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86-588: French involvement in Vietnam began as early as the 17th century, with missionaries such as Alexandre de Rhodes spreading the Catholic faith. This situation was to remain until the late 18th century, when the Tây Sơn uprising , a popular revolt against heavy taxation and corruption, toppled the ruling Nguyễn family in 1776. A Nguyễn prince, Nguyễn Ánh managed to escape. In an attempt to regain power, Nguyễn Ánh sought

172-477: A catechism , "Catechismus pro ijs, qui volunt suscipere baptismum in octo dies divisis" , and a trilingual dictionary and grammar, Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum . Both published in Rome in 1651, de Rhodes's works reflect his favor of this new Latin-script alphabet instead of Nôm script. Later refined as chữ Quốc ngữ , it eventually became the de facto written form of Vietnamese language in

258-491: A corner, they decided to stake their hopes on a surprise attack on the French. That very night, the French were attacked by thousands of Vietnamese insurgents organized by the two mandarins. De Courcy rallied his men, and both his own command and other groups of French troops cantoned on both sides of the citadel of Huế were able to beat off the attacks on their positions. Later, under the leadership of chef de bataillon Metzinger,

344-460: A loss of support and allegiance from its subjects in the north, similar to what had transpired in the south. Following actions taken by predecessors, the Nguyễn dynasty turned to China for aid. Unsurprisingly, the French took action first in order to avoid being boxed out of north Vietnam. In 1882, a French naval captain named Henri Rivière repeated Garnier's feat of taking Hanoi. Rather than preparing

430-459: A policy named "hoa nghi" (peace and negotiation). Additionally, for reasons mentioned previously in the article, the dynasty was reluctant to arm or rely on the peasantry, relying instead on the royal troops which could only put up a feeble struggle. In 1861, the French had managed to consolidate their forces and break the Vietnamese army's siege of Saigon. To the surprise of the French forces,

516-435: A single thing. People in the capital became very afraid that trouble was approaching. The high ministers sought ways to retain peace in the country and protect the court. It was decided, rather than bow heads in obedience, sitting around and losing chances, better to appreciate what the enemy was up to and move first. If this did not succeed, then we could still follow the present course to make better plans, acting according to

602-455: The Nguyễn dynasty , Emperor Tự Đức . The signatories were Louis Adolphe Bonard (France), Carlos Palanca Gutiérrez (Spain) and Phan Thanh Giản (Vietnam). Based on the terms of the accord, Tự Đức ceded Saigon , the island of Poulo Condor and three southern provinces of what was to become known as Cochinchina ( Bien Hoa , Gia Dinh , and Dinh Tuong ) to the French. The treaty was confirmed by

688-465: The Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885). The Cần Vương edict was undoubtedly a turning point in Vietnamese resistance to French rule. For the first time, the royal court had a common goal with the peasantry in the north and south, which stood in stark contrast to the bitter divisions between the royal court and its subjects which had hobbled resistance to the French to date. The flight of

774-664: The Treaty of Huế signed on 14 April 1863. See also [ edit ] Western imperialism in Asia References [ edit ] ^ "Treaty of Saigon 1862, the "first" unequal treaty between France and Vietnam" . baotanglichsu.vn . Retrieved 15 May 2023 . Stearns, Peter N. (ed.). Encyclopedia of World History (6th ed.). The Houghton Mifflin Company/ Bartleby.com . The Second Treaty of Saigon The Encyclopedia of

860-883: The 19th century Tự Đức's Catholic persecution Văn Thân movement French protectorate(s) (Pháp thuộc, 法屬) French conquest of Vietnam Cần Vương Great Hanoi Rat Massacre Hanoi Exhibition Đông Du Duy Tân Hội Hanoi Poison Plot History of Vietnam during World War I Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng Le Travail movement Communist Party of Vietnam Phú Riềng Đỏ Việt Minh French Indochina in World War II Japanese period Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina Vietnamese famine of 1945 Abdication of Bảo Đại Declaration of independence of

946-441: The 20th century. Meanwhile, Maiorica 's catechism and devotional texts reflect the favor of chữ Nôm , which was the dominant script of Vietnamese Christian literature until the 20th century. De Rhodes also wrote several books about Vietnam and his travels there, including: Evangelicals : Treaty of Saigon (1862) 1862 treaty between Vietnam and France [REDACTED] Map showing

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1032-638: The Bình Định massacre took refuge in the small French concession in Qui Nhơn. In late August 1885 a column of 600 French and Tonkinese soldiers under the command of General Léon Prud'homme sailed from Huế aboard the warships La Cocheterie , Brandon , Lutin and Comète , and landed at Qui Nhơn. After raising the siege Prud'homme marched on Bình Định. On 1 September, Vietnamese insurgents attempted to block his advance. Armed only with lances and antiquated firearms and deployed in unwieldy masses which made perfect targets for

1118-662: The Cần Vương fighters in the south had hardly seen a Frenchman. The Tonkin Expeditionary Corps was fully committed in Tonkin and northern Annam, while French troops in Cochinchina were busy dealing with an insurrection against the French protectorate in neighbouring Cambodia. In the early months of 1886 the insurgents took advantage of French weakness in the south to extend their influence into Khánh Hòa and Bình Thuận,

1204-585: The Cần Vương, and for several weeks did not believe the gruesome rumours emanating from Annam. Eventually the scale of the massacres of Christians became clear, and the French belatedly responded. Incursions into Annam were made by troops of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps , which had been reinforced in June 1885 to 35,000 men. Initially forbidden by the French government to launch a full-scale invasion of Annam, General de Courcy landed troops along

1290-627: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam Government Emperors Gia Long (1802–1820) Minh Mạng (1820–1841) Thiệu Trị (1841–1847) Tự Đức (1847–1883) Dục Đức (1883) Hiệp Hòa (1883) Kiến Phúc (1883–1884) Hàm Nghi (1884–1885) Đồng Khánh (1885–1889) Thành Thái (1889–1907) Duy Tân (1907–1916) Khải Định (1916–1925) Bảo Đại (1925–1945) Ministries & agencies Censorate Court of Judicial Review Court of Imperial Entertainments Court of

1376-1685: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon First Indochina War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Partition of Vietnam Treaties Treaty of Versailles (1787) Treaty of Saigon (1862) Treaty of Huế (1863) Treaty of Saigon (1874) Treaty of Huế (1883) Treaty of Huế (1884) Treaty of Tientsin (1885) Geneva Conference (1954) French personalities Pierre Pigneau de Behaine Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau Jean-Baptiste Cécille Charles de Montigny Charles Rigault de Genouilly Amédée Courbet Henri Rivière Francis Garnier Ernest Doudart de Lagrée Auguste Pavie Albert Sarraut Organisations Paris Foreign Missions Society Tirailleurs indochinois Tonkin Expeditionary Corps Tonkinese Rifles Governor-General of French Indochina v t e Nguyễn dynasty topics Overview Sovereign state (1802–1883) French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin (1883–1945) Empire of Vietnam (1945) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] History Sovereign Việt Nam / Đại Nam (Nhà Nguyễn thời độc lập, 茹阮𥱯獨立) Nguyễn lords Đàng Trong Nam tiến Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam Citadel of Saigon Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in

1462-861: The Dragon of Annam Kim Khánh Other topics Domain of the Crown Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884 Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth House of Nguyễn Phúc Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking Thoại Hà Canal Vĩnh Tế Canal Tôn Thất Việt gian Vietnamese nationalism Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Saigon_(1862)&oldid=1252745611 " Categories : 1862 in Vietnam 1862 in France 19th century in Vietnam 1862 treaties Treaties of

1548-493: The Emperor and his court to the countryside amongst the peasants had serious implications for both resistance and collaboration with the French. First, it brought moral and spiritual authority over to the resistance. Mandarins who chose to work with the French could no longer claim to work on behalf of the court; they had to acknowledge the realities of being tools of a foreign power. On the other hand, mandarins who chose to fight

1634-473: The Emperor of Vietnam. Only twelve years of age, he was easily and quickly dominated by the regents Thuyết and Tường. By now, the French had realized the obstacles the two mandarins posed and decided to remove them. Resistance continued growing while the French in Tonkin were distracted by the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885). Matters came to a head in June 1885, when France and China signed

1720-425: The French and the border was sealed, along with the fate of the Cần Vương movement. The Cần Vương movement was one of firsts and lasts. It was the first resistance movement which saw all strata of Vietnamese society—royalty, scholar-gentry, and peasantry—working together against the French. However, this massive, spontaneous support was to prove its weakness as well. Although there were some 50 resistance groups, there

1806-416: The French artillery, the Cần Vương fighters were no match for Prud'homme's veterans. They were swept aside, and on 3 September the French entered Bình Định. Three Vietnamese mandarins were tried and executed for complicity in the massacre of Bình Định's Christians. In November 1885 a so-called 'Annam column' under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Mignot set off from Ninh Bình in southern Tonkin and marched down

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1892-431: The French even without traditional royal sanction would be greatly relieved to find their decisions vindicated. Next, the royal court's flight to the resistance brought about access to two key tools mentioned earlier, regional coordination and spiritual encouragement. Witnessing the hardships endured by the Emperor and his entourage allowed subjects to develop a newfound empathy for their Emperor and increased hatred towards

1978-558: The French government now had sufficient support from commercial, religious and nationalistic sources to stage its conquest of Vietnam. A force led by Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly attacked and occupied the Vietnamese town of Da Nang . This was followed up with the capture of the Saigon in the Mekong Delta region in 1859. However, Vietnamese reinforcements from nearby provinces soon put both French positions under siege. Despite

2064-483: The French lines from the rear while he held them from the front, but little help reached him. The catastrophe at Bình Định broke the power of the Cần Vương in northern Annam and Tonkin. The first half of 1887 also saw the collapse of the movement in the southern provinces of Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi, Bình Định and Phú Yên. For several months after Prud'homme's brief campaign in September 1885 around Qui Nhơn and Bình Định,

2150-408: The French mounted a successful counterattack from the west, fighting their way through the gardens of the citadel and capturing the royal palace. By daybreak the isolated French forces had linked up, and were in full control of the citadel. Angered by what they saw as Vietnamese treachery, they looted the royal palace. Following the failure of the 'Huế ambush', as it was immediately dubbed by the French,

2236-579: The French. Although the numbers remain disputed, it seems likely that between the end of July and the end of September 1885 Cần Vương fighters killed around 40,000 Vietnamese Christians, wiping out nearly a third of Vietnam's Christian population. The two worst massacres took place in the towns of Quảng Ngãi and Bình Định, both south of Huế, in which some 24,000 men, women and children, from a total Christian population of 40,000 were killed. A further 7,500 Christians were killed in Quảng Trị province. In other provinces

2322-458: The French. Dispatches from French commanders confirmed this, praising court representatives for pacifying the Vietnamese around Huế. The final straw for many Northern Vietnamese came when the French captured the city of Sơn Tây in 1883 against the combined forces of the Vietnamese, Chinese and Black Flag armies. Subsequently, there were attacks by local Vietnamese in the north on French forces, some even led by former Mandarins in direct defiance of

2408-438: The French. The Emperor could also promulgate edicts across the entire country, calling on subjects in every province and village to rise up and resist the French. Last but not least, the capital city of Huế and the dynasties it harboured had historically played an active role in struggles against Mongol and Chinese aggression. It was the source of leaders and patriotic imagery for the rest of the country. Its participation would link

2494-552: The Imperial Stud Court of Imperial Sacrifices Office of the National Altars Hàn lâm viện House of People's Representatives of Annam Imperial Clan Court Imperial Household Department Quốc Tử Giám Lục bộ Ministry of Education Nội các Viện cơ mật Symbols Coat of arms Đăng đàn cung Flags Provincial flags Names of

2580-557: The Mekong delta region and thus offering any concessions was pointless. In 1862, the Nguyễn dynasty signed the Treaty of Saigon . It agreed to surrender Saigon and three southern provinces to France which were to become known as Cochinchina . Some authors point to the dynasty's need to put down rebellions in the North as a reason territories were ceded in the South. Regardless of the reason,

2666-1591: The Nations – Country Data – Vietnam C'est arrivé un jour – 5 Juin v t e French Indochina Background France–Asia relations French colonial empire France–Vietnam relations France–Thailand relations France–China relations Constituent territories Cochinchina Tonkin Annam Cambodia Laos Guangzhouwan Provisional Central Government of Vietnam State of Vietnam Events French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820) Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35) Bombardment of Tourane (1847) French conquest of Vietnam Siege of Tourane (1858) Cochinchina campaign (1858–62) Tonkin campaign (1883–1886) Sino-French War (1884–1885) Pacification of Tonkin Franco-Siamese crisis (1893) Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936) World War I 1916 Cochinchina uprising Thái Nguyên uprising Vue Pa Chay's revolt Bazin assassination Yên Bái mutiny World War II French–Thai War (1940–1941) Japanese invasion of French Indochina Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina August Revolution Proclamation of Independence of

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2752-990: The Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets August Revolution Prominent military personnel Hoàng Kế Viêm Lê Văn Duyệt Lê Văn Khôi Nguyễn Cư Trinh Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức Nguyễn Văn Thành Nguyễn Văn Tồn Nguyễn Văn Nhơn Nguyễn Tri Phương Phan Văn Thúy Trương Minh Giảng Special administrative regions Champa Principality of Thuận Thành Principality of Hà Tiên Sip Song Chau Tai Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá Trấn Ninh Trấn Tây Thành Palaces & mausoleums Palaces Imperial City of Huế Meridian Gate Tombs Thien Tho Mausoleum Khiêm Mausoleum An Mausoleum Ứng Mausoleum Society & culture Áo dài Đại Nam nhất thống chí Đại Nam thực lục Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục Khăn vấn Woodblocks of

2838-1047: The Nguyễn Dynasty Education Imperial Academy, Huế Imperial examination Confucian court examination system in Vietnam Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin Tonkin Free School Currency Cash coins Tự Đức Thông Bảo Tự Đức Bảo Sao Khải Định Thông Bảo Bảo Đại Thông Bảo Currency units Văn Mạch Quán Tiền Colonial currencies French Indochinese piastre Laws Hương ước Treaties Saigon (1862) Huế (1863) Saigon (1874) Huế (1883) Huế (1884) Orders, decorations, and medals Bai Imperial Order of

2924-488: The Nguyễn dynasty had lost all allegiance and respect from the Vietnamese in the South. In 1873, the French, citing restrictions on shipping and led by Francis Garnier , easily captured the northern city of Hanoi , facing little or no organized resistance. Garnier was eventually killed with the aid of the Black Flag Army and the city returned as part of a treaty signed in 1874. However the Nguyễn dynasty now faced

3010-1968: The Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam) Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty Vietnamese dragon Provincial administration Đề Đốc Tuần phủ Tổng Trấn French administration Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ Prominent mandarins Bạch Xuân Nguyên Cao Xuân Dục Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau Jean Marie Despiau Hoàng Cao Khải Hoàng Diệu Hoàng Kế Viêm Michael Hồ Đình Hy Lê Chất Ngô Đình Diệm Ngô Đình Khả Ngô Đình Khôi Nguyễn Trường Tộ Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức Nguyễn Văn Tâm Nguyễn Văn Tồn Nguyễn Văn Nhơn Phan Văn Thúy Phạm Quỳnh Phạm Thận Duật Phan Đình Phùng Phan Thanh Giản Phan Thanh Liêm Nguyễn Tri Phương Thân Văn Nhiếp Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ Thoại Ngọc Hầu Tôn Thất Đính Tôn Thất Thuyết Trần Trọng Kim Trần Cao Vân Đặng Huy Trứ Trương Định Trương Minh Giảng Trương Tấn Bửu Nguyễn Văn Tường Philippe Vannier Military Battles and wars Tây Sơn wars French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812) Cambodian rebellion (1820) Ja Lidong rebellion Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834) Nduai Kabait rebellion Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion Katip Sumat's Jihad Ja Thak Wa uprising Lê Văn Khôi revolt Cambodian rebellion (1840) Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845) Bombardment of Tourane (1847) Cochinchina campaign Tonkin campaign Garnier Expedition Sino-French War Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương Yên Thế Insurrection Pacification of Tonkin Thái Nguyên uprising Vue Pa Chay's revolt Yên Bái mutiny Uprising of

3096-821: The Portuguese nor the Pope showed interest in the project, Alexandre de Rhodes, with Pope Alexander VII 's agreement, found secular volunteers in Paris in the persons of François Pallu and Pierre Lambert de la Motte , the first members of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, who were sent to the Far-East as Apostolic vicars . Alexandre de Rhodes himself was sent to Persia instead of back to Vietnam. Rhodes died in Isfahan , Persia , in 1660 and

3182-583: The Treaty of Tientsin, in which China implicitly renounced its historic claims to suzerainty over Vietnam. Now freed from external distractions, the French government was determined to gain direct rule over Vietnam. Their agent of choice was General Count Roussel de Courcy . In May 1885, de Courcy arrived in Hanoi and took control of French military power in order to remove the mandarins Thuyết and Tường. Most historians agree that de Courcy felt France's military might

3268-575: The Vietnamese people and at court. He was quickly arrested and killed by the mandarin Tôn Thất Thuyết , who was fervently anti-French. Thuyết was also secretly drawing upon the economy to make guns for a secret fortress in Tân Sở. Tôn Thất Thuyết had an associate, Nguyễn Văn Tường , who was also considered a problematic mandarin by the French. In 1884, the Emperor Hàm Nghi was enthroned as

3354-556: The area up to 1897, when a settlement was reached with the French. The final nail in the coffin of the Cần Vương came about with the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in 1894. Until then, it was relatively easy for partisans, weapons and supplies to cross the Sino-Vietnamese border and support the resistance. With the outbreak of war, Chinese mandarins along the southern border were strictly instructed to avoid antagonizing

3440-411: The assistance of France through French missionaries in Vietnam. Though he did not receive formal military assistance, he was supplied with sufficient aid by sympathetic merchants and was able to reclaim the throne. Although not officially sanctioned by the French government, this was to heighten French interest in Vietnam and mark the start of increasing intervention. After regaining the throne in 1802 at

3526-524: The capital city of Huế in central Vietnam, Nguyễn Ánh reestablished the Confucian traditions and institutes that were overturned during the Tây Sơn uprising. Having returned to power with the aid of foreigners, this was in order to reassure the scholar-gentry families that comprised much of the government and bureaucracy of a return to the system that guaranteed their privileges. While this helped to legitimize

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3612-568: The coast of Bình Thuận . By September 1886 had won control of the province. In the following spring the French moved into Bình Định and Phú Yên provinces. One of the Cần Vương leaders went over to the French side, and the resistance soon collapsed. By June 1887 the French had established control over the Annamese provinces to the south of Huế. More than 1,500 Cần Vương insurgents laid down their arms, and brutal reprisals, orchestrated by Trần Bá Lộc, were taken against their leaders. In 1888, Hàm Nghi

3698-480: The court out amongst the peasants in the advent of serious foreign incursions, a successful precedent set by previous dynasties. The peasantry would also be deprived of leadership and regional coordination traditionally provided by the royal court. In 1858, ostensibly to avenge the killing of some of its missionaries, France took military action against Vietnam. French interest in Vietnam had not waned since Nguyễn Ánh's request for assistance. After its 1848 revolution ,

3784-512: The current resistance movement to previously successful movements and also to future movements up to the modern era. The Emperor proclaims From time immemorial there have been only three strategies for opposing the enemy: attack, defense, negotiation. Opportunities for attack were lacking. It was difficult to gather required strength for defense. And in negotiations the enemy demanded everything. In this situation of infinite trouble we have unwillingly been forced to resort to expedients. Was this not

3870-420: The defeat of the royal army did not put an end to Vietnamese resistance. Instead, it marked the decline of formal, government led resistance and gave rise to localized popular resistance. Nonetheless, the widespread struggle by the Vietnamese people dealt the French many setbacks. A key development at this juncture was the transfer of the leadership role from the dynasty to local scholar-gentries. Having witnessed

3956-472: The different factions in Huế. At the same time, having witnessed the reconquest of Hanoi by French forces under Riviere, northern Vietnamese became further disillusioned with the leadership and military effectiveness of the royal court in Huế. Discontentment was amplified by the continued reliance of the royal court on negotiation, despite the willingness of local mandarins and people to take up armed resistance against

4042-485: The displeasure of lord Nguyễn Phúc Lan and was condemned to death. As his sentence was reduced to exile, Rhodes returned to Rome by 1649 and pleaded for increased funding for Catholic missions to Vietnam, telling somewhat exaggerated stories about the natural riches to be found in Vietnam. This plea by Alexandre de Rhodes helped to found the Paris Foreign Missions Society in 1659. As neither

4128-413: The divide between the Nguyễn dynasty and its subjects. The domestic situation would continue to worsen until the 1850s. This had critical implications for Vietnamese resistance to the coming French colonial aggression. It robbed Vietnam of a united front by setting the administration and the people against each other. The resulting mistrust and antagonism would discourage any attempt by the government to move

4214-600: The example set by King Tai in leaving for the mountains of Qi and by Xuanzong when fleeing to Shu ? Our country recently has faced many critical events. We came to the throne very young, but have been greatly concerned with self-strengthening and sovereign government. Nevertheless, with every passing day the Western envoys got more and more overbearing. Recently they brought in troops and naval reinforcements, trying to force on Us conditions We could never accept. We received them with normal ceremony, but they refused to accept

4300-485: The heart to abandon Me, unite as never before, those with intellect helping to plan, those with strength willing to fight, those with riches contributing for supplies – all of one mind and body in seeking a way out of danger, a solution to all difficulties. With luck, Heaven will also treat man with kindness, turning chaos into order, danger into peace, and helping thus to restore our land and our frontiers. Is not this opportunity fortunate for our country, meaning fortunate for

4386-411: The ineffectiveness of the regular Vietnamese army and the uncertain direction of the royal court, many decided to take matters into their own hands. Organizing villagers into armed bands and planning guerrilla raids on French forces, this was in direct contrast to the royal courts’ attempts to make peace. This had the added effect of convincing the French that the Huế court had lost control of its forces in

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4472-507: The military for increased French aggression, the military was instructed to remain out of sight of the French. Rivière was later killed by the Black Flag Army during a military action; however the dynasty continued sounding out France for new negotiations and sidelining mandarins who still advocated armed resistance. In 1883, the last of the great Emperors of Vietnam died without an heir. His death resulted in internecine discord among

4558-461: The narrow spine of Vietnam as far as Huế, scattering any insurgent bands in its way. The French responded politically to the uprising by pressing ahead with arrangements for entrenching their protectorate in both Annam and Tonkin. They were helped by the fact that there was by no means unanimous support for the Cần Vương movement. The queen mother, Từ Dũ, and other members of the Vietnamese royal family deserted Hàm Nghi and returned to Huế shortly after

4644-466: The number of victims was considerably lower. In many areas the Christians fought back under the leadership of French and Spanish priests, in response to a call from their bishops to defend themselves with every means at their disposal. Outnumbered and on the defensive, the Christians were nevertheless able to inflict a number of local defeats on Cần Vương formations. The French were slow to respond to

4730-813: The people, since all who worry and work together will certainly reach peace and happiness together? On the other hand, those who fear death more than they love their king, who put concerns of household above concerns of country, mandarins who find excuses to be far away, soldiers who desert, citizens who do not fulfill public duties eagerly for a righteous cause, officers who take the easy way and leave brightness for darkness – all may continue to live in this world, but they will be like animals disguised in clothes and hats. Who can accept such behavior? With rewards generous, punishments will also be severe. The court retains normal usages, so that repentance should not be postponed. All should follow this Edict strictly. Second day, sixth month, first year of Hàm-Nghi The Cần Vương movement

4816-459: The policy set by Huế. Matters at the royal court of Huế were equally chaotic. The next Emperor, Dục Đức , was in power for barely three days before being deposed due to his unbecoming conduct. The following Emperor Hiệp Hòa signed the Treaty of Huế in 1883 after hearing French guns near the capital city. The harsh and derogatory terms of the treaty which subjected Vietnam to French control served to destroy any possible support Hiệp Hòa had among

4902-449: The princes and high mandarins of the royal court to his residence for a discussion on the presentation of his credentials to the Emperor. During the discussion, he demanded that the central gate was to be opened and that the Emperor would have to come down from his throne to greet him. de Courcy also commented on Thuyết's absence from the meeting and suggested that this was due to Thuyết's planning an attack on him. After being told that Thuyết

4988-425: The province of Hà Tĩnh in central Vietnam up till 1896. His death from dysentery marked the final chapters of the Cần Vương and Văn Thân movement. The last of the Cần Vương resistance leaders was its most famous and one of the few to survive the resistance against the French. Đề Thám was the leader of an armed band operating in the mountains of north Vietnam, Yên Thế. He managed to frustrate French attempts to pacify

5074-401: The region at the behest of this subordinates and also for patriotic reasons, echoing the sentiments of fellow scholar-gentries. However, the popular resistance lacked coordination across regions and also could not provide spiritual encouragement, tools that only the Nguyễn dynasty had access too. Up to 1865, the Nguyễn dynasty followed its policy of compromise and continued attempting to reclaim

5160-406: The regular army was to withdraw from the surrendered provinces, leaving the popular resistance movement to the French. Trương Định was a striking example of a resistance leader. He first gained prominence and military position during the siege of Saigon and also for his military accomplishments immediately after the defeat of the Vietnamese army. Despite the order to withdraw, Quản Định remained in

5246-412: The returning Nguyễn dynasty in the eyes of the Confucian mandarins and officials, it did little to assuage or address the grievances that sparked the Tây Sơn uprising. As a result, the reign of the dynasty was marred by peasant resentment and constant revolts. Discontentment by the oppressed peasants, particularly among the lower classes, provided fertile grounds for Catholic missionaries, further widening

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5332-576: The righteous path, seeking to live and die for righteousness. Were not Hu Yan and Zhao Cui of Jin , Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi of Tang men who lived by it in antiquity? Our virtue being insufficient, amidst these events We did not have the strength to hold out and allowed the royal capital to fall, forcing the Empresses to flee for their lives. The fault is Ours entirely, a matter of great shame. But traditional loyalties are strong. Hundreds of mandarins and commanders of all levels, perhaps not having

5418-515: The royalist nature of the Cần Vương movement, the Văn Thân insurrection was wholly focused on resisting the French. The Văn Thân was led by Confucian scholars who took over the Cần Vương movement after Hàm Nghi was captured. By 1892, the Văn Thân was defeated and its leaders scattered to China and the remaining resistance leaders. Phan Đình Phùng was one of the final and most remarkable of the Văn Thân resistance leaders. Together with his troops, he held

5504-413: The scholar-gentry bureaucracy. Yet, the narratives of their struggle against foreign domination continued to live on and were passed down to the next generation, some who witnessed first-hand the weaknesses and strengths of the Cần Vương movement. Alexandre de Rhodes Alexandre de Rhodes , SJ ( French pronunciation: [alɛksɑ̃dʁ də ʁɔd] ; 15 March 1593 – 5 November 1660), also Đắc Lộ

5590-430: The situation. Surely all those who share care and worry for events in our country already understand, having also gnashed their teeth, made their hair stand on end, swearing to wipe out every last bandit. Is there anyone not moved by such feelings? Are there not plenty of people who will use lance as pillow, thump their oars against the side, grab the enemy's spears, or heave around water jugs? Court figures had best follow

5676-470: The southernmost provinces of Annam. Cần Vương forces were now uncomfortably close to the French posts in Cochinchina, and the French authorities in Saigon at last responded. In July 1886 the French struck back in the south. A 400-man 'column of intervention' was formed in Cochinchina, consisting of French troops and a force of Vietnamese partisans under the command of Trần Bá Lộc. The column landed at Phan Ry, on

5762-622: The successful visit of fellow Jesuits Giuliano Baldinotti and Julio Koga to Đàng Ngoài ( Tonkin ) in 1626, the superior André Palmeiro sent Alexandre de Rhodes and Pero Marques, Sr. to evangelize in this domain of North Vietnam. The two missionaries landed in Thanh Hoá on 19 March 1627 (the Feast of Saint Joseph) and arrived to the capital Thăng Long (nowadays Hanoi ) on 2 July (the Feast of Visitation ). De Rhodes worked there until 1630, when he

5848-430: The surviving insurgents were forced to break out of Ba Đình on 20 January 1887. The French entered the abandoned Vietnamese stronghold the following day. Their total casualties during the siege amounted to only 19 dead and 45 wounded, while Vietnamese casualties ran into thousands. The Vietnamese defeat at Ba Đình highlighted the disunity of the Cần Vương movement. Tráng gambled that his fellow resistance leaders would harass

5934-407: The tenuous situation of the French, Vietnamese forces were unable to force the foreigners out of the country. This was due in large part to dissension within the royal court on the best approach to deal with the French. One party advocated armed resistance while the other argued for compromise. Most writers concede that the Emperor and many high-ranking officials favoured appeasing the French, through

6020-428: The territorial evolution of French Indochina ; the region in the south marked "1862–67" was ceded in the Treaty of Saigon (1862). The Treaty of Saigon ( French : Traité de Saïgon , Vietnamese : Hòa ước Nhâm Tuất , referring to the year of "Yang Water Dog" in the sexagenary cycle ) was signed on 5 June 1862 between representatives of the colonial powers, France and Spain , and the last precolonial emperor of

6106-407: The three southern provinces through diplomacy. This was despite warnings by the French that they would seize the remaining three southern provinces if popular resistance, which they referred to as banditry, was not stopped. In 1867, citing the above-mentioned reasons, the French took over the remaining three southern provinces. The loss of the South had a momentous effect on Vietnam. First, it exposed

6192-539: The uprising began. In September 1885, to undercut support for Hàm Nghi, General de Courcy enthroned the young king's brother Đồng Khánh in his stead. Although many Vietnamese regarded Đồng Khánh as a French puppet emperor, not all did. One of the most important Vietnamese leaders, Prince Hoàng Kế Viêm , who had been fighting the French for several years in Tonkin, gave his allegiance to Đồng Khánh. The Siege of Ba Đình (December 1886 to January 1887) in Thanh Hóa province

6278-421: The vulnerable coastline of central Vietnam to seize a number of strategic points and to protect the embattled Vietnamese Christian communities in the wake of the massacres at Quảng Ngãi and Bình Định. In early August 1885 Lieutenant-Colonel Chaumont led a battalion of marine infantry on a march through the provinces of Hà Tĩnh and Nghệ An to occupy the citadel of Vinh. In southern Annam, 7000 Christian survivors of

6364-457: The weaknesses of the dynasty's policy of compromise. The few remaining mandarins and scholar-gentry in the region were left with two options: to flee the region permanently or to collaborate with the new overlords. For the people of the delta who had no other option but to stay, the setback was to prove insurmountable. Popular resistance quickly lost all morale and disbanded, with the peasants resigning themselves to nonviolent postures. At this stage,

6450-673: The young Vietnamese king Hàm Nghi and other members of the Vietnamese imperial family fled from Huế and took refuge in a mountainous military base in Tân Sở . The regent Tôn Thất Thuyết , who had helped Hàm Nghi escape from Huế, persuaded Hàm Nghi to issue an edict calling for the people to rise up and "aid the king" ("cần vương"). Thousands of Vietnamese patriots responded to this appeal in Annam itself, and it undoubtedly also strengthened indigenous resistance to French rule in neighbouring Tonkin, much of which had been brought under French control during

6536-506: Was a decisive engagement between the insurgents and the French. The siege was deliberately willed by the Vietnamese resistance leader Đinh Công Tráng, who built an enormous fortified camp near the Tonkin-Annam border, crammed it full of Annamese and Tonkinese insurgents, and dared the French to attack him there. The French obliged, and after a two-month siege in which the defenders were exposed to relentless bombardment by French artillery,

6622-442: Was a lack of collaboration and unifying military authority. Though the Cần Vương edict was spread to every part of the country, actions taken by the resistance were never national in scope, instead being restricted to the areas where the scholar-gentry were familiar with and with these actions being undertaken independently of each other. The Cần Vương movement also marked the fall of the last independent Vietnamese dynasty and with it

6708-422: Was aimed at the French, but although there were more than 35,000 French soldiers in Tonkin and thousands more in the French colony of Cochinchina , the French had only a few hundred soldiers in Annam, dispersed around the citadels of Huế, Thuận An, Vinh and Qui Nhơn. With hardly any French troops to attack, the insurgents directed their anger instead against Vietnamese Christians, long regarded as potential allies of

6794-624: Was an Avignonese Jesuit missionary and lexicographer who had a lasting impact on Christianity in Vietnam . He wrote the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum , the first trilingual Vietnamese - Portuguese - Latin dictionary , published in Rome , in 1651. Alexandre de Rhodes was born in Avignon , Papal States (now in France ). According to some sources, he was of Jewish origin. His paternal side

6880-600: Was buried in the New Julfa Armenian Cemetery . In 1943, the French authority in Indochina issued a 30c postage stamp honoring him. In 2001 Vietnamese artist Nguyen Dinh Dang created a painting in homage to Alexandre de Rhodes and Nguyen Van Vinh . While in Vietnam, de Rhodes developed an early Vietnamese alphabet based on work by earlier Portuguese missionaries such as Gaspar do Amaral , António Barbosa and Francisco de Pina . De Rhodes compiled

6966-435: Was captured and deported to Algeria and the Cần Vương movement was dealt a fatal blow. By losing the anti-French emperor, the movement had lost its purpose and objective. However, resistance to the French from the Cần Vương movement would not die out for another decade or so. For a few years after Hàm Nghi's capture, resistance to the French continued, albeit in another form, the Văn Thân (Scholars’ Resistance). In contrast to

7052-408: Was enough to cow the Vietnamese and that he was a strong advocate of the use of force. However, there appears to be contention regarding the French government's endorsement, if any, of de Courcy's agenda. Regardless, General de Courcy and an escort of French troops of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps went to Huế and attempted to incite problems. Having arrived at Huế on July 3, 1885, de Courcy summoned

7138-505: Was expelled from Vietnam in 1630 as Trịnh Tráng became concerned about him being a spy for the Nguyen. Rhodes in his reports said he converted more than 6,000 Vietnamese. Daily conversation in Vietnam "resembles the singing of birds", wrote Alexandre de Rhodes. From Đàng Ngoài Rhodes went to Macau, where he spent ten years. He then returned to Vietnam, this time to Đàng Trong, mainly around Huế . He spent six years in this part until he aroused

7224-518: Was forced to leave. During these three years he was in and around the court at Hanoi during the rule of lord Trịnh Tráng , where he captivated the emperor with gifts such as an intricate clock and a glided volume on mathematics . It was during that time that he composed the Ngắm Mùa Chay , a popular Catholic devotion to this day, meditating upon the Passion of Christ in the Vietnamese language. He

7310-618: Was from Aragón , Spain. He entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus in Rome on 24 April 1612 to dedicate his life to missionary work. In 1624, he was sent to the East Asia , arriving in the Nguyễn -controlled domain of Đàng Trong (known to the Europeans as Cochinchina ) on a boat with fellow Jesuit Girolamo Maiorica . De Rhodes studied Vietnamese under Francisco de Pina before returning to Portuguese Macau . Following

7396-412: Was sick, de Courcy's response was that he should have attended the meeting regardless and threatened to arrest him. Finally, de Courcy rejected the gifts sent by the Emperor and demanded tribute from the Vietnamese. After the reception, Văn Tường met with Thuyết to discuss the events that had transpired during the discussion. Both mandarins agreed that de Courcy's intention was to destroy them. Forced into

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