119-513: The Astatic Corporation is a commercial audio products manufacturer founded in Youngstown, Ohio in 1933. Astatic formed CAD Professional Microphones in 1988 as a division of Astatic. The company reorganized as Omnitronics LLC in 2000, and later combined CAD, Astatic and Omnitronics under the CAD Audio brand. DAS Companies purchased the rights for Astatic Citizens Band hand microphones and
238-573: A $ 250 million New Urbanist revitalization of the Smoky Hollow neighborhood developed about 400 new residential units, university student housing, retail space, and a park. In 2005, Federal Street, a major downtown thoroughfare that was closed off to create a pedestrian-oriented plaza, reopened to traffic. The downtown area has seen the razing of structurally unsound buildings and the expansion or restoration of others. New construction has dovetailed with efforts to cultivate business growth. One of
357-579: A competitive disadvantage to the iron and steel producers in Cleveland, Buffalo , Chicago and Detroit —all on Great Lake shores. Compared to these four cities, Youngstown had a higher cost of transporting raw materials to the mills, according to a Harvard Business Review report published in January 1933. Higher transportation costs are one reason why Youngstown mills began their decline slightly earlier than manufacturing in other cities. The city had
476-753: A cover for its 1976 directory to commemorate both the Bicentennial and the centennial of the invention of the telephone . Based on Norman Rockwell 's The Gossips , Meltzoff depicted America's great historic and iconic figures using the telephone. It became the biggest selling directory in Bell's history. Many national railroads and shortlines painted locomotives or rolling stock in patriotic color schemes, typically numbered 1776 or 1976, and model railroad manufacturers quickly released bicentennial locomotives which were popular among children and adults. Many military units marked aircraft with special designs in honor of
595-778: A grant from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development allowed for the demolition of Westlake Terrace, a sprawling and dilapidated public housing project. Today, the site features a blend of senior housing, rental townhouses and for-sale single-family homes. Low real-estate prices and the efforts of the Youngstown Central Area Improvement Corporation have contributed to the purchase of several long-abandoned downtown buildings (many by outside investors) and their restoration and conversion into specialty shops, restaurants, and eventually condominiums. In addition,
714-673: A healthy position within the Midwest in terms of transportation connections. An airport built in 1930 hosted Capital and United Airlines flights through the region and to New York prior to the jet age of the latter 1950s. It was on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad mainline to Chicago with the Capital Limited . Likewise, Youngstown was on the Erie Railroad mainline, on its Chicago-Jersey City circuit, with trains such as
833-489: A hero of the American Revolutionary War period and later Viceroy of New Spain ; and Don Quixote , Cervantes' fictional hero, on June 3, 1976, on behalf of their nation. The Gálvez sculpture is in a park at Virginia Avenue at 21st Street NW, which has been named Galvez Park. The Don Quixote sculpture was installed nearby on the grounds of The Kennedy Center. Spain's gift also included an exhibit at
952-569: A large international fleet parade of tall-masted sailing ships gathering first in New York City on Independence Day and then in Boston about one week later. Other large scale events such as reenactments, parades, and booms in commercialized commemoration spread across the nation as the year went on. In addition to the presence of the 'tall ships', navies of many nations sent warships to New York harbor for an International Naval Review held
1071-610: A long-term exhibition in its Arts and Industries Building replicating the look and feel of the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, including artifacts from earlier exposition. The Bicentennial Festival of American Folklife , a collaboration of the Smithsonian with thousands of national and international scholars, folk artisans, and performers, hosted programs in the western part of the National Mall five days
1190-467: A mix of rain, sleet, and snow with occasional heavy snowfall and icing. January is the coldest month with an average mean temperature of 26.8 °F (−2.9 °C), with temperatures on average dropping to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 4.1 days and staying at or below freezing on 43 days per year. Snowfall averages 67.8 inches (172 cm) per season, somewhat less than the snowbelt areas closer to Lake Erie . The snowiest month on record
1309-697: A portrait of Maximilien Robespierre by Adélaïde Labille-Guiard . Japan's government constructed and furnished the 513-seat Terrace Theatre of Kennedy Center in Washington. Many of the original furnishings were removed when the theater was renovated between 2015 and 2019. Fifty-three bonsai trees from the Nippon Bonsai Association were donated to the US National Arboretum . King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Spain presented sculptures of Bernardo de Gálvez ,
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#17328022985631428-561: A scene in its Bicentennial Dining Room. A number of nations gave gifts to the US as a token of friendship. The United Kingdom loaned one of the four existing copies of Magna Carta for display in the US Capitol . The document was displayed in a case designed by artist Louis Osman consisting of gold, stainless steel, rubies, pearls, sapphires, diamonds, and white enamel. This was on a base of pegmatite and Yorkshire sandstone . The document
1547-525: A uniform plain, with valleys such as that caused by the Mahoning River traversing the plain. Lakes created by glaciers that dammed small streams were eventually drained, leaving behind fertile terrain. Central Youngstown consists of the original city layout designed by John Young , including Downtown Youngstown . Downtown Youngstown is the site of most of the city's government buildings and banks. A number of entertainment venues are also located in
1666-751: A wave of industrial consolidations that placed much of the Mahoning Valley's industry in the hands of national corporations. In the late 1930s, the community's steel sector again gained national attention when Youngstown became a site of the so-called "Little Steel Strike", an effort by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee , a precursor to United Steelworkers , to secure contract agreements with smaller steel companies. On June 21, 1937, strike-related violence in Youngstown resulted in two deaths and 42 injuries. Despite
1785-606: A week for twelve weeks in the summer of 1976. The Smithsonian also opened the new home of the National Air and Space Museum on July 1, 1976. George Washington was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States by the congressional joint resolution Public Law 94-479 passed January 19, 1976, with an effective appointment date of July 4, 1976. This restored Washington's position as
1904-576: Is Youngstown State University (YSU), an urban public campus that serves about 15,000 students, just north of downtown. Youngstown is the site of several steel and metalworking operations, though not to the extent of the past. The largest industrial employers within the city limits are Vallourec Star Steel Company, in the Brier Hill district, and Trivium Packaging. Steelite , a British ceramics manufacturer, has its U.S. headquarters based in Youngstown. Youngstown's downtown, which once underscored
2023-486: Is a midwestern city located at the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains . The city was named for John Young , an early settler from Whitestown, New York , who established the community's first sawmill and gristmill . It was an early industrial city of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and became known as a center of steel production. With the movement of jobs offshore as the steel industry in
2142-694: Is a city in and the county seat of Mahoning County, Ohio , United States. At the 2020 census , it had a population of 60,068, making it the eleventh-most populous city in Ohio. It is a principal city of the Youngstown–Warren metropolitan area , which had 430,591 residents in 2020 and is the seventh-largest metro area in Ohio. Youngstown is situated on the Mahoning River in Northeast Ohio , 58 miles (93 km) southeast of Cleveland and 61 miles (100 km) northwest of Pittsburgh . Youngstown
2261-601: Is considered Central Youngstown. The area is the smallest division of Youngstown, as well as its least populous, but also its least residential by zoning. It is surrounded by the I-680 and Madison Avenue Expressway highway system. The North Side consists of the Brier Hill , Crandall Park, North Heights , and Wick Park neighborhoods and the northern section of the Riverbend Industrial Park. Brier Hill
2380-576: Is consistent with efforts in other metropolitan areas to address the phenomenon of urban depopulation. Youngstown 2010 received an award for public outreach from the American Planning Association in 2007. On May 28, 2024, an explosion destroyed most of the first floor of the Realty Building in downtown Youngstown and severely damaged the floors above it, killing one bank employee and injuring seven. The explosion
2499-663: Is located in Solon, Ohio . In 2012, the Citizens Band (CB) product division of Astatic that had been acquired from Omnitronics by Barjan LLC in 2006 was sold to DAS Companies, a communications product distributor for interstate truck stops. DAS expanded the Astatic name to non-microphone accessories including coaxial cables, meters and antennas. Astatic also manufactured bullet style microphones, which are extremely popular among harmonica players. The original Astatic model JT-30
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#17328022985632618-423: Is one of their acquired brand names. In 1930, two amateur radio operators, Creed M. Chorpening, W8WR (later W8MJM) and F.H. Woodworth, W8AHW began experimenting with different types of microphones for their "ham" stations. Their mutual friend, Charles Semple, worked for Brush Development Company where he had been experimenting with Rochelle salt crystals . Semple demonstrated some crystal pick-ups that Brush
2737-408: Is widely regarded as the death knell of the old area steel industry in Youngstown. In the wake of the steel plant shutdowns, the community lost an estimated 40,000 manufacturing jobs, 400 satellite businesses, $ 414 million in personal income, and from 33 to 75 percent of the school tax revenues. The Youngstown area has yet to fully recover from the loss of jobs in the steel sector. The blow dealt to
2856-746: The Atlantic Express/Pacific Express and the Lake Cities . The city was on the New York Central's Pittsburgh-Buffalo circuit and the Pennsylvania Railroad's Pittsburgh-Cleveland circuit. The city's population became more diverse after the end of World War II , when a seemingly robust steel industry attracted thousands of workers. In the 1950s, the Latino population grew significantly; and by
2975-498: The 1976 NBA All-Star Game , the 1976 National Hockey League All-Star Game , the 1976 NCAA Final Four , and the 1976 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at which President Ford threw out the first pitch. The 1976 Pro Bowl was an exception and was played in New Orleans, likely due to weather concerns. Local observances included painting mailboxes and fire hydrants red, white, and blue. A wave of patriotism and nostalgia swept
3094-716: The Detroit Institute of Arts and the Metropolitan Museum of Art that traveled to Detroit and New York City after being shown in Paris. The exhibit, entitled French Painting 1774–1830: The Age of Revolution , included the work of 94 French artists from that period. Many of the 149 works in the exhibit had never been seen outside France and included Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix , Jupiter and Thetis by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres and
3213-657: The Ford administration stressed the themes of renewal and rebirth based on a restoration of traditional values, giving a nostalgic and exclusive reading of the American past. Bruce N. Blackburn , co-designer of the modernized NASA insignia , designed the logo. The logo consisted of a white five-point star inside a stylized star of red, white and blue. It was encircled by the inscription American Revolution Bicentennial 1776–1976 in Helvetica Regular. An early use of
3332-699: The General Motors Lordstown Assembly , which was the area's largest industrial employer in the decades following the decline of the steel industry. Once one of the nation's largest auto plants in terms of square feet, the Lordstown facility was home to production of the Chevrolet Impala, Vega, and Cavalier . The Lordstown Assembly was shuttered in March 2019 and is currently owned by Foxconn . The city's largest employer
3451-738: The Youngstown Phantoms , who play in the United States Hockey League . Previously, it was home to the Youngstown Steelhounds hockey team, who played in the CHL . The venue also hosts "on ice" musical shows and concerts. Historically, one of the area's most popular attractions was Idora Park in the Idora neighborhood of Youngstown's south side. An urban amusement park , it operated from 1899 until it
3570-692: The Youngstown State University campus. Established by industrialist Joseph G. Butler Jr. , in 1919, it was the first museum in the country dedicated to American art. Across the street from the Butler Institute stands the McDonough Museum of Art , YSU's University Art Museum and the Mahoning Valley's center for contemporary art. The McDonough, established in 1991, features changing exhibitions by regional, national and international artists and provides public access to
3689-540: The highest-ranking military officer in US history . NASA commemorated the Bicentennial by staging a science and technology exhibit housed in a series of geodesic domes in the parking lot of the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) called Third Century America . An American flag and the Bicentennial emblem were also painted on the side of the VAB; the emblem remained until 1998, when it was painted over with
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3808-552: The title to the land in the Western Reserve, which it sold to the Connecticut Land Company for $ 1,200,000. While many of the area's early settlers came from Connecticut, Youngstown attracted many Scots-Irish settlers from neighboring Pennsylvania . The first European Americans to settle permanently in the area were Pittsburgh native James Hillman and wife Catherine Dougherty. By 1798, Youngstown
3927-451: The "Bicentennial Baby". She was featured on The Today Show and Good Morning America , and received commemorations from President Ford, New Jersey Governor Brendan Byrne , and a host of other notables. Many commercial products, including sports, apparel and collectibles, appeared in red, white, and blue packages in an attempt to tie them to the Bicentennial. Liberty, a brand of Spanish olives, sold their product in glass jars replicating
4046-669: The 1850s, editors and orators both North and South claimed their region was the true custodian of the legacy of 1776, as they used the Revolution symbolically in their rhetoric. The plans for the Bicentennial began when Congress created the American Revolution Bicentennial Commission on July 4, 1966. Initially, the Bicentennial celebration was planned as a single city exposition (titled Expo '76) that would be staged in either Philadelphia or Boston . After 6½ years of tumultuous debate,
4165-598: The 1920s, Youngstown was the birthplace of the Good Humor brand of ice cream novelties, and the popular franchise of Handel's Homemade Ice Cream & Yogurt was established there in the 1940s. In the 1950s, Youngstown-born developer Edward J. DeBartolo Sr. established one of the country's first modern shopping plazas in the suburban Boardman. The fast-food chain, Arby's , opened the first of its restaurants in Boardman in 1964, and Arthur Treacher's Fish & Chips
4284-703: The 1930s until the 1950s progressing southward, apart from the early Steelton neighborhood and industrial Salt Springs neighborhood. It shares Mill Creek Park with the South Side and lies southwest of the Mahoning River. Youngstown has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb / Dfa ), typical of the Midwestern United States , with four distinct seasons and lies within USDA hardiness zone 6a. Winters are cold and dry but typically bring
4403-485: The 1940s, when the mechanization of southern agriculture brought an end to the sharecropping system, leading onetime farm laborers to seek industrial jobs. Youngstown's local iron ore deposits were exhausted by the early 20th century. Since the city is landlocked (the Mahoning River is not navigable), ore from Michigan and Minnesota had to arrive by rail from Cleveland and other Great Lakes port cities where large bulk carriers were unloaded. This put Youngstown at
4522-517: The 1970s, St. Rose of Lima Roman Catholic Church and the First Spanish Baptist Church of Ohio were among the largest religious institutions for Spanish-speaking residents in the Youngstown metropolitan area. In 1951, city planners projected that Youngstown would grow to 200,000 to 250,000 in population due to continuously strong demand for domestic steel in western Europe , Japan , and South Korea , and so 12,000 acres on
4641-496: The 1976 Summer and Winter Olympic Games in celebration of the Bicentennial. Los Angeles bid for the 1976 Summer Olympics but lost to Montreal . Denver was awarded the 1976 Winter Olympics in 1970, but concern over costs led Colorado voters to reject a referendum to fund the games and the International Olympic Committee awarded the games to Innsbruck , Austria, the 1964 host. As a result, there
4760-618: The 2000s, additions included the Nathaniel R. Jones Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse in 2002, designed by Robert A. M. Stern Architects , the Mahoning County Children's Services Center and George Voinovich Government Center in 2004, and both the Covelli Centre and Ohio Seventh District Court of Appeals in 2006. In 2004, construction began on a 60-home upscale development called Arlington Heights, and
4879-619: The 48 contiguous states. On April 18, 1975, President Gerald Ford traveled to Boston to light a third lantern at the historic Old North Church , symbolizing America's third century. The following day, April 19, he delivered a major address in Concord, Massachusetts at the Old North Bridge where the " shot heard round the world " was fired, commemorating the 200th anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord which began
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4998-595: The Bicentennial Parade of 1976 on Wilshire Boulevard, and the Los Angeles City Schools Bicentennial Pageant at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , broadcast as part of Happy Birthday, America (NBC), hosted by Paul Anka , Pacific 21 , a bicentennial exhibition and conference center, and Knott's Berry Farm bicentennial celebration. The overall theme of the entertainment of Super Bowl X , held January 18,
5117-601: The Bicentennial celebration, Hollywood filmmaker John Huston directed a short movie— Independence (1976)—for the US National Park Service which continues to screen at Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia. The 1976 film Rocky cited the Bicentennial in several scenes, mostly during Apollo Creed 's entering; Carl Weathers dressed first as George Washington and then as Uncle Sam . The oversized vehicle in The Big Bus had
5236-482: The Bicentennial. John Warner served as ARBA director. The New Jersey Lottery operated a special "Bicentennial Lottery" in which the winner received $ 1,776 per week (before taxes) for 20 years (a total of $ 1,847,040). The Bicentennial Wagon Train Pilgrimage began a journey from Blaine, Washington on June 8, 1975, concluding at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1976. The wagon train pilgrimage traced
5355-640: The Commission recommended that there should not be a single event, and Congress dissolved it on December 11, 1973, and created the American Revolution Bicentennial Administration (ARBA), which was charged with encouraging and coordinating locally sponsored events. David Ryan, a professor at University College Cork , notes that the Bicentennial was celebrated only a year after the Fall of Saigon in 1975 and that
5474-791: The Delaware River. Since then, the Crossing the Delaware reenactment has occurred every year to relive and recognize this moment. While in Philadelphia on July 6, 1976, Queen Elizabeth presented the Bicentennial Bell on behalf of the British people. The bell is a replica of the Liberty Bell, cast at the same foundry— Whitechapel Bell Foundry —and bearing the inscription "For the People of the United States of America from
5593-445: The East Side closest to Downtown Youngstown were among the earliest developed in the city. However, much of the East Side is undeveloped fields and forests, as the land was annexed in the 1950s as part of a zoning effort for future development that never occurred. Altogether the most recently developed side of Youngstown, the neighborhoods of Belle Vista, Cornersburg, Garden District, Kirkmere, Rocky Ridge, and Schenley were built from
5712-440: The Golden Eagle and the Silver Eagle (respectively). Of the two, only the Silver Eagle remained in constant production since its inception, and remained one of Astatic's most popular D-104 microphones. There were other variations as well, but production ceased in 2001. The D-104 is often used by CB radio hobbyists and vintage amateur radio enthusiasts as part of their operating activities. Youngstown, Ohio Youngstown
5831-459: The Grand Marshal of the US Bicentennial parade. The event was attended by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip . The royal couple made a state visit to the United States, toured the country, and attended other Bicentennial functions with President and Mrs. Ford. Their visit aboard the Royal Yacht Britannia included stops in Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Virginia, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. The Smithsonian Institution opened
5950-488: The JT-30 after 74 years. The JT-30 is still popular among harmonica players. It was lightweight, cupped in the hands easily and distorted the sound when run through a Tube Amplifier. The JT-30 was used by, Little Walter , James Cotton Big Walter Horton , Junior Wells , Carey Bell , George "Harmonica" Smith , William Clarke , Gary Primich , Dennis Gruenling Kim Wilson and countless others. Many players modify them by putting in Shure Controlled Magnetic Transducers after
6069-427: The JT-30 shell and Astatic's very last batch of crystal elements and it was sold as the Hohner 1490 Blues Blaster . The Blues Blaster elements were Astatic MC-151 Crystal elements until 2001. Later versions of the Blues Blaster used a Japanese element. The Astatic JT-30 Roadhouse was the same as the Blues blaster except with a different connector. Both microphones were discontinued in 2013 marking an end of production for
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#17328022985636188-448: The Klan was in steep decline; and three years later, the organization sold its Canfield, Ohio, meeting area, Kountry Klub Field. Despite the prevalence of Irish Americans in Youngstown, their presence wasn't always evident. When radio personality Pete Gabriel (who was Greek) came to Youngstown, he found out that there was no St. Patrick's Day parade there at the time, so he started one. The growth of industry attracted people from within
6307-493: The Liberty Bell during that time. Products were only permitted to display the trademarked Bicentennial logo by paying a license fee to ARBA. The US government also commemorated the Bicentennial through the creation of new designs on national currency. The creation of the ceremonial coinage was both a way to get the American public involved in celebrating the bicentennial, and a way to encourage Americans to collect and purchase more bicentennial memorabilia. The Bicentennial Minute
6426-406: The NASA insignia. NASA planned for Viking 1 to land on Mars on July 4, but the landing was delayed to July 20, the anniversary of the Apollo 11 lunar landing. On the anniversary of the signing of the Constitution , NASA held the rollout ceremony of the first Space Shuttle (which NASA had planned to name Constitution but was, instead, named "Enterprise" in honor of its fictional namesake on
6545-401: The Oakland Center for the Arts was re-established with a new focus on youth and kids theatre. Well known theatrical personalities from the Youngstown area include comedic actor Joe Flynn , screen actress Elizabeth Hartman , singer and Broadway performer Maureen McGovern , and television and screen actor Ed O'Neill . The Butler Institute of American Art is on the northeastern edge of
6664-404: The People of Britain 4 July 1976 LET FREEDOM RING." Disneyland and the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World presented America on Parade , an elaborate parade celebrating American history and culture, and featured the Sherman Brothers ' song " The Glorious Fourth ". The parade featured nightly fireworks and ran twice daily from June 1975 to September 1976. Los Angeles observances included
6783-412: The September 19, 1977, closure of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Campbell Works after financial downturn due to changes in the steel manufacturing process and international competition. In response to subsequent challenges, the city has taken well-publicized steps to diversify economically, while building on some traditional strengths. Downtown Youngstown has seen modest levels of new construction. In
6902-422: The United States fell into decline in the 1970s, the city became exemplary of the Rust Belt . Youngstown has seen declines in population of nearly 65 percent within its city limits and about 15 percent in the metro area since 1960. Downtown Youngstown has seen various revitalization efforts in the 21st century, including the Covelli Centre and Youngstown Foundation Amphitheatre . Other notable institutions in
7021-399: The United States and from Latin America . By the late 19th century, African Americans were well represented in Youngstown, and the first local congregation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church was established in 1871. In the 1880s, local attorney William R. Stewart was the second African American elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . A large influx of African Americans in
7140-482: The United States as an independent republic. It was a central event in the memory of the American Revolution . The Bicentennial culminated on Sunday, July 4, 1976, with the 200th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence by the Founding Fathers in the Second Continental Congress . The nation had always commemorated the founding as a gesture of patriotism and sometimes as an argument in political battles. Historian Jonathan Crider points out that in
7259-411: The YBI was the top University Associated Incubator in North America, and came in second to the Guinness Enterprise Centre in Dublin . A number of products and enterprises introduced in Youngstown became national household names. Among them is Youngstown-based Schwebel's Bakery , which was established in neighboring Campbell in the 20th century. The company now distributes bread products nationally. In
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#17328022985637378-475: The Youngstown area developed a thriving steel industry, starting with the area's blast furnace in 1803 by James and Daniel Heaton. By the mid-19th century, Youngstown was the site of several iron industrial plants, and because of easy rail connections to adjacent states, the iron industry continued to expand in the 1890s despite the depletion of local natural resources. At the turn of the 20th century, local industrialists began to convert to steel manufacturing, amid
7497-487: The area for more than 80 years, despite intermittent financial problems. Believed by some observers to be the nation's oldest continuously operating community theater, the Youngstown Playhouse was the only community theater in Ohio to ever receive major institutional support from the Ohio Arts Council . The Oakland Center for the Arts , formerly in the downtown area, was a well-known venue for locally produced plays before it closed in 2015 due to poor management. In late 2016.
7616-425: The area's more successful business ventures in recent years has been the Youngstown Business Incubator , which fosters the growth of fledgling technology-based companies. In line with these efforts to change the community's image, the city government, in partnership with Youngstown State University, has organized an ambitious urban renewal plan known as Youngstown 2010 . The stated goals of Youngstown 2010 include
7735-443: The city include the Butler Institute of American Art , Mill Creek Park , Stambaugh Auditorium , and Youngstown State University . Youngstown's first new downtown hotel since 1974—the DoubleTree by Hilton —opened in 2018 in the historic Stambaugh Building, adapted for this use. Youngstown was named for New York native John Young , who surveyed the area in 1796 and settled there soon afterward. On February 9, 1797, Young purchased
7854-629: The city's East Side were annexed and extended utilities in expectation of future housing projects, in addition to aggressive re-zoning for expanded commercial spaces throughout the city. At 11:30 on Wednesday, September 6, 1967, only 9 of the 50 scheduled patrolmen arrived for work at the Youngstown Police Department. The others were not on strike . That was prevented by Ohio state law. The patrolmen, eventually numbering 300, along with another 300 city-employed firefighters, were instead attending "continuous professional meetings", and would be until their demand for an immediate across-the-board raise of $ 1200
7973-501: The city's north side, has served for decades as a site of concerts and is often rented for private events. The facility also hosts the Stambaugh Youth Concert Band. Bruce Springsteen , who sang about the decline of Youngstown's steel industry and its adverse effects on local workers in his ballad " Youngstown ", played at Stambaugh Auditorium on January 12, 1996, as part of his solo Ghost of Tom Joad Tour . The Youngstown Playhouse , Mahoning County's primary community theater, has served
8092-421: The city's population was under the age of 18, 10.8% was from age 18 to 24, 24.3% was from age 25 to 44, 26.2% was from age 45 to 64, and 15.8% was age 65 or older. The median age was 38 years old. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95 males. Endowed with large deposits of coal and iron as well as "old growth" hardwood forests needed to produce charcoal,
8211-429: The city's sports-related attractions is the Covelli Centre , which was funded primarily through a $ 26 million federal grant secured in 2000 by then-Congressman Jim Traficant . Located on the site of an abandoned steel mill, the large, high-tech facility opened in October 2005. It was formerly called the Chevrolet Center, and during planning it was known as the Youngstown Convocation Center. The centre's main tenants are
8330-532: The community in the early 19th century paved the way for the Youngstown area's inclusion on the network of the famed Erie Canal . The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal Company was organized in 1835, and the canal was completed in 1840. Local industrialist David Tod , who became Ohio governor during the Civil War , persuaded Lake Erie steamboat owners that coal mined in the Mahoning Valley could fuel their vessels if canal transportation were available between Youngstown and Cleveland. The railroad's arrival in 1856 smoothed
8449-502: The community saw an influx of immigrants from non-European countries including what is modern day Lebanon , Israel , Palestine , and Syria . By the 1920s, this dramatic demographic shift produced a nativist backlash, and the Mahoning Valley became a center of Ku Klux Klan activity. The situation reached a climax in 1924, when street clashes between Klan members and Italian and Irish Americans in neighboring Niles led Ohio Governor A. Victor Donahey to declare martial law. By 1928
8568-440: The community's economic difficulties, is a site of new business growth. The Youngstown Business Incubator (YBI), in the heart of downtown, houses several start-up technology companies that have received office space, furnishings, and access to utilities. Some Incubator-supported companies have earned recognition, and a few are starting to outgrow their current space. Inc. Magazine rated one such company– Turning Technologies –as
8687-553: The community's industrial economy in the 1970s was slightly mitigated by the auto production plants in the metropolitan area. In the late 1980s, the Avanti , an automobile with a fiberglass body originally designed by Studebaker to compete with the Corvette , was manufactured in an industrial complex on Youngstown's Albert Street. This company moved away after just a few years. A mainstay of Youngstown's industrial economy had long been
8806-466: The creation of a "cleaner, greener, and better planned and organized Youngstown". In January 2005, the organization unveiled a master plan prepared by Urban Strategies Inc. of Toronto , which had taken shape during an extensive process of public consultation and meetings that gathered input from citizens. The plan, which included platforms such as the acceptance of a reduced population and an improved image and quality of life, received national attention and
8925-638: The downtown area. There are further sub-neighborhoods in the South Side as well, such as Indian Village, Handel's , Boulevard Park, Cochran Park, Powerstown, and Gibsonville that have distinct identities within their larger neighborhoods. The South Side shares Mill Creek Park with the West Side. The East Side is the largest of the city's regions by area and consists of the East High, East Side, Hazelton , Landsdowne, Lincoln Knolls, Scienceville and Sharon Line/McGuffey Heights communities. The neighborhoods on
9044-717: The downtown, including the Covelli Centre , Powers Auditorium , the DeYor Performing Arts Center, and Youngstown Foundation Amphitheatre . In addition, the downtown sits to the immediate south of notable cultural and educational resources, including Youngstown State University , the Butler Institute of American Art , and the McDonough Museum of Contemporary Art. The Arlington , Mahoning Commons, Riverbend, Smoky Hollow and University neighborhoods that surround downtown compromise what
9163-553: The early 20th century owed much to developments in the industrial sector. During the national Steel Strike of 1919 , local industrialists recruited thousands of workers from the Southern United States , many of whom were Black. This move inflamed racist sentiment among local Whites, and for decades, African-American steelworkers experienced discrimination in the workplace. Migration from the South rose dramatically in
9282-573: The fastest-growing privately held software company in the United States and 18th fastest-growing privately held company overall. To keep such companies downtown, the YBI secured approval to demolish a row of nearby vacant buildings to clear space for expansion. In 2014, the YBI was ranked as the top university-associated business incubator in the world by the Swedish University Business Incubator Index. In 2015,
9401-662: The first founded on the South Side during the 19th century and were completely annexed by 1910 as Youngstown industrialized. Later neighborhoods, such as Fosterville , Newport, Lansingville , Buckeye Plat, and Cottage Grove came into being as industry and population expanded throughout the first half of the 20th century, being annexed in 1929 from the remainder of Youngstown Township. The Pleasant Grove and Brownlee Woods neighborhoods further south were also annexed in 1929 from Boardman Township . These neighborhoods were generally well connected to each together and were defined by economic class as they became increasingly suburban further from
9520-586: The historical range is 54.01 in (1,372 mm) in 2011 to 23.79 in (604 mm) in 1963. Between 1960 and 2010, the city's population declined by over 60%. The Mahoning Valley metropolitan area had 541,243 residents as of the 2020 census. According to the 2020 Census , Youngstown had 28,303 households. The population density was 1770.5/sq mi. The city's racial makeup was 47.8% White , 41.1% African American , 0.3% Native American , 0.7% Asian , 0.0% Pacific Islander , and 7.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.9% of
9639-413: The households had children under the age of 18. Of these, 25.6% were married couples living together, 24.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.6% were non-families. Meanwhile, 37.8% of all households comprised a single person, and 14.5% of households comprised a person over 65 years of age living alone. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 3.02. 22.8% of
9758-661: The logo was on a 1971 US postage stamp. The logo became a flag that flew at many government facilities throughout the United States and appeared on many other souvenirs and postage stamps issued by the Postal Service . NASA painted the logo on the Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center in 1976 where it remained until 1998 when the agency replaced it with its own emblem as part of 40th anniversary celebrations. In 1973, on
9877-680: The military aspect of the American Revolution. According to the New York Times "more than 2,000 spectators were on hand" as canons were fired and a Paul Revere reenactor rode through announcing the arrival of British Troops. On December 31, 1975, the eve of the Bicentennial Year, Ford recorded a statement to address the American people by means of radio and television broadcasts. Presidential Proclamation 4411
9996-427: The military during World War II . After World War II, Astatic Microphone Laboratory became The Astatic Corporation. The commercial audio product division of Astatic became CAD Professional Microphones in 1988. After a merger with Omnitronics LLC in 2000, CAD, Astatic and Omnitronics combined under the CAD Audio brand. The company offers audio products for recording, live performance, commercial and personal audio, and
10115-465: The morning of July 4. President Ford sailed down the Hudson River into New York harbor aboard the guided missile cruiser USS Wainwright to review the international fleet and receive salutes from each visiting ship, ending with a salute from the British guided-missile destroyer HMS London . The review ended just above Liberty Island at around 10:30 am. Johnny Cash served as
10234-482: The most recent year to not reach that mark is 2014. July is the warmest month with an average mean temperature of 71.5 °F (22 °C). The all-time record high temperature in Youngstown of 103 °F (39 °C) was established on July 10, 1936, which occurred during the Dust Bowl , and the all-time record low temperature of −22 °F (−30 °C) was set on January 19, 1994. The first and last freezes of
10353-789: The nation and there was a general feeling that the irate era of the civil rights movement , the Vietnam War , and the Watergate constitutional crisis of 1974 had finally come to an end. In the summer of 1976, the city of South Bend, Indiana, embarked on a unique project to commemorate the United States Bicentennial: painting its fire hydrants in vibrant colors and patriotic designs. Over four decades later, many of South Bend's painted fire hydrants still stand as reminders of America's Bicentennial celebration. Bell Telephone Company commissioned Stanley Meltzoff to create
10472-477: The original covered wagon trade and transportation routes across the United States encompassing the Bozeman Trail , California Trail , Gila Trail , Great Wagon Road , Mormon Trail , Natchez Trace Trail , Old Post Road , Old Spanish Trail , Oregon Trail , Santa Fe Trail , and Wilderness Road . Karen Steele was the first baby born on July 4, 1976, 12 seconds after midnight, and was referred to as
10591-465: The original elements fail. Introduced in 1933, the Astatic model D-104 became known for its high frequency response that contributed to better communications audio quality. Early D-104 mikes used a 1" thick case, a large ID tag, and holes for "ring & spring" mounts. The design was modified in April 1937 with smaller tags and reduced thickness. A black "grip" switch stand ("G" Stand) with a metal ID tag
10710-421: The path for further economic growth. Youngstown's industrial development changed the face of the Mahoning Valley. The community's burgeoning coal industry drew hundreds of immigrants from Wales , Germany , and Ireland . With the establishment of steel mills in the late 19th century, Youngstown became a popular destination for immigrants from Eastern Europe , Italy , and Greece . In the early 20th century,
10829-401: The population. The median household income was $ 30,129. According to the 2010 Census , Youngstown had 26,839 households and 15,150 families. The population density was 755.2/km (1958.5/sq mi). There were 33,123 housing units at an average density of 968.5 per square mile (373.9/km ). Youngstown's vacant-housing rate in 2010 was twenty times the national average. The city's racial makeup
10948-439: The same time, Youngstown never became economically diversified, as did larger industrial cities such as Chicago, Pittsburgh, Akron, or Cleveland. Hence, when economic changes forced the closure of plants throughout the 1970s, the city was left with few substantial economic alternatives. The September 19, 1977, announcement of the closure of a large portion of Youngstown Sheet and Tube , an event still referred to as "Black Monday",
11067-678: The season on average fall on October 14 and May 6, respectively, allowing a growing season of 160 days; however, freezing temperatures have been observed in every month except July. The normal annual mean temperature is 49.9 °F (9.9 °C). Normal yearly precipitation based on the 30-year average from 1991 to 2020 is 41.19 inches (1,046 mm), falling on an average of 168 days per year. Monthly precipitation has ranged from 10.66 in (271 mm) in June 1986 to 0.16 in (4.1 mm) in October 1924, while for annual precipitation
11186-489: The segments, most notably " I'm Just a Bill " (discussing the legislative process) and "The Preamble" (which features a variant of the preamble of the Constitution put to music), have become some of Schoolhouse Rock 's most popular segments. In 1974, CBS aired a new animated Archie series on Saturday mornings called The U.S. of Archie ; 16 episodes were made and were shown in reruns until September 1976. For
11305-617: The shores of Boston Harbor, activists and history enthusiasts recreated the Boston Tea Party . Participants and spectators boasted signs and effigies, but no longer against the English crown and taxes. This protest was a call for "environmental protection, racial justice, an end to corporate profiteering, and the impeachment of Richard Nixon." Several people threw packages and oil barrels labeled " Gulf Oil " and " Exxon " into Boston Harbor in symbolic opposition to corporate power, in
11424-524: The smaller settlement of Warren as its administrative center, or county seat . In 1813, Trumbull County was divided into townships, with Youngstown Township comprising much of what became Mahoning County. The village of Youngstown was incorporated in 1848, and in 1867 Youngstown was chartered as a city. It became the county seat in 1876, when the administrative center of Mahoning County was moved from neighboring Canfield . Youngstown has been Mahoning County's county seat to this day. The discovery of coal by
11543-608: The style of the Boston Tea Party. This reenactment later was termed as the "Boston Oil Party", and roughly 10,000 people witnessed the dumping of oil conglomerates, as well as the hanging of an effigy of President Nixon. The official Bicentennial events began April 1, 1975, when the American Freedom Train launched in Wilmington, Delaware to start its 21-month, 25,388-mile (40,858 km) tour of
11662-412: The television series Star Trek ). Delaware crossing reenactment . On November 20 and 21 of 1976, participants immersed themselves in the era by donning period-accurate uniforms and equipping themselves with the tools and weaponry characteristic of that Christmas night over two centuries prior. The reenactment unfolded as a grand spectacle, featuring a flotilla of boats navigating the icy currents of
11781-652: The township of 15,560 acres (6,300 ha) from the Western Reserve Land Company for $ 16,085. The 1797 establishment of Youngstown was officially recorded on August 19, 1802. The area that includes present-day Youngstown was part of the Connecticut Western Reserve , a section of the Northwest Territory that Connecticut initially did not cede to the federal government. Upon cession, Connecticut retained
11900-429: The violence, historian William Lawson observed that the strike transformed industrial unions from "basically local and ineffective organizations into all-encompassing, nationwide collective bargaining representatives of American workers". Between the 1920s and 1960s, the city was known as an important industrial hub that featured the massive furnaces and foundries of such companies as Republic Steel and U.S. Steel . At
12019-519: The work of students, faculty and alumni from the Department of Art. The Clarence R. Smith Mineral Museum, also on the YSU campus, is operated by the university's geology department and housed in a campus building. US Bicentennial The United States Bicentennial was a series of celebrations and observances during the mid-1970s that paid tribute to historical events leading up to the creation of
12138-555: Was 47.0% White , 45.2% African American , 0.4% Native American , 0.4% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 3.3% of some other race, and 3.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.3% of the population. The European ancestry included had 10.8% Italian , 10.8% Irish , 10.0% German , and 4.2% English ancestries. Among the Hispanic population, 5.7% were Puerto Rican , 1.9% Mexican , 0.1% Cuban , and 0.7% some other Hispanic or Latino. Records suggest 28.6% of
12257-519: Was 53.1 inches (135 cm) in December 2010, while winter snowfall amounts have ranged from 118.7 in (301 cm) in 2010–11 to 25.2 in (64 cm) in 1948–49. Springs generally see a transition to fewer weather systems that produce heavier rainfall. Summers are typically very warm and humid with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 7.7 days per year on average; the annual count has been as high as 40 days in 1943, while
12376-441: Was a series of short vignettes aired on CBS from 1974 through the end of 1976 to mark the occasion. In the months approaching the Bicentennial, Schoolhouse Rock! , a series of educational cartoon shorts running on ABC between programs on Saturday mornings, created a sub-series called "History Rock", although the official name was "America Rock". The ten segments covered various aspects of American history and government. Several of
12495-566: Was closed after a large fire destroyed many of its premier rides in 1984. The community's culture center is Powers Auditorium , a former Warner Brothers movie palace that serves as the area's primary music hall and a home for the Youngstown Symphony Orchestra . This downtown landmark is one of five auditoriums within the city. Ford Recital Hall was built in 2006 as an addition to newly renovated Powers Auditorium. Imposing and neo-classical Stambaugh Auditorium , on
12614-554: Was considered one of the city's cultural hotbeds due to many Welsh , Irish , Italian , and African American migrants settling in it, but primarily was once viewed as the city's " Little Italy " as reflected by the Brier Hill-style pizza . Each year, at the end of August, the Brier Hill Fest attracts thousands of visitors from Northeast Ohio and Western Pennsylvania . The historic Crandall Park neighborhood
12733-733: Was displayed atop a gold replica from June 3, 1976, until June 13, 1977, when it was returned. The case and gold replica remain on display in the Capitol. Canada through the National Film Board of Canada produced the book Between Friends/Entre Amis which was a photographic essay of life along the US-Canada border. The book was given to libraries across the US and special editions were presented to President Ford and other officials. The government of France and Musée du Louvre assembled an exhibit of paintings in cooperation with
12852-681: Was headquartered in Youngstown in the late 1970s. More recently, the city's downtown hosted the corporate headquarters of the now-defunct pharmacy chain store Phar-Mor , which was established by Youngstown native Mickey Monus . Despite the impact of regional economic decline, Youngstown offers an array of cultural and recreational resources. Youngstown's newest venue is the Youngstown Foundation Amphitheatre ; an outdoor venue opened in 2019 upon former industrial grounds in Downtown that hosts various musicians. One of
12971-575: Was introduced in late 1939. There were many variations in different colors such as the JT-30-C, W-30, 31, JT-31, JT-40, JT-50, and Model A. It is one of the most popular microphones for blues harp players. Production of the mic continued in different versions such as the JT-30VC and the CAD HM-50 that were marketed to harmonica players before being discontinued in 1999. In 1999 Hohner bought the molds to
13090-429: Was manufactured in January 1938. A solid-state amplifier was incorporated into the "G" stand in the 1960s. A US Bicentennial model D-104 was manufactured in 1976 featuring a 18k gold plated finish, and an eagle and shield design on the back plate. Also released at that time, was a slightly different chrome version that featured a press to talk bar on the base in addition to the standard "grip" to talk. They were known as
13209-504: Was met. By Saturday, the day they were ordered back to their jobs by a Common Pleas Court judge, citizens were reported as disturbed, rather than badly frightened, by the risks of police and fire services operating at about 30% normal headcounts. A car fire was the worst single incident. When ending the strike the judge also ordered the pay raise. Apart from a fruitless six-day "sick call" of police in Detroit in June 1967, Youngstown's
13328-566: Was no Olympics in the United States in 1976 despite a last minute offer from Salt Lake City to host. However, Lake Placid would host the 1980 Winter Olympics , Los Angeles would eventually be awarded the 1984 Summer Olympics , and Salt Lake City would also eventually be awarded the 2002 Winter Olympics . As site of the Continental Congress and signing of the Declaration of Independence, Philadelphia served as host for
13447-551: Was once home to the city's wealthiest families, and many of the mansions of industrial executives are still including in the Crandall Park-Fifth Avenue Historic District. Youngstown's South Side is, and historically has been, the city's densest and most populous division, with numerous neighborhoods from each of the city's periods of expansion. The older neighborhoods in this district, Oak Hill, Erie, Warren , and Lower Gibson, were among
13566-540: Was signed as an affirmation to the Founding Fathers of the United States principles of dignity , equality , government by representation , and liberty . 1976 festivities included elaborate fireworks in the skies above major US cities. President Ford presided over the display in Washington, D.C., which was televised nationally. Celebrations in cities and towns across the nation opened into full effect including celebrations such as Operation Sail (Op Sail),
13685-635: Was suspected to have been caused by a natural gas leak . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 34.60 square miles (89.61 km ), of which 33.96 square miles (87.96 km ) is land and 0.64 square miles (1.66 km ) is water. Youngstown is in the Mahoning Valley on the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau . At the end of the last ice age , the glaciers left behind
13804-479: Was the first major police strike since the Boston Police Strike in 1919. As the editorial writers at The Sheboygan Press of Sheboygan, Wisconsin put it, "So we have seen the first successful strike by policemen and firemen. It is a precedent over which there should be little rejoicing." The industrial economy that drew various groups to the area collapsed in the late 1970s, culminating with
13923-632: Was the home of several families who were concentrated near where Mill Creek meets the Mahoning River . Boardman Township was founded in 1798 by Elijah Boardman , a member of the Connecticut Land Company. Also founded in 1798 was Austintown by John McCollum who was a settler from New Jersey . As the Western Reserve's population grew, the need for administrative districts became apparent. In 1800, territorial governor Arthur St. Clair established Trumbull County (named in honor of Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull ), and designated
14042-756: Was to celebrate the Bicentennial. Players on both teams, the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Dallas Cowboys , wore a special patch with the Bicentennial Logo on their jerseys; the Cowboys also added red, white, and blue striping to their helmets throughout the 1976 NFL season. The halftime show, featuring the performance group Up with People , was entitled "200 Years and Just a Baby: A Tribute to America's Bicentennial". The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) initiated bids to host both
14161-506: Was working with, leading Chorpening and Woodworth to found The Astatic Microphone Laboratory, Inc. in Youngstown, Ohio in 1933. Semple was brought into the company as general manager to manufacture and market the company's model D-104 Crystal Microphone as well as other crystal microphones, crystal phonograph pickups and recording heads. In early 1944, Astatic moved operations to Conneaut, Ohio and supplied microphones, pickups and crystal cartridges as well as hydrophone and sonar devices to
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