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44-590: Enclosed religious orders are religious orders whose members strictly separate themselves from the affairs of the external world. The term cloistered is synonymous with enclosed . In the Catholic Church , enclosure is regulated by the code of canon law , either the Latin code or the Oriental code , and also by the constitutions of the specific order. It is practised with a variety of customs according to

88-508: A clergy separate from other Witnesses, who are also ordained ministers, they do recognize that a government may consider them such for administrative purposes. Jehovah's Witnesses do not have a separate clergy class, but consider an adherent's qualified baptism to constitute his ordination as a minister . Governments have generally recognized that Jehovah's Witnesses' full-time appointees qualify as ministers regardless of sex or appointment as an elder or deacon ("ministerial servant") ;

132-575: A 14th-century scholar and dedicated Sufi, who is however remembered mainly as an outspoken critic of the excesses of certain schools of Sufism during his time. A form of ordered religious living is common also in many tribes and religions of Africa and South America , though on a smaller scale, and some parts of England. Due to the unorganized character of these small religious groups, orders are not as visible as in other well-organised religions. Cults and coercive groups such as Scientology and Moonies often rely heavily on devout religious orders as

176-602: A certain school of teaching—such as Thailand's Dhammayuttika order , a monastic order founded by King Mongkut (Rama IV). A well-known Chinese Buddhist order is the ancient Shaolin order in Ch'an ( Zen ) Buddhism; and in modern times, the Order of Hsu Yun. A Religious order in the Catholic Church is a kind of religious institute , a society whose members (referred to as " religious ") make solemn vows that are accepted by

220-464: A number of orders of Deaconesses , who are now ordained as clergy and are Ministers in equal standing alongside their presbyteral colleagues.The Methodist Diaconal Order (MDO) currently admits both men and women to the Order and all are now known as Deacons. Since the functions of a deacon are primarily pastoral , the MDO may therefore be regarded as an order of Regular clerics . The Order of Saint Luke

264-693: A particular branch, traveling overseers , special pioneers , and branch staff are considered members of the Order of Special Full-time Servants and the Bethel Family . Globally, their order is the Worldwide Order of Special Full-Time Servants of Jehovah's Witnesses . Male and female members of such religious orders typically make a formal vow of poverty and are granted certain status and exemptions by many governments. While Jehovah's Witnesses do not consider members of their religious orders to be

308-732: A superior in the name of the Church, who wear a religious habit and who live a life of brothers or sisters in common. Religious orders are to be distinguished from religious congregations , which are religious institutes whose members profess simple vows , and from secular institutes , including societies of apostolic life and lay ecclesial movements . Unless they are also deacons or priests in Holy Orders members of religious orders are not clergy but laity . However, particular orders and institutes are classified as either specifically clerical or lay depending on their charism . Among

352-794: A tactic to indoctrinate and control their followers. Scientology's Sea Org , for example, are required to sign a one billion year contract and pledge allegiance to founder L. Ron Hubbard and are responsible for senior management positions within the Organization. 1983 Code of Canon Law Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

396-597: A tariqa are known as murīdīn (singular murīd ), meaning "desirous", viz. "desiring the knowledge of knowing God and loving God" (also called a faqīr فقير ). Tariqas have silsilas ( Arabic : سلسلة ) which is the spiritual lineage of the Shaikhs of that order. Almost all orders trace their silsila back to the Islamic prophet Muhammad . Tariqas are spread all over the Muslim world. Among Shias , Noorbakshia Islam

440-671: Is a religious order in the United Methodist Church dedicated to sacramental and liturgical scholarship, education, and practice. Some Protestant religious orders follow Anabaptist theology. These would include the Hutterites and Bruderhof , who live in full community of goods and living as a peace church. Among their corporations, the Religious Order of Jehovah's Witnesses cares for matters specific to Jehovah's Witnesses special full-time servants. In

484-423: Is an order that blends Sufi principles with Shia doctrine. It claims to trace its direct spiritual lineage and chain (silsilah) to the Islamic prophet Muhammad through Ali, the first imam of Shia Islam. There is some historical connection between certain schools of Sufism and the development of Wahhabism and Salafism due to the history of these denominations. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab was inspired by Ibn Taymiyyah ,

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528-644: Is composed of laws called canons . The current Code of Canon Law is the second comprehensive codification of the non-liturgical laws of the Latin Church , replacing the Pio-Benedictine code which had been promulgated by Benedict XV in 1917. Pope John XXIII , when proclaiming a new ecumenical council for the Catholic Church, also announced the intention of revising the 1917 CIC. The Pontificia Commissio Codici iuris canonici recognoscendo , which had been established in 1963, worked on revising

572-508: Is considered a "physical person" according to the definition of the 1983 Code, because one is constituted a person with consequent duties and rights only by baptism . The Codex specifies conditions for the validity of a juridical act, especially in relation to form, coercion, misapprehension and lack of participation. Legal power is divided into the three authorities of legislative, executive and judicial. The ability to conduct juridical acts can be attached to an office or it can be delegated to

616-424: Is impossible to translate perfectly into canonical language the conciliar image of the Church, nevertheless, in this image there should always be found as far as possible its essential point of reference. Thus the 1983 Code is configured, as far as possible, according to the "mystery of the Church", the most significant books – Two, Three and Four – corresponding to the munus regendi , the munus sanctificandi , and

660-549: Is organized into seven Books, which are further divided into Part, Section, Title, Chapter and Article. Not every book contains all five subdivisions. Organized hierarchically, the subdivisions are Most of the Code does not utilize all these subdivisions but one example is The basic unit of the Code is the canon . Its subdivisions appear as Some canons contain "numbers" without "paragraphs", while most canons contain "paragraphs", and most "paragraphs" do not contain "numbers". This

704-622: Is the "fundamental body of ecclesiastical laws for the Latin Church ". It is the second and current comprehensive codification of canonical legislation for the Latin Church of the Catholic Church . The 1983 Code of Canon Law was promulgated on 25 January 1983 by John Paul II and took legal effect on the First Sunday of Advent (27 November) 1983. It replaced the 1917 Code of Canon Law which had been promulgated by Benedict XV on 27 May 1917. The 1983 Code of Canon Law

748-640: Is the outline of the seven books of the 1983 Code of Canon Law. This part of the Codex contains the general rules concerning Legal sources are laws (including custom as a special way of legislation because of the need of the approval of the legislator), which contain universal regulations, general decrees (legislative or executory), instructions and statutes which refer to a special group, and in case of statutes are legislated by this group itself, and administrative acts, which only decide single cases. Persons are physical persons or juridic persons . Not everyone

792-634: Is to prevent distraction from prayer and the religious life and to keep an atmosphere of silence. Under certain circumstances, exceptions may be granted for enclosed men or women to leave the enclosure temporarily or permanently. Enclosed religious orders of men include monks following the Rule of Saint Benedict , namely the Benedictine , the Cistercian , and the Trappist orders, but also monks of

836-541: Is valid and grants the former monk or nun release from their vows. Contemplative orders prioritise worship and prayer over economic or outreach activity. They exist in the Roman Catholic, Anglican and Eastern Orthodox traditions as well as in Buddhist settings. Religious order In Buddhist societies, a religious order is one of the number of monastic orders of monks and nuns, many of which follow

880-762: The Carthusians , Hieronymites , along with the male and female members of the Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno , while enclosed religious orders of women include Canonesses Regular , nuns belonging to the Benedictine, Cistercian, Trappist and the Carthusian orders, along with the nuns of the second order of each of the mendicant orders , including:

924-795: The Visitandines . Several religious orders evolved during the Crusades to incorporate a military mission becoming "religious military orders ", such as the Knights of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem , the Knights of the Order of the Temple and the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre . In the Eastern Orthodox Church , there is only one type of monasticism. The profession of monastics is known as tonsure (referring to

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968-456: The ecclesiastical authorities. Normally there is a transitional period, called exclaustration , in which the person looks to establish a new life and determine if this is what they are truly called to do. This usually lasts up to six years under the 1983 Code of Canon Law . After this period the appropriate authority, generally the Holy See , determines that the wish to leave a religious life

1012-438: The munus docendi (the "missions" of governance, of worship/sanctification, and of teaching) which in turn derive from the kingly, the priestly and the prophetic roles or functions of Christ . The 1983 Code of Canon Law contains 1752 canons , or laws, most subdivided into paragraphs (indicated by "§") and/or numbers (indicated by "°"). Hence a citation of the Code would be written as Can. (or Canon) 934, §2, 1°. The Code

1056-723: The 10th century the Rule of St Benedict became the standardised norm among the Latin Church’s monks and nuns while the Rule of St Augustine was standardised among its canons and canonesses. The earliest orders include the Cistercians (1098), the Premonstratensians (1120), the Poor Clares founded by Francis of Assisi (1212), and the Benedictine reform movements of Cluny (1216). These orders consist entirely of independent abbeys and priories where power rests in

1100-836: The 16th century the orders of clerics regular began to emerge, including such institutes as the Society of Jesus , the Theatines , the Barnabites , the Somascans . Most of these groups began to turn away from the common public celebration of the divine office. In accordance with the concept of independent communities in the Rule of Saint Benedict, the Benedictines, Cistercians, and Trappists have autonomous abbeys (so-called "independent houses"). Their members profess "stability" to

1144-405: The 1917 Code of Canon Law through the pontificate of Paul VI , completing the work in the first years of the pontificate of John Paul II . On 25 January 1983, with the apostolic constitution Sacrae disciplinae leges , John Paul II promulgated the 1983 Code of Canon Law for all members of the Catholic Church who belonged to the Latin Church . It entered into force the first Sunday of

1188-525: The 1983 Code in this way: The instrument, which the Code is, fully corresponds to the nature of the Church, especially as it is proposed by the teaching of the Second Vatican Council in general, and in a particular way by its ecclesiological teaching. Indeed, in a certain sense, this new Code could be understood as a great effort to translate this same doctrine, that is, the conciliar ecclesiology, into canonical language. If, however, it

1232-677: The Christian terms monk , nun , friar , Brother , and Sister are sometimes easily blurred because some orders (such as the Dominicans or Augustinians) include nuns who are enclosed, who are usually grouped as the Second Order of that movement, and religious sisters. In the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , once a person has made solemn, perpetual religious vows , the release from these monastic vows has to be approved by

1276-795: The Reformation. After the foundation of the Lutheran Churches , some monasteries in Lutheran lands (such as Amelungsborn Abbey near Negenborn and Loccum Abbey in Rehburg-Loccum ) and convents (such as Ebstorf Abbey near the town of Uelzen and Bursfelde Abbey in Bursfelde ) adopted the Lutheran Christian faith. Other examples of Lutheran religious orders include the " Order of Lutheran Franciscans " in

1320-855: The United States. Also, a Lutheran religious order following the Rule of St. Benedict, "The Congregation of the Servants of Christ", was established at St. Augustine's House in Oxford, Michigan, in 1958 when some other men joined Father Arthur Kreinheder in observing the monastic life and offices of prayer. This order has strong ties to Lutheran Benedictine orders in Sweden ( Östanbäck Monastery ) and in Germany ( Priory of St. Wigbert ). Religious orders in England were dissolved by King Henry VIII upon

1364-483: The abbeys where they make their religious vows ; hence their abbots or abbesses may not move them to other abbeys. An "independent house" may occasionally make a new foundation which remains a "dependent house" (identified by the name "priory") until it is granted independence by Rome and itself becomes an abbey. Each house's autonomy does not prevent it being affiliated into a congregation —whether national or based on some other joint characteristic—and these, in turn, form

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1408-450: The decision to reform the existing Code, laid down that "the teaching of Canon law should take into account the mystery of the Church, according to the dogmatic constitution De Ecclesia ". The 1917 Pio-Benedictine Code was in fact structured according to the Roman law division of "norms, persons, things, procedures, penalties". John Paul II described the ecclesiological inspiration of

1452-547: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life The 1983 Code of Canon Law (abbreviated 1983 CIC from its Latin title Codex Iuris Canonici ), also called the Johanno-Pauline Code ,

1496-497: The first order for women was established. The first order for men was founded 25 years later. Anglican religious voluntarily commit themselves for life, or a term of years, to holding their possessions in common or in trust; to a celibate life in community; and obedience to their Rule and Constitution. There are presently thirteen active religious orders for men, fifty-three for women, and eight mixed gender. The Methodist Church of Great Britain , and its ancestors, have established

1540-635: The following Advent , which was 27 November 1983. In an address given on 21 November 1983 to the participants in a course at the Gregorian University in Rome on the new Code of Canon Law , the Pope described the new code as "the last document of Vatican II ". While there have been many vernacular translations of the 1983 Code , only the original Latin text has the force of law. The Vatican II decree Optatam totius (no. 16), in view of

1584-735: The hands of the individual communities and their abbot or abbess, prior or prioress. Their members remain in the same community for life. Later in the 13th century the mendicant orders like the Carmelites , the Order of Friars Minor , the Order of Preachers , the Order of the Most Holy Trinity and the Order of Saint Augustine formed. These Mendicant orders did not hold property for their Religious Communities, instead begging for alms and going where they were needed. Their leadership structure included each member, as opposed to each Abbey or House, as subject to their direct superior. In

1628-458: The nature and charism of the community in question. This separation may involve physical barriers such as walls and grilles (that is, a literal cloister ), with entry restricted for other people and certain areas exclusively permitted to the members of the convent . Outsiders may only temporarily enter this area under certain conditions (for example, if they are candidates for the order, doctors or craftsmen). The intended purpose for such enclosure

1672-726: The nuns of the Poor Clares , the Colettine Poor Clares , the Capuchin Poor Clares , the Dominicans , Carmelites and Discalced Carmelites , Servites , Augustinians , Minims , together with the Conceptionists , the Visitandines and the Ursulines . The English word monk most properly refers to men in monastic life, while the term friar more properly refers to mendicants active in

1716-499: The religion itself asserts what is sometimes termed " ecclesiastical privilege " only for its appointed elders. A tariqah is how a religious order is described in Sufism . It especially refers to the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking ḥaqīqah "ultimate truth". Such tariqas typically have a murshid (guide) who plays the role of leader or spiritual director. Members and followers of

1760-516: The ritual cutting of the monastic's hair which takes place during the service) and is considered by monks to be a Sacred Mystery (Sacrament). The Rite of Tonsure is printed in the Euchologion ( Church Slavonic : Trebnik ), the same book as the other Sacred Mysteries and services performed according to need. Martin Luther had concerns with the spiritual value of monastic life at the time of

1804-719: The separation of the English church from Roman primacy. For three hundred years, there were no formal religious orders in Anglicanism, although some informal communities – such as the Little Gidding community – occasionally sprang into being. With the advent of the Oxford Movement in the Church of England and worldwide Anglicanism in the middle of the 19th century, several orders appeared. In 1841,

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1848-680: The supra-national Benedictine Confederation . Non-monastic religious institutes typically have a motherhouse, generalate, or general curia with jurisdiction over any number of dependent religious communities, whose members may be moved by their superior general to its other communities as the institute's needs require. Well-known Roman Catholic religious institute include Augustinians , Basilians , Benedictines , Bethlehemites , Bridgettines , Camaldolese , Carmelites , Carthusians , Cistercians , Conceptionists , Crosiers , Dominicans , Franciscans , Hieronymites , Jesuits , Minims , Piarists , Salesians , Olivetans , Theatines , Trappists and

1892-489: The traditional forms of solemnly vowed religious order there are four key categories: Religious life began in the Latin Church as early as the 3rd century, with the Order of Saint Benedict being formed in the 6th, in 529. All the earliest religious foundations were either essentially monastic or canonical depending on how much weight they placed on monastic enclosure or pastoral care respectively. Initially rules of life tended to vary between communities but gradually by

1936-499: The world (like Franciscans , Dominicans and Augustinians), though not all monasteries require strict enclosure. Benedictine monks , for instance, have often staffed parishes and been allowed to leave monastery confines. Although the English word nun is often used to describe all Christian women who have joined religious institutes , strictly speaking, women are referred to as nuns only when they live in papal enclosure; otherwise, they are religious sisters . The distinctions between

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