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90-538: In 1985 INTG was torn by internal divisions, over questions such as the tactics of general strikes and the building of a new political movement. CXTG was founded as a result of this split. CXTG-IN participated in the 1986 trade union elections, winning 1,104 delegates (0.62% of the company committees representative seats in all of Spain). On December 14, 1988 a general strike was organized across Spain. In Galicia two separate mobilizations were organized, one by CC.OO. and UGT and one by CXTG and INTG. CXTG-IN published

180-507: A " worldwide proletariat "; and a theoretical mechanism by which to stop wars between nation states. Industrial unionists such as Ralph Chaplin and Stephen Naft also identified four different levels of general strike, rising from a localised strike, to an industry-wide strike, to a nationwide strike, and finally to a revolutionary strike. In his study of the debates within the Second International , Niemeyer perceived

270-470: A "national holiday". The Chartists planned to carry out their month-long national holiday in August 1839, but following Benbow's arrest, the campaign was abandoned. Benbow was tried and found guilty of sedition. Although he attempted to continue his Chartist activities from prison, after being excommunicated from the movement by Feargus O'Connor , Benbow ceased his political activities. In April 1842, after

360-563: A 'Permanent Seminary for Education for Peace', which later became an independent institution. The Permanent Seminary published didactic materials on human rights, marginalization and eco-pacifism. Through the Permanent Seminary, the CXTG sought to promote non-sexist education. On April 2, 1990 CXTG-IN and INTG signed a cooperation treaty. INTG and CXTG contested the 1990 trade union elections jointly, winning 3,527 delegates (23.2% of

450-633: A general strike by "every profession useful to society" against the "civil, military, or religious agents of government", contrasting "the People" against the "men who do nothing". Chassebœuf's work held a great influence in Great Britain, where it was distributed throughout the country by the London Corresponding Society , while his chapter on the general strike was reprinted for decades after its initial publication. The idea

540-537: A general strike was taken up by members of the far-left , such as Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg , who saw it as an instrument for obtaining political concessions . Having been completely frozen out of the International, the anarchists resolved to hold their own International Anarchist Congress , which met in Amsterdam in 1907. The Congress played host to a fierce debate between Errico Malatesta ,

630-487: A general strike. In 1864, the International Workingmen's Association (IWA) was established as a federation of trade unions by delegates from England and France. The French trade union delegates, such as Eugene Varlin , saw the nascent International as a means to coordinate support for strike actions by its members. In the first volume of Das Kapital , published in 1867, Karl Marx conceived of

720-412: A general strike. Benbow called for workers themselves to declare a month-long "holiday", which would be financially supported first by workers' savings and then by exacting "contributions" from the wealthy. He also proposed the formation of workers' councils to keep the peace, distribute food and elect delegates to a congress , which would itself carry out wide-reaching societal reforms. Months after

810-537: A higher social class. The contention with feudalism began once the merchants and guild artisans grew in numbers and power. Once they organized themselves, they began opposing the fees imposed on them by the nobles and clergy. This development led to new ideas and eventually established the Bourgeoisie class which Marx opposes. Commerce began to change the form of production and markets began to shift in order to support larger production and profits. This change led to

900-662: A number of anti-authoritarian and anti-clerical polemics. At meetings of the National Union of the Working Classes , Benbow expressed impatience with the progress of the Reform Bill and called for armed resistance against the government. In January 1832, Benbow published a pamphlet titled Grand National Holiday and Congress of the Productive Classes , in which he outlined his proposals for

990-485: A proletarian class consciousness , rather than having proletarian social attributes (such as being an industrial worker). In this way of defining the proletariat, a proletarian class consciousness could be developed through a subjective standpoint with political education supplied by the Chinese Communist Party . This conception of the proletariat allowed for a Marxist theoretical framing under which

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1080-406: A proponent of classical anarcho-communism , and Pierre Monatte , a disciple of the new current of anarcho-syndicalism . The latter upheld the central role of the trade union in organising a revolutionary general strike to overthrow capitalism, after which the unions would form the basis for the construction of a new stateless society with a socialist economy . But the advancement of syndicalism

1170-598: A revolutionary general strike, which would overthrow the state and establish workers' control over the means of production . This view was particularly supported by the Spanish Regional Federation , which itself organised a general strike in Alcoy , although it was quickly put down by Spanish government forces. At the Geneva Congress of 1873 , Belgian delegates proposed the adoption of

1260-451: A series of revolutions by the bourgeois which resulted in capitalism. Marx argues that this same model can and should be applied to the fight for the proletariat. Forming unions similar to how the merchants and artisans did will establish enough power to enact change. Ultimately, Marx's theory of the proletarian's struggle would eventually lead to the fall of capitalism and the emergence of a new mode of production, socialism. Marx argued that

1350-458: A statewide general strike as a response to those legislative proposals. The SCFL website states, At SCFL's monthly meeting Monday, Feb. 21, delegates endorsed the following: "The SCFL endorses a general strike, possibly for the day Walker signs his 'budget repair bill.'" An ad hoc committee was formed to explore the details. SCFL did not CALL for a general strike because it does not have that authority. The largest general strike that ever stopped

1440-489: A strike vote without prior authorization of the national officers of the union concerned". The change was intended to "check the spread of general strike sentiment and prevent recurrences of what happened at Seattle and is now going on at Winnipeg ". The penalty for any unauthorised strike vote was revocation of that body's charter. As part of the fight for the Indian independence movement , leader Mahatma Gandhi promoted

1530-408: Is based on the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie: the workers, who own no means of production, must use the property of others to produce goods and services and to earn their living. Workers cannot rent the means of production (e.g. a factory or department store) to produce on their own account; rather, capitalists hire workers, and the goods or services produced become the property of

1620-460: Is much less useful, but requires hundreds of hours of mining and cutting, and is therefore expensive. The same goes for the workers' labor power: it is valued not for the amount of wealth it produces, but for the amount of labor necessary to keep the workers fed, housed, sufficiently trained, and able to raise children as new workers. On the other hand, capitalists earn their wealth not as a function of their personal labor, which may even be null, but by

1710-435: Is the social class of wage-earners , those members of a society whose possession of significant economic value is their labour power (their capacity to work). A member of such a class is a proletarian or a proletaire . Marxist philosophy regards the proletariat under conditions of capitalism as an exploited class ⁠ forced to accept meager wages in return for operating the means of production , which belong to

1800-480: Is to sell their labour power for a wage or salary . Marxist theory only vaguely defines the borders between the proletariat and adjacent social classes. In the socially superior, less progressive direction are the lower petty bourgeoisie , such as small shopkeepers, who rely primarily on self-employment at an income comparable to an ordinary wage. Intermediate positions are possible, where wage-labor for an employer combines with self-employment. In another direction,

1890-474: The Comitia Centuriata ( Centuriate Assembly ), proletarii were the lowest class, largely deprived of voting rights. Not only did proletarii have less voting "weight" in the various elections, but since voting ran hierarchically starting with the highest social ranks, a majority could be reached early and their votes never even taken. Late Roman historians such as Livy vaguely described

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1980-617: The Comitia Centuriata as a popular assembly of early Rome composed of centuriae , voting units representing classes of citizens according to wealth. This assembly, which usually met on the Campus Martius to discuss public policy, designated the military duties of Roman citizens. One of the reconstructions of the Comitia Centuriata features 18 centuriae of cavalry, and 170 centuriae of infantry divided into five classes by wealth, plus 5 centuriae of support personnel called adsidui , one of which represented

2070-406: The proletarii . In battle, the cavalry brought their horses and arms, the top infantry class full arms and armour, the next two classes less, the fourth class only spears, the fifth slings, while the assisting adsidui held no weapons. If unanimous, the cavalry and top infantry class were enough to decide an issue. A deeper reconstruction incorporating social backgrounds found that the senators,

2160-681: The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 , the IWPA armed and drilled its members into workers' militias, seeing violent action as a necessary complement to strike action. On 1 May 1886, the IWPA organised a nationwide general strike for the eight-hour day , which had been a focus of demands for Parsons and the Chicago anarchists. Throughout the United States, hundreds of thousands of workers went on strike. The general strike's epicenter

2250-552: The International Working People's Association (IWPA), which developed anarchist tendencies and held itself to be a continuation of the defunct IWA. Inspired by the example of the Paris Commune , IWPA members such as the Chicago anarchist Albert Parsons formulated a kind of revolutionary syndicalism that eschewed the general strike in favour of popular insurrection. In response to the repression of

2340-591: The United States , the 1835 Philadelphia General Strike lasted for three weeks, after which the striking workers won their goal of a ten-hour workday and an increase in wages. The idea of the general strike was first formulated by William Benbow , a Quaker and shoemaker that became involved in the British radical movement of the early 19th century. After he was arrested for his political activities, Benbow turned away from reformism and began to publish

2430-439: The commonwealth , but the only military contribution of a proletarius was his children, the future Roman citizens who could colonize conquered territories. Officially, propertyless citizens were called capite censi because they were "persons registered not as to their property...but simply as to their existence as living individuals, primarily as heads ( caput ) of a family." Although explicitly included by name in

2520-525: The general strike of 1904 resulted in no political reforms but strengthened the social movement; in 1908, syndicalists led a two-month general strike in Parma , but were likewise defeated; and in 1911, anarcho-syndicalists mobilised a general strike against the Italian invasion of Libya , blocking troop trains and even assassinating an army officer. This series of syndicalist-led general strikes brought about

2610-441: The lumpenproletariat or "rag-proletariat", which Marx considers a retrograde class, live in the informal economy outside of legal employment: the poorest outcasts of society such as beggars, tricksters, entertainers, buskers, criminals and prostitutes. Socialist parties have often argued over whether they should organize and represent all the lower classes, or only the wage-earning proletariat. According to Marxism, capitalism

2700-455: The "largest and in all probability the most important Convention ever held" by the organisation, in part for having engineered the "overwhelming defeat of the so-called Radical element" via crushing a " One Big Union proposition", and also for defeating a proposal for a nationwide general strike, both "by a vote of more than 20 to 1". The AFL amended its constitution to disallow any central labour union (i.e., regional labour councils) from "taking

2790-683: The Amsterdam Congress as a means to establish an international anarchist organisation, efforts in this direction were sabotaged by the conflict between the two factions. Despite all the calls for a general strike to prevent war, by the outbreak of World War I , many socialists dropped their anti-militarism and instead threw their support behind the Allied war effort. The Second International itself collapsed, leaving only anarcho-syndicalists and Bolsheviks to rally an anti-war opposition. The 1926 United Kingdom general strike started in

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2880-597: The Chartists and took on a revolutionary character. But government forces intervened, cracking down on the protests and arresting its leaders, eventually forcing a return to work. Strike actions by workers in Barcelona played a prominent role in the Spanish Revolution of 1854 , which gave way to a progressive period that extended a number of civil liberties to Spanish workers. But labour unrest grew as

2970-845: The Confederacy of its main source of labour in what W. E. B. Du Bois described as a "general strike" in his book Black Reconstruction in America . However, this conception were rebuffed by African-American economist Abram Lincoln Harris , who dismissed Du Bois' claims of a general strike as fantastical. A. A. Taylor also rejected Du Bois' interpretation, noting that the flight from the plantations did not constitute an organised movement to achieve economic or political concessions. And American historian Arthur Charles Cole criticised what he described as "discrepancies between well established facts and extravagant generalization" in Du Bois' claims of

3060-650: The French CGT and Dutch NAS attempted to continue participation, but after being physically attacked while trying to join the London Congress of 1896 , the anarchists finally abandoned the International. Nevertheless, the anarchist defense of the general strike left a lasting legacy within the International. At the Paris Congress of 1900 , the French socialist politician Aristide Briand adopted

3150-635: The German delegates, who feared repression by the authorities. Finally, at the Copenhagen Congress of 1910 , a proposal for a general strike to prevent war was put forward by the French socialist Édouard Vaillant and the Scottish labour leader Keir Hardie , but this too was voted down by the other delegates. While it was consistently defeated by the social democrats, the anarchist proposal for

3240-849: The IWW participated in the Seattle General Strike, that action was called by the Seattle Central Labor Union, affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL, predecessor of the AFL–CIO ). In June 1919, the AFL national organisation, in session in Atlantic City, New Jersey , passed resolutions in opposition to the general strike. The official report of these proceedings described the convention as

3330-573: The International could be the organisation through which trade unions could build such strike actions into a revolutionary general strike, which would abolish capitalism and institute socialism. The proposals for a revolutionary general strike to overthrow the state were rejected by the Marxist faction , who instead proposed the creation of political parties to take state power. Through the General Council, which had centralised control over

3420-567: The International, Marx moved to expel Bakunin's anti-authoritarian faction at the Hague Congress of 1872 . In response, the expelled sections established the Anti-Authoritarian International , which was designed to operate according to a federal structure . The anti-authoritarians upheld the syndicalist view of using the International as a coordinating body to support strike actions and build them towards

3510-476: The Wobbly conception of industrial democracy is intentionally not presented in detail by IWW theorists; in that sense, the details are left to the "future development of society". However, certain concepts are implicit. Industrial democracy will be "a new society [built] within the shell of the old". Members of the industrial union educate themselves to operate industry according to democratic principles, and without

3600-517: The World (IWW) began to fully embrace the general strike in 1910–1911. The ultimate goal of the general strike, according to Industrial Workers of the World theory, is to displace capitalists and give control over the means of production to workers. In a 1911 speech in New York City , IWW organiser Bill Haywood explained his view of the economic situation, and why he believed a general strike

3690-586: The anarcho-syndicalist model. Members of the Belgian section began to advocate for a dictatorship of the proletariat and electoralism , while the French and Italian sections moved towards anarcho-communism and proposed the theory of propaganda of the deed . By 1880, the debates within the International had led to its collapse. In 1881, a revolutionary socialist faction of the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLPA) split off and established

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3780-424: The capitalist, who sells them at the market. Part of the net selling price pays the workers' wages (variable costs); a second part renews the means of production (constant costs, capital investment); while the third part is consumed by the capitalist class, split between the capitalist's personal profit and fees to other owners (rents, taxes, interest on loans, etc.). The struggle over the first part (wage rates) puts

3870-509: The census, which Roman authorities conducted every five years to produce a register of citizens and their property, which determined their military duties and voting privileges. Those who owned 11,000 assēs (coins) or fewer fell below the lowest category for military service, and their children— prōlēs (offspring)—were listed instead of property; hence the name proletarius (producer of offspring). Roman citizen-soldiers paid for their own horses and arms, and fought without payment for

3960-498: The class of business owners , the bourgeoisie . Karl Marx argued that this capitalist oppression gives the proletariat common economic and political interests that transcend national boundaries, impelling them to unite and to take over power from the capitalist class , and eventually to create a socialist society free from class distinctions. The proletarii constituted a social class of Roman citizens who owned little or no property. The name presumably originated with

4050-523: The class struggle, and about what it will take to execute an eventual general strike for the purpose of achieving industrial democracy. During the final general strike, workers would not walk out of their shops, factories, mines, and mills, but would rather occupy their workplaces and take them over. Prior to taking action to initiate industrial democracy, workers would need to educate themselves with technical and managerial knowledge in order to operate industry. According to labor historian Philip S. Foner ,

4140-551: The coal industry and rapidly escalated; the unions called out 1,750,000 workers, mainly in the transport and steel sectors, although the strike was successfully suppressed by the government. The year 1919 saw a number of general strikes throughout the United States and Canada , including two that were considered significant—the Seattle General Strike , and the Winnipeg General Strike . While

4230-574: The collective efficacy of strikes as a bargaining tool. An early predecessor of the general strike were the Jewish traditions of the Sabbatical and Jubilee years , the latter of which involves widespread debt relief and land redistribution . The secessio plebis , during the times of the Roman Republic , has also been noted as a precursor to the general strike. Early conceptions of

4320-474: The current hierarchical ownership/management structure. Issues such as production and distribution would be managed by the workers themselves. In 1927 the IWW called for a three-day nationwide walkout to protest the execution of anarchists Ferdinando Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti . The most notable response to the call was in the Walsenburg coal district of Colorado , where 1,132 miners stayed off

4410-455: The definition and practice of a general strike changed in modern times to mean periodic days of mass action coordinated, often, by unions, but not an official or prolonged strike. Since then, in the US and Europe the general strike has become a tool of mass economic protest often in conjunction with other forms of electoral action and direct civil action. Two of the main forms of general strike are:

4500-421: The early 19th century, many Western European liberal scholars—who dealt with social sciences and economics—pointed out the socio-economic similarities of the modern rapidly growing industrial worker class and the classic proletarians. One of the earliest analogies can be found in the 1807 paper of French philosopher and political scientist Hugues Felicité Robert de Lamennais . Later it was translated to English with

4590-539: The economy of an advanced industrial country —and the first general wildcat strike in history—was May 1968 in France . The prolonged strike involved eleven million workers for two weeks in a row, and its impact was such that it almost caused the collapse of the de Gaulle government. Other notable general strikes include: Proletariat The proletariat ( / ˌ p r oʊ l ɪ ˈ t ɛər i ə t / ; from Latin proletarius  'producing offspring')

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4680-740: The establishment of the Italian Syndicalist Union (USI), which itself led a further series of general strikes that culminated in the Red Week of 1914. In 1889, the Labour and Socialist International was established by classical Marxists and social democrats , such as those of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). At the Brussels Congress of 1891 , it became clear that the International

4770-476: The establishment of which would put a final end to all wars. In a letter to Friedrich Engels , Marx himself rejected what he described as "the Belgian nonsense that it was necessary to strike against war". When Mikhail Bakunin joined the International the following year, he declared his own support for these proposals. Bakunin rejected political participation, instead advocating for workers to take strike actions to improve their working conditions. He argued that

4860-754: The founding general secretary of the new union. SGM-CXTG merged with the INTG metal workers' union (FTM), forming CIG-METAL. General strike A general strike is a strike action in which participants cease all economic activity, such as working, to strengthen the bargaining position of a trade union or achieve a common social or political goal. They are organised by large coalitions of political, social, and labour organizations and may also include rallies, marches, boycotts, civil disobedience, non-payment of taxes, and other forms of direct or indirect action. Additionally, general strikes might exclude care workers, such as teachers, doctors, and nurses. Historically,

4950-446: The general strike as a means by which to build class consciousness . At the International's Brussels Congress of 1868 , the Belgian delegate César De Paepe proposed that a general strike could be used to prevent the outbreak of war, which he considered to be a means for the ruling class to subordinate working people. He further declared that trade unions themselves constituted the mechanism for replacing capitalism with socialism ,

5040-486: The general strike as a revolutionary instrument, with the French anarchist Joseph Tortelier taking up the idea of the revolutionary general strike, which then spread to Italian and Spanish anarchists. Albert Parsons' wife Lucy Parsons also adopted the revolutionary general strike in her own platform, which became a founding precept of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). The first trade union to adopt

5130-532: The general strike as a tactic for social revolution . This motion was supported by the Jura Federation , which additionally stressed the need for smaller strikes as a means to achieve wage increases. The discussions over strike action at the Geneva Congress lay the foundations for what was to become known as anarcho-syndicalism . But before long, the anti-authoritarians began to move away from

5220-795: The general strike were proposed during the Renaissance by Étienne de La Boétie , and during the Age of Enlightenment by Jean Meslier and Honoré Gabriel Riqueti . With the outbreak of the French Revolution , the idea was taken up by radicals such as Jean-Paul Marat , Sylvain Maréchal and Constantin François de Chassebœuf , who proposed a strike that included merchants and industrialists alongside industrial workers and farmworkers . In his essay Les Ruines , Chassebœuf proposed

5310-592: The general strikes of this period reached revolutionary levels: the Russian Revolution of 1905 demonstrated the efficacy of the general strike as a revolutionary instrument, but was ultimately suppressed; in 1909, the Catalan syndicalist union Solidaridad Obrera called a general strike against conscription for the Spanish invasion of Morocco , briefly bringing Barcelona under workers' control before

5400-651: The government of the new Republic of Cuba . In the Netherlands , the railroad strikes of 1903 resulted in harsh repression against the Dutch workers' movement. The Swedish general strike of 1909 was broken up without achieving its demands, accelerating the split of syndicalists from the social-democratic unions and the formation of the Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden (SAC). Some of

5490-598: The idea of the revolutionary general strike in order to boost his popularity with the syndicalists. At the Amsterdam Congress of 1904 , another French socialist politician defended the general strike as a means to convince socialist voters that they were not merely supporting career politicians . At the Stuttgart Congress of 1907 , the anarchist calls for a general strike to prevent war were taken up by Gustave Hervé , but these were ardently opposed by

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5580-672: The individuals who depended on their labor power. Marx argues that these relations between the exploiters and exploited results in different modes of production and the successive stages in history. These modes of production in which mankind gains power over nature is distinguished into five different systems: the Primitive Community, Slave State, Feudal State, Capitalist System, and finally the Socialist Society. The transition between these systems were all due to an increase in civil unrest among those who felt oppressed by

5670-674: The job, and only 35 went to work, a participation rate which led directly to the Colorado coal strike of 1927 . On 18 March 2011, the Industrial Workers of the World supported an endorsement of a general strike as a follow-up to protests against Governor Scott Walker 's proposed labour legislation in Wisconsin , following a motion passed by the South Central Federation of Labor (SCFL) of Wisconsin endorsing

5760-420: The journal Adiante . The CXTG-IN union in the health care sector was the Sindicato Galego da Sanidade-CXTG (SGS-CXTG). The metal workers' union of CXTG was Sindicato Galego do Metal . The teachers' union of CXTG-IN was called Sindicato Galego do Ensino ea Investigación/CXTG (SGEI-CXTG). SGEI-CXTG won around 10% of the votes in the teachers' union elections of 1987. In 1987 the CXTG teachers' union launched

5850-429: The juridical relation of their property to the means of production (e.g. owning a factory or farmland). Marx argues that history is made by man and not destiny. The instruments of production and the working class that use the tools in order to produce are referred to as the moving forces of society. Over time, this developed into the levels of social class where the owners of resources joined to squeeze productivity out of

5940-399: The knights, and the first class held 88 out of 193 centuriae , the two lowest propertied classes held only 30 centuriae , but the proletarii held only 1. Musicians, by way of comparison, had more voting power despite far fewer citizens, with 2 centuriae . "[F]or the voting to reach the proletarii a very profound split in the elite and the higher classes was required." In

6030-474: The new authorities again prohibited freedom of association and work stoppages, leading to the outbreak of the 1855 Catalan general strike , the first in Spanish history. After months of strike action and attempted negotitations, the general strike was suppressed and the draft constitution suspended in a coup by Leopoldo O'Donnell . During the American Civil War , millions of black slaves escaped southern plantations and fled to Union territory, depriving

6120-460: The pamphlet's publication, Benbow was arrested for leading a 100,000-strong demonstration, which he had intended as a "dress rehearsal" for his proposed "national holiday". The passage of the Reform Act brought with it the collapse of the radical movement, including Benbow's National Union. But six years later, in an atmosphere of rising disillusionment with the progress of political reform, the nascent Chartist movement adopted Benbow's platform for

6210-427: The political strike, which aims to achieve political and economic reform ; and the revolutionary strike, which aims to overthrow capitalism and the state in a social revolution . Other forms, identified by Gerhart Niemeyer, include: the general strike as a "revolutionary exercise" which would eventually lead to a transformation of society; a one-day demonstration on International Workers' Day , aimed at identifying

6300-414: The proletariat and bourgeoisie into irreconcilable conflict, as market competition pushes wages inexorably to the minimum necessary for the workers to survive and continue working. The second part, called capitalized surplus value, is used to renew or increase the means of production ( capital ), either in quantity or quality. The second and third parts are known as surplus value , the difference between

6390-403: The proletariat would inevitably displace the capitalist system with the dictatorship of the proletariat , abolishing the social relationships underpinning the class system and then developing into a communist society in which "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all". During the Chinese Communist Revolution , the concept of the proletariat emphasized having

6480-593: The representative seats in Galicia). On January 18, 1992 CXTG held an extraordinary congress in Narón , with the slogan 'Forward on the path of unity'. The third congress of CXTG was held in Vigo January 16–17, 1993, with the slogan 'Build the future of trade unionism'. In March 1994 the two trade union centres merged at a founding congress of Confederación Intersindical Galega (CIG). The CXTG-IN leader Acuña became

6570-603: The revolt's suppression by government forces; and following the Revolution of 1910 in Portugal , a syndicalist-led general strike briefly brought Lisbon under workers' control before being repressed, resulting in the formation of the National Workers' Union  [ pt ] by Portuguese socialists and anarchists . In Italy , there was a particularly large wave of general strikes during this period:

6660-542: The revolution could address the relative weakness of industrial working classes in China. Exactly what constituted a proper proletarian class consciousness was subject to intellectual and political debate. Marx argued that each social class had its characteristic culture and politics. The socialist states stemming from the Russian Revolution championed and created the official version of proletarian culture . Some have argued that this assessment has become outdated with

6750-528: The revolutionary general strike into its platform was the French General Confederation of Labour (CGT). The CGT launched its own campaign for workers themselves to institute the eight-hour day, culminating in a general strike which secured French workers a reduction in working time and workload, an increase in wages and the introduction of the weekend . The CGT's example accelerated the spread of revolutionary syndicalism throughout

6840-597: The second Chartist Petition was rejected by the British Parliament, demands for fairer wages and conditions across many different industries finally exploded into the first general strike in a capitalist country. The strike began in the coal mines of Staffordshire and soon spread throughout Britain, affecting factories , mills and mines from Scotland to South Wales . Although the general strike started as an apolitical demand for better working conditions, by August 1842, it became directly associated with

6930-458: The socialist-friendly general strike for political rights within the system and the general strike as a revolutionary mechanism to overthrow the existing order—which he associated with a "rising anarcho-syndicalist movement"—as mutually exclusive. Niemeyer believed that the difficulty arose from the fact that the general strike was "one instrument", but was frequently considered "without distinction of underlying motives". The Industrial Workers of

7020-494: The term proletariat in his socio-political theory ( Marxism ) to describe a progressive working class untainted by private property and capable of revolutionary action to topple capitalism and abolish social classes , leading society to ever higher levels of prosperity and justice. Marx defined the proletariat as the social class having no significant ownership of the means of production (factories, machines, land, mines, buildings, vehicles) and whose only means of subsistence

7110-417: The term general strike has referred primarily to solidarity action , which is a multi-sector strike that is organised by trade unions who strike together in order to force pressure on employers to begin negotiations or offer more favourable terms to the strikers; though not all strikers may have a material interest in each other's negotiations, they all have a material interest in maintaining and strengthening

7200-503: The title "Modern Slavery". Swiss liberal economist and historian Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi was the first to apply the proletariat term to the working class created under capitalism, and whose writings were frequently cited by Karl Marx . Marx most likely encountered the term while studying the works of Sismondi. Marx, who studied Roman law at the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin , used

7290-408: The use of what is called Hartal , a mass protest and a form of civil disobedience that often involved a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and courts of law. In America, after the passage of the anti-union Taft–Hartley Act in 1947, the general strike changed from a tool of labor strike solidarity into a general form of social, political, and economic protest. US Congress passed the law in

7380-545: The wake of the women-led 1946 Oakland General Strike . It outlawed actions taken by unionized workers in support of workers at other companies, effectively rendering both solidarity actions and the general strike itself illegal. Before 1947 and the passage of the Taft–Hartley Act the term general strike meant when various unions would officially go on strike in solidarity with other striking unions. The act made it illegal for one union to go on strike to support another. Hence,

7470-407: The wealth the proletariat produce and the wealth they consume. Marxists argue that new wealth is created through labor applied to natural resources . The commodities that proletarians produce and capitalists sell are valued not for their usefulness, but for the amount of labour embodied in them: for example, air is essential but requires no labor to produce, and is therefore free; while a diamond

7560-534: The working class. But the working class, on the other hand, has always been taught to take care of the capitalist's interest in the property. Bill Haywood believed that industrial unionism made possible the general strike, and the general strike made possible industrial democracy. According to Wobbly theory , the conventional strike is an important (but not the only) weapon for improving wages, hours, and working conditions for working people. These strikes are also good training to help workers educate themselves about

7650-515: The world, bringing with it a wave of general strikes at the turn of the 20th century, to mixed results. Although the Belgian general strike of 1893 was halted in order to prevent damage to the workers' movement, it eventually won its demand of universal manhood suffrage . Following the Cuban War of Independence , in 1902, anarcho-syndicalists organised the country's first general strike against

7740-497: Was already divided over two main tactical issues: electoral politics , which the socialists embraced, but anarchists generally opposed; and, the general strike as a mechanism to prevent war, which anarchists supported, but socialists refused to endorse. As a result, at the Zürich Congress of 1893 , anarchists were ejected from the International and banned from attending future congresses. Anarchist trade union delegates from

7830-400: Was blocked chiefly by Malatesta, who objected to the class reductionism of the syndicalists. Malatesta was particularly critical of the general strike, which he dismissed as a "magic weapon" that was incapable of fighting a violent conflict with state militaries, which had the ability to starve out workers in the event of such an industrial dispute. Although the anarcho-syndicalists had seen

7920-441: Was in Chicago, where protests against the police repression of striking workers escalated into a riot . Eight of the protest's organisers, including Parsons, were executed by hanging on charges of conspiracy. In the wake of their execution, the IWPA demand for the eight-hour day spread around the world and 1 May was declared International Workers' Day . Inspired by the IWPA's general strike, European anarchists began to reconsider

8010-521: Was justified, The capitalists have wealth; they have money. They invest the money in machinery, in the resources of the earth. They operate a factory, a mine, a railroad, a mill. They will keep that factory running just as long as there are profits coming in. When anything happens to disturb the profits, what do the capitalists do? They go on strike, don't they? They withdraw their finances from that particular mill. They close it down because there are no profits to be made there. They don't care what becomes of

8100-621: Was later taken up by the British economist Thomas Attwood and the French communist Louis Auguste Blanqui . During the early years of the Industrial Revolution , an ill-defined conception of a general strike was expressed by workers in Nottingham and Manchester , but it lacked a systematic formulation. There were periodical strikes throughout the early 19th century that could loosely be considered as 'general strikes'. In

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