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99-448: The " Coral Triangle " (CT) region is located along Earth 's equator at the confluence of both Western Pacific and Indian Oceans . Using coral and reef fish diversity as two primary criteria, scientists defined boundaries of this region to include most of the exclusive economic zones of these partner countries: Indonesia , Malaysia , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Solomon Islands , and Timor-Leste (the ‘CT6’). Covering 1.62% of

198-622: A 10-year CTI-CFF Regional Plan of Action (CTI RPOA) to safeguard the region's marine and coastal biological resources. Through the CTI-CFF, the Coral Triangle countries have agreed to support people-centered biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, poverty reduction and equitable benefit sharing. The CTI-CFF also seeks to address both poverty reduction through economic development, food security, sustainable livelihoods for coastal communities and biodiversity conservation through

297-410: A cabinet meeting on 11 March 2004. Yudhoyono did not attend the cabinet meeting and instead held a press conference at his office and announced his resignation from the position of coordinating minister of political and security affairs. He also announced that he was ready to be nominated as a presidential candidate. Yudhoyono's popularity skyrocketed after his falling out with Megawati as he was seen by

396-495: A child. In school, he developed a reputation as an academic achiever, excelling in writing poems, short stories, and play-acting. Yudhoyono was also talented in music and sport, reflected when he and his friends established a volleyball club called Klub Rajawali and a band called Gaya Teruna . When he was in fifth grade, Yudhoyono visited the Indonesian Armed Forces Academy (AKABRI). After seeing

495-467: A crisis centre with Yudhoyono as chairman The purpose of this crisis centre was to assist the president in giving policy advice and was headquartered at Yudhoyono's office. It seemed as if because of this appointment, Yudhoyono could be considered one of Wahid's men, however Yudhoyono would break ranks from Wahid in July 2001 when the latter was facing impeachment. In desperation, Wahid issued a decree freezing

594-428: A depth of 4000 meters were found to have created a habitat for marine niche shrimps, crabs, barnacles, and sea cucumbers. According to Indonesia's Minister of Research and Technology / National Research and Innovation Agency (Menristek / Head of BRIN), Bambang Permadi Soemantri Brodjonegoro, Coral Triangle countries are in need of a greater number of taxonomists and oceanographers to address the challenges of cataloguing

693-687: A lecturer at the Army Staff College (Seskoad) and delivered a presentation entitled "ABRI's Professionalism at the Present and in the Future". Together with Agus Wirahadikusumah , Yudhoyono published a book entitled "The Challenges of Development". Whilst at Seskoad, Yudhoyono also took the opportunity to further his own military education. He went to the US Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas . While in

792-416: A meeting with former President KH Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur). The arrival of Kalla at Gus Dur's residence Jl. Warung Silah Ciganjur, Jakarta, was greeted directly by Yenny Wahid on the terrace of the house. Kalla, wearing a long-sleeved batik shirt, immediately entered the living room where Gus Dur had been sitting waiting. After shaking hands and hugging each other, Kalla sat on the left side of Gus Dur in

891-615: A principal source of income, food, livelihoods, and export revenues in all CT countries. Tuna which live on reef fish and shrimp help to feed a fast-growing demand in Japan , the US , Europe , China , and elsewhere. The threats to the Coral Triangle come from both local sources and thermal stresses from climate change , which results in Mass coral bleaching and Ocean acidification , from change to ocean chemistry from increasing carbon dioxide in

990-881: A reputation both in Indonesia and abroad as one of the few Indonesian politicians serious about the War on Terrorism . His speech during the one-year anniversary of the Bali bombings (in which many Australians were killed) was praised by the Australian media and public. Yudhoyono also dealt with the Free Aceh Movement (GAM), a separatist movement wanting to separate the Province of Aceh from Indonesia. On his advice, Megawati declared martial law in Aceh on 19 May 2003, which

1089-405: A revival of small and medium-sized enterprises. He also put forward policies to offer better credit lines, to cut red tape, improve labour laws and to root out corruption from the top down. He told an interviewer: If we are to reduce poverty, create jobs, increase purchasing power and rebuild infrastructure, then we will need new capital. Of course, to be able to invite investment, I have to improve

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1188-595: A seventh term as president. During the days which would lead to Suharto's resignation in May 1998, Yudhoyono and pro-reform ABRI officers conducted meetings and discussions with Nurcholish Madjid , a secular pro-reform Muslim leader. From his discussions, Yudhoyono accepted the fact that Suharto should resign but like the ABRI officers who went to the meeting with him, was reluctant to withdraw their support of Suharto publicly, much less ask for Suharto's resignation. Nevertheless,

1287-730: A spawning and nursery ground for six species of threatened marine turtles , endangered fish, and cetaceans such as tuna and blue whales . Biogeography conditions within the CT may also enable this region to maintain its high productivity despite future climate change impacts. It potentially becomes the world's most important "refuge" for marine life. The natural productivity of the region makes it unique for its wildlife plus marine and coastal Ecosystems enhancing derived human lifestyle benefits for both local communities and governments. Marine and Coastal Living Resources Unparalleled marine and coastal living resources provide major benefits to

1386-495: A sustained condition of nutrient-rich, lower pH submarine groundwater discharge that lowers the pH of seawater. Also, the corals are exposed to nitrate concentrations 50 times higher than ambient. Rates of coral calcification are substantially decreased, and rates of bioerosion are orders of magnitude higher than in healthy oligotrophic waters. Measurement using heavier nitrogen isotope (δ15N) values shows that eutrophication of reef seawater by land‐based sources of pollution can magnify

1485-484: A total of 21 species of seagrass have been found throughout this eco-region. A joint Indonesian–U.S. marine survey expedition in 2008 discovered deep-sea biodiversity and underwater active volcanoes at a depth of 3800 meters along the western ridge. Around 40 newly identified deep-sea coral species were found there. Most are whitish in color, because the area is not a habitat for colorful algae species, which are generally shallow-living. Hydrothermal vents and coral reefs at

1584-476: A vice-presidential decree ordering work to begin on rehabilitating Aceh. The legality of his vice-presidential decree was questioned although Yudhoyono maintained that it was he who gave the orders for Kalla to proceed. In September 2005, when Yudhoyono went to New York City to attend the annual United Nations Summit, he left Vice President Kalla in charge. Yudhoyono held a video conference from New York to receive reports from ministers. Critics suggest that this

1683-421: A war mission". The name "Yudhoyono" is not an inherited surname; most Javanese do not have surnames . Rather, he chose it for his military name-tag, and it is how he is referred to abroad. His children and grandchildren go by the name "Yudhoyono", and in formal meetings and functions he is addressed as Dr. Yudhoyono. In Indonesia, he is usually referred to and widely known as "SBY". Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

1782-562: Is a global threat to coral reef ecosystems. Based on the biodiversity in the Coral Triangle area, damage will come to many sectors, because the coral reef is a fundamental ecosystem in the coastal area. Started by rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, the calcium carbonate decrease then enhances bioerosion and dissolution rate. The CT should have oligotrophic waters, so the light would penetrate and support photosynthesis by zooxanthellae algae. However coral reef in West Maui, Hawaii, has

1881-615: Is a roughly triangular area in the tropical waters around Indonesia , Malaysia , Papua New Guinea , the Philippines , Solomon Islands , and Timor-Leste . This area contains at least 500 species of reef-building corals in each ecoregion . The Coral Triangle is located between the Pacific and Indian oceans and encompasses portions of two biogeographic regions : the Indonesian-Philippines Region, and

1980-534: Is an Indonesian politician, painter and retired army general who served as the sixth president of Indonesia from 2004 to 2014 and the second president of Indonesia from the military after Suharto . He founded the Democratic Party of Indonesia and served as its 4th chairman from 2014 until 2020. He also served as the 8th and 10th coordinating minister for political and security affairs from 2000 until 2001 and again from 2001 until 2004. He also served as

2079-479: Is not intended in any way to redraw the scientific boundaries of the Coral Triangle which are defined by coral and coral reef fish diversity. In 2017, the CTI-CFF announced the Seascape General Model, which is statement of a management approach, to assist the CTI-CFF in building a consistent regional framework for sustainable management and a platform for future investment for Priority Seascapes at

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2178-704: Is the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award ( Champions of the Earth ) in 2014. The name Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is of Javanese origins, with Sanskrit roots. Susilo comes from the words su- , meaning "good" and -sila , meaning "behaviour, conduct or moral". Bambang is a traditional male name in Javanese, meaning "knight". While Yudhoyono comes from the words yuddha , meaning "battle, fight"; and yana , meaning "journey". Thus his full name roughly translates to "well behaved knight on

2277-569: Is the subject of high-level conservation efforts by the region's governments, nature conservation organizations such as World Wide Fund for Nature , The Nature Conservancy and Conservation International , and donor agencies such as the Asian Development Bank , the Global Environment Facility and USAID . In August 2007, Indonesia's President Yudhoyono proposed a multilateral partnership to "safeguard

2376-688: The Bogor Agricultural University on 3 October 2004, two days before his presidential victory was announced. He was also awarded two honorary doctorates in 2005 in the fields, respectively, of law from his alma mater, Webster University, and in political science from Thammasat University in Thailand. On 12 June 2014, he earned professor degree from Defense University of Indonesia in National Defense Science. Yudhoyono spent three years at AKABRI and became

2475-764: The Indonesian National Party (PNI). Yudhoyono then declared that his coalition, which now received political support from the National Awakening Party (PKB), the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) and the National Mandate Party (PAN), would be the people's coalition. On 20 September 2004, Yudhoyono participated in the run-off election, winning it with 60.87% of the vote. Yudhoyono was inaugurated as president on 20 October 2004. In February 2010, SBY

2574-508: The People's Representative Council (DPR) and then asked Yudhoyono to declare a state of emergency to further strengthen his position. Yudhoyono refused to accept this, and Wahid dismissed him. On 23 July 2001, in a special session, the MPR impeached Wahid and replaced him with Megawati as president. A few days later when the MPR assembled to elect a new vice president, Yudhoyono threw his name in

2673-884: The Sulu Archipelago ), Malaysia (the northeastern coast of Sabah ), Indonesia (the northern and southeastern part of Sulawesi , the Banda Sea , Maluku Islands (the Mollucas), and the Raja Ampat Archipelago of Indonesian Papua ), Papua New Guinea (the coastal areas of Madang Province , New Britain , Milne Bay , the Louisiade Archipelago , and Bougainville Island ), and the Solomon Islands ( Guadalcanal and Makira-Ulawa Province ). However, more than half (70%) of

2772-480: The aquarium fish trade). The current status of the resources across this region plus future projections, remains of great concern, although data shows the reefs of the Coral Triangle hves showm resilience to large scale bleaching events. The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) reported in 2021, that the East Asian Seas region, which includes the Coral Triangle, was the only region where coral cover

2871-721: The Army headquarters, Yudhoyono was sent to the United States again, this time to participate in the Infantry Officer Advanced Course at Fort Benning and in training with the 82nd Airborne Division . Yudhoyono also spent time in Panama and went through the jungle warfare school. When Yudhoyono returned in 1983, he was made commander of the Infantry Trainers' School. It was not long before he

2970-788: The Bird’s Head Seascape, the Raja Ampat archipelago is the world’s coral diversity bull’s eye with 553 species. In 2014, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) reported that the gross domestic product of the marine ecosystem in the Coral Triangle is roughly $ 1.2 trillion per year and provides food to over 120 million people. According to the Coral Triangle Knowledge Network, the region annually brings in about $ 3 billion in foreign exchange income from fisheries exports, and another $ 3 billion from coastal tourism revenues. The World Wide Fund for Nature considers

3069-665: The CTI-CFF Seascape General Model (2017) is the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion (SSME) is a semi-enclosed large marine ecosystem that encompasses Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines that was established following the ecoregion approach – the terminology used by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to mean large areas for a representation approach to conserving biodiversity. Following its recognition as a Priority Seascape under

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3168-504: The CTI-CFF Seascape General Model, ‘Priority Seascapes’ are those seascapes, which can be trans-boundary and/or national, that have been evaluated based on the criteria for the designation of Priority Seascapes by the Committee of Senior Officials (CSO) and Council of Ministers (COM) of the CTI-CFF. There are 7 criteria for the designation of Priority Seascapes, the first of which involves the demonstration of high values in at least three of

3267-547: The CTI-CFF are to: The solid-science resources management strength builds with the scientific support of the university and research institute. On 28 February - 1 March 2017, the 1st Meeting of the CTI-CFF University Partnership in Manado was held, aimed at: The results of this meeting: The primary criteria used to delineate the Coral Triangle were: There is considerable overlap between

3366-538: The Coral Triangle governments, in accordance with their rights and obligations pursuant to international laws and the prevailing laws, rules and regulations of each country. Applying scope of the CTI is without prejudice to the sovereign rights of the parties over marine resources within each national jurisdiction, or upon the legal position of each party on delimitating maritime boundaries between States with opposite or adjacent coasts. The geographic scope of CTI implementation

3465-605: The Democratic Party, Golkar and the PPP, PBB, PKB, PAN, PKP, and PKS. Professionals were also named in the cabinet, most of them taking on ministries in the economic field. The military were also included, with five former members appointed to the cabinet. As Yudhoyono's promised during the election, four of the cabinet appointees were female. Yudhoyono's Second United Indonesia Cabinet was announced in October 2009 after he

3564-699: The Far Southwestern Pacific Region. As one of eight major coral reef zones in the world, the Coral Triangle is recognized as a global centre of marine biodiversity and a global priority for conservation. Its biological resources make it a global hotspot of marine biodiversity. Known as the " Amazon of the seas" (by analogy to the Amazon rainforest in South America), it covers 5.7 million square kilometres (2,200,000 sq mi) of ocean waters. It contains more than 76% of

3663-523: The PDI-P, which played the role of opposition. With a national congress to be held in December 2004, Yudhoyono and Kalla had originally backed Agung Laksono speaker to become Golkar chairman. When Agung was perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar Tanjung , Yudhoyono and Kalla threw their weight behind Surya Paloh . Finally, when Paloh was perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono gave

3762-595: The Philippines. The greatest extent of mangrove forest in the world is also found in the Coral Triangle. These forests’ large area and extraordinary range of habitats and environmental conditions have played a major role in maintaining the staggering biodiversity of the Coral Triangle. The Coral Triangle countries comprised a minimum of 10 to a maximum of 19 seagrass species that belong to four distinct families ( Hydrocharitaceae , Cymodoceaceae , Zosteraceae , and Ruppiaceae ) and cover almost 58,550.63 km . While

3861-692: The Regional Plan of Action of the CTI-CFF, the SSME was renamed as the Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape. Although, the existing SSME initiatives, such as Marine Protected Area (MPA) networks for migratory marine turtles and ecosystem approach to fisheries, with climate change components, continue under the CTI-CFF Framework, as CTI-CFF Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape projects. The CTI-CFF Seascape General Model (2017) provides “a general model for

3960-579: The United States, he took the opportunity to obtain an MA degree in business management from Webster University in 1991. In 1992, Yudhoyono was transferred to the Army Information Department and worked as a speechwriter for General Edi Sudrajat, the Army chief of staff. In 1993, when Edi became commander of the Military of Indonesia (ABRI), Yudhoyono joined Edi's personal staff. Edi did not last long as ABRI commander and Yudhoyono

4059-803: The Vocational Education Development Center in Malang , East Java. There, he was able to prepare everything for the next phase of his education at the military academy AKABRI . Yudhoyono officially entered AKABRI in 1970 after passing the test in Bandung . Yudhoyono also studied in the United States , where he received his master's degree in Business Management from Webster University in 1991. He subsequently earned PhD in agricultural economics from

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4158-497: The approximately 363 million people who reside in the Coral Triangle . As a source of vital food, income and viable protection from severe weather events, the sustainable health of these ecosystems is critical. These vital resources are under significant and increasing threat. The Coral Triangle sits at a crossroads of rapidly expanding populations, economic growth, and international trade. Fish and other marine resources are

4257-593: The battalion soldiers lessons on general knowledge and English. Yudhoyono's proficiency in English was one of the reasons why he was sent to the United States to undertake the Airborne and Ranger Courses at Fort Benning in 1975. Yudhoyono returned to Indonesia in 1976, where he became a platoon commander in the 305th Battalion and was assigned to Indonesian-occupied East Timor . Yudhoyono had several tours of duty and, like many other Indonesian officers involved in

4356-429: The biodiversity in the area. He has said that goal of this research is not only to increase human knowledge, but also to apply that knowledge to the project of protecting coastal and marine biodiversity from extinction. There are three different theories as to why the Coral Triangle (East Indies Triangle) has such a high diversity of species, and each theory proposes a different explanatory model. They are usually termed

4455-531: The boundaries of the Coral Triangle that are based primarily on high coral biodiversity (more than 500 species), and the boundaries based on the area of greatest biodiversity for coral reef fishes. The 2013 documentary film Journey to the South Pacific tells the story of Coral Triangle conservation against the backdrop of island life. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (born 9 September 1949), commonly referred to as SBY ,

4554-447: The chimaerans. The Coral Triangle is the epicentre for the biodiversity, not only of corals and fish, but also of many other marine organisms. It contains roughly 950 species of Molluscs and 458 crustacean species. It is also the habitat for six of the world's seven marine turtle species. Thirteen percent of the Coral Triangle has been identified as being clustered into hotspots of high marine biodiversity importance, including

4653-503: The climate – legal certainties, political stability, law and order, sound tax policies, customs policies, good labor management. I will improve the guarantees to encourage investors to come to Indonesia. Yudhoyono's perceived communication skills made him the front-runner throughout the election campaign, according to many opinion polls and the opinions of election commentators, ahead of the other candidates (Megawati, Wiranto, Amien Rais , and Hamzah). On 5 July 2004, Yudhoyono participated in

4752-571: The commander of the Cadet Corps Division there. He graduated from AKABRI as second lieutenant in 1973, and as the best graduate of the year, received the prestigious Adhi Makayasa medal from President Suharto . After graduating, Yudhoyono joined the Army Strategic Reserve ( Kostrad ) and became a platoon commander in the 330th Airborne Battalion. Aside from leading his troops, Yudhoyono was also tasked with giving

4851-666: The effects of ocean acidification through nutrient-driven-bioerosion. These conditions could contribute to the collapse of coastal coral reef ecosystems sooner than current projections based only on ocean acidification predict. The biodiversity and natural productivity of the coral triangle are under threat from poor marine management (primarily from coastal development, overfishing and destructive fishing), lack of political will, poverty , high market demand, local disregard for rare and threatened species, climate change (warming, ocean acidification and rising sea levels). Coral reefs have experienced mass bleaching , which threaten to degrade

4950-448: The field of politics and security. On 2 March 2004, Megawati responded that she had never excluded Yudhoyono, while her husband, Taufiq Kiemas called Yudhoyono childish for complaining to the media instead of the president herself. On 8 March 2004, Yudhoyono sent a letter asking for permission to meet the president about his ministerial authority. Megawati did not respond when she received the letter, although she invited Yudhoyono along to

5049-433: The first round of the presidential election , coming first with 33% of the votes. However, 50% of votes were required for a new president and vice president to be elected, and this meant Yudhoyono going into a run-off against Megawati. In the run-off, Yudhoyono faced a challenge from Megawati's Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P), forming a national coalition with Golkar, the PPP, Prosperous Peace Party (PDS) and

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5148-429: The following: The remaining criteria assess factors relating to aspects of the socio-cultural values, political will, stakeholder support and engagement, economic opportunity (which may include collaboration and partnership, financial support, etc.) to move the process of creating a seascape forward; and also that a seascape has data and information available and accessible for decision making. The case study provided in

5247-566: The formation of the party was officially declared and on 10 September it was registered at the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights. The organizers behind Democratic Party's formation went to extreme lengths to make sure that PD was Yudhoyono's personal political party. The declaration of its formation was 9 September 2001, which was Yudhoyono's birthday and to start off with, the Party had 99 members. The United Democratic Nationhood Party (PPDK)

5346-529: The green light for Kalla to run for the Golkar Chairmanship. On 19 December 2004, Kalla was elected as the new chairman of Golkar. Kalla's victory posed a dilemma for Yudhoyono. Although it now enabled Yudhoyono to pass legislation, Kalla's new position meant that he was now more powerful than Yudhoyono in terms of influence in parliament. After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami Kalla, apparently on his own initiative, assembled Ministers and signed

5445-538: The hat and competed against Golkar 's Akbar Tanjung and United Development Party 's (PPP) Hamzah Haz . Yudhoyono and Akbar lost out to Hamzah Haz who became the new vice president. Yudhoyono was appointed to his old position of coordinating minister of political and security affairs in Megawati's new cabinet . After the Bali bombings in October 2002, he oversaw the hunt for and arrest of those responsible, and gained

5544-407: The idea and after going through the basic concepts, left Rumangkang in charge of forming the Party. From 12 to 19 August 2001, Rumangkang began holding a series of meetings to discuss the formation of the party while holding consultations with Yudhoyono. Yudhoyono personally led the meetings on 19 and 20 August 2001, and the basic outline of the Democratic Party was finalised. On 9 September 2001,

5643-420: The important ecosystems. An estimated 120 million people live within the Coral Triangle, of which approximately 2.25 million are fishers who depend on healthy seas to make a living. These threats are putting at risk livelihoods, economies, and future market supplies for species such as tuna . Studies have highlighted the alarming decline of coral cover in this region. However, a report published in 2021 described

5742-465: The main liaison and for all CTI-CFF official functions such as the bi-annual CTI-CFF Senior Officials Meetings and the annual CTI-CFF Ministerial Meetings. The CTI-CFF Regional Secretariat Headquarters are based in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Geographic scope for implementation of the Plan of Action The CTI-CFF Plan of Action may be implemented within waters under national jurisdiction of each of

5841-404: The military has decided to stay out of day-to-day politics. The basic idea of military reform is to go back to the role and function of the military as a defense force and move them away from politics systematically. The trend is moving in such a way that there is no so-called 'dual function' of the military, there is no so-called social political mission in the military. Another task that Yudhoyono

5940-417: The occupation of East Timor, was accused of committing war crimes . However, Yudhoyono has never been charged with any specific act. From East Timor, Yudhoyono became a mortar platoon commander in 1977, an operations officer for an airborne brigade from 1977 to 1978, and a company commander at Kostrad from 1979 to 1981. Yudhoyono then spent 1981 and 1982 working at the Army headquarters. While working at

6039-486: The ocean, which can slow coral growth rates and damage the structure of coral. Threats from local sources include: over-fishing , and destructive fishing (such as blast fishing and poison fishing), followed by watershed-based pollution (including excessive soil and nutrient runoff), coastal habitat conversion resulting from coastal development (including loss of mangrove and seagrass habitats), marine-based pollution, and exploitation of threatened species (including for

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6138-428: The people as the underdog . However this popularity did not translate to a victory for the Democratic Party at the 2004 legislative elections . The party won 7.5% of the votes, which was still enough to nominate Yudhoyono as a presidential candidate. Yudhoyono accepted the nomination and picked Golkar 's Jusuf Kalla as his running mate. Aside from the Democratic Party, their presidential and vice-presidential candidacy

6237-416: The planet's oceanic area, the region has 76% of all known coral species in the world. As a habitat for 52% of Indo-Pacific reef fishes and 37% of the world's reef fishes, it contains the greatest diversity of coral reef fishes in the world More than 3,000 species of bony fish are distributed over more than 90% of the Coral Triangle. Among the largest of these fish are the whale shark , the coelacanth and

6336-429: The planet's total Ocean area, there is broad scientific consensus that the CT represents the global epicenter of marine life abundance and diversity. This region has 76% of all known coral species, 37% of all known coral reef fish species, 53% of the world's coral reefs, and the largest extent of mangrove forests in the world. It also includes spawning and juvenile growth areas for the world's largest tuna fishery plus

6435-483: The position, although eventually Wahid appointed Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri as the day to day administrator. In August 2000, after a cabinet reshuffle, Yudhoyono became the coordinating minister for politic and security affairs. One of his tasks was to separate the army from politics. This was in line with his reformist ideas on the future of Indonesian military, and is a view he has held since his days in an army policy center. He said at that time: Since 1998,

6534-756: The president of the Assembly and chair of the Council of the Global Green Growth Institute . He was also the former chairman of ASEAN due to Indonesia hosting of the 18th and 19th ASEAN Summits . Yudhoyono won the 2004 presidential election —the first direct presidential election in Indonesia, defeating incumbent president Megawati Sukarnoputri . He was sworn into office on 20 October 2004, together with Jusuf Kalla as vice president . He ran for re-election in 2009 with Boediono as his running mate, and won with an outright majority of

6633-512: The pressure eventually become too much for Suharto, who resigned on 21 May 1998. As Indonesia entered the reform era , ABRI's popularity, because of its association with Suharto, was at an all-time low. To de-emphasise ABRI's political role, Yudhoyono's chief of staff for social-political affairs was renamed chief of staff for territorial affairs and in 1999, ABRI was renamed TNI and the Indonesian National Police (Polri)

6732-577: The protection of species, habitats and ecosystems. The plan of action of the CTI-CFF, is to achieve the following: The longer-term goals of the CTI-CFF are to: The Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security (CTI-CFF) Regional Secretariat was created during the First CTI-CFF Senior Officials Meeting in Bali during December 2007. It mandates promoting regional cooperation, sharing lessons learned plus facilitating leadership learning across

6831-401: The rank of lieutenant general , although he would be made honorary general in 2000. Yudhoyono's popularity grew, even as minister of mining and energy. In June 2000, there were rumours that Wahid, because of his lack of skill as an administrator was going to appoint a first minister to look after the day-to-day running of the government. Yudhoyono's name appeared as a potential candidate for

6930-445: The reefs of the Coral Triangle as having shown resilience to large scale bleaching events. The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) reported in 2021, that the East Asian Seas region, which includes the Coral Triangle, was the only region where coral cover was substantially greater in 2019 (36.8%) as compared to 1983 (32.8%), which is the year that the earliest data was collected. This increase in coral cover occurred notwithstanding

7029-452: The reefs were affected by large scale coral bleaching events during the 2010s. The data on the cover of algae in the East Asian Seas shows that the cover of algae has progressively decreased resulting in an average of five times more coral than algae on these reefs. Since the marine resources are a principal source of income for the population, the downstream effects of losing these critical coastal ecosystems are enormous. The Coral Triangle

7128-588: The region a top priority for marine conservation, and is addressing ecological threats to the region through its Coral Triangle Program, launched in 2007. The center of biodiversity in the Triangle is the Verde Island Passage in the Philippines. Coral reef area in the region to have been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site are Tubbataha Reef Natural Park in the Philippines and Raja Ampat Islands in Indonesia. While it covers only 1.6% of

7227-582: The region's marine and coastal resources, Indonesian President Yudhoyono convinced other leaders in the region to launch the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security (CTI-CFF) in 2009. The CTI-CFF is a multilateral partnership between the governments of Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste (the ‘CT6’). At the Leader's Summit in 2009, these governments agreed to adopt

7326-424: The regional and national level. Marine biogeographic areas or regions have different descriptions depending on the management approach applied: In the CTI-CFF Seascape General Model, a ‘seascape’ is: The CTI-CFF Seascape General Model is also intended to facilitate “triple bottom line benefits (economic, social and environmental), that together exceed the benefits arising from marine resource management alone”. In

7425-477: The region’s marine and coastal biological resources" with five other countries geographically located in the CT (Malaysia, Timor-Leste, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and the Philippines). The multilateral partnership then named as Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security (CTI-CFF) . The plan of action of the CTI-CFF, is to achieve the following: The longer-term goals of

7524-506: The six Coral Triangle countries - Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste. The Regional Secretariat also coordinates and monitors progress toward achieving CTI-CFF Regional Plan of Action goals. Main activities cover the following areas: organizational development, outreach and communication, regional coordination and mechanisms, technical and thematic working groups, development of key regional reports, and capacity development. It also serves as

7623-720: The soldiers training there and perhaps inspired by his own father's career, Yudhoyono became determined to join the Indonesian Armed Forces and become a soldier. Yudhoyono planned to enlist after graduating from high school in 1968; however, he missed the registration period. Young Yudhoyono then became a student under the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS) in Surabaya before entering

7722-507: The southern part of the Philippines , the north-eastern part of Sabah in Malaysia , the central to eastern zones of Indonesia , the eastern part of Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands . The parts of the Coral Triangle that have the highest number of species comprise 6% of the triangle's total area. They include stretches along the coast of the Philippines (including the northern coast of Luzon , Bohol , Mindanao , Palawan , and

7821-596: The sustainable management of seascapes” for other marine biogeographic areas or regions in the Coral Triangle. As of 2022, CTI-CFF have endorsed a total three Priority Seascapes (Sulu Sulawesi Seascape, Bismarck Solomon Seas Ecoregion and Lesser Sunda). In 2009, a 10-year Regional Plan of Action (RPOA 1.0) was developed for the CTI-CFF. In 2022 the follow-on Regional Plan of Action was published as RPOA 2.0, which set 2 goals (as well as objectives, targets, activities and expected outcomes). The 2 objectives were summarised as: Coral Triangle The Coral Triangle ( CT )

7920-500: The votes in the first round of balloting; he was sworn in for a second term on 20 October 2009. During his tenure as president, Indonesia participated in many world peace missions, both at the national and international levels. Yudhoyono successfully negotiated a deal that ended the Aceh Insurgency , an insurgency which lasted from 1976 to 2005. As a result, he was given the title "Father of Peace." Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

8019-461: The world's shallow-water reef-building coral species, 37% of its reef fish species, 50% of its razor clam species, six out of seven of the world's sea turtle species, and the world's largest mangrove forest . The epicenter of that coral diversity is found in the Bird’s Head Seascape of Indonesian Papua, which hosts 574 species (95% of the Coral Triangle, and 72% of the world’s total). Within

8118-433: The zones in the Coral Triangle are classified as low species richness areas. The sites of highest marine biodiversity importance in the Coral Triangle include: (1) the northern tip of Sulawesi , (2) Ambon Island , (3) Kai Islands (also Kei Islands), (4) Raja Ampat Archipelago of Indonesian Papua , (5) the Verde Island Passage in the Philippines, (6) the southern part of Negros in the Philippines, and (7) Cebu in

8217-667: The “centre of origin” model, the “centre of overlap” model, and the “centre of accumulation” model. The Coral Triangle lies at a crossroads of rapidly increasing anthropogenic activities, ( population growth , economic growth and international trade ), habitat change, over-exploitation of resources, and climate change. Competition, predation, fishing practices, marine pollution , marine debris , dredging , sunscreen contamination, climate change , ocean acidification (OA), disease, recreational diving, sea level rise , temperature increase and other issues briefly described in environmental issues with coral reefs . Ocean acidification

8316-545: Was abroad again, this time to Belgium and West Germany , to undertake the Antitank weapons Course. In 1985, Yudhoyono also took a Battalion Commando Course in Malaysia . From 1986 to 1988, Yudhoyono served with Kodam IX/Udayana , which covers Bali and the Lesser Sunda Islands . Yudhoyono was a battalion commander from 1986 to 1988 and was part of the operational staff in 1988. In 1989, Yudhoyono became

8415-569: Was an expression of distrust by Yudhoyono. The suggestion seemed to gain momentum when Kalla only showed up for one video conference and then spent the rest of the time taking care of Golkar matters. To defuse political tensions in the country with the increase in fuel prices, a number of national figures met including former presidents Abdurahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri to defuse the atmosphere. President Yudhoyono sent Vice President Jusuf Kalla to meet with these national figures. After previously keeping in touch with Megawati, Kalla also held

8514-486: Was appointed mining and energy minister in the cabinet of President Abdurrahman Wahid in 1999. According to General Wiranto , who assisted Wahid in the formation of the Cabinet, he had recommended to the president that Yudhoyono would do better as Army chief of staff. However, Wahid rejected the idea and Yudhoyono became the minister of mining and energy instead. At the same time, Yudhoyono ended his military career with

8613-508: Was born on 9 September 1949, in Tremas, a village in Arjosari, Pacitan Regency , East Java , to a lower-middle-class family. His father was a Javanese man named Raden Soekotjo (1925 – 4 August 2001), whose lineage can be traced to Hamengkubuwono II , while his mother was a Javanese woman named Siti Habibah (30 June 1932 – 30 August 2019). Yudhoyono had wanted to join the army since he was

8712-476: Was disappointed in Yudhoyono's reaction and the Democratic Party continued to wait for Yudhoyono to resign his position as was expected of all presidential candidates apart from the incumbent president and vice president. The turning point came on 1 March 2004, when Yudhoyono's secretary, Sudi Silalahi announced to the media that for the last six months, Yudhoyono had been excluded from policy decision-making in

8811-524: Was given was as an intermediary between Wahid and the Suharto family. At the time, Wahid was trying to make Suharto hand back all the money which he had allegedly obtained through corruption when he was president. Yudhoyono was sent by Wahid to convey this wish and to negotiate with the former first family. However, Yudhoyono was not successful in this venture. At the beginning of 2001, with political pressure increasing on him, Wahid ordered Yudhoyono to form

8910-573: Was made KODAM Jaya chief of staff before being appointed as KODAM II/Sriwijaya commander. In this position, Yudhoyono was responsible for military operations in southern Sumatra . He served in this position until 1997, when he was appointed chief of staff for social-political affairs. At the same time, he was also appointed chairman of the ABRI Faction in the People's Consultative Assembly General Session and participated in Suharto 's election to

9009-480: Was named as the political figure who had achieved The Gold Standard in Political Communications on YouTube by the influential Public Affairs Asia network and magazine. Presidential elections were held in Indonesia on 8 July 2009. President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono won more than 60% (60.08%) of the vote in the first round, which enabled him to secure re-election without a run-off. Yudhoyono

9108-567: Was officially declared the victor of the election on 23 July 2009, by the General Election Commission. Other candidates are Megawati Sukarnoputri PDI-P Party 26.79%, Jusuf Kalla Golkar Party 12.41%. The day of his inauguration in 2004, Yudhoyono announced his new cabinet, which would be known as the United Indonesia Cabinet ( Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu ). Consisting of 36 ministers, it included members of

9207-559: Was re-elected as president earlier in the year. The vice president in Yudhoyono's second cabinet was Boediono . Boediono replaced Jusuf Kalla who was vice president in the first Yudhoyono cabinet. Although he had won the presidency, Yudhoyono was still weak in the Indonesian parliament, the House of Representatives (DPR). The Democratic Party, even combined with all of its coalition partners, had far fewer representatives than Golkar and

9306-458: Was split off. At this time, Yudhoyono's popularity began to increase as he offered ideas and concepts to reform the military and nation. He did this by combining the strong reformist sentiment of the time with TNI's concern for security and stability. Because of his high education (finishing his doctorate during the course of the presidential elections) and his well-planned manoeuvres, Yudhoyono came to be known as "the thinking general." Yudhoyono

9405-484: Was substantially greater in 2019 (36.8%) as compared to 1983 (32.8%), which is the year that the earliest data was collected. This increase in coral cover occurred notwithstanding the reefs were affected by large scale coral bleaching events during the 2010s. The data on the cover of algae in the East Asian Seas shows that the cover of algae has progressively decreased resulting in an average of five times more coral than algae on these reefs. Viewing it necessary to safeguard

9504-689: Was supported by the Crescent Star Party (PBB), the Reform Star Party (PBR) and the Indonesian Justice and Unity Party (PKPI). Yudhoyono's manifesto for the future of Indonesia, summarised in a book titled "Vision For Change" written by him and distributed for free during the campaign, was built on four pillars: prosperity, peace, justice and democracy. At the top of his agenda was a plan for increasing economic prosperity, aiming for economic growth of at least 7% and

9603-435: Was the first to bring up the subject of nomination. In September 2003, Yudhoyono's own party began to make preparations in case Yudhoyono was willing to accept a presidential nomination. The Democratic Party then initiated a publicity campaign to promote Yudhoyono as a candidate. For his part, Yudhoyono was not responsive both to PPDK or the Democratic Party's manoeuvrings to nominate him and continued his duties as minister. PPDK

9702-467: Was then extended in November. Yudhoyono's supporters saw Yudhoyono's participation in the vice-presidential election as a sign of his popularity and recognised Yudhoyono's potential as a possible leader for Indonesia. One of these supporters, Vence Rumangkang approached Yudhoyono with the idea of forming a political party to help shore up support for the 2004 presidential elections. Yudhoyono approved of

9801-641: Was then transferred back to Kostrad where he became a brigade commander. A year later, Yudhoyono was the operations assistant at Jaya (Jakarta) Military Area Command before taking command IV/Diponegoro Military Area Command in Central Java . Yudhoyono had one more stint overseas when he became Indonesia's chief military observer of the United Nation Peacekeeping Force in Bosnia in 1995–96. When Yudhoyono returned to Indonesia, he

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