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85-501: The club campaigned for universal male suffrage and direct democracy , including the referendum. It energetically served as a watchdog looking for signs of abuse of power by the men in power. By 1793, it was challenging the centralization of power by Robespierre and his Committee of Public Safety . They responded by arresting the leadership, charging them with conspiring to overthrow the Convention. The leaders were guillotined, and

170-672: A "correspondence office" to be set up in the Hôtel de Ville . Not all sections opposed the King, but passive citizens joined them, and on the 30th the section of the Théâtre Français gave all its members the right to vote. At the section meetings, Jacobins and sans-culottes clashed with moderates and gradually gained the upper hand. On 30 July a decree admitted passive citizens to the National Guard. On 1 August came news of

255-496: A "people's court", while a new comité de surveillance hunted down counter-revolutionaries . For the Parisian nobility, it was 10 August 1792 rather than 14 July 1789 that marked the end of the ancien régime. The victors of 10 August were concerned with establishing their dictatorship. The Commune silenced the opposition press, closed the toll gates, and seized a number of refractory priests and aristocratic notables. On 11 August

340-704: A body with instructions "to recommend immediate steps to save the state" ( sauver la chose publique ). During the night 28 sections answered this invitation. Their representatives constituted the Insurrectional Commune. Carra  [ fr ] and Chaumette went to the barracks of the Marseilles fédérés in the section of the Cordeliers, while Santerre roused the Faubourg Saint-Antoine , and Alexandre  [ fr ]

425-581: A few days before 10 August and escaped the massacre. The commander of all Swiss mercenaries in French service, Louis-Auguste-Augustin d'Affry , who had been absent on 10 August due to illness, reported on 12 November that about 300 Swiss guardsmen had been killed at the Tuileries. On the side of the insurgents, three hundred and seventy-six were either killed or wounded. Eighty-three of these were fédérés , and two hundred and eighty-five members of these were

510-462: A less friendly group of Swiss defenders of the palace, commanded by officers of the Court. The two bodies of troops remained facing each other on the staircase for forty-five minutes. A barrier separated them, and there the combat began; it is unknown which side took the initiative. The Swiss, firing from above, cleaned out the vestibule and the courts, rushed down into the square and seized the cannon;

595-544: A manifesto signed by the Duke of Brunswick , threatening as it did summary justice on the people of Paris if Louis and his family were harmed: "they will wreak an exemplary and forever memorable vengeance, by giving up the city of Paris to a military execution, and total destruction, and the rebels guilty of assassinations, to the execution that they have merited." This Brunswick Manifesto became known in Paris on 1 August and heated

680-483: A movement that shook France . They met at Maurice Duplay 's house in the Rue Saint-Honoré , where Robespierre had his lodgings, in a room occupied by their fifth member, Antoine, the mayor of Metz. They conferred with a group of section leaders hardly better known than themselves—the journalists Carra  [ fr ] and Gorsas , Alexandre  [ fr ] and Lazowski  [ fr ] of

765-537: A national referendum on the future of the monarchy. The Cordeliers actively moved against the majority interests in this case. Large demonstrations in support of this and similar petitions led to civil unrest, and culminated in the Champ de Mars massacre on 17 July. The National Guard, led by the Marquis de Lafayette , fired on the protestors, resulting in the deaths of at least dozen of them. Subsequent action taken against

850-406: A secret directory that included some of the Parisian leaders and to assure direct contact with the sections. A coordinating committee had been formed of one federal from each department. Within this body soon appeared a secret committee of five members. Vaugeois of Blois, Debesse of The Drome, Guillaume of Caen, and Simon of Strasbourg were names nearly unknown to history: but they were the creators of

935-442: A state of insurrection, it withdraws all powers and takes it to itself." The King had failed to buy off the popular leaders. According to Malouet , 37,000 livres had been paid to Pétion and Santerre for worthless promises to stop the insurrection. He rejected the last-minute advice, not only of Vergniaud and Guadet , now alarmed by a turn of affairs they brought about and also of his loyal old minister Malesherbes , to abdicate

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1020-477: A wider scope to the debate by uttering a threat against the King's person: "It is in the King's name that the French princes have tried to rouse all the courts of Europe against the nation, it is to avenge the dignity of the King that the treaty of Pillnitz was concluded and the monstrous alliance formed between the Courts of Vienna and Berlin; it is to defend the King that we have seen what were formerly companies of

1105-434: Is in danger). Banners were placed in the public squares, with the words: Would you allow foreign hordes to spread like a destroying torrent over your countryside! That they ravage our harvest! That they devastate our fatherland through fire and murder! In a word, that they overcome you with chains dyed with the blood of those whom you hold the most dear... Citizens, the country is in danger! On 3 July Pierre Vergniaud gave

1190-938: Is sometimes summarized by the slogan, " one man, one vote ". In 1789, Revolutionary France adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and, although short-lived, the National Convention was elected by all men in 1792. It was revoked by the Directory in 1795. Universal male suffrage was re-established in France in the wake of the French Revolution of 1848 . In the Australian colonies, universal male suffrage first became law in

1275-602: The Faubourg Saint-Marceau , Fournier "the American" , Westermann (the only soldier among them), the baker Garin, Anaxagore Chaumette and Antoine Santerre of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine . Daily meetings were held by the individual sections, and on 25 July the assembly authorized continuous sessions for them. On the 27th Pétion, who had been reinstated as Paris mayor by the Assembly on 13 July, permitted

1360-616: The Civil Rights Movement gained passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 through Congress . In 1925, the Japanese government passed a bill granting universal manhood suffrage , additionally removing the poll tax . The New Women's Society sidestepped its activism that year in order for legislation to freely pass. As women also began to win the right to vote during the late 19th and early 20th centuries,

1445-563: The Faubourg Saint-Marceau . The municipality was already in session. From midnight until three o'clock the next morning the old and new, the legal and the insurrectional communes, sat in adjoining rooms at the Town Hall ( Hôtel de Ville ). The illegal body organized the attack on Tuileries. The legal body, by recalling the officer in charge of the troops at the Tuileries, disorganized its defense. Between six and seven in

1530-672: The Faubourg Saint-Marcel , the Bretons, and the Marseilles fédérés , marched forth as freely as if going to parade. At many places that had been ordered guarded, no resistance was put up at all, like at the Arcade Saint-Jean, the passages of the bridges, alongside the quays, and in the court of the Louvre . An advance guard consisting of men, women, and children, all armed with cutters, cudgels, and pikes, spread over

1615-461: The Girondin party. The Legislative Assembly passed decrees sentencing any priest denounced by twenty citizens to immediate deportation (27 May), dissolving the King's Constitutional Guard , incorrectly alleging that it was manned by aristocrats (29 May), and establishing in the vicinity of Paris a camp of 20,000 fédérés (8 June). The King vetoed the decrees and dismissed Girondists from

1700-539: The King of Bohemia and Hungary ( Austria ). The initial battles were a disaster for a French army partially disorganised by mutinies, emigration of officers and political change. Prussia then joined Austria in active alliance against France , eventually declaring war on France on 13 June. The blame for these opening setbacks was put upon the King and his ministers (the Austrian Committee), and after upon

1785-590: The Société des Amis des droits de l’homme et du citoyen , a popular society which would serve as an alternative means of pursuing the goals and interests of the district. This society held its meetings in the Cordeliers Convent and quickly became known as the Club des Cordeliers . It took as its motto the phrase Liberté, égalité, fraternité , and because its aim was to keep an eye on the government its emblem

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1870-567: The Storming of the Bastille , the cry of "Treachery!" went up. The attackers assumed that they had been drawn into a deliberate ambush and henceforth the Swiss were the subject of violent hatred on the part of sans-culottes . At that moment the battalions of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine arrived, and the reinforced insurgents pushed the Swiss back into the palace. Louis, hearing from the manége

1955-473: The Swiss Guards brought in from their barracks on the outskirts of Paris during the night of 9–10 August. The Swiss were backed by 930 gendarmes , 2,000 national guards, and 200–300 Chevaliers de Saint Louis , and other royalist volunteers . Five thousand men should have been an ample defense; though it appears that, by some oversight, they were seriously short of ammunition. Police spies reported to

2040-658: The Terror . In December 1793, Desmoulins began publishing a journal entitled Le Vieux Cordelier or "Old Cordelier", which attempted to reclaim the title of the society from those who had associated it with extremism. In the seven numbers of the journal, Desmoulins attacked the Hébertists and called for an end to the Terror, comparing revolutionary Paris to Rome under the tyrants . The Hébertists were arrested and, on 24 March 1794, executed, but less extreme Desmoulins, Danton and

2125-583: The barristers of 1789. Moreover, the Commune itself was little more than "a sort of federal parliament in a federal republic of 48 states". It had only a tenuous control over the Sections, which began practicing the direct democracy of Rousseau . "Passive" citizens were admitted to meetings, justices of the peace and police officers dismissed and the assemblée générale of the Section became, in some cases,

2210-422: The fédérés were petitioning the Assembly to dethrone the king. The fédérés were reluctant to leave Paris before a decisive blow had been struck, and the arrival on 25 July of 300 from Brest and five days later of 500 Marseillais , who made the streets of Paris echo with the song to which they gave their name, provided the revolutionaries with a formidable force. The fédérés set up a central committee and

2295-575: The "Old Cordeliers" of the Dantonist faction quickly followed them to the guillotine. Their execution took place on April 16 (April 5). The Cordeliers Club, deprived of its most important members, initially played no role in the further course of the revolution. After the Jacobin Club closed in November 1794, its most vehement representatives (so-called Cretans) joined the Cordeliers. In response,

2380-634: The 20th century, and many poor white people were later disenfranchised. The expansion of suffrage was largely peaceful, excepting the Rhode Island Dorr Rebellion . Most African-American men remained excluded; though the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1870, upheld their voting rights, they were denied the right to vote in many places for another century until

2465-498: The Assembly that Louis XVI came within the scope of this article of the Constitution. By this means he put the idea of deposing the King into the minds of the public. His speech was circulated by the Assembly through all the departments. Evading the royal veto on an armed camp, the Assembly had invited National Guards from the provinces, on their way to the front, to come to Paris, ostensibly for 14 July celebrations. By mid-July

2550-537: The Cordeliers district remained in conflict with the Parisian government throughout the winter and spring of 1790. In May and June 1790, the previous division of Paris into 60 districts was by decree of the National Assembly replaced by the creation of 48 sections . This restructuring abolished the Cordeliers district. Anticipating this dissolution, the leaders of the Cordeliers district founded in April 1790

2635-681: The Cordeliers included the closing of the Cordeliers Convent to them and the issuing of arrest warrants for Danton and Desmoulins. Despite these measures, the society remained a highly influential force in Parisian politics. The Cordeliers participated significantly in the planning and execution of the 10 August 1792 insurrection . Danton, at this time perhaps the most powerful figure within the Cordeliers Club, acted—in Hilaire Belloc 's words—as "the organizer and chief of

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2720-672: The French royal family. On 10 August, the National Guard of the Paris Commune and fédérés from Marseille and Brittany stormed the King's residence in the Tuileries Palace in Paris, which was defended by the Swiss Guards . Hundreds of Swiss guardsmen and 400 revolutionaries were killed in the battle, and Louis and the royal family took shelter with the Legislative Assembly. The formal end of

2805-577: The Gardes du Corps hurrying to join the standard of rebellion in Germany; it is to come to the assistance of the King that the émigrés are soliciting and obtaining employment in the Austrian army and preparing to stab their fatherland to the heart... it is in the name of the King that liberty is being attacked... yet I read in the Constitution, chapter II, section i, article 6: If the king place himself at

2890-469: The Hôtel de Ville, and put to death by the crowd there, beneath the statue of Louis XIV. The victims of the massacre also included some of the male courtiers and members of the palace staff, although being less conspicuous than the red-coated Swiss Guards others were able to escape. No female members of the court seem to have been killed during the massacre. According to Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan , after

2975-485: The King's departure. The means of defense had been diminished by the departure of a detachment of National Guardsmen who escorted the royal family to the National Assembly. The gendarmerie left their posts, crying "Vive la nation!", and the National Guard's inclination began to move towards the insurgents. On the right bank of the river, the battalions of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine , and, on the left, those of

3060-426: The Legislative Assembly gave municipalities the authority to arrest suspects. The volunteers were preparing to leave to the front and the rumours spread rapidly that their departure was to be the signal for prisoners to stage an uprising. The wave of executions in prisons followed, what later was known as The September Massacres . To convince the revolutionaries that the insurrection of 10 August had decided nothing,

3145-483: The Ministry. When the King formed a new cabinet mostly of constitutional monarchists ( Feuillants ), this widened the breach between the King and the Assembly and the majority of the common people of Paris. These events happened on 16 June when Lafayette sent a letter to the Assembly, recommending suppression of "anarchists" and political clubs in the capital. The King's veto of the Legislative Assembly's decrees

3230-535: The National Guard: common citizens from every branch of the trading and working classes of Paris, including hair-dressers, harness-makers, carpenters, joiners, house-painters, tailors, hatters, boot-makers, locksmiths, laundry-men, and domestic servants. Two female combatants were among the wounded. The crisis of the summer of 1792 was a major turning-point of the Revolution. By overthrowing the monarchy,

3315-549: The Parliament-house, reported that all precautions had been taken to keep the peace, and retired to the Mairie , where he was confined on the orders of the Insurrectional Commune. Roederer's first act was to assure the royal family that there would be no attack. His second act, when a series of bulletins from Blondel, the secretary of the department, made it clear that an attack was imminent, was to persuade Louis to abandon

3400-549: The Prussian army crossed the French frontier on the 16th. A week later the powerful fortress of Longwy fell so quickly that Vergniaud declared it to "have been handed over to the enemy." By the end of the month the Prussians were at Verdun , the last fortress barring the road to Paris. In the capital, there was a well-justified belief that Verdun would offer no more than a token resistance. The war, which had appeared to bring

3485-568: The Prussians time to finish their preparations and concentrate upon the Rhine undisturbed. A decree of 2 July authorized National Guards, many of whom were already on their way to Paris, to come for the Federation ceremony. A decree of 5 July declared that in the event of danger to the nation all able-bodied men could be called to service and necessary arms requisitioned. Six days later the Assembly declared la patrie est en danger (the homeland

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3570-434: The Revolution was mired in compromise. The Assembly remained for the time being but recognized the Commune, increased through elections to 288 members. The Assembly appointed a provisional Executive Council and put Gaspard Monge and Pierre Henri Hélène Marie Lebrun-Tondu on it, along with several former Girondin ministers. The Assembly voted that the Convention should be summoned and elected by universal suffrage to decide on

3655-769: The Swiss Guards who survived the insurrection, up to 350 later enlisted in the Revolutionary Army of the First French Republic , while others joined the counter-revolutionaries in the War in the Vendée . In 1817, the Swiss Federal Diet awarded 389 of the survivors the commemorative medal Treue und Ehre (Loyalty and Honor). Over half of the Legislative Assembly's members fled and on

3740-802: The Thermidorians arranged for its final closure on the 20th of Pluviose III (February 20, 1795). The papers emanating from the Cordeliers are enumerated in Jean Maurice Tourneux , Bibliographie de l'histoire de Paris pendant la Révolution (1894), i. (on the trial of the Hébertists) Nos. 4204–4210, ii. Nos. 9795–9834 and 11,813. See also A. Bougeart Les Cordeliers, documents pour servir a l'histoire de la Révolution (Caen, 1891); G. Lenotre , Paris révolutionnaire (Paris, 1895); G. Tridon, Les Hébertistes, plainte contre une calomnie de l'histoire (Paris, 1864). The last-named author

3825-410: The Tuileries. Behind him, quarrels were breaking out in the ranks. The gunners declared they would not fire on their brethren. Hating violence, and dreading bloodshed, Louis listened willingly to Roederer's suggestion that he should abandon the defense of the palace. The Queen urged in vain that they should stay and fight. Before even a single shot had been fired, the royal family were in retreat across

3910-463: The abandoned Carrousel, and around eight o'clock the advance column, led by Westermann, was in front of the palace. The assault on the palace began at eight o'clock in the morning. As per the King's orders, the regulars of the Swiss Guard had retired into the interior of the building, and the defense of the courtyard had been left to the National Guard. The Marseillais rushed in, fraternized with

3995-517: The assembly could not deliberate in the presence of the King, and Louis retired with his family and ministers into the reporter's box behind the president. There, the King was given a seat and he listened, with his customary air of bland indifference, whilst the deputies discussed his fate. The Queen sat at the bar of the House, with the Dauphin on her knees. The incentive for resistance fell away with

4080-456: The club disappeared. The club had its origins in the Cordeliers district, a famously radical area of Paris called, by Camille Desmoulins , "the only sanctuary where liberty has not been violated". Under the leadership of Georges Danton , this district had played a significant role in the Storming of the Bastille and was home to several notable figures of the Revolution, including Danton himself, Desmoulins and Jean-Paul Marat —on whose behalf

4165-582: The colony of South Australia in 1856. This was followed by the colonies of Victoria and New South Wales in 1857 and 1858. This included the introduction of the secret ballot. In the United States , the rise of Jacksonian democracy from the 1820s to 1850s led to a close approximation of universal manhood suffrage among white people being adopted in all states by 1856. Poorer white male citizens gained representation; however, tax-paying requirements remained in five states until 1860, in two states until

4250-471: The commune that underground passages had been constructed by which additional troops could be secretly introduced from their barracks. Mandat , the commander of the National Guard, was not very sure of his forces, but the tone of his orders was so resolute that it seemed to steady the troops. He had stationed some troops on the Pont Neuf so as to prevent a junction between the insurgents on the two sides of

4335-477: The country's new revolutionary Legislative Assembly increased through the spring and summer of 1792 as Louis vetoed radical measures voted upon by the Assembly. Tensions accelerated dramatically on 1 August when news reached Paris that the commander of the allied Prussian and Austrian armies had issued the Brunswick Manifesto , threatening "unforgettable vengeance" on Paris should harm be done to

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4420-442: The defense of the palace and to put himself under the protection of the assembly. Mandat, after seeing to the defense of the palace, was persuaded by Roederer (in the third and fatal mistake of the Tuileries defense) to obey a treacherous summons from the Town Hall. Mandat knew nothing of the formation of the Insurrectional Commune, and thus he departed without any escort. He was put under arrest, and shortly after murdered. His command

4505-404: The district placed itself in a state of civil rebellion, when in January 1790 it refused to allow the execution of a warrant for his arrest that had been issued by the Châtelet . Having issued in November 1789 a declaration affirming its intent to "oppose, as much as we are able, all that the representatives of the Commune may undertake that is harmful to the general rights of our constituents",

4590-422: The evening 10 August only 284 deputies were in their seats. The Assembly looked on anxiously at the vicissitudes of the struggle. So long as the issue was doubtful, Louis XVI was treated like a king. As soon as the insurrection was definitely victorious, the Assembly announced the suspension of the King. The King was placed under a strong guard. The Assembly would have liked to assign him the Luxembourg Palace , but

4675-483: The forty-eight sections of Paris, all but one concurred. Pétion informed the Legislative Assembly that the sections had "resumed their sovereignty" and that he had no power over the people other than that of persuasion. On 9 August the Assembly refused to indict Lafayette. That night the tocsin rang. Throughout the night of 9 August, the sections sat in consultation. At 11 o'clock the Quinze-Vingts section proposed that each section should appoint three of its members onto

4760-434: The future organization of the State. One of its first acts was to abolish the monarchy. With the fall of the Tuileries, the face of Parisian society underwent an abrupt change. The August insurrection greatly increased sans-culotte influence in Paris. Whereas the old Commune had been predominantly middle class, the new one contained twice as many artisans as lawyers—and the latter were often obscure men, very different from

4845-450: The gardens to the door of the Assembly. "Gentlemen," said the King, "I come here to avoid a great crime; I think I cannot be safer than with you." "Sire," replied Vergniaud , who filled the chair, "you may rely on the firmness of the national assembly. Its members have sworn to die in maintaining the rights of the people, and the constituted authorities." The King then took his seat next to the president. But François Chabot reminded him that

4930-449: The goal of universal manhood suffrage was replaced by universal suffrage . Insurrection of 10 August 1792 The insurrection of 10 August 1792 was a defining event of the French Revolution , when armed revolutionaries in Paris , increasingly in conflict with the French monarchy , stormed the Tuileries Palace . The conflict led France to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic . Conflict between King Louis XVI and

5015-529: The gunners of the National Guard, reached the vestibule, ascended the grand staircase, and called on the Swiss Guard to surrender. "Surrender to the Nation!", shouted Westermann in German. "We should think ourselves dishonored!" was the reply. "We are Swiss, the Swiss do not part with their arms but with their lives. We think that we do not merit such an insult. If the regiment is no longer wanted, let it be legally discharged. But we will not leave our post, nor will we let our arms be taken from us." The Swiss filled

5100-401: The head of an army and turn its forces against the nation, or if he do not explicitly manifest his opposition to any such enterprise carried out in his name, he shall be considered to have abdicated his royal office. " Vergniaud recalled the royal veto, the disorders it had caused in the provinces, and the deliberate inaction of the generals who had opened the way to invasion; and he implied it to

5185-426: The insurgent Commune demanded that he should be taken to the Temple , a smaller prison, which would be easier to guard. 14 July had saved the Constitutional Assembly, 10 August passed sentence on the Legislative Assembly: the day's victors intended to dissolve the Assembly and keep power in their own hands. But because the new Commune, composed of unknowns, hesitated to alarm the provinces, the Girondins were kept and

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5270-410: The insurgents scattered out of range. The Marseillais, nevertheless, rallied behind the entrances of the houses on the Carrousel, threw cartridges into the courts of the small buildings and set them on fire. Then the Swiss attacked, stepped over the corpses, seized the cannon, recovered possession of the royal entrance, crossed the Place du Carrousel , and even carried off the guns drawn up there. As at

5355-458: The insurrection" and was appointed Minister of Justice in the government that resulted, with Desmoulins and Fabre d'Églantine —both prominent members of the Cordeliers Club—as his secretaries. Subsequent to this insurrection and to the September Massacres that followed closely on its heels, the Cordeliers Club became increasingly the province of ultra-revolutionary factions, particularly the Hébertists , who advocated extreme measures to intensify

5440-432: The man who had long presided over his imprisonment. The crowd burnt him in effigy at the Palais-Royal . There was no place for Lafayette beside the republican emblem, nor in the country which had adopted it. Within six weeks he was arrested whilst fleeing to England and placed in an Austrian prison. Lafayette failed because his views clashed with French national sentiment, and his passive leadership of French armies had given

5525-440: The middle. However, the preponderance of Cordeliers were members of the bourgeoisie and its leadership was largely drawn from the educated middle classes. From 1791 the Cordeliers met in a hall in the Rue Dauphine . On 21 June of that year, following an attempt by the royal family to flee Paris , the Cordeliers moved to draft a petition which offered the National Assembly a choice between the immediate deposition of Louis XVI or

5610-458: The monarchy occurred six weeks later on 21 September as one of the first acts of the new National Convention , which established a republic on the next day. The insurrection and its outcomes are most commonly referred to by historians of the Revolution simply as "the 10 August"; other common designations include "the day of the 10 August" ( French : journée du 10 août ) or "the Second Revolution". On 20 April 1792, France declared war against

5695-412: The morning this farcical situation was brought to an end. The Insurrectional Commune informed the municipal body, in a formally worded resolution, that they had decided upon its suspension; but they would retain the mayor ( Pétion ), the prosecutor ( Manuel ), the deputy-prosecutor ( Danton ), and the administrators in their executive functions. The resolution stated that "When the People puts itself into

5780-427: The place; their dress was so unkempt and so filthy that one would have taken them for a gathering of beggars. The Declaration of the Rights of Man was stuck on the wall, crowned by crossed daggers. Plaster busts of Brutus and William Tell were placed on each side, as if expressly to guard the Declaration. Facing, behind the tribune, as supporters, there appeared busts of Mirabeau and Helvétius , with Rousseau in

5865-400: The popular movement had effectively issued a challenge to the whole of Europe; internally, the declaration of war and overthrow of the monarchy radicalized the Revolution. If the Revolution was to survive it would have to call on all of the nation's reserves. A second revolution had, indeed, occurred, ushering in universal suffrage for men and, in effect, a republic. However, it did not have

5950-407: The republican spirit to revolutionary fury. Insurrection threatened to break out on the 26 July, again on the 30 July. It was postponed both times through the efforts of Pétion, who was to present the section petitions to the Assembly on 3 August. On 4 August, the section of the Quinze-Vingts, the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, gave the Legislative assembly an ultimatum: until 9 August to prove itself. Of

6035-487: The rest of the ladies-in-waiting departed the palace in about the same way, and all passed safely out. The total losses on the King's side were perhaps eight hundred. Out of the nine hundred Swiss on duty at the palace only about three hundred survived the fighting, and of these an estimated two hundred either died of their wounds in prison or during the September Massacres that followed. A further three hundred Swiss Guards had been sent to Normandy to escort grain convoys

6120-447: The river, which could prevent any combined movement on their part. Pétion, the mayor of Paris, Roederer the prosecutor of the Paris department, and Mandat, the commander of the National Guard and the officer in charge of the troops detailed for the defense of the Tuileries. Pétion professed that he had to come to defend the royal family; but at about 2 a.m., hearing himself threatened by a group of royalist gunners, he obeyed summons to

6205-514: The royal family left the palace only in the company of Princess de Lamballe and Madame de Tourzel , the remaining ladies-in-waiting were gathered in a room in the queen's apartment, and when they were spotted, a man prevented an attack upon them by exclaiming, in the name of Pétion: "Spare the women! Don't disgrace the nation!" As the queen's entire household was gathered in her apartment, this may also have included female servants. Campan also mentioned two maids outside of this room, neither of whom

6290-415: The sound of firing, wrote on a scrap of paper: "The King orders the Swiss to lay down their arms at once, and to retire to their barracks." To obey this order in the midst of heavy fighting meant almost certain death and the Swiss officers in command did not immediately act upon it. However, the position of the Swiss Guard soon became untenable as their ammunition ran low and casualties mounted. The King's note

6375-525: The throne. He was determined to defend the Tuileries. His supporters had anticipated and prepared for the attack long beforehand, and were confident of success. A plan of defense, drawn up by a professional soldier, had been adopted by the Paris department on 25 June: for it was their official duty to safeguard the Executive Power. The palace was easy to defend. It was garrisoned by the only regular troops on either side—950 veteran Swiss mercenaries of

6460-590: The triumph of the Revolution, now seemed likely to lead it to disaster. On 2 September the alarm gun was fired and drums beat the citizens to their Sections again. The City walls of Paris were plastered with recruiting posters whose opening sentence, "To arms, citizens, the enemy is at our gates!" was taken literally by many readers. In the Assembly, Danton concluded the most famous of all his speeches: "De l'audace, encore de l'audace, toujours de l'audace, et la France est sauvée!" ("Audacity, and yet more audacity, and always audacity, and France will be saved!") Once more

6545-460: The warm and virtually unanimous support that the nation had offered the first. Events since 1789 had brought difference and divisions: many had followed the refractory priests ; of those who remained loyal to the revolution some criticized 10 August while others stood by, fearing the day's aftermath. Those who had participated in the insurrection or who approved it were few in number, a minority resolved to crush counter-revolution by any means. Among

6630-424: The windows of the château and stood motionless. The two bodies confronted each other for some time, without either of them making a definitive move. A few of the assailants advanced amicably, and, in what was taken by the revolutionaries to be a gesture of encouragement, some of the Swiss threw some cartridges from the windows as a token of peace. The insurgents penetrated as far as the vestibule, where they were met by

6715-559: Was an open eye. The membership fees of this society were fixed low and thus affordable to a more diverse range of citizens than those of many other political clubs at the time, including the Jacobin Club . There were no other restrictions on membership. The Cordeliers presented themselves as exceptionally populist and they prided themselves on counting working men and women among their members. A contemporary account describes one meeting: About three hundred persons of both sexes filled

6800-559: Was condemned to four months' prison; his work was reprinted in 1871. The inventory of the pictures found in 1790 in the Cordeliers Convent was published by J. Guiffrey in Nouvelles archives de l’art français , viii., 2nd series, iii. (1880). Universal male suffrage Universal manhood suffrage is a form of voting rights in which all adult male citizens within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification. It

6885-625: Was killed despite a male member of the staff being murdered beside them. The ladies-in-waiting were, according to Campan, "escorted to prison." This is more or less confirmed in the memoirs of Pauline de Tourzel , who states that when the mob entered the chamber where the ladies-in-waiting were gathered, the Princesse de Tarente approached one of the rebels and asked for his protection for her colleagues Madame de Ginestous and Pauline de Tourzel, upon which he replied: "We do not fight with women; go, all of you, if you choose". Following this example,

6970-513: Was published on 19 June, one day before the third anniversary of the Tennis Court Oath , which had inaugurated the Revolution. The popular journée of 20 June 1792 was organized to put pressure on the King. Appearing before the crowd, the King put on the bonnet rouge of liberty and drank to the health of the nation, but refused to ratify decrees or to recall the ministers. The republican mayor of Paris , Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve ,

7055-639: Was suspended by the Directory of the Seine département for having neglected to protect the Tuileries Palace on 20 June. On 28 June, General Lafayette left his post with the army and appeared before the Assembly to call on the deputies to dissolve the Jacobin Club and punish those who were responsible for the demonstration of 20 June. The deputies indicted the general for deserting his command. The King rejected all suggestions of escape from Lafayette,

7140-539: Was then produced and the defenders were ordered to disengage. The main body of Swiss Guards fell back through the palace and retreated under fire through the Tuileries Garden at the rear of the building. They were brought to a halt near the central Round Pond, broken into smaller groups and slaughtered. Some sought sanctuary in the Parliament House: about sixty were surrounded, taken as prisoners to

7225-494: Was transferred to Santerre. At about 7 a.m. the head of the federal column was seen debouching on the back of the palace, there was no one to order the defense. Louis, sleepily reviewing his garrison, "in full dress, with his sword at his side, but with the powder falling out his hair," was greeted by some of the National Guards with cries of " Vive la nation! " and " A bas le véto! ". Louis made no reply and went back to

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