center) that controls

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1650-414: Is still difficult to achieve effective dispersion. The dissemination is highly dependent on atmospheric conditions because many chemical agents act in gaseous form. Thus, weather observations and forecasting are essential to optimize weapon delivery and reduce the risk of injuring friendly forces. Dispersion is placing the chemical agent upon or adjacent to a target immediately before dissemination, so that

1725-432: Is the efficiency of its delivery, or dissemination, to a target. The most common techniques include munitions (such as bombs, projectiles, warheads) that allow dissemination at a distance and spray tanks which disseminate from low-flying aircraft. Developments in the techniques of filling and storage of munitions have also been important. Although there have been many advances in chemical weapon delivery since World War I, it

1800-571: Is to be the host of the first Brazilian Navy nuclear-powered submarine; and the Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Company, at Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro . The Air Force is making special teams for transporting victims from CBRN attacks/accidents. The term CBRN is in common use in disaster and emergency services organizations across the country. Since July 2005, the Canadian Armed Forces also started using

1875-711: The 2016 Summer Olympics , police forces like the GATE from São Paulo, the Federal Police , and the National Public Security Force were prepared. In the military, there is CBRN equipment and personnel in all branches of the Armed Forces. The Brazilian Army has two specific teams: the 1st Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Battalion , which is based in Rio de Janeiro and

1950-593: The Argentine Army , was the first CRBN response team created, in the 1990s, as a part of the country's Rapid Deployment Force . The Policía Federal Argentina have the Brigada de Riesgos Especiales, this unit is the only national response for CBRN/HAZMAT incidents. Also, has three units called Riesgo Quimico y Biológico, Riesgo Radiológico y Nuclear, and the tactical response unit called Protección QBNR. Brazilian firefighters are trained for NBC situations. During

2025-506: The Canadian Armed Forces are trained in CBRNE defense and maintain minimum standards, tested at least every three years. At the provincial level, cities are provided opportunities for emergency services with CBRN training. In Ontario, emergency services in Windsor, Peterborough, Toronto, and Ottawa have obtained CBRN standing at NFPA Standard 472 Level 3 Technician level. In mid-July 2016,

2100-549: The European Parliament negotiated a new draft counterterrorism directive aimed at protecting Europe's people from biological, chemical and other attacks. The timeline of the directive is illustrated in the following table: The directive would criminalize: The directive also includes text to help victims of terror attacks. Hong Kong has had CBRN response capabilities since the early 1990s and advanced training from 1998. The Standing CBRN Planning Group (known as

2175-516: The Industrial Age . It was not until the 19th century that the modern conception of chemical warfare emerged, as various scientists and nations proposed the use of asphyxiating or poisonous gasses. Multiple international treaties were passed banning chemical weapons based upon the alarm of nations and scientists. This however did not prevent the extensive use of chemical weapons in World War I . The development of chlorine gas , among others,

2250-631: The Kuomintang and Chinese communist troops, the People's Liberation Army . However, the Nazis did extensively use poison gas against civilians, mostly the genocide of European Jews , in The Holocaust . Vast quantities of Zyklon B gas and carbon monoxide were used in the gas chambers of Nazi extermination camps , resulting in the overwhelming majority of some three million deaths. This remains

2325-486: The Minas Gerais region. It includes ports of Itaguai, Sepetiba and Guaiba island. The port of Sepetiba is located in the port of Itaguaí. As of August 2018, the port accommodates large bulk carriers (170,000 deadweight ). The Port of Sepetiba is further divided into two administrative regions - Sepetiba Bay and Sepetiba terminal. The Port of Guaíba island (also known as Ilha Guaiba terminal), located close by has separate terminals for exporting mineral ores, but

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2400-652: The Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob) has a CBR unit under the Gegana detachment. It was formed in December 2009. This unit acts as first responders to bomb and terrorist threats in the public. The Irish Defence Forces have CBRNE training and equipment capabilities – in particular the Ordnance Corps ( Explosive Ordnance Disposal/EOD teams ), Engineer Corps and Army Ranger Wing (ARW) – and will aid

2475-584: The Russian Federation are special forces designed to conduct the most complex set of measures aimed at reducing the loss of associations and formations of the Ground Forces and ensuring their combat tasks assigned during operations in conditions of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, as well as at enhancing their survivability and protection against high-precision and other weapons. The Russian government vaccinated around half

2550-768: The Tokyo subway sarin attack and the Matsumoto incident . See also chemical terrorism . In the 21st century, the Ba'athist regime in Syria has used chemical weapons against civilian populations, resulting in numerous deadly chemical attacks during the Syrian civil war . The Syrian government has used sarin, chlorine, and mustard gas in the Syrian civil war – mostly against civilians. Russia has used chemical weapons during its invasion of Ukraine . This has been done mainly by dropping

2625-569: The lethal dose causes incapacitation, e.g., through nausea or visual problems. The distinction between lethal and incapacitating substances is not fixed, but relies on a statistical average called the LD 50 . Chemical warfare agents can be classified according to their persistency , a measure of the length of time that a chemical agent remains effective after dissemination. Chemical agents are classified as persistent or nonpersistent . Agents classified as nonpersistent lose effectiveness after only

2700-652: The tear-producer ethyl bromoacetate , and was used in autumn 1914 – with little effect on the Germans. The German military contrarily tried to increase the effect of 10.5 cm shrapnel shells by adding an irritant – dianisidine chlorosulfonate . Its use against the British at Neuve Chapelle in October 1914 went unnoticed by them. Hans Tappen, a chemist in the Heavy Artillery Department of

2775-408: The 1990s term CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear) was created as a replacement for the 1960s–1980s term NBC (Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical), which had previously replaced the earlier 1950s term ABC (Atomic, Biological, and Chemical). The addition of the R (for Radiological ) is a consequence of the "new" threat of a radiological weapon (also known as " dirty bombs "). In

2850-464: The 2000s, the term CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive) was introduced as an extension of CBRN , the inclusion of the E (for Explosive ) is for the enhanced (improvised) explosives threat. In Spanish the term NRBQ ( Nuclear, Radiológico, Bacteriológico y Químico ) has replaced NBQ . The Argentine Armed Forces has the Batallón de Ingenieros QBN 601 of

2925-534: The 20th century. The entire class, known as Lethal Unitary Chemical Agents and Munitions , has been scheduled for elimination by the CWC. Under the convention, chemicals that are toxic enough to be used as chemical weapons, or that may be used to manufacture such chemicals, are divided into three groups according to their purpose and treatment: Chemical weapons are divided into three categories: Simple chemical weapons were used sporadically throughout antiquity and into

3000-610: The ARAMAR Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Battalion, at Iperó , São Paulo , conceived to provide physical security and to perform CBRN emergencies control actions at the Centro Experimental Aramar, responsible for developing Brazilian Navy nuclear researches; the Itaguaí Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Battalion, at Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro , which

3075-618: The Atlantic Rainforest. Itaguai and the region around it contain some of the largest ore exporting ports in Brazil. It also serves also as dormitory town for workers of the industrial western zone (Zona Oeste) of Rio de Janeiro. It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Itaguaí . The Port of Itaguai was opened as a deepwater port in 1982, primarily to export alumina and other minerals found in

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3150-638: The Interior's associate d Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency AFAD Works in coordination with law enforcement units to intervene in the events of any CBRN accident. Apart from these, Turkey mostly makes its own CBRN protective clothing and equipment. Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation 's Maksam factory mainly covers the needs of respirators for NATO and neighboring countries. Main products such as SR6 and SR6M NBC Respirator licensed United Kingdom production. MAKSAM Panoramic Mask MKE NEFES (breath) CBRN Gas Mask SR10 and SR10 ST Masks CBRN

3225-697: The Nazis, despite the considerable efforts that had gone into developing new varieties, might have been a lack of technical ability or fears that the Allies would retaliate with their own chemical weapons. Those fears were not unfounded: the Allies made comprehensive plans for defensive and retaliatory use of chemical weapons, and stockpiled large quantities. Japanese forces, as part of the Axis, used them more widely, though only against their Asian enemies, as they also feared that using it on Western powers would result in retaliation. Chemical weapons were frequently used against

3300-841: The RNZAF and complete CBRN courses at the Defence CBRN Centre in the United Kingdom. The NZ Army teaches all pre-deployment CBRN training for members of the NZDF. The New Zealand Special Air Service is also trained for operations including disposal, and containment of chemical agents in a CBRN environment. Pakistan-based defense industry GIDS manufactures NBC suites which include Individual Protective Equipment (IPE) like gloves , boots , and air filters as well as decontamination kits and Chemical Weapon Agent (CWA) detectors. The Spanish Army 1st CBRN Regiment 'Valencia'

3375-487: The Russian security service ordered over 100 "capsule cradles", which are devices that people can use to protect infants or even small pets in the event of a nuclear, chemical, biological, or radiological threat. According to the article, Soviet military engineers invented capsules in the 1960s. A company is currently producing the capsules in a factory in Russia. Numbers vary, but news reports and market forecast reports place

3450-673: The Russians at the Battle of Bolimów on January 31, 1915; the liquid failed to vaporize in the cold weather, and again the experiment went unnoticed by the Allies. The first effective use were when the German forces at the Second Battle of Ypres simply opened cylinders of chlorine and allowed the wind to carry the gas across enemy lines. While simple, this technique had numerous disadvantages. Moving large numbers of heavy gas cylinders to

3525-626: The SRPG is the CBRN Incident Advisory Group (RIAG) form in the initial stages of a CBRN incident using telephone conferencing. RIAG consists of five experts who assist with the technical response to the incident by providing real-time advice and support to the departments involved. The Hong Kong capability is well rehearsed, with regular departmental exercises conducted and a full-scale CBRN exercise conducted every year. The Indian Army ordered 16 CBRN monitoring vehicles, of which

3600-808: The SRPG) plans for all CBRN incidents in Hong Kong. The SRPG was set up with the support of the Secretary for Security by the Senior Bomb Disposal Officer in Hong Kong, Dominic Brittain. It consists of representatives from 9 government departments who plan the response to CBRN threats. These departments include Police EOD, Fire Services, the Hospital Authority and the Department of Health, amongst others. The operational arm of

3675-645: The War Ministry, suggested to his brother, the Chief of the Operations Branch at German General Headquarters, the use of the tear-gases benzyl bromide or xylyl bromide . Shells were tested successfully at the Wahn artillery range near Cologne on January 9, 1915, and an order was placed for 15 cm howitzer shells, designated 'T-shells' after Tappen. A shortage of shells limited the first use against

3750-675: The civil authority if requested. The Irish Army runs CBRNE defense courses has detection equipment, and decontamination equipment and is reported to have purchased 10,000 protective CBRN/NBC suits , enough for all of its personnel. All Army Reserve personnel undergo CBRN warfare defense training. The Irish national police force, the Garda Síochána , has a number of nationwide CBRN response teams. The teams are based regionally (in six regions; Dublin, Eastern, Northern, Southern, South-Eastern & Western) and began operating in 2004 with 100 trained officers (170 responders trained throughout

3825-839: The country as of 2009). There is a requirement for members to be re-certified within 18 months of training. CBRN response teams are trained by the Garda Tactical Training Unit, and supported nationally by the Emergency Response Unit (ERU). Other emergency services also have limited CBRN expertise, such as the Health Service Executive (HSE) and Dublin Fire Brigade (DFB), which have a Hazardous Materials (Haz-Mat) and Chemical Incident Unit. 14 CBRN Regiment (Chemical Biological Radiology and Nuclear Regiment), Sri Lanka Engineers

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3900-581: The deadliest use of poison gas in history. The post-war era has seen limited, though devastating, use of chemical weapons. Some 100,000 Iranian troops were casualties of Iraqi chemical weapons during the Iran–Iraq War . Iraq used mustard gas and nerve agents against its own civilians in the 1988 Halabja chemical attack . The Cuban intervention in Angola saw limited use of organophosphates . Terrorist groups have also used chemical weapons, notably in

3975-594: The enemy time to protect themselves, though many soldiers found the sight of a creeping gas cloud unnerving. This made the gas doubly effective, as, in addition to damaging the enemy physically, it also had a psychological effect on the intended victims. Another disadvantage was that gas clouds had limited penetration, capable only of affecting the front-line trenches before dissipating. Although it produced limited results in World War I, this technique shows how simple chemical weapon dissemination can be. Shortly after this "open canister" dissemination, French forces developed

4050-538: The first 8 were inducted in December 2010. It was developed by the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and manufactured by Ordnance Factories Board . The Indonesian Army has a CBRN defense unit which is the Kompi Zeni Nuklir, Biologi dan Kimia (abbreviated "Kompi Zeni Nubika Pusat Zeni TNI AD") translated as Army Engineers Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Company . The unit

4125-429: The front-line positions from where the gas would be released was a lengthy and difficult logistical task. Stockpiles of cylinders had to be stored at the front line, posing a great risk if hit by artillery shells. Gas delivery depended greatly on wind speed and direction. If the wind was fickle, as at the Battle of Loos , the gas could blow back, causing friendly casualties . Gas clouds gave plenty of warning, allowing

4200-403: The initial blast and by being forced onto the ground. Second, the sizes of the particles vary greatly because explosive dissemination produces a mixture of liquid droplets of variable and difficult to control sizes. Itagua%C3%AD Itaguaí is located approximately 75 km west of the city of Rio de Janeiro on the road to Santos (SP). It is located between the shore of Sepetiba Bay and

4275-452: The mainly static troop positions which were characteristic features of trench warfare . Germany, the first side to employ chemical warfare on the battlefield, simply opened canisters of chlorine upwind of the opposing side and let the prevailing winds do the dissemination. Soon after, the French modified artillery munitions to contain phosgene – a much more effective method that became

4350-419: The manner in which they affect the human body. The names and number of categories varies slightly from source to source, but in general, types of chemical warfare agents are as follows: Non-living biological proteins, such as: There are other chemicals used militarily that are not scheduled by the CWC, and thus are not controlled under the CWC treaties. These include: Most chemical weapons are assigned

4425-423: The market for CBRN products in 2013 and 2014 between US$ 8.7–8.8 billion. The market for CBRN products was expected to grow to over US$ 13 billion by 2023. Chemical warfare Chemical warfare ( CW ) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons . This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare , biological warfare and radiological warfare , which together make up CBRN ,

4500-418: The material is most efficiently used. Dispersion is the simplest technique of delivering an agent to its target. The most common techniques are munitions, bombs, projectiles, spray tanks and warheads. World War I saw the earliest implementation of this technique. The actual first chemical ammunition was the French 26 mm cartouche suffocante rifle grenade , fired from a flare carbine . It contained 35g of

4575-661: The military acronym for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered " weapons of mass destruction " (WMDs), a term that contrasts with conventional weapons . The use of chemical weapons in international armed conflicts is prohibited under international humanitarian law by the 1925 Geneva Protocol and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 . The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits signatories from acquiring, stockpiling, developing, and using chemical weapons in all circumstances except for very limited purposes (research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective). Chemical warfare

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4650-481: The mist produced by an aerosol can. In this form not only the gaseous part of the agent (around 50%) but also the fine aerosol can be inhaled or absorbed through pores in the skin. Modern doctrine requires very high concentrations almost instantly in order to be effective (one breath should contain a lethal dose of the agent). To achieve this, the primary weapons used would be rocket artillery or bombs and large ballistic missiles with cluster warheads. The contamination in

4725-412: The occasional use of chemical weapons, mainly to put down rebellions. In Nazi Germany , much research went into developing new chemical weapons, such as potent nerve agents . However, chemical weapons saw little battlefield use in World War II . Both sides were prepared to use such weapons, but the Allied Powers never did, and the Axis used them only very sparingly. The reason for the lack of use by

4800-466: The principal means of delivery. Since the development of modern chemical warfare in World War I, nations have pursued research and development on chemical weapons that falls into four major categories: new and more deadly agents; more efficient methods of delivering agents to the target (dissemination); more reliable means of defense against chemical weapons; and more sensitive and accurate means of detecting chemical agents. The chemical used in warfare

4875-399: The principal method of disseminating chemical agents today. Most thermal dissemination devices consist of a bomb or projectile shell that contains a chemical agent and a central "burster" charge; when the burster detonates, the agent is expelled laterally. Thermal dissemination devices, though common, are not particularly efficient. First, a percentage of the agent is lost by incineration in

4950-421: The problem was the Livens Projector . This was effectively a large-bore mortar, dug into the ground that used the gas cylinders themselves as projectiles – firing a 14 kg cylinder up to 1500 m. This combined the gas volume of cylinders with the range of artillery. Over the years, there were some refinements in this technique. In the 1950s and early 1960s, chemical artillery rockets and cluster bombs contained

5025-455: The public) has become a task carried out by fire services in the UK and they regularly train for such scenarios. Army All personnel are trained in CBRN through basic training and are to complete an online assessment annually. The British Army has a single dedicated regiment for all C-CBRN (Counter) matters in the armed forces. 28 Engineer Regiment is the only regiment within the armed forces that has full C-CBRN capability. Formed in 2019

5100-448: The regiment will officially be at full operational capability from early 2023, with the need for CBRN specialists becoming of more importance. Personnel within the regiment are trained in live environments where CBRN materials are used. The United States Army uses CBRN as an abbreviation for their Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Operations Specialists ( MOS ). The United States Army trains all US Army soldiers pursuing

5175-561: The standing force, however, SkyddC is also responsible for training conscripts, training 60 in 2022-2023. CBRN defense units in Turkey are the mainly CBRN Defense Battalion ( Kimyasal Biyolojik Radyolojik Nükleer (KBRN) Savunma Tabur ) of Turkish Armed Forces including CBRN Defense Special Response Unit ( KBRN Savunma Özel Müdahale Birliği ) and CBRN School and Training Center Command ( KBRN Okul ve Eğitim Merkezi ) Gendarmerie General Command has also unit within self Gendarmerie Search and Rescue Battalion Command has CBRN units. Ministry of

5250-440: The target area is only low or not existent and after four hours sarin or similar agents are not detectable anymore. By contrast, persistent agents tend to remain in the environment for as long as several weeks, complicating decontamination. Defense against persistent agents requires shielding for extended periods of time. Nonvolatile liquid agents, such as blister agents and the oily VX nerve agent, do not easily evaporate into

5325-531: The term CBRN Defence , instead of NBC Defence , due to the increased threat of dirty bomb use (which is radiological in nature). CBRNE is a new term that is being used in both civilian and military organizations. The Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit is a Canadian Forces unit, under the direction of the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command , charged with supporting "the Government of Canada in order to prevent, control and mitigate CBRN threats to Canada, Canadians and Canadian interests." All members of

5400-798: Was formed in March 2005. Training in the defense against CBRN agents as part of combat support is the main aim of exercise 'Grifo' (Griffin) – the most important of this type that the Army undertakes. The National Police and the Spanish Civil Guard have their own CBRN units. The Military Emergencies Unit and emergency services have CBRN training. The Swedish Armed Forces has the National CBRN Defence Centre (designated SkyddC) localized in Umeå as its main CBRN protection forces. It consists of one company (1st CBRN-company) as

5475-779: Was founded on 22 April 1986 under the command of the Indonesian Army Corps of Engineers . The unit is also in cooperation with the Ministry of Health, the Indonesian Nuclear power regulator agency, the Veterinary Research Agency, and the National Nuclear Power Agency. This unit is the one and only unit that can handle CBRN Defense Capability within the Armed Forces. The Indonesian National Police special unit

5550-434: Was not toxicity, but development of agents that can affect a target through the skin and clothing, rendering protective gas masks useless. In July 1917, the Germans employed sulfur mustard . Mustard agents easily penetrate leather and fabric to inflict painful burns on the skin. Chemical warfare agents are divided into lethal and incapacitating categories. A substance is classified as incapacitating if less than 1/100 of

5625-412: Was used by both sides to try to break the stalemate of trench warfare . Though largely ineffective over the long run, it decidedly changed the nature of the war. In many cases the gasses used did not kill, but instead horribly maimed, injured, or disfigured casualties. Some 1.3 million gas casualties were recorded, which may have included up to 260,000 civilian casualties. The interwar years saw

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