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27-744: Alexandre de Rhodes , a Jesuit missionary to Vietnam, attached to the inculturation of the Catholic faith, developed the Lenten meditations based on the Vincentian order , as he recounts in his Histoire du Royaume du Tonkin . His purpose was to "enable the Christians to participate in the liturgy of the Holy Week, in particular the Tenebrae , and to obviate their ignorance of Latin". The office

54-477: A catechism , "Catechismus pro ijs, qui volunt suscipere baptismum in octo dies divisis" , and a trilingual dictionary and grammar, Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum . Both published in Rome in 1651, de Rhodes's works reflect his favor of this new Latin-script alphabet instead of Nôm script. Later refined as chữ Quốc ngữ , it eventually became the de facto written form of Vietnamese language in

81-785: A crucial foothold in Southeast Asia and a key to the Chinese market, was invaded by the French in the Tonkin Campaign . It was colonized as the French protectorate of Tonkin , and was gradually separated from the French protectorate of Annam , with Vietnam being effectively separated into three parts. During French colonial rule within French Indochina , Hanoi was the capital of Tonkin protectorate, and in 1901 became

108-564: A notable landowner in the Lam Sơn region, had a following of more than 1,000 people before rising up against rule of the Chinese Ming dynasty . Following his victory he mounted the throne and established himself in the city of Thăng Long ('Ascending Dragon'), present Hà Nội . Thăng Long was also called Đông Kinh 東 京 , meaning 'Eastern Capital' (東京 is identical in meaning and written form in Chinese characters to that of Tokyo ). During

135-555: Is done in the office of Tenebrae . After every meditation, the faithful answer by saying one Our Father , seven Hail Marys , and one Glory Be . The Lenten meditation is celebrated in many parts of Vietnam, and around the world in overseas Vietnamese communities, on every Friday of Lent and each evening of the Holy Week . Alexandre de Rhodes Alexandre de Rhodes , SJ ( French pronunciation: [alɛksɑ̃dʁ də ʁɔd] ; 15 March 1593 – 5 November 1660), also Đắc Lộ

162-575: The Gulf of Tonkin . Having the fertile delta area of the Red River , Tonkin is rich in rice production. The area was called Văn Lang from around 2000−200 BC. Evidence of the earliest established society in northern Vietnam, along with the Đông Sơn culture , was discovered in the Cổ Loa Citadel area, located near present-day Hanoi , the capital city of Vietnam. According to Vietnamese myths

189-649: The Hồng Bàng dynasty . The country was called Văn Lang and its people were referred to as the Lạc Việt . By the 3rd century BC, another Viet group, the Âu Việt , emigrated to the Red River delta and mixed with the indigenous population. A new kingdom, Âu Lạc , emerged as the union of the Âu Việt and the Lạc Việt, with Thục Phán proclaiming himself An Dương Vương . Âu Lạc was annexed into Nam Việt kingdom of Triệu Đà . After

216-568: The Nom script , revealed a continuous conservation of the original text, which was quoted verbatim by an 1865 set of the Passion meditations, still in use up to this day. The office is written in Vietnamese language and composed of a meditation on the mysteries of the Passion in fifteen ngam (meditations). The meditations are cantillated , according to the rules of Đọc kinh , from the foot of

243-616: The Triệu dynasty , this region started to be officially under Chinese rule . In pre- Tang times Tonkin was the port of call for ships on the South China Sea , though the center of commerce later moved north to Guangdong . The victory of Ngô Quyền at the Battle of Bạch Đằng in 938 ushered a new era of independence of Vietnam. The Ngô dynasty was followed by the Đinh , Early Lê , Lý , Trần , and Hồ . Lê Lợi (reigned 1428–1433),

270-670: The 17th and 18th centuries, Westerners commonly used the name Tonkin (from Đông Kinh ) to refer to Đàng Ngoài in the North, ruled by the Trịnh lords . Đàng Ngoài , or Bắc Hà , included not only the delta of the Red River, but also the deltas of the Mã River and Cả River . Meanwhile, Cochinchina or Quinan was used to refer to Đàng Trong in the South, ruled by the Nguyễn lords ; and Annam , from

297-452: The 20th century. Meanwhile, Maiorica 's catechism and devotional texts reflect the favor of chữ Nôm , which was the dominant script of Vietnamese Christian literature until the 20th century. De Rhodes also wrote several books about Vietnam and his travels there, including: Evangelicals : Tonkin Tonkin , also spelled Tongkin , Tonquin or Tongking , is an exonym referring to

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324-821: The Portuguese nor the Pope showed interest in the project, Alexandre de Rhodes, with Pope Alexander VII 's agreement, found secular volunteers in Paris in the persons of François Pallu and Pierre Lambert de la Motte , the first members of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, who were sent to the Far-East as Apostolic vicars . Alexandre de Rhodes himself was sent to Persia instead of back to Vietnam. Rhodes died in Isfahan , Persia , in 1660 and

351-682: The capital of all French Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, & Vietnam). French colonial administration ruled until 9 March 1945, including 1941-1945 during the World War II Japanese occupation of Vietnam . French administration was allowed by the Japanese as a puppet government. Japan briefly took full control of Vietnam in March 1945, as the Empire of Vietnam . Tonkin became a site of the Vietnamese famine of 1945 during this period. After

378-540: The displeasure of lord Nguyễn Phúc Lan and was condemned to death. As his sentence was reduced to exile, Rhodes returned to Rome by 1649 and pleaded for increased funding for Catholic missions to Vietnam, telling somewhat exaggerated stories about the natural riches to be found in Vietnam. This plea by Alexandre de Rhodes helped to found the Paris Foreign Missions Society in 1659. As neither

405-656: The end of World War II, French rule returned over French Indochina. The Northern part of Vietnam became a stronghold for the communist Viet Minh . Hanoi was later reoccupied by the French and conflict between the Viet Minh and France broke out into the First Indochina War . In 1949 it came under the authority of the State of Vietnam , a new associated state of the French Union . After the French defeat at

432-591: The first Vietnamese peoples descended from the Dragon Lord Lạc Long Quân and the Immortal Goddess Âu Cơ . Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ had 100 sons before they decided to part ways. 50 of the children went with their mother to the mountains, and the other 50 went with their father to the sea. The eldest son became the first in a line of earliest Vietnamese kings, collectively known as the Hùng kings of

459-590: The name of the former Chinese province , was used to refer to Vietnam as a whole. After French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh to unify Vietnam under the Nguyễn dynasty , the French Navy began its heavy presence in Lower Cochinchina , including Saigon , and later colonized the whole of this southern third of Vietnam in 1867. During the Sino-French War (1884–1885), Tonkin, then considered

486-556: The northern region of Vietnam . During the 17th and 18th centuries, this term referred to the domain Đàng Ngoài under Trịnh lords ' control, including both the Northern and Thanh - Nghệ regions, north of the Gianh River . From 1884 to early 1945, this term was used for the French protectorate of Tonkin , composed of only Northern Vietnam . "Tonkin" is a Western rendition of 東京 Đông Kinh , meaning 'Eastern Capital'. This

513-410: The sanctuary by one, three, or up to fifteen cantors. The cantor bows his head at the name of Jesus or Mary and kneels at his death. A drum and gong serve as a rhythmical base, while the faithful stand in prayer. A crucifix is placed atop a platform outside the sanctuary and adorned with a fifteen-branch candelabrum, which is systematically gestured at after every meditation, to turn one candle off, as

540-622: The successful visit of fellow Jesuits Giuliano Baldinotti and Julio Koga to Đàng Ngoài ( Tonkin ) in 1626, the superior André Palmeiro sent Alexandre de Rhodes and Pero Marques, Sr. to evangelize in this domain of North Vietnam. The two missionaries landed in Thanh Hoá on 19 March 1627 (the Feast of Saint Joseph) and arrived to the capital Thăng Long (nowadays Hanoi ) on 2 July (the Feast of Visitation ). De Rhodes worked there until 1630, when he

567-624: Was an Avignonese Jesuit missionary and lexicographer who had a lasting impact on Christianity in Vietnam . He wrote the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum , the first trilingual Vietnamese - Portuguese - Latin dictionary , published in Rome , in 1651. Alexandre de Rhodes was born in Avignon , Papal States (now in France ). According to some sources, he was of Jewish origin. His paternal side

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594-600: Was buried in the New Julfa Armenian Cemetery . In 1943, the French authority in Indochina issued a 30c postage stamp honoring him. In 2001 Vietnamese artist Nguyen Dinh Dang created a painting in homage to Alexandre de Rhodes and Nguyen Van Vinh . While in Vietnam, de Rhodes developed an early Vietnamese alphabet based on work by earlier Portuguese missionaries such as Gaspar do Amaral , António Barbosa and Francisco de Pina . De Rhodes compiled

621-505: Was expelled from Vietnam in 1630 as Trịnh Tráng became concerned about him being a spy for the Nguyen. Rhodes in his reports said he converted more than 6,000 Vietnamese. Daily conversation in Vietnam "resembles the singing of birds", wrote Alexandre de Rhodes. From Đàng Ngoài Rhodes went to Macau, where he spent ten years. He then returned to Vietnam, this time to Đàng Trong, mainly around Huế . He spent six years in this part until he aroused

648-577: Was forced to leave. During these three years he was in and around the court at Hanoi during the rule of lord Trịnh Tráng , where he captivated the emperor with gifts such as an intricate clock and a glided volume on mathematics . It was during that time that he composed the Ngắm Mùa Chay , a popular Catholic devotion to this day, meditating upon the Passion of Christ in the Vietnamese language. He

675-618: Was from Aragón , Spain. He entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus in Rome on 24 April 1612 to dedicate his life to missionary work. In 1624, he was sent to the East Asia , arriving in the Nguyễn -controlled domain of Đàng Trong (known to the Europeans as Cochinchina ) on a boat with fellow Jesuit Girolamo Maiorica . De Rhodes studied Vietnamese under Francisco de Pina before returning to Portuguese Macau . Following

702-471: Was inspired from the classical Vietnamese theater ( chèo, tường ). It integrates the Vietnamese poetic form and lament style known as song thất lục bát (雙七六八, literally "double seven, six eight") with an old Christian tradition of popular lament on the sorrows of Christ, which developed alongside the Via Crucis . The discovery of the original manuscripts of Jesuit missionary Giralamo Maiorica using

729-481: Was the name of the capital of the Lê dynasty (present-day Hanoi ). Locally, Tonkin is nowadays known as miền Bắc , or Bắc Bộ , meaning ' Northern Region '. The name was used from 1883 to 1945 for the French protectorate of Tonkin (Vietnamese: Bắc Kỳ 北圻), a constituent territory of French Indochina . It is south of Yunnan (Vân Nam) and Guangxi (Quảng Tây) Provinces of China ; east of northern Laos and west of

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