Misplaced Pages

#50949

69-458: CCCS may refer to: Canadian Centre for Cyber Security Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies , a research centre at the University of Birmingham, England Christ Church Cathedral School Christian Congregational Church of Samoa Command, control and coordination system , in military jargon Consumer Credit Counselling Service ,

138-741: A Cray X-MP/11 (modified) supercomputer delivered to the Sir Leonard Tilley building in March 1985 and the hiring of code breaking analysts. It was, at the time, the most powerful computer in Canada. In the early 1990s, the Establishment purchased a Floating Point Systems FPS 522-EA supercomputer at a cost of $ 1,620,371. This machine was upgraded to a Cray S-MP superserver after Cray acquired Floating Point Systems in December 1991 and used

207-610: A branch of the National Research Council . It was the first civilian office in Canada solely dedicated to decryption of communications signals; until then, SIGINT was entirely within the purview of the Canadian military , and mostly limited to intercepts . In March 1942, XU moved next door to Laurier House in Sandy Hill, Ottawa ; this location was chosen because they felt it would draw no suspicion to

276-625: A logo to identify its products and publications. The triangle represented threats, while the arc symbolized protection. Unique within Canada's security and intelligence community, the Communications Security Establishment employs code-makers and code-breakers ( cryptanalysis ) to provide the Government of Canada with information technology security (IT Security) and foreign signals intelligence services. CSE also provides technical and operational assistance to

345-576: A memorandum of understanding on diplomatic cooperation, which promotes the co-location of embassies, the joint provision of consular services, and common crisis response. The project has been criticized by leading Canadian foreign affairs scholars for undermining Ottawa's foreign policy independence. Global Affairs Canada funds humanitarian projects, contributes to the United Nations Central Emergency Response Fund, makes smaller emergency contributions through

414-412: A much broader range of client departments. While these continue to be key intelligence priorities for Government of Canada decision-makers, increasing focus on protecting the safety of Canadians is prompting greater interest in intelligence on transnational issues, including terrorism . CSE code breaking capabilities degraded substantially in the 1960s and 1970s but were upgraded with the acquisition of

483-671: A preceding External Aid Office was created as a branch of the External Affairs Department in 1960, building on roots that go back to the Colombo Plan in the early 1950s. Through an administrative separation of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, two separate departments named Foreign Affairs Canada ( FAC ) and International Trade Canada ( ITCan ) were created in December 2003. However, legislation to formally abolish DFAIT and provide

552-617: A registered charity in the United Kingdom California Community Colleges System Colorado Community College System Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore Tricarbon monosulfide when represented as its chemical structure Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CCCS . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

621-484: A shift that had occurred many years before. At the time that the external affairs portfolio was created in 1909, Canada was a self-governing dominion in the British Empire and did not have an independent foreign policy. The term external affairs avoided the question of whether a colony or dominion—self-governing and hence sovereign in some respects—could, by definition, have foreign affairs. Implicitly, since

690-801: A single department known as Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada . In 2013, included within the Conservative government's omnibus budget bill , An Act to implement certain provisions of the budget tabled in Parliament on March 21, 2013 and other measures (Bill C-60), was a section that would fold CIDA into the department, creating the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development ( DFATD ). The bill received royal assent on 26 June 2013. On 4 November 2015, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau 's new Liberal government again modified

759-497: A statutory basis for the separate departments failed to pass a first vote in the House of Commons on 15 February 2005. The government, nonetheless, maintained the administrative separation of the two departments despite neither having been established through an Act of Parliament. In early 2006, under the new government of Prime Minister Stephen Harper , Foreign Affairs Canada and International Trade Canada were re-joined to again form

SECTION 10

#1732798237051

828-540: A unit under the Communications Security Establishment (CSE), the agency is Canada's computer emergency response team (CSIRT) and the Canadian government's computer Incident response team (CIRT). Officially created on 1 October 2018, CCCS consolidated the existing operational cyber-security units of several federal government organizations, including Public Safety Canada 's Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre, Shared Services Canada 's Security Operations Centre, and

897-628: Is a research institute programme of the Government of Canada responsible for conducting classified research in the areas of cryptology and knowledge discovery to support the Canadian Cryptologic Program and its Five-Eyes international partners. Though officially founded in 2009, TIMC officially opened and formally named in September 2011. Named after cryptanalyst and mathematician William T. Tutte , TIMC

966-704: Is also responsible for maintaining Canadian government offices abroad with diplomatic and consular status on behalf of all government departments. According to the OECD , Canada’s total official development assistance (ODA) (USD 7.8 billion, preliminary data) increased in 2022 due to exceptional support to Ukraine and its pandemic response in developing countries, increased costs for in-donor refugees as well as higher contributions to international organizations, representing 0.37% of gross national income (GNI). The department has undergone numerous name changes and re-organizations since its founding in 1909. Originally established as

1035-728: Is based within CSE's Edward Drake Building in Ottawa . Sponsored and funded by the Communications Security Establishment, the institute is partnered with Institutes for Defence Analyses , CCR Princeton, CCR La Jolla, CCS Bowie, the Heilbronn Institute for Mathematical Research , Carleton University , and the University of Calgary and is working to create partnerships with other research institutes, government agencies and universities. Researchers Leland McInnes and John Healy at

1104-448: Is possible that some of these models have been used by the CSE and are in use today. The Canadian Centre for Cyber Security ( CCCS or Cyber Centre ; French : Centre Canadien pour la Cyber Sécurité ) is the Government of Canada authority responsible for monitoring threats , protecting national critical infrastructure against cyber incidents, and coordinating the national response to any incidents related to cyber security . As

1173-469: Is responsible for international development , poverty reduction , and humanitarian assistance . This ministerial portfolio includes: The minister of international trade, export promotion, small business and economic development (currently Mary Ng ) is responsible for matters of international trade . This ministerial portfolio includes: Deputy ministers are senior public servants who take political direction from ministers and are responsible for

1242-711: The Avoiding Complicity in Mistreatment by Foreign Entities Act . In December 2001, the Canadian government passed omnibus bill C-36 into law as the Anti-Terrorism Act . The Act amended portions of the National Defence Act and officially recognized CSE's three-part mandate: The Anti-Terrorism Act also strengthened CSE's capacity to engage in the war on terrorism by providing needed authorities to fulfill its mandate. In

1311-616: The National Security Act 2017 . Coming into force two months later, in August, the act set out the mandate and powers of CSE. As part of the omnibus bill, oversight of CSE activities was assumed by the newly created National Security and Intelligence Review Agency (NSIRA). On October 11, 2023, CSE Chief Caroline Xavier said in an interview with CBC News that CSE offices in various cities may be opened to alleviate staffing shortages. CSE uses generic identifiers imposed by

1380-405: The National Security Act 2017 . The Act, which came into force two months after passing, notes that there are five aspects of CSE's mandate: The CSE Act requires that CSE activities do not target Canadians anywhere in the world, or any person in Canada, "unless there are reasons to believe that there is an imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm. The Act also requires the CSE protect

1449-715: The Canadian Red Cross and Canadian Foodgrains Bank and funds Canadian humanitarian organisations via the Humanitarian Coalition . Support is guided by Canada's Feminist International Assistance Policy. Within Global Affairs Canada, there are several bodies that facilitate Canada's international trade system, including the Trade Controls Bureau , Export Development Canada , Canadian Commercial Corporation , and

SECTION 20

#1732798237051

1518-615: The Cold War , the CBNRC was primarily responsible for providing SIGINT data to the Department of National Defence regarding the military operations of the Soviet Union . In February 1950, R. S. McLaren was appointed the first CBNRC Senior Liaison Officer (CBSLO) to Washington, D.C. In March 1962: CBNRC installed its first IBM supercomputer , costing CA$ 372k. In December 1964, CBNRC began collaboration on "Canadian ALVIS" (CID 610),

1587-640: The Department of National Defence (DND), the CSE is now a separate agency under the National Defence portfolio. The CSE is accountable to the Minister of National Defence through its deputy head, the Chief of CSE. The National Defence Minister is in turn accountable to the Cabinet and Parliament . The current Chief of the CSE is Caroline Xavier , who assumed the office on 31 August 2022. In 2015,

1656-604: The Federal Identity Program . However, CSE is one of several federal departments and agencies (primarily those having law enforcement, security or regulatory functions) that have been granted a badge by the Canadian Heraldic Authority . The badge was granted in 1994, while CSE's pennant was first raised in 1996 to mark the organization's 50th anniversary. From the 1990s to the mid 2000s, CSE's Information Technology Security program used

1725-778: The Foreign Office ) and domestic or colonial affairs (the Colonial Office or Dominion Office , which were later reorganized and combined into one department: the Foreign and Commonwealth Office ). Canadian interests outside the empire (e.g. between Canada and its non-empire neighbours, the United States , Russia , St. Pierre and Miquelon , and Greenland ) were under the purview of the UK Foreign Office. Informally, however, Canada had had relations with

1794-510: The House of Common and an admission by the Canadian government that the organization existed. In 1975, the CBNRC was transferred to the Department of National Defence (DND) by an Order in Council , and became the Communications Security Establishment. CSE was now publicly known, and had diversified since the Cold War becoming the primary SIGINT resource in Canada. In 1988, CSE created

1863-719: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and federal law enforcement and security agencies, including the Canada Border Services Agency and the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority . CSE relies on its closest foreign intelligence allies, the US, UK, Australia and New Zealand to share the collection burden and the resulting intelligence yield. Canada is a substantial beneficiary and participant of

1932-713: The Statute of Westminster in 1931. For historical reasons, the name External Affairs was retained. The Department of Trade and Commerce, which included the Trade Commissioner Service , had been created in 1892. In 1969, it was combined with the Department of Industry to form the Department of Industry Trade and Commerce (ITC). Both External Affairs and ITC maintained networks of offices abroad, with varying degrees of coordination among them. The Department of Citizenship and Immigration also had offices abroad, in some cases dating back to Confederation . In

2001-574: The Trade Commissioner Service . Other organizations that facilitate international trade and foreign investment in Canada include the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA), Invest in Canada (formerly Foreign Investment Review Agency ), and the Canadian International Trade Tribunal , which is an independent quasi-judicial body . The CBSA and Statistics Canada collect information on all items exported from Canada, and classify these items using categories negotiated by

2070-624: The United States (where Canada had its own representatives since at least 1927); and finally, the Statute of Westminster and the Second World War . In terms of Canada's commercial relations, the first trade commissioner, John Short Larke , was named following a successful trade delegation to Australia led by Canada's first minister of trade and commerce, Mackenzie Bowell . The Statute of Westminster clarified that Canada (and certain other dominions, such as Australia and New Zealand ) were primarily responsible for, among other things,

2139-552: The cabinet and privy council (and thus entitled to use the prefix " the Honourable "). The current leadership of GAC is provided by three ministers, each with their own responsibilities. The minister of foreign affairs (currently Mélanie Joly ) is the senior minister in the department, with responsibility for foreign policy matters as well as the department overall. This ministerial portfolio includes: The minister of international development (currently Ahmed Hussen )

CCCS - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-547: The head of government [the prime minister], as the head of state was historically shared, and would not accredit a representative to one's self.) Nonetheless, by the time the change in terminology was effected in 1993, Canada's foreign affairs had been conducted separately from the United Kingdom in most significant respects for the entire post-war period, or over 60 years since the Statute of Westminster. This process

2277-564: The privacy of Canadians and persons in Canada. As such, CSE is forbidden, by law, to intercept domestic communications. When intercepting communications between a domestic and foreign source, the domestic communications are destroyed or otherwise ignored. (After the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001, however, CSE's powers expanded to allow the interception of foreign communications that begin or end in Canada, as long as

2346-549: The "Department of External Affairs", GAC has been known by a variety of names throughout its lifetime. Its current legal name is the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development , but its "applied" name used within government is Global Affairs Canada often shorted in the Canadian media to simply "Global Affairs". GAC was first founded as the Department of External Affairs on 1 June 1909. During and after World War I , Canada assumed greater control over its foreign relations, with its full autonomy in this field confirmed by

2415-402: The 1970s and early 1980s, there were growing efforts to ensure coordination among all Canadian government offices outside Canada and to strengthen the leadership role and authority of heads of post ( ambassadors , high commissioners , and consuls general ) over all Canadian government staff in their areas of accreditation. This led to a 1979 decision by Prime Minister Joe Clark to consolidate

2484-597: The 2007 Proceedings of the Canadian Senate Standing Committee on National Security and Defence , then-CSE Chief John Adams indicated that the CSE is collecting communications data when he suggested that the legislation was not perfect in regard to interception of information relating to the "envelope." In June 2019, the Communications Security Establishment Act ( CSE Act ) was passed, as part of

2553-454: The CSE's Information Technology Security branch. Formerly known as communications security (COMSEC), the CSE's Information Technology Security branch grew out of a need to protect sensitive information transmitted by various agencies of the government, especially the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT), Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA), DND, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). The Cyber Centre

2622-627: The Canadian System Security Centre to establish a Canadian computer security standard among other goals. This led to the publication of the Canadian Trusted Computer Product Evaluation Criteria . Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, Canada's Anti-terrorism Act ( ATA ) was ratified, receiving royal assent on 18 December 2001. It amended the National Defence Act to formally acknowledge and mandate

2691-742: The Folklore Operating System supplied by the NSA in the US. These machines are now retired. Little information is available on the types of computers used by the CSE since then. However, Cray in the US has produced a number of improved supercomputers since then. These include the Cray SX-6, early 2000s, the Cray X1 , 2003 (development funded in part by the NSA), Cray XD1 , 2004, Cray XT3, Cray XT4 , 2006, Cray XMt, 2006 and Cray CX1, 2008. It

2760-464: The RCCS in 1941 and located just south of Ottawa. In 1946, the station's complement was 75 personnel (compared to its around 2,000 employees in 2013–2014). This unit successfully decrypted , translated, and analyzed these foreign signals, and turned that raw information into useful intelligence reports during the course of the war. CBNRC finally began domestic COMSEC efforts on 1 January 1947. During

2829-613: The Tilley Building in June 1961. On 26 February 2015, CSE officially inaugurated the Edward Drake Building, named for Lt. Colonel Edward Drake, a pioneer of the Canadian signals intelligence . With the rapid expansion in the number of CSE personnel since the 9/11 attack in the US, the CSE has built new facilities. A new CA$ 1.2 billion facility, encompassing 72,000 square metres (18 acres), has been built in

CCCS - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-594: The Tutte Institute developed a technique called Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP), originally designed to analyze malware . The algorithm and software of UMAP has since been released by TIMC to the open-source community , and is now being used to answer questions about COVID-19 . CSE occupies several buildings in Ottawa , including the Edward Drake Building and the neighbouring Sir Leonard Tilley Building . CSE moved to

2967-658: The United States in particular, with trade and other relationships pre-dating Confederation. Canada's management of its own foreign relations evolved over time, with key milestones including: the First World War (at the conclusion of which Canada was a signatory of the Treaty of Versailles and a member of the League of Nations ); the Balfour Declaration ; increased direct conduct of bilateral matters with

3036-834: The activities of CSE. It also made amendments to the Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act , the Criminal Code , and the Official Secrets Act (later the Security of Information Act ). In early 2008, in line with the Federal Identity Program (FIP) of the Government of Canada, which requires all federal agencies to have the word Canada in their name, CSE adopted the applied title Communications Security Establishment Canada (CSEC; French : Centre de la sécurité des télécommunications Canada , CSTC). Since mid-2014,

3105-420: The agency built a new headquarters and campus encompassing 340,000 m (84 acres). The facility totals a little over 110,000 m (1,200,000 sq ft) and is adjacent to CSIS . CSE originates from Canada's joint military and civilian code-breaking and intelligence efforts during the Second World War . The Examination Unit ( XU ) was established during the Second World War , in June 1941, as

3174-727: The civilian Examination Unit (XU) and the military Joint Discrimination Unit (JDU) and was located at LaSalle Academy . With Edward Drake as its first director, the agency worked with intercepted foreign electronic communications , collected largely from the Royal Canadian Signal Corps (RCCS) station at Rockcliffe Airport in Ottawa. CSE also worked with Canadian Forces Station Leitrim (CFS Leitrim; formerly 1 Special Wireless Station till 1949, and Ottawa Wireless Station till 1966), Canada's oldest operational signal intelligence (SIGINT) collection station, established by

3243-424: The collaborative effort within the partnership to collect and report on foreign communications. During the Cold War , CSE's primary client for signals intelligence was National Defence, and its focus was the military operations of the then Soviet Union . Since the end of the Cold War, Government of Canada requirements have evolved to include a wide variety of political, defence, and security issues of interest to

3312-568: The conduct of their own foreign affairs. After World War II, Canada was a founding member of the United Nations and participant in its own right in post-war settlement talks and other international fora, and in most respects the conduct of foreign affairs was no longer colonial. Over the years after the Second World War, a number of other historical traditions were slowly abolished or brought into accordance with reality, such as

3381-427: The day-to-day operations of the department. The current departmental structure, and corresponding executives, are as follows: Branches of Global Affairs each have their own Assistant Deputy Minister, who report to all three deputy ministers: Included in the portfolios of the three Global Affairs ministers are: The change of terminology from external affairs to foreign affairs recognized, albeit belatedly,

3450-685: The department was responsible for affairs with both Commonwealth and non-Commonwealth countries, all external relations were of a type, even when the head of state was shared with other nations. Under section 132 of the British North America Act, 1867 , the federal government had authority to conduct and implement relations with other parts of the British Empire, which were not considered foreign lands. The United Kingdom and other colonial powers still routinely divided their conduct of overseas policy into foreign affairs (e.g.

3519-683: The eastern part of Ottawa, immediately west of the headquarters building for the Canadian Security Intelligence Service . Construction began in early 2011 and was completed in 2015. In addition to those mentioned below, CSE is bound by all other Canadian laws, including the Criminal Code , the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , the Privacy Act , Security of Information Act , and

SECTION 50

#1732798237051

3588-466: The enemies. In September, the Department of External Affairs established its Special Intelligence Section at XU with the purpose of reviewing decoded SIGINT with other collateral information to produce intelligence summaries . The original mandate of the Examination Unit was to intercept the communications of Vichy France and Germany . Its mandate later expanded to include interception and decryption of Japanese communications after Japan entered

3657-440: The establishment of peacetime SIGINT operations. In September 1945, U.S. President Harry Truman declared it would be vital to carry out such operations, and Canadian authorities came to the same conclusion in December later that year. On 13 April 1946, a secret Order in Council allowed for postwar continuation of wartime cryptologic efforts and thus the Communications Branch of the National Research Council of Canada (CBNRC)

3726-460: The existing operational cyber-security units of several federal government organizations, including the Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre of Public Safety Canada; the Security Operations Centre of Shared Services Canada; and the Information Technology Security branch of CSE. Prior to opening, in June 2018, Minister Ralph Goodale appointed Scott Jones the head of the new Centre. The Tutte Institute for Mathematics and Computing ( TIMC )

3795-420: The first and only Canadian cipher machine to be mass-produced; based on the British ALVIS ( BID 610 ). CBNRC and the information it gathered and shared was kept secret for 34 years until 9 January 1974, when CBC Television aired a documentary titled The Fifth Estate: The Espionage Establishment . This was the first time that the organization had ever been mentioned in public. This resulted in an outcry in

3864-408: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CCCS&oldid=1158989204 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Canadian Centre for Cyber Security Formally administered under

3933-425: The name of the department. While its legal name remains the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development, its public designation (applied title) under the Federal Identity Program is Global Affairs Canada ( GAC ). Despite the change to the applied title of the department, the senior minister responsible is still called the Minister of Foreign Affairs , rather than "Minister of Global Affairs", in line with

4002-435: The organization has used its legal name (Communications Security Establishment) and initials (CSE) on its website and in public statements. In November 2011, CSE was made an independent agency, though still operating under the National Defence portfolio and constrained by the National Defence Act . In June 2019, the Communications Security Establishment Act was passed as part of an omnibus national security bill called

4071-418: The other party is outside the border and ministerial authorization is issued specifically for this case and purpose.) The Minister of National Defence guides and authorizes the activities of CSE using ministerial directives, ministerial authorizations, and ministerial orders , all of which are based on the "government’s intelligence priorities as set out by Cabinet through discussion and consultations with

4140-504: The practice of Canadian ambassadors presenting diplomatic credentials signed by the monarch of Canada (including, on occasion, credentials written in French as an official language of Canada); Canadian ambassadors now present credentials signed by the governor general of Canada as representative of the Canadian monarch. Other traditions remain, such as the exchange of high commissioners , instead of ambassadors, between Commonwealth countries. (High commissioners present credentials from

4209-553: The security and intelligence community." The Defence Minister cannot authorize any activities that are not included in the CSE mandate or grant CSE any powers that do not exist in Canadian law. Department of External Affairs (Canada) Global Affairs Canada ( GAC ; French : Affaires mondiales Canada ; AMC ) is the department of the Government of Canada that manages Canada's diplomatic and consular relations, promotes Canadian international trade, and leads Canada's international development and humanitarian assistance. It

SECTION 60

#1732798237051

4278-442: The terminology used in other jurisdictions and in international law. GAC is headquartered in the Lester B. Pearson Building at 125 Sussex Drive on the banks of the Rideau River in Ottawa , but operates out of several properties in Canada's National Capital Region . Ministers and parliamentary secretaries to ministers are elected members of the House of Commons and accountable to Parliament . Ministers are also members of

4347-406: The various streams of the Canadian Foreign Service , including the "political" (traditional diplomatic) stream, the Trade Commissioner Service , and the Immigration Foreign Service. This was followed in 1982 by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's decision to combine External Affairs and International Trade into a single department. It initially retained the name of Department of External Affairs, but

4416-516: The war . The unit was estimated to have had 50 staff members at any one time. In total 77 people worked there. By 1945, the disparate SIGINT collection units of the Canadian Navy , Army , and Air Force , were consolidated into the Joint Discrimination Unit (JDU), which was headquartered in Ottawa in the same building as the XU. By the end of the War, the military JDU and the civilian XU were able to coordinate SIGINT collection, analysis, and dissemination so efficiently that it led officials to consider

4485-466: Was developed in response to CSE's consultations with Canadians in 2016 which identified various issues pertaining to cyber security in relation to the federal government, including accountability, departmental coordination, and leadership. In February 2018, the federal budget allocated funds for CSE, in collaboration with Public Safety Canada and Shared Services Canada , to launch the Cyber Centre. Officially created on 1 October 2018, CCCS consolidated

4554-412: Was founded. This agency would be the predecessor to today's Communications Security Establishment (CSE). Beginning operations on 3 September 1946, the Communications Branch of the National Research Council (CBNRC) was the first peace-time cryptologic agency and was kept secret for much of its beginning. The CBNRC was established through a secret Order in Council signed on 13 April 1946, combining

4623-606: Was only formalized by an Act of Parliament in 1995. DFAIT maintained two separate ministers: the Minister of Foreign Affairs , with lead responsibility for the portfolio, and the Minister of International Trade . The Minister for International Cooperation , who was responsible for agencies such as the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), also fell under DFAIT. Moreover, the responsibilities of DFAIT would include Canadian relations with Commonwealth nations —though such nations are not considered 'foreign' to one another. CIDA had been formally established in 1968, although

4692-410: Was paralleled in other areas over this period, including the establishment of Canada's own supreme court as the court of last resort , the patriation of the constitution , and Canadian citizenship (Canadians had been British subjects , and no citizenship per se existed until 1947). In September 2012, the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office signed

4761-540: Was subsequently renamed External Affairs and International Trade . The change was reflected in a new Department of External Affairs Act passed in 1983. The 1982 merger was part of larger reorganization of government that also combined the Industry component of ITC with the Department of Regional Economic Expansion. The department's name was changed to the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade ( DFAIT ) in 1993, about 60 years after Canada had gained control over its foreign policy in 1931—though this change

#50949