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106-795: Coastal Road may refer to: Coastal Road (Mumbai) , a grade separated expressway in Mumbai, India Highway 2 (Israel) , also known as Coastal Road north of Tel Aviv Manila–Cavite Expressway , also known as Coastal Road, an expressway in the Philippines Coastal Road massacre , the 1978 hijacking of a bus on the Coastal Highway (Highway 2) in Israel Kollam-Paravur Coastal Road , Kollam city, Kerala, India [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

212-544: A 3.6 km road between Haji Ali and Nariman Point on reclaimed land and a 1.04 km tunnel under Malabar Hill up to Girgaon Chowpatty . Smith's report also proposed connectors to Walkeshwar Road and Chowpatty. However, the proposed road was not built. In 2011, Maharashtra Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan proposed the Coastal Road as an alternative to the plan for the Western Freeway . Chavan asked

318-538: A 4 month study during monsoon season in 2019 to identify coral species living along Mumbai's western coastline that could be affected by the land reclamation for the Coastal Road project. The marine biologists found 11 species of corals at 8 locations in Juhu, Carter Road, Bandra Bandstand, Worli Sea Face, Nepean Sea Road, Marine Drive and Geeta Nagar in Colaba. Nine hard coral species were identified of which 5 species were of

424-511: A Single Shield earth pressure balance (EPB) tunnel boring machine (TBM) named Mavala . The ramps at the entry/exit portals were built using the cut-and-cover method. Tunneling required digging through breccia , basalt , shale and under the Arabian Sea . The TBM was built by China Railway Construction Heavy Industry Company Limited (CRCHIL) and had a diameter of 12.19 metres, was 82 metres long and weighed over 2,800 tonnes making it

530-416: A decline in biodiversity greater than 20% on average. A 2021 study says that just 3% of the planet's terrestrial surface is ecologically and faunally intact, meaning areas with healthy populations of native animal species and little to no human footprint. Many of these intact ecosystems were in areas inhabited by indigenous peoples. With 3.2 billion people affected globally, degradation affects over 30% of

636-411: A depletion of groundwater, as climate change can affect the hydrologic cycle in a number of ways. Uneven distributions of increased temperatures and increased precipitation around the globe results in water surpluses and deficits, but a global decrease in groundwater suggests a rise in sea level, even after meltwater and thermal expansion were accounted for, which can provide a positive feedback to

742-427: A fan chamber outside the tunnel are used to pump outside air into the tunnels through Saccardo nozzles, also called injectors, installed in both tunnels. The ventilation system can pump out smoke in case of a fire and reduce accumulation. BMC Chief Engineer Manthaiya Swami stated that the system can manage smoke for up to three hours. The tunnels are lined with fire protection sheets, also called fire boards, which enable

848-504: A feasibility report on the Coastal Road. The Comprehensive Traffic Studies conducted for Mumbai recommended the construction of a new arterial road along Mumbai's western coast. Shiv Sena president Uddhav Thackeray stated on 26 November 2016 that a survey of the soil at the seabed was being undertaken. The project received final clearance from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change on 11 May 2017. The foundation stone for

954-591: A footpath. The twin tunnels pass under Girgaon Chowpatty, the Arabian Sea, the Hanging Gardens , and Malabar Hill . The north-bound tunnel is 2,072 metres long while the south-bound tunnel is 10 metres longer due to a slight curvature along the route. After Malabar Hill, the Coastal Road continues north and emerges above ground. The highway passes over a bridge near Samudra Mahal building, continues on reclaimed land before passing over another bridge over

1060-612: A month by a Single Shield EPB TBM. Mavala had dug a 456.72 metre stretch, beating the previous world record of 455.4 metres. Tunneling work came to a halt in December 2022 after the TBM broke down due to a rubber bearing malfunctioning. Officials had to order a spare part from Italy. Work resumed in March 2023, and the second tunnel breakthrough was completed on 30 May 2023. The BMC stated that 700,000 metric tonnes or 38,700 truckloads of muck

1166-448: A possible increase in evaporation and evapotranspiration will result, depending on the accompanied rise in temperature. Groundwater reserves will be depleted, and the remaining water has a greater chance of being of poor quality from saline or contaminants on the land surface. Climate change is resulting into a very high rate of land degradation causing enhanced desertification and nutrient deficient soils. The menace of land degradation

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1272-802: A proper Environmental Impact Assessment was conducted, and the MCZMA would require permission under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. On 27 July, the Supreme Court refused to stay the High Court's order halting construction on the project. However, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the MCGM's plea seeking interim relief on 20 August. The BMC administration informed corporators on 21 August that work had been completely halted since 16 July. The agency stated that it had completed 6.25% of

1378-421: A quarter of the global population is living in an area that is using more than 20% of their renewable water supply; water use will rise with population while the water supply is also being aggravated by decreases in streamflow and groundwater caused by climate change. Even though some areas may see an increase in freshwater supply from an uneven distribution of precipitation increase, an increased use of water supply

1484-642: A rapid rise in water melting from glaciers in the summer, followed by a retreat in glaciers and a decrease in the melt and consequently the water supply every year as the size of these glaciers get smaller and smaller. Thermal expansion of water and increased melting of oceanic glaciers from an increase in temperature gives way to a rise in sea level. This can affect the freshwater supply to coastal areas as well. As river mouths and deltas with higher salinity get pushed further inland, an intrusion of saltwater results in an increase of salinity in reservoirs and aquifers. Sea-level rise may also consequently be caused by

1590-474: A total road network of only 2,050 km compared to 28,000 km in Delhi (as of June 2023) and the city's expansion was limited by its geography. She stated that the government was also expanding the metro rail network but improving the road network was also required to provide last mile connectivity, for freight transport in the city, and to reduce the load on existing public transit systems. The first phase of

1696-514: Is 2,072 metres long while the south-bound tunnel is 10 metres longer due to a slight curvature along the route. A tunnel was selected for this stretch over a sea link to avoid disrupting the view at the Queen's Necklace and Girgaon Chowpatty and to preserve the "heritage, the look and feel of this place". There were also concerns that a sea link would create a security risk in Malabar Hill, where

1802-562: Is a 10.58 km section from Princess Street Flyover at Marine Lines to the Worli-end of the Bandra–Worli Sea Link (BWSL). The phase includes sections of the road built on reclaimed land, bridges, twin tunnels and 3 interchanges. The interchange arms have a total length of 15.66 km. It also involves building floodgates, a seawall/promenade, creation of green and recreational spaces, and underground parking facilities. The project

1908-401: Is accompanied by an increase in population demand for natural resources. With the need for more production increases comes more damage to the environments and ecosystems in which those resources are housed. According to United Nations' population growth predictions, there could be up to 170 million more births by 2070. The need for more fuel, energy, food, buildings, and water sources grows with

2014-526: Is an important cause of involuntary migration and forced displacement According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, global greenhouse gas emissions from animal agriculture exceeds that of transportation. Water management is the process of planning, developing, and managing water resources across all water applications, in terms of both quantity and quality." Water management

2120-407: Is an increasing problem due to many foreseen issues in the future including population growth, increased urbanization , higher standards of living , and climate change. Industrial and domestic sewage, pesticides, fertilizers, plankton blooms, silt, oils, chemical residues, radioactive material, and other pollutants are some of the most frequent water pollutants. These have a huge negative impact on

2226-423: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Coastal Road (Mumbai) Dharmveer Swarajya Rakshak Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj Coastal Road is an 8-lane, 29.2-km long grade separated expressway along Mumbai's western coastline connecting Marine Lines in the south to Kandivali in the north. It is projected to be used by 130,000 vehicles daily, and

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2332-448: Is directed towards global warming and greenhouse effect , some of the most severe effects of climate change are likely to be from changes in precipitation, evapotranspiration , runoff, and soil moisture. It is generally expected that, on average, global precipitation will increase, with some areas receiving increases and some decreases. Climate models show that while some regions should expect an increase in precipitation, such as in

2438-455: Is expanding rapidly, which together with even more rapid economic growth is the main cause of the degradation of the environment. Humanity's appetite for resources is disrupting the environment's natural equilibrium. Production industries are venting smoke into the atmosphere and discharging chemicals that are polluting water resources. The smoke includes detrimental gases such as carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide. The high levels of pollution in

2544-648: Is expected to reduce travel time between South Mumbai and the Western Suburbs from 2 hours to only 40 minutes. The estimated cost of the project is ₹ 13,060 crore (US$ 1.6 billion). Its first phase, which was inaugurated on 11 March 2024, is a 10.58 km section from Princess Street flyover to the Worli end of the Bandra–Worli Sea Link . Wilbur Smith and Associates, commissioned in 1962 to study transportation in Mumbai, recommended construction of

2650-470: Is expected. An increased population means increased withdrawals from the water supply for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses, the largest of these being agriculture, believed to be the major non-climate driver of environmental change and water deterioration. The next 50 years will likely be the last period of rapid agricultural expansion , but the larger and wealthier population over this time will demand more agriculture. Population increase over

2756-433: Is increasing by the day and has been characterized as a major global threat. According to Global Assessment of Land Degradation and Improvement (GLADA) a quarter of land area around the globe can now be marked as degraded. Land degradation is supposed to influence lives of 1.5 billion people and 15 billion tons of fertile soil is lost every year due to anthropogenic activities and climate change. The human population on Earth

2862-977: Is one commodity expected to double global food demand by 2050, which directly affects the global supply of fresh water. Cows need water to drink, more if the temperature is high and humidity is low, and more if the production system the cow is in is extensive, since finding food takes more effort. Water is needed in the processing of the meat, and also in the production of feed for the livestock. Manure can contaminate bodies of freshwater, and slaughterhouses, depending on how well they are managed, contribute waste such as blood, fat, hair, and other bodily contents to supplies of fresh water. The transfer of water from agricultural to urban and suburban use raises concerns about agricultural sustainability, rural socioeconomic decline, food security, an increased carbon footprint from imported food, and decreased foreign trade balance. The depletion of fresh water, as applied to more specific and populated areas, increases fresh water scarcity among

2968-443: Is readily visible; this can be caused by more indirect process, such as the build up of plastic pollution over time or the buildup of greenhouse gases that causes tipping points in the climate system . Efforts to counteract this problem include environmental protection and environmental resources management . Mismanagement that leads to degradation can also lead to environmental conflict where communities organize in opposition to

3074-587: Is supported and guided by institutions, infrastructure, incentives, and information systems The issue of the depletion of fresh water has stimulated increased efforts in water management. While water management systems are often flexible, adaptation to new hydrologic conditions may be very costly. Preventative approaches are necessary to avoid high costs of inefficiency and the need for rehabilitation of water supplies , and innovations to decrease overall demand may be important in planning water sustainability. Water supply systems, as they exist now, were based on

3180-485: Is the depletion of the resource of fresh water on Earth. Approximately only 2.5% of all of the water on Earth is fresh water , with the rest being salt water . 69% of fresh water is frozen in ice caps located on Antarctica and Greenland , so only 30% of the 2.5% of fresh water is available for consumption. Fresh water is an exceptionally important resource, since life on Earth is ultimately dependent on it. Water transports nutrients, minerals and chemicals within

3286-471: Is used for industrial purposes such as processing, washing, and cooling in manufacturing centres. It is estimated that one in three people over the entire globe are already facing water shortages, almost one-fifth of the world population live in areas of physical water scarcity , and almost one quarter of the world's population live in a developing country that lacks the necessary infrastructure to use water from available rivers and aquifers. Water scarcity

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3392-491: The Raj Bhavan is located. The tunnels have an outer diameter of 12.19 metres and inner diameter of 11 metres. Each tunnel carries a 3.2 metre wide, three-lane road with 6 crosswalks , of which 4 are for pedestrians and two for motorists. The tunnels are located at depths of 14–72 meters below the surface. It passes 14–15 metres under Girgaon Chowpatty, 20 metres below Priyadarshini Park and 72 metres under Malabar Hill and

3498-509: The United Nations . The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction defines environmental degradation as "the reduction of the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives, and needs". Environmental degradation comes in many types. When natural habitats are destroyed or natural resources are depleted, the environment is degraded; direct environmental degradation, such as deforestation, which

3604-471: The biosphere to all forms of life, sustains both plants and animals, and moulds the surface of the Earth with transportation and deposition of materials. The current top three uses of fresh water account for 95% of its consumption; approximately 85% is used for irrigation of farmland, golf courses, and parks, 6% is used for domestic purposes such as indoor bathing uses and outdoor garden and lawn use, and 4%

3710-533: The BMC re-assembled the TBM themselves over a period of 6 months. Tunneling work began on 11 January 2021 from Priyadarshini Park, and the first breakthrough at the Girgaon Chowpatty end occurred on 10 January 2022. The TBM began digging the second tunnel from the Girgaon Chowpatty end on 26 April 2022. On 3 August 2022, L&T announced that Mavala had set a world record for longest distance excavated in

3816-510: The BMC stated that 90% of land reclamation had been completed. In August 2021, the BMC announced that it would adopt monopile technology to construct the pillars of bridges on the Coastal Road. This marked the first deployment of the technology in India. BMC officials stated that the technology enabled the construction of pillars with only one pile supporting it, instead of the four that would have been required. The agency noted that it would reduce

3922-486: The BWSL and Kandivali, will be constructed by MSRDC. The phase includes the 9.5 km Versova–Bandra Sea Link . A Sea link connecting Bandra to Virar has been approved by MMRDA. The coastal road is to be extended till Vasai-Virar. The Versova–Virar sea link will be constructed by MMRDA, the 43 KM elevated road would be built at an estimated 63000 crores. The Coastal Road will begin from BD Somani Chowk, 280 metres south of

4028-461: The Bandra–Worli Sea Link by a bridge. On the Bandra side, the coastal road skirting the fort would connect the coastal freeway up to Chimbai village, where a bridge was proposed. A road by reclamation of mangroves, further north, or a road on stilts, and an elevated road between Oshiwara and Malad was also proposed. The proposed freeway would have had 18 entry and exit points along its route. Critics of

4134-511: The Bombay High Court seeking to halt construction alleging that land reclamation was illegal and would irreversibly alter the coastal environment. On 16 April 2019, the High Court ordered all construction activities on the project to be halted until 3 June 2019. On 26 April 2019, the BMC appealed the order in the Supreme Court. The agency stated that it had received all required permissions to carry out construction and that delay due to

4240-473: The Coastal Road and from Haji Ali to a protected zone in Navy Nagar. The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) began the relocation process on 12 November 2020, and a total of 329 colonies of corals were shifted. An NIO study conducted a year later found that 303 colonies (or 92.1%) had survived the relocation and were healthy. Work on the second phase, a 19.22 km road between the Bandra end of

4346-399: The Coastal Road is expected to reduce travel time between Princess Street and the Bandra–Worli Sea Link from 35–45 minutes during peak hours to under 10 minutes. It is also projected to reduce fuel consumption by 35% and carbon emissions by 1,826 tons annually. The project involved the reclamation of 111 hectares (1.11 km ) of land from the sea, of which 26.5 hectares (0.265 km )

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4452-516: The Coastal Road is planned to be used for green and recreational areas. A 7.47 km long and 20 metre wide contiguous promenade runs parallel to the Coastal Road, on its seaward side, from Priyadarshini Park to the Worli end of the Bandra–Worli Sea Link. It is twice the length of Marine Drive, which is currently the city's longest promenade. A total of 16 pedestrian underpasses (1 every 500 metres) between Priyadarshini Park and Worli provide access to

4558-458: The Coastal Road would be named after Chattrapati Sambhaji Maharaj , the eldest son of Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj . The announcement was made at an event held at the Gateway of India to commemorate Sambhaji's 366th birth anniversary. Shinde also stated that the government would build a statue of Sambhaji on the road. According to BMC Additional Municipal Commissioner Ashwini Bhide , who led

4664-501: The Coastal Road. The channels extend 100 metres into the sea and have a diameter between 2,000 and 2,500 mm. The BMC constructed 10 bus bays along the Coastal Road for public transport buses. The project also includes underground parking facilities at 4 locations including Amarsons Garden, Worli and Haji Ali that can accommodate 1,856 vehicles in total. The Coastal Road includes 2.07 km twin tunnels connecting Girgaon Chowpatty and Priyadarshini Park. The north-bound tunnel

4770-547: The Coastal Road. The prohibition on two wheelers extends to pedal bicycles as well, but with non-provision of penalties against bicyclists under the Motor Vehicles Act , traffic cops will not be able to penalize bicyclists for violation. Environmental degradation Environmental degradation is one of the ten threats officially cautioned by the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change of

4876-571: The Haji Ali signal. Two arms of interchange cross over each other at a height of 24 metres above sea level. The Breach Candy interchange has four ramps all connecting to Bhulabhai Desai Road (also called Warden Road). Following the opening on phase 1, due to safety considerations, only passenger cars, and BEST/State Transport buses are allowed to ride on the Coastal Road. Heavy vehicles such as trucks and trailers, two and three-wheelers, pedestrians, and animal drawn carriages will not be permitted to use

4982-544: The Hanging Gardens. A 1 km stretch of the tunnels also pass 17–20 metres under the Arabian Sea making them the first undersea tunnels in India. The tunnels utilize the Saccardo ventilation system, which is the first time the system was installed in India. Three fans with a diameter of 2 metres each are installed in each tunnel. The fans operate in sequence, with two rotating at any given time. Fans located in

5088-581: The MSRDC to think of building coastal roads instead of capital intensive sea links. He appointed a Joint Technical Committee, comprising experts and officials, in 2012 under the then municipal commissioner Subodh Kumar to study the plan to build a coastal road. In its report, submitted in January 2012, the committee advised the government to build a 35.6 km coastal freeway from Manora MLA Hostel at Nariman Point to Kandivali to ease traffic congestion. The project

5194-561: The Navi Mumbai International Airport construction site along the seaface. The agency stated that the boulders could resist high velocity waves better than the tetrapods used at Marine Drive. The boulders may dislocate due to continuous exposure to waves and heavy monsoon rain. The BMC stated that it would continuously monitor the boulders and repair them in case of dislocation. The BMC's stormwater drains department installed 16 floodgates at 4 locations along

5300-613: The Princess Street Flyover. A two-lane road will be constructed from the traffic signal near the Wankhede Stadium for north-bound traffic. One kilometre of the existing 3.6 km C-shaped Marine Drive promenade will be utilized to construct the road, and a new 1 km long and 8–10 meters wide promenade will be built to compensate for the loss of pedestrian space due to project. The new promenade will run parallel to Coastal Road, on its seaward side, go over

5406-741: The Rhizangiidae family, 2 were from the Siderastreidae family, while the remaining were from the Caryophylliidae, Dendrophylliidae, Siderastreidae, and Poritidae (Goniopora) families. Both soft coral species belonged to the Gorgoniidae family. The Union Environment Ministry and the Maharashtra Forest Department granted permission to relocate two coral species from Worli to a site 200 metres away from

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5512-437: The Supreme Court's order. The agency had already begun construction activities for about 17% of the total work on Phase I. The work includes construction of a sea wall, site offices for engineers, and pits for construction of the two tunnels. The BMC stated that it had expected to complete this work before the start of the monsoon season and had planned to pause construction during the monsoon to reduce impact on marine life. Due to

5618-550: The United Nation's IPBES in 2019, posits that roughly one million species of plants and animals face extinction from anthropogenic causes, such as expanding human land use for industrial agriculture and livestock rearing, along with overfishing . Since the establishment of agriculture over 11,000 years ago, humans have altered roughly 70% of the Earth's land surface, with the global biomass of vegetation being reduced by half, and terrestrial animal communities seeing

5724-465: The Worli Nullah. The Coastal Road continues north on reclaimed land and a small sea link connects it with the Worli-end of the Bandra–Worli Sea Link. This Coastal Road has interchanges at Haji Ali, Breach Candy, Amarsons Garden, Worli, and Bandra. The Haji Ali interchange is a multi-level structure with four feeder roads to facilitate access to the Coastal Road from any direction of approach to

5830-496: The aftermath, greatly increasing their load of unpaid care work. Also, as limited natural resources grow even scarcer due to climate change, women and girls must also walk further to collect food, water or firewood, which heightens their risk of being subjected to gender-based violence. This implies, for example, longer journeys to get primary necessities and greater exposure to the risks of human trafficking, rape, and sexual violence. One major component of environmental degradation

5936-484: The amount of water available to replenish groundwater supplies. Transpiration from plants can be affected by a rise in atmospheric CO 2 , which can decrease their use of water, but can also raise their use of water from possible increases of leaf area. Temperature rise can reduce the snow season in the winter and increase the intensity of the melting snow leading to peak runoff of this, affecting soil moisture, flood and drought risks, and storage capacities depending on

6042-417: The area. Warmer winter temperatures cause a decrease in snowpack , which can result in diminished water resources during summer. This is especially important at mid-latitudes and in mountain regions that depend on glacial runoff to replenish their river systems and groundwater supplies, making these areas increasingly vulnerable to water shortages over time; an increase in temperature will initially result in

6148-508: The assumptions of the current climate, and built to accommodate existing river flows and flood frequencies. Reservoirs are operated based on past hydrologic records, and irrigation systems on historical temperature, water availability, and crop water requirements; these may not be a reliable guide to the future. Re-examining engineering designs, operations, optimizations, and planning, as well as re-evaluating legal, technical, and economic approaches to manage water resources are very important for

6254-412: The atmosphere form layers that are eventually absorbed into the atmosphere. Organic compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have generated an opening in the ozone layer, which admits higher levels of ultraviolet radiation, putting the globe at risk. The available fresh water being affected by the climate is also being stretched across an ever-increasing global population. It is estimated that almost

6360-407: The concrete surface to withstand temperatures of slightly over 200 degrees Celsius. The twin tunnels also have cross passages to enable people to move between the tunnels in case of an emergency. The Coastal Road will be built in two phases. It will have 8 lanes, including 2 lanes dedicated for a bus rapid transit system. AECOM is the project's general consultant. The first phase of the project

6466-494: The delays caused by the Court case, the agency stated that it would continue construction throughout the monsoon season whenever it was possible to do so without impacting marine life. The BMC filed affidavits in response to the petitions challenging the project in the High Court on 3 June. The Court commenced hearings on the petitions from 17 June. The BMC stated that it had received all necessary environmental approvals related to

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6572-626: The distribution of precipitation across the planet is very uneven, causing constant variations in water availability in respective locations. Changes in precipitation affect the timing and magnitude of floods and droughts, shift runoff processes, and alter groundwater recharge rates. Vegetation patterns and growth rates will be directly affected by shifts in precipitation amount and distribution, which will in turn affect agriculture as well as natural ecosystems. Decreased precipitation will deprive areas of water causing water tables to fall and reservoirs of wetlands, rivers, and lakes to empty. In addition,

6678-553: The first phase of the Coastal Road project, "The ultimate objective of the MCRP [Mumbai Coastal Road Project] is to decongest the existing roads. Mumbai is linear in shape for which traveling is mostly in north-south direction. Roads offer direct connectivity and the city will be able to maintain its proper pace only when there are improved roads, or else areas that don't have proper connectivity despite potential and high land value will not be able to flourish." Bhide also noted that Mumbai had

6784-696: The forces that mismanaged the environment. Scientists assert that human activity has pushed the earth into a sixth mass extinction event. The loss of biodiversity has been attributed in particular to human overpopulation , continued human population growth and overconsumption of natural resources by the world's wealthy. A 2020 report by the World Wildlife Fund found that human activity – specifically overconsumption, population growth and intensive farming – has destroyed 68% of vertebrate wildlife since 1970. The Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services , published by

6890-453: The freeway opposed it due to the reclamation required and have also cited possible environmental degradation along the coast. Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) norms in India disallow reclamation of land. Construction of the coastal freeway would require a relaxation of the CRZ norms, as certain sections are proposed on reclaimed land. The change in norms can only be done through an amendment to

6996-424: The future of water management in response to water degradation. Another approach is water privatization ; despite its economic and cultural effects, service quality and overall quality of the water can be more easily controlled and distributed. Rationality and sustainability is appropriate, and requires limits to overexploitation and pollution and efforts in conservation. As the world's population increases, it

7102-508: The largest TBM ever used to dig a tunnel in India. The TBM was shipped on 70 containers with 184 consignments from Shanghai and arrived at Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai in April 2020. It was then dismantled, loaded onto 17 trucks and transported to Priyadarshini Park. CRCHIL staff were scheduled to visit Mumbai to assemble the TBM, however, they were unable to do so due to COVID-19 pandemic related travel restrictions. Engineers from L&T and

7208-543: The last two decades, at least in the United States, has also been accompanied by a shift to an increase in urban areas from rural areas, which concentrates the demand for water into certain areas, and puts stress on the fresh water supply from industrial and human contaminants. Urbanization causes overcrowding and increasingly unsanitary living conditions, especially in developing countries, which in turn exposes an increasingly number of people to disease. About 79% of

7314-600: The law by the Central Government. After discussing the project on 10 April 2013, the Maharashtra Coastal Zone Management Authority (MCZMA), the state's apex environment body, urged the centre to amend the CRZ notification to permit "reclamation for roads". The MCZMA stated that reclamation should not be permitted for any other development activity and that the high tide line must not be altered. The MCZMA also argued that

7420-567: The machinery was being removed from the Tata Garden area to facilitate the filming of the Hollywood film Tenet . On 17 December 2019, the Supreme Court placed a stay on the High Court order and permitted the Coastal Road project to continue. However, the Court prohibited authorities from carrying out any construction work other than that required for the road itself, which would affect the BMC's plans to develop parks and gardens adjacent to

7526-495: The monsoon season. The two-lane road for north-bound traffic from Wankhede Stadium will enter into a tunnel near Charni Road station. On the opposite side of the road, two lanes for south-bound traffic emerge from the tunnel and merge onto the existing service road outside Wilson Gymkhana. The project will occupy a portion of the Gymkhana grounds and reduce the existing service road to a 6.6 metre wide single-lane service road with

7632-433: The natural enemies of pests, soil organisms and wild food species, are in decline as a consequence of the destruction and degradation of habitats, overexploitation, pollution and other threats" and that "key ecosystems that deliver numerous services essential to food and agriculture, including supply of freshwater, protection against hazards and provision of habitat for species such as fish and pollinators, are declining." On

7738-553: The need to shift a water pipeline that had not been accounted for in the original design. The BMC levied a total fine of ₹ 31 crore (US$ 3.7 million) on the contractors for missing the project's deadline. The BMC awarded contracts for the project in four packages in October 2018. Larsen and Toubro was awarded Package 1 and 4 at a cost of ₹ 7,489 crore (US$ 900 million), and a joint venture between Hindustan Construction Company (55%) and Hyundai Development Company (45%)

7844-562: The next meeting [24 June 2013] of the National Coastal Zone Management Authority". However, despite specific assurance from the minister, the National Coastal Zone Management Authority (NCZMA) decided not to include the coastal road plan in their next meeting's agenda. During the 2014 assembly elections, the BJP promised to implement the project if elected. The project was modified and fast tracked after

7950-544: The number of people on the planet. As the need for new agricultural areas and road construction increases, the deforestation processes stay in effect. Deforestation is the "removal of forest or stand of trees from land that is converted to non-forest use." ( Misplaced Pages-Deforestation ). Since the 1960s, nearly 50% of tropical forests have been destroyed, but this process is not limited to tropical forest areas. Europe's forests are also destroyed by livestock, insects, diseases, invasive species , and other human activities. Many of

8056-534: The output, such as evapotranspiration , surface runoff , drainage, and percolation into groundwater. Changes in climate, especially the changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration predicted by climate models, will directly affect soil moisture, surface runoff, and groundwater recharge . In areas with decreasing precipitation as predicted by the climate models, soil moisture may be substantially reduced. With this in mind, agriculture in most areas already needs irrigation, which depletes fresh water supplies both by

8162-730: The party came to power. On 6 June 2015, the State Government signed an MoU with the Dutch Government for technical co-operation in implementing the project. The Netherlands is known for its environment-friendly reclamation and the use of the sea. On 8 June 2015, the coastal road project received clearance from the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests. The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) appointed STUP Consultants Pvt Ltd and Ernst & Young in 2016 to conduct an environmental impact assessment report and

8268-550: The physical use of the water and the degradation agriculture causes to the water. Irrigation increases salt and nutrient content in areas that would not normally be affected, and damages streams and rivers from damming and removal of water. Fertilizer enters both human and livestock waste streams that eventually enter groundwater, while nitrogen, phosphorus, and other chemicals from fertilizer can acidify both soils and water. Certain agricultural demands may increase more than others with an increasingly wealthier global population, and meat

8374-503: The pillars at a span of 120 metres instead. However, the BMC chose to construct a 120-metre-long bow-string bridge instead. The bow-string bridge is supported by high-tension chords and does not require as many pillars as the previous design. The change in design may push the project's deadline from November 2023 to May 2024. Officials stated that the bow bridge design was "suitable for smaller bridges built without any strong foundation". On 14 May 2023, Chief Minister Shinde announced that

8480-433: The population and also makes populations susceptible to economic, social, and political conflict in a number of ways; rising sea levels forces migration from coastal areas to other areas farther inland, pushing populations closer together breaching borders and other geographical patterns, and agricultural surpluses and deficits from the availability of water induce trade problems and economies of certain areas. Climate change

8586-484: The problems sea-level rise causes to fresh-water supply. A rise in air temperature results in a rise in water temperature, which is also very significant in water degradation as the water would become more susceptible to bacterial growth . An increase in water temperature can also affect ecosystems greatly because of a species' sensitivity to temperature, and also by inducing changes in a body of water's self-purification system from decreased amounts of dissolved oxygen in

8692-529: The project was laid at Amarsons Garden in Cumbala Hill on 16 December 2018. The Environment Ministry asked the BMC to deposit 2% of the total project cost with the Mangrove Cell, a state government organization tasked with conserving mangroves. The BMC stated that it would pay the amount in instalments with the first payment of ₹ 25 crore (US$ 3.0 million), and subsequent payments being made as

8798-508: The project work progresses. In May 2023, the BMC announced that it had finalized a new design for the Worli interchange after fishermen protested the previously proposed design. The original design proposed an arterial bridge constructed on pillars with a 60 metre span. Fishermen demanded a larger span of 200 metres as they felt the smaller gap would not be sufficient for boats particularly during strong waves. Chief Minister Eknath Shinde had directed BMC authorities in January 2023 to construct

8904-473: The project. The Court reserved judgment on the public interest litigations on 1 July, and will commence final hearings on 17 July 2019. On 16 July, the Bombay High Court cancelled the approval granted by MCZMA and by the MoEF to the Coastal Road project citing a lack of "proper scientific study". The Court ruled that the MCGM could not proceed with construction until they obtained an environmental clearance after

9010-400: The promenade. The BMC proposes to build gardens and parks, a cycling and jogging track, public toilets, an open auditorium, a butterfly park and other recreation spaces. An 8.5 metre high seawall was constructed along a 7.47 km stretch of the road to protect the reclamation and prevent flooding during high tide. The BMC also placed boulders , weighing between 2-8 tonnes, obtained from

9116-409: The ring road would serve as a protection wall from inland flooding, besides being a vital road link for decongesting traffic. During a meeting between Prithviraj Chavan and Union Environment Minister Jayanthi Natarajan on 20 June 2013, Natarajan expressed concerns about the implications of relaxing CRZ norms on creeks and mangroves. However, the minister stated that she would "put the state's proposal at

9222-453: The road. On 30 September 2022, the Supreme Court amended its previous order and permitted works not related to the road itself. The BMC assured the Court that it would not permit any residential or commercial development on the reclaimed land and would also seek permission from the Court before carrying out any further reclamation in the city. BMC officials stated that 17% of total work had been completed as on 20 December 2020. In July 2021,

9328-410: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about roads and streets with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coastal_Road&oldid=1227287494 " Category : Road disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

9434-555: The stay order was causing a loss of ₹ 10 crore (US$ 1.2 million) per day. On 6 May, the Supreme Court permitted contractors to continue work in areas where construction had already begun but prohibited beginning work in any new areas pending the Bombay High Court's decision in June 2019. Contractors resumed piling work at Amarsons Garden within hours of the Supreme Court decision. BMC officials stated on 14 May that round-the-clock construction had resumed at all project sites covered by

9540-523: The total piles required for the project from 704 to 176. The BMC stated that it had completed 40% of work in September 2021, 58% in July 2022, and 67% of work had been completed by December 2022. The agency stated that 75% of work on the project, and 95% of land reclamation had been completed on 30 May 2023. The 2.07 km twin tunnels connecting Priyadarshini Park and Girgaon Chowpatty were dug using

9646-470: The total work on the project and had spent ₹ 593 crore (US$ 71 million). The BMC also stated that it had planned to complete 12.56% of the work at this stage but was unable to do so due to the legal hurdles. Contractors began decommissioning machinery and equipment from work sites in September 2019. BMC chief Praveen Pardeshi stated that work would only resume after the Supreme Court verdict. Hindustan Times quoted an unnamed BMC official as stating that

9752-406: The tropics and higher latitudes, other areas are expected to see a decrease, such as in the subtropics. This will ultimately cause a latitudinal variation in water distribution. The areas receiving more precipitation are also expected to receive this increase during their winter and actually become drier during their summer, creating even more of a variation of precipitation distribution. Naturally,

9858-560: The tunnel near Charni Road station and continue north along the alignment providing a contiguous pedestrian walkway from the National Centre for the Performing Arts to Girgaon Chowpatty. The promenade will be constructed on a cantilever bridge ensuring that sea waves can flow without colliding with the structure. It will also prevent the tides from washing over the promenade as is common on the existing Marine Drive during

9964-509: The twin tunnels passing below Girgaum Chowpatty, Malabar Hills, and exit at Priyadarshini Park to connect with section in Package 1. Packages 2 and 3 involves a bridge spanning 0.9 km, an interchange, a 3.2-km-long ramp and a 1.9-km embankment between Baroda Palace near Haji Ali and the Worli end of Bandra–Worli Sea Link. Construction on the project began on 13 October 2018, and was expected to be completed in 2022. Nine petitioners moved

10070-476: The water and can cause degradation in various levels. Climate change affects the Earth's water supply in a large number of ways. It is predicted that the mean global temperature will rise in the coming years due to a number of forces affecting the climate. The amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) will rise, and both of these will influence water resources; evaporation depends strongly on temperature and moisture availability which can ultimately affect

10176-422: The water due to rises in temperature. A rise in global temperatures is also predicted to correlate with an increase in global precipitation but because of increased runoff, floods, increased rates of soil erosion , and mass movement of land, a decline in water quality is probable, because while water will carry more nutrients it will also carry more contaminants. While most of the attention about climate change

10282-520: The way biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation impact livelihoods, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations finds also that in contexts of degraded lands and ecosystems in rural areas, both girls and women bear heavier workloads. Women's livelihoods, health, food and nutrition security, access to water and energy, and coping abilities are all disproportionately affected by environmental degradation. Environmental pressures and shocks, particularly in rural areas, force women to deal with

10388-585: The world's land area and 40% of land in developing countries. The implications of these losses for human livelihoods and wellbeing have raised serious concerns. With regard to the agriculture sector for example, The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture , published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 2019, states that "countries report that many species that contribute to vital ecosystem services , including pollinators,

10494-399: The world's population is in developing countries, which lack access to sanitary water and sewer systems, giving rises to disease and deaths from contaminated water and increased numbers of disease-carrying insects. Agriculture is dependent on available soil moisture , which is directly affected by climate dynamics, with precipitation being the input in this system and various processes being

10600-419: The world's terrestrial biodiversity can be found living in the different types of forests. Tearing down these areas for increased consumption directly decreases the world's biodiversity of plant and animal species native to those areas. Along with destroying habitats and ecosystems, decreasing the world's forest contributes to the amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere. By taking away forested areas, we are limiting

10706-434: Was awarded Package 2 and 3 at a cost of ₹ 2,126 crore (US$ 250 million). Package 1 includes the construction of a 3.82 km long section over reclaimed land from Priyadarshini Park to Baroda Palace and interchanges at Amarson Garden and Haji Ali. Package 4 includes the construction of a 3.93 km section from Princess Street flyover to Priyadarshini Park, including the up and down ramps from Marine Drive connecting to

10812-453: Was estimated to cost ₹ 10,000 crore (equivalent to ₹ 190 billion or US$ 2.3 billion in 2023) and would have consisted of roads built on reclaimed land as well as stilts, bridges and tunnels. The committee was against building any more sea links and pointed out that the coastal road would help save ₹ 12,000 crore (equivalent to ₹ 230 billion or US$ 2.7 billion in 2023) of public money. The 35.6 km road

10918-464: Was estimated to cost ₹ 12,721 crore (US$ 1.5 billion), including ₹ 8,429 crore (US$ 1.0 billion) for the construction work. The remaining amount was for administrative costs and contingencies. It is the most expensive project undertaken in the BMC's history. The project cost escalated to ₹ 13,060 crore (US$ 1.6 billion) due to an increase in the GST rate on construction from 12% to 18%, and

11024-496: Was excavated to dig the twin tunnels. Some of the muck was used for the project's land reclamation work, while the rest was deemed unsuitable and disposed. A team of 160 people, including 30 engineers, worked on construction of the twin tunnels. Corals are an endangered species protected under Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 . The Mangrove and Marine Biodiversity Conservation Foundation of Maharashtra conducted

11130-413: Was proposed to begin near Manora (MLA Hostel), with entry and exit points at Jagannath Bhosale Marg, move along Marine Drive and lead into a tunnel that would go under Malabar Hill and exit on the other side of Priyadarshini Park. This stretch was proposed to be built on reclaimed portions up to Haji Ali, and then to Lala Lajpatrai Road in Worli. The coastal freeway would then be connected to the Worli arm of

11236-489: Was used for the road and its interchanges , and 14.5 hectares (0.145 km ) to build a seawall . The remaining 70 hectares (0.70 km ) or about 63.6% of the total reclaimed land will be used as a green space and for recreational amenities. This is the largest land reclamation undertaken in the history of independent India. A 4.35 km stretch of the Coastal Road is built on reclaimed land. The 70 hectares (0.70 km ) of reclaimed land left over after constructing

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