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97-649: Cape Leeuwin / ˈ l uː w ɪ n / is the most south-westerly (but not most southerly) mainland point of the Australian continent , in the state of Western Australia . A few small islands and rocks, the St Alouarn Islands , extend further in Flinders Bay to the east of the cape. The nearest settlement, north of the cape, is Augusta . South-east of Cape Leeuwin, the coast of Western Australia extends much further south. Cape Leeuwin

194-519: A counterweight to the known landmasses in the Northern Hemisphere. The cartographic depictions of the southern continent in the 16th and early 17th centuries, as might be expected for a concept based on such abundant conjecture and minimal data, varied wildly from map to map; in general, the continent shrank as potential locations were reinterpreted. At its largest, the continent included Tierra del Fuego , separated from South America by

291-481: A multicultural country . Sydney is the most multicultural city in Oceania, having more than 250 different languages spoken, with about 40 percent of residents speaking a language other than English at home. Furthermore, 36 percent of the population reported having been born overseas , with top countries being Italy , Lebanon , Vietnam and Iraq , among others. Melbourne is also fairly multicultural, having

388-771: A continent in the book, but did note that it was one of the six major divisions of the world. He considered it to encompass the insular Pacific area between Asia and the Americas, and claimed it extended up to the Aleutian Islands , which are among the northernmost islands in the Pacific Ocean. However, definitions of Oceania varied during the 19th century. In the 19th century, many geographers divided up Oceania into mostly racially-based subdivisions; Australasia , Malaysia (encompassing Malay Archipelago ) , Melanesia , Micronesia and Polynesia . Today,

485-479: A country within the continent, is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse countries in the world. It is also one of the most rural, as only 18 percent of its people live in urban centres. West Papua , a region in Indonesia, is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups . Australia, the largest landmass in the continent, is highly urbanised , and has the world's 14th-largest economy with

582-492: A long-standing ally of the United States when threatened by Imperial Japan during World War II . Trade with Asia increased and a post-war immigration program received more than 6.5 million migrants from every continent. Supported by immigration of people from more than 200 countries since the end of World War II, the population increased to more than 23 million by 2014. For about 40 million years Australia–New Guinea

679-666: A role that is distinct from his position as monarch of the other Commonwealth realms . The King is represented in Australia by the Governor-General at the federal level and by the Governors at the state level, who by convention act on the advice of the government's ministers. There are two major political groups that usually form government, federally and in the states: the Australian Labor Party and

776-554: A ship of the Royal Australian Navy have been named HMAS  Leeuwin after the cape. The Wardandi , an Aboriginal Australian people, were the first peoples in the area. They called it "Doogalup". The English navigator Matthew Flinders named Cape Leeuwin after the first known ship to have visited the area, the Leeuwin ("Lioness"), a Dutch vessel that charted some of the nearby coastlines in 1622. The log of

873-511: A small strait; New Guinea ; and what would come to be called Australia. In 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon made the first documented European sight and landing on the continent of Australia in Cape York Peninsula . Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman circumnavigated and landed on parts of the Australian continental coast and discovered Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania ), New Zealand in 1642, and Fiji islands. He

970-615: A unique fauna , flora and mycobiota developed. Marsupials and monotremes also existed on other continents, but only in Australia–New Guinea did they out-compete the placental mammals and come to dominate. New Guinea has 284 species and six orders of mammals: monotremes, three orders of marsupials, rodents and bats ; 195 of the mammal species (69%) are endemic. New Guinea has a rich diversity of coral life and 1,200 species of fish have been found. Also about 600 species of reef-building coral—the latter equal to 75 percent of

1067-467: A windmill. According to one report, the water wheel stopped being used around October 1936. In 1938, a new pumping system was installed. The lighthouse was connected to the Augusta town water supply in 1978. The water wheel was regularly photographed over time. The water wheel was incorporated into the lighthouse precinct in land management plans in the early 2000s. The spring water that feeds

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1164-640: Is Flinders Bay , named after Matthew Flinders , the circumnavigating explorer of the early 19th century. Shipwrecks within sight of this location include SS  Pericles , an iron-screw steamer built in Belfast in Northern Ireland , which sank after hitting an uncharted rock on a clear calm day in 1910. The wreck was found by Tom Snider in 1957 at 34°25.33′S 115°08.24′E  /  34.42217°S 115.13733°E  / -34.42217; 115.13733  ( SS Pericles ) . He dived on

1261-504: Is an English creole language spoken in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other country, with over 820 indigenous languages, representing 12% of the world's total, but most have fewer than 1,000 speakers. Since 1945, more than 7 million people have settled in Australia. From the late 1970s, there was a significant increase in immigration from Asian and other non-European countries, making Australia

1358-580: Is associated with seasonal abnormality in many areas in the world. Australia is one of the continents most affected and experiences extensive droughts alongside considerable wet periods. Christianity is the predominant religion in the continent, although large proportions of Australians belong to no religion . Other religions in the region include Islam , Buddhism and Hinduism , which are prominent minority religions in Australia. Traditional religions are often animist , found in New Guinea. Islam

1455-669: Is not the southernmost point of Western Australia, with that distinction belonging to West Cape Howe , which is to the southeast, near Albany . In Australia, the cape is considered where the Indian Ocean meets the Southern Ocean , but most other nations and bodies consider that the Southern Ocean exists only south of 60°S . Located on headland of the cape is the Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse and

1552-707: Is otherwise the same as the UN definition, and it is also used for statistical purposes. In countries such as Argentina , Brazil , China , Chile , Costa Rica , Ecuador , France , Greece , Italy , Mexico , the Netherlands , Peru , Spain , Switzerland or Venezuela , Oceania is treated as a continent in the sense that it is "one of the parts of the world", and Australia is only seen as an island nation. In other countries, including Kazakhstan , Poland and Russia , Australia and Eurasia are thought of as continents, while Asia, Europe and Oceania are regarded as "parts of

1649-413: Is restrained by an overflowing reservoir, and part of the tail water is diverted to the pipeline. Originally, the piped water was used to make mortar during the construction of the lighthouse. It was later used as a domestic water supply for those living in the cottages at the lighthouse. The water was pumped into an elevated storage tank, 15 feet (4.6 m) above ground level. By the late 1920s,

1746-740: Is the highest mountain . The Australian continent and Sunda were points of early human migrations after leaving Africa. Recent research points to a planned migration of hundreds of people using bamboo rafts, which eventually landed on Sahul. Indigenous Australians , that is Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders people, are the original inhabitants of the Australian continent and nearby islands. They migrated from Africa to Asia around 70,000 years ago and arrived in Australia at least 50,000 years ago, based on archaeological evidence. More recent research points to earlier arrival, possibly 65,000 years ago. They are believed to be among

1843-448: Is too often confused with Australia ." Some 19th century definitions of Oceania grouped Australia, New Zealand and the islands of Melanesia together under the label of Australasia , in other 19th century definitions of Oceania, the term was only used to refer to Australia itself, with New Zealand being categorized with the islands of Polynesia in such definitions. Archaeological terminology for this region has changed repeatedly. Before

1940-481: Is widespread in the Indonesian New Guinea . Many Papuans combine their Christian faith with traditional indigenous beliefs and practices . " Aboriginal Australian languages ", including the large Pama–Nyungan family, " Papuan languages " of New Guinea and neighbouring islands, including the large Trans–New Guinea family, and " Tasmanian languages " are generic terms for the native languages of

2037-591: The Americas . The UN's definition of Oceania utilizes four of the five subregions from the 19th century; Australasia , Melanesia , Micronesia , and Polynesia . They include American Samoa , Australia and their external territories , the Cook Islands , Easter Island ( Chile ), the Federated States of Micronesia , French Polynesia , Fiji , Galapagos Islands ( Ecuador ), Guam , Kiribati ,

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2134-462: The Australian magpie , Australian raven , the pied currawong , crested pigeons and the laughing kookaburra . The koala , emu , platypus and kangaroo are national animals of Australia, and the Tasmanian devil is also one of the well-known animals in the country. The goanna is a predatory lizard native to the Australian mainland . As the continent drifted north from Antarctica,

2231-697: The Coalition which is a formal grouping of the Liberal Party and its minor partner, the National Party . Within Australian political culture, the Coalition is considered centre-right and the Labor Party is considered centre-left . Papua New Guinea is a Commonwealth realm . As such, King Charles III is its sovereign and head of state. The constitutional convention, which prepared

2328-580: The Gweagal , who he fired upon, injuring one. His expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered the eastern coastline of Australia. Captain Arthur Phillip led the First Fleet of 11 ships and about 850 convicts into Sydney on 26 January 1788. This was to be the location for the new colony. Phillip described Sydney Cove as being "without exception the finest harbour in

2425-564: The Last Glacial Maximum about 18,000 BC, they were connected by dry land. During the past 18,000 to 10,000 years, rising sea levels overflowed the lowlands and separated the continent into today's low-lying arid to semi-arid mainland and the two mountainous islands of New Guinea and Tasmania. The continental shelf connecting the islands, half of which is less than 50 metres (160 ft) deep, covers some 2.5 million square kilometres (970,000 sq mi), including

2522-557: The Leeuwin has been lost, so very little is known of the voyage. However, the land found by the Leeuwin was recorded on a 1627 map by Hessel Gerritsz : Caert van't Landt van d'Eendracht ("Chart of the Land of Eendracht"), which appears to show the coast between present-day Hamelin Bay and Point D'Entrecasteaux. Cape Leeuwin itself cannot be recognised. Other European vessels passed by for

2619-648: The Malay Archipelago is typically considered part of Southeast Asia , and the term Oceania is often used to denote the region encompassing the Australian continent, Zealandia , and various islands in the Pacific Ocean that are not included in the seven-continent model. It has been recognized by the United Nations as one of the world's five major continental divisions since its foundation in 1947, along with Africa , Asia , Europe and

2716-1006: The Marshall Islands , Nauru , New Caledonia , New Zealand , Niue , the Northern Mariana Islands , Ogasawara ( Japan ), Palau , Papua New Guinea , Pitcairn Islands , Samoa , the Solomon Islands , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Vanuatu , Wallis and Futuna , Western New Guinea , and the United States Minor Outlying Islands ( Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll , and Wake Island ) as well as Hawaii , one of 50 states of United States. The original UN definition of Oceania from 1947 included these same countries and semi-independent territories, which were mostly still colonies at that point. The island states of Indonesia , Japan ,

2813-645: The National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne are the oldest and largest museums in the continent, as well as in Oceania . Sydney's New Year's Eve celebrations are the largest in the continent. Cape Leeuwin water wheel The water wheel was constructed in 1895 by the contractor building the Cape Leeuwin lighthouse, the partnership of Maurice Davies and John Wishart. Water to power

2910-633: The Philippines , Singapore and Taiwan , all located within the bounds of the Pacific or associated marginal seas , are excluded from the UN definition. The states of Hong Kong and Malaysia , located in both mainland Asia and marginal seas of the Pacific, are also excluded, as is the nation of Brunei , which shares the island of Borneo with Indonesia and Malaysia. Further excluded are East Timor and Indonesian (or Western) New Guinea , areas which are biogeographically or geologically associated with

3007-556: The Pleistocene ice age , including the Last Glacial Maximum about 18,000 BC, they were connected by dry land into the combined landmass of Sahul . The name "Sahul" derives from the Sahul Shelf , which is a part of the continental shelf of the Australian continent. During the past 18,000 to 10,000 years, rising sea levels overflowed the lowlands and separated the continent into today's low-lying arid to semi-arid mainland and

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3104-575: The Sahul Shelf and Bass Strait . Geological forces such as tectonic uplift of mountain ranges or clashes between tectonic plates occurred mainly in Australia's early history, when it was still a part of Gondwana . Australia is situated in the middle of the tectonic plate, and therefore currently has no active volcanism. The continent primarily sits on the Indo-Australian Plate. Because of its central location on its tectonic plate, Australia does not have any active volcanic regions,

3201-548: The Sahul Shelf , which is part of the continental shelf of the Australian continent. The term Oceania , originally a "great division" of the world in the 1810s, was replaced in English language countries by the concept of Australia as one of the world's continents in the 1950s. Prior to the 1950s, before the popularization of the theory of plate tectonics , Antarctica , Australia and Greenland were sometimes described as island continents, but none were usually taught as one of

3298-599: The United Kingdom , Canada , Germany , and France in terms of purchasing power parity . The Australian Securities Exchange in Sydney is the largest stock exchange in Australia and in the South Pacific . In 2012, Australia was the 12th largest national economy by nominal GDP and the 19th-largest measured by PPP-adjusted GDP. Tourism in Australia is an important component of the Australian economy. In

3395-422: The United Nations (UN) on 10 October 1975. Migration brought large numbers of southern and central Europeans to Australia for the first time. A 1958 government leaflet assured readers that unskilled non-British migrants were needed for "labour on rugged projects ...work which is not generally acceptable to Australians or British workers". Australia fought on the side of Britain in the two world wars and became

3492-488: The earliest human migrations out of Africa . There is evidence of genetic and linguistic interchange between Australians in the far north and the Austronesian peoples of modern-day New Guinea and the islands, but this may be the result of recent trade and intermarriage . The earliest known human remains were found at Lake Mungo , a dry lake in the southwest of New South Wales. Remains found at Mungo suggest one of

3589-535: The world's most liveable city list, and is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. Papua New Guinea is rich in natural resources, which account for two-thirds of their export earnings. Though PNG is filled with resources, the lack of country's development led foreign countries to take over few sites and continued foreign demand for PNG's resources and as a result, the United States constructed an oil company and began to export in 2004 and this

3686-528: The 1970s, the single Pleistocene landmass was called Australasia , derived from the Latin australis , meaning "southern", although this word is most often used for a wider region that includes lands like New Zealand that are not on the same continental shelf. In the early 1970s, the term Greater Australia was introduced for the Pleistocene continent. Then at a 1975 conference and consequent publication,

3783-411: The 5th century on maps by Macrobius , who uses the term Australis on his maps. Terra Australis , a hypothetical continent first posited in antiquity , appeared on maps between the 15th and 18th centuries. Scientists, such as Gerardus Mercator (1569) and Alexander Dalrymple as late as 1767 argued for its existence, with such arguments as that there should be a large landmass in the south as

3880-426: The Australian flora are adaptations to aridity and fire which include scleromorphy and serotiny . These adaptations are common in species from the large and well-known families Proteaceae ( Banksias and Grevilleas ), Myrtaceae ( Eucalyptus or gum trees, Melaleucas and Callistemons ), Fabaceae ( Acacia s or wattles), and Casuarinaceae ( Casuarinas or she-oaks), which are typically found in

3977-537: The Australian landmass. This definition of Oceania is used in statistical reports, by the International Olympic Committee , and by many atlases. The CIA World Factbook also categorize Oceania or the Pacific area as one of the world's major continental divisions, but use the term "Australia and Oceania" to refer to the area. Their definition does not include Australia's subantarctic external territory Heard Island and McDonald Islands , but

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4074-511: The Australian mainland. The flora of New Guinea is a mixture of many tropical rainforest species with origins in Asia, such as Castanopsis acuminatissima , Lithocarpus spp., elaeocarps , and laurels , together with typically Australasian flora. In the New Guinean highlands, conifers such as Dacrycarpus , Dacrydium , Papuacedrus and Libocedrus are present. For many species,

4171-555: The New World (consisting of North America and South America) and the Old World (consisting of Africa, Asia and Europe). In his 1879 book Australasia , British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace commented that, "Oceania is the word often used by continental geographers to describe the great world of islands we are now entering upon" and that "Australia forms its central and most important feature." He did not explicitly label Oceania

4268-579: The Oceanian sub-region known as Australasia , with New Guinea being in Melanesia . The continent includes a continental shelf overlain by shallow seas which divide it into several landmasses—the Arafura Sea and Torres Strait between mainland Australia and New Guinea, and Bass Strait between mainland Australia and Tasmania. When sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene ice age , including

4365-499: The South Pacific in the early part of the 16th century. On 23 April 1770, British explorer James Cook made his first recorded direct observation of indigenous Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point . On 29 April, Cook and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as the Kurnell Peninsula . It is here that James Cook made first contact with an Aboriginal tribe known as

4462-505: The South coast of New Holland from Cape Leeuwin in 1801 when he named it. Flinders landed in the bay to the east of Cape Leeuwin, today's Flinders Bay . Flinders was aware that the area had been known to the Dutch as "Leeuwin's Land". At two in the morning we had 80 fathoms and veered towards the land. It was seen from the masthead at five; and the highest part, the same which had been set in

4559-713: The States. With the encouragement of Queensland, in 1884, a British protectorate had been proclaimed over the southern coast of New Guinea and its adjacent islands. British New Guinea was annexed outright in 1888. The possession was placed under the authority of the newly federated Commonwealth of Australia in 1902 and with passage of the Papua Act of 1905, British New Guinea became the Australian Territory of Papua , with formal Australian administration beginning in 1906. The Bombing of Darwin on 19 February 1942

4656-504: The buildings that were used by the lighthouse -keepers. Cape Leeuwin is considered one of the three " great capes " of the world. Cape Leeuwin is often grouped with the next headland north, Cape Naturaliste , to identify the geography and ecology of the region. One example is in the name Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park . Another is in the use of the phrases Cape to Cape or the Capes in tourist promotional materials. A shore base and

4753-492: The cape's correct pronunciation; to rhyme with "flew in". Australian continent The continent of Oceania , sometimes known in technical contexts by the names Sahul ( / s ə ˈ h uː l / ), Australia-New Guinea , Australinea , or Meganesia to distinguish it from the country of Australia , is located within the Southern and Eastern hemispheres. The continent includes mainland Australia , Tasmania ,

4850-415: The continent are endemic to Australia. This high level of endemism can be attributed to the continent's long geographic isolation, tectonic stability, and the effects of an unusual pattern of climate change on the soil and flora over geological time. Australia and its territories are home to around 800 species of bird; 45% of these are endemic to Australia. Predominant bird species in Australia include

4947-552: The continent other than those of Austronesian family. Predominant languages include English in Australia, Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea, and Indonesian (Malay) in Indonesian New Guinea. Immigration to Australia have brought overseas languages such as Italian , Greek , Arabic , Filipino , Mandarin , Vietnamese and Spanish , among others. Contact between Austronesian and Papuan resulted in several instances in mixed languages such as Maisin . Tok Pisin

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5044-541: The continent. Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle speculated of a large landmass in the southern hemisphere, saying, "Now since there must be a region bearing the same relation to the southern pole as the place we live in bears to our pole...". His ideas were later expanded by Ptolemy (2nd century AD), who believed that the lands of the Northern Hemisphere should be balanced by land in the south . The theory of balancing land has been documented as early as

5141-428: The draft constitution, and Australia, the outgoing metropolitan power, had thought that Papua New Guinea would not remain a monarchy. The founders, however, considered that imperial honours had a cachet. The monarch is represented by the Governor-General of Papua New Guinea , currently Bob Dadae . Papua New Guinea (along with Solomon Islands ) is unusual among Commonwealth realms in that governors-general are elected by

5238-560: The east coast and Mediterranean climate in the west. The northern parts of the country have a tropical climate . Snow falls frequently on the highlands near the east coast, in the states of Victoria , New South Wales , Tasmania and in the Australian Capital Territory . Temperatures in Australia have ranged from above 50 °C (122 °F) to well below 0 °C (32 °F). Nonetheless, minimum temperatures are moderated. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation

5335-509: The evening, bore N. 12° W. This is the largest of the before-mentioned Isles of St Alouarn; but at half past seven we saw hills extending from behind, and, to all appearance, joining it to the mainland. This supposed isle is, therefore, what I denominate "Cape Leeuwin", as being the south-western and most projecting part of Leeuwin's Land.[3] The St Alouarn Islands is a group of islands off the tip of Cape Leeuwin. The lighthouse and adjacent buildings, and Cape Leeuwin water wheel are all within

5432-461: The few regions close to the equator that experience snowfall , which occurs in the most elevated parts of the mainland. Some areas in the island experience an extraordinary amount of precipitation, averaging roughly 4,500 millimetres (180 in) of rainfall annually. The Australian landmass's climate is mostly desert or semi-arid , with the southern coastal corners having a temperate climate, such as oceanic and humid subtropical climate in

5529-415: The financial year 2014/15, tourism represented 3.0% of Australia 's GDP contributing A$ 47.5 billion to the national economy. In 2015, there were 7.4 million visitor arrivals. Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranks Sydney tenth in the world in terms of quality of living , making it one of the most livable cities . It is classified as an Alpha+ World City by GaWC . Melbourne also ranked highly in

5626-577: The first European to explore the Strait. When Europeans first arrived, inhabitants of New Guinea and nearby islands, whose technologies included bone, wood, and stone tools, had a productive agricultural system. In 1660, the Dutch recognised the Sultan of Tidore 's sovereignty over New Guinea . The first known Europeans to sight New Guinea were probably the Portuguese and Spanish navigators sailing in

5723-495: The globe. Animal groups such as macropods , monotremes , and cassowaries are endemic to Australia. There were three main reasons for the enormous diversity that developed in animal, fungal and plant life. Although New Guinea is the most northerly part of the continent, and could be expected to be the most tropical in climate, the altitude of the New Guinea highlands is such that a great many animals and plants that were once common across Australia–New Guinea now survive only in

5820-481: The high and rugged mountains of New Guinea and, by reverse (downwards) buckling, the Torres Strait that now separates the two main landmasses. The collision also pushed up the islands of Wallacea , which served as island 'stepping-stones' that allowed plants from Southeast Asia 's rainforests to colonise New Guinea, and some plants from Australia–New Guinea to move into Southeast Asia. The ocean straits between

5917-456: The historic precinct as reviewed by government management. The climate of Cape Leeuwin is warm-summer Mediterranean ( Csb in the Köppen climate classification ), with an average annual rainfall of around 954 millimetres (37.6 in). Most rain falls between May and August, when around two days in three record measurable rainfall and around one in ten over 10 millimetres (0.39 in). During

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6014-776: The island of New Guinea ( Papua New Guinea and Western New Guinea ), the Aru Islands , the Ashmore and Cartier Islands , most of the Coral Sea Islands , and some other nearby islands . Situated in the geographical region of Oceania , Australia is the smallest of the seven traditional continents . The continent includes a continental shelf overlain by shallow seas which divide it into several landmasses—the Arafura Sea and Torres Strait between mainland Australia and New Guinea, and Bass Strait between mainland Australia and Tasmania. When sea levels were lower during

6111-461: The islands were narrow enough to allow plant dispersal, but served as an effective barrier to exchange of land mammals between Australia–New Guinea and Asia. Among the fungi, the remarkable association between Cyttaria gunnii (one of the "golf-ball" fungi) and its associated trees in the genus Nothofagus is evidence of that drift: the only other places where this association is known are New Zealand and southern Argentina and Chile . Due to

6208-477: The largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe , and the second largest Asian population in Australia after Sydney. Australia is the only First World country on the Australia-New Guinea continent, although the economy of Australia is by far the largest and most dominant economy in the region and one of the largest in the world. Australia's per-capita GDP is higher than that of

6305-695: The legislature, rather than chosen by the executive branch. Since 1788, the primary influence behind Australian culture has been Anglo-Celtic Western culture , with some Indigenous influences. The divergence and evolution that has occurred in the ensuing centuries has resulted in a distinctive Australian culture. Since the mid-20th century, American popular culture has strongly influenced Australia, particularly through television and cinema. Other cultural influences come from neighbouring Asian countries, and through large-scale immigration from non-English-speaking nations. The Australian Museum in Sydney and

6402-541: The long-established broad-leaf deciduous forest began to give way to the distinctive hard-leaved sclerophyllous plants that characterise the modern Australian landscape. Typical Southern Hemisphere flora include the conifers Podocarpus (eastern Australia and New Guinea), the rainforest emergents Araucaria (eastern Australia and New Guinea), Nothofagus (New Guinea and Tasmania ) and Agathis (northern Queensland and New Guinea), as well as tree ferns and several species of Eucalyptus . Prominent features of

6499-415: The mainland. Then between about 8,000 and 6,500 BC, the lowlands in the north were flooded by the sea, separating the Aru Islands , mainland Australia, New Guinea , and Tasmania. A northern arc consisting of the New Guinea Highlands , the Raja Ampat Islands , and Halmahera was uplifted by the northward migration of Australia and subduction of the Pacific Plate . The Outer Banda Arc was accreted along

6596-421: The name Australinea in 2004. Australia–New Guinea has also been used. The Australian continent, as a whole being part of the Australian Plate , is the lowest, flattest, and oldest landmass on Earth and it has had a relatively stable geological history. New Zealand is not part of the continent of Australia, but of the separate, submerged continent of Zealandia . New Zealand and Australia are both part of

6693-550: The name Sahul was extended from its previous use for just the Sahul Shelf to cover the continent. In 1984, the name Meganesia was suggested, meaning "great island" or "great island-group", for both the Pleistocene continent and the present-day lands, and this name has been widely accepted by biologists. Others have used Meganesia with different meanings: travel writer Paul Theroux included New Zealand in his definition and others have used it for Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii . Another biologist, Richard Dawkins , coined

6790-432: The name of Oceania. There are thus six great divisions of the earth — Europe , Asia , Africa , North America, South America and Oceania." The American author Samuel Griswold Goodrich wrote in his 1854 book History of All Nations that, "geographers have agreed to consider the island world of the Pacific Ocean as a third continent, under the name Oceania." In this book the other two continents were categorized as being

6887-477: The next two centuries, including the Dutch ' t Gulden Zeepaert , commanded by François Thijssen , in 1627 and the French Gros Ventre , under Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn , in 1772. The first known European sighting of the cape was by Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux in 1791. d'Entrecasteaux thought the cape was an island, and named it "Isle St Allouarn" ("St Allouarn Island"), in honour of Captain de St Aloüarn. Ten years later, Matthew Flinders began his survey of

6984-511: The northwestern edge the continent; it includes the islands of Timor , Tanimbar , and Seram . Papua New Guinea has several volcanoes , as it is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire . Volcanic eruptions are not rare, and the area is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis because of this. Mount Wilhelm in Papua New Guinea is the second highest mountain in the continent, and at 4,884 metres (16,024 ft) above sea level , Puncak Jaya

7081-407: The only continent with this distinction. The lands were joined with Antarctica as part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana until the plate began to drift north about 96 million years ago. For most of the time since then, Australia–New Guinea remained a continuous landmass. When the last glacial period ended in about 10,000 BC, rising sea levels formed Bass Strait , separating Tasmania from

7178-535: The primary refuge was the relatively cool and well-watered Great Dividing Range . Even today, pockets of remnant vegetation remain in the cool uplands, some species not much changed from the Gondwanan forms of 60 or 90 million years ago. Eventually, the Australia–New Guinea tectonic plate collided with the Eurasian plate to the north. The collision caused the northern part of the continent to buckle upwards, forming

7275-577: The second-highest human development index globally. Australia also has the world's 9th largest immigrant population . The continent of Oceania is sometimes known by the names Sahul, Australinea, or Meganesia to differentiate it from the country of Australia, and consists of the landmasses which sit on Australia's continental plate. This includes mainland Australia , Tasmania , and the island of New Guinea , which comprises Papua New Guinea and Western New Guinea (Papua and West Papua, provinces of Indonesia ). The name "Sahul" takes its name from

7372-543: The seventh century, and archipelagic rule of New Guinea by the 13th. At the beginning of the seventh century, the Sumatra -based empire of Srivijaya (7th century–13th century) engaged in trade relations with western New Guinea, initially taking items like sandalwood and birds-of-paradise in tribute to China , but later making slaves out of the natives. The rule of the Java -based empire of Majapahit (1293–1527) extended to

7469-565: The spread of animals, fungi and plants across the single Pleistocene landmass the separate lands have a related biota . There are over 300 bird species in West Papua , of which at least 20 are unique to the ecoregion, and some live only in very restricted areas. These include the grey-banded munia , Vogelkop bowerbird , and the king bird-of-paradise . Australia has a huge variety of animals; some 83% of mammals , 89% of reptiles , 24% of fish and insects and 93% of amphibians that inhabit

7566-514: The summer, the weather is warm, though there are usually sea breezes , and frequently sunny. The dry summers, coupled with strong winds, creates an environment where there is always a high risk of bush fires . The hillside to the west of the lighthouse, and the land nearby is now part of Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park . It has extensive heath vegetation and thick scrub which supports a very high number of plant species and also bird species that utilise this habitat. The bay just east of Cape Leeuwin

7663-527: The tone for the bitter final stages of the New Guinea campaign , which persisted into 1945. The offensives in Papua and New Guinea of 1943–44 were the single largest series of connected operations ever mounted by the Australian armed forces. Following the 1998 commencement of reforms across Indonesia , Papua and other Indonesian provinces received greater regional autonomy. In 2001, "Special Autonomy" status

7760-558: The tropical highlands where they are severely threatened by population growth . In New Guinea, the climate is mostly monsoonal (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October), and tropical rainforest with slight seasonal temperature variation. In lower altitudes, the temperature is around 27 °C (81 °F) year round. But the higher altitudes, such as Mendi , are constantly around 21 °C (70 °F) with cool lows nearing 11 °C (52 °F), with abundant rainfall and high humidity. The New Guinea Highlands are one of

7857-471: The two mountainous islands of New Guinea and Tasmania. With a total land area of 8.56 million square kilometres (3,310,000 sq mi), the Australian continent is the smallest, lowest, flattest, and second-driest continent (after Antarctica ) on Earth . As the country of Australia is mostly on a single landmass, and comprises most of the continent, it is sometimes informally referred to as an island continent, surrounded by oceans. Papua New Guinea,

7954-595: The water wheel had become a minor tourist attraction, with one visitor opining, "The great water wheel, which supplies the place with water, had been going for 30 years. It just goes on and no one cares or worries about it. It just pumps the water up to the homes, and that is all that is needed. And it just does it with no attention, no strikes or labor agitation. This is the next thing to perpetual motion, and has to be seen to be believed." The water wheel and pump were still running in 1931, and apparently as late as 1935, but had been retired by 1937, having been replaced by

8051-431: The water wheel is calcium rich and over the years the wheel became heavily encrusted with deposited calcium compounds, which stopped it rotating but also preserved it. When the wheel stopped turning is uncertain, but it appears to have been functional to at least 1940. By 1956, the flume to the waterwheel was dilapidated and no longer delivering water to the wheel and it remained in that state until at least 1960; it

8148-465: The western fringes of New Guinea. Recent archaeological research suggests that 50,000 years ago people may have occupied sites in the highlands at New Guinean altitudes of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), rather than being restricted to warmer coastal areas. Legends of Terra Australis Incognita—an "unknown land of the South"—date back to Roman times and before, and were commonplace in medieval geography, although not based on any documented knowledge of

8245-415: The wheel was taken from a freshwater spring in a wetland about 330m away. The overshot water wheel had a maximum speed of "over 30 revolutions per minute", and drove a pumping arrangement—known as a " Douglas force pump" —that included a hydraulic ram , which, in turn, pumped some of the water via a small pipeline to the site of the lighthouse. The design of the water wheel is unusual in that tail water

8342-782: The world". In 1883, the Colony of Queensland tried to annex the southern half of eastern New Guinea, but the British government did not approve. The Commonwealth of Australia came into being when the Federal Constitution was proclaimed by the Governor-General , Lord Hopetoun , on 1 January 1901. From that point a system of federalism in Australia came into operation, entailing the establishment of an entirely new national government (the Commonwealth government) and an ongoing division of powers between that government and

8439-522: The world". In the Pacific Ocean Handbook (1945), author Eliot Grinnell Mears wrote that he categorized Australia, New Zealand and Pacific islands under the label of Oceania for "scientific reasons; Australia's fauna is largely continental in character, New Zealand's are clearly insular; and neither Commonwealth realm has close ties with Asia." He further added that, "the term Australasia is not relished by New Zealanders and this name

8536-532: The world's continents in English-speaking countries. Scottish cartographer John Bartholomew wrote in 1873 that, "the New World consists of North America , and the peninsula of South America attached to it. These divisions [are] generally themselves spoken as continents, and to them has been added another, embracing the large island of Australia and numerous others in the [Pacific] Ocean, under

8633-438: The world's known total. New Guinea has 578 species of breeding birds, of which 324 species are endemic. Bird life also flourished—in particular, the songbirds (order Passeriformes , suborder Passeri) are thought to have evolved 50 million years ago in the part of Gondwana that later became Australia , New Zealand, New Guinea , and Antarctica , before radiating into a great number of different forms and then spreading around

8730-419: The world's oldest known cremations , thus indicating early evidence for religious ritual among humans. Dreamtime remains a prominent feature of Australian Aboriginal art , the oldest continuing tradition of art in the world. Papuan habitation is estimated to have begun between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago in New Guinea. Trade between New Guinea and neighboring Indonesian islands was documented as early as

8827-417: The wreck to recover the lead that was being carried by the ship. Some shipwrecks are identified as being within the vicinity of Augusta, Cape Leeuwin or Hamelin Bay that might not be within visual distance of the lighthouse. Cape Leeuwin is mentioned in the poem associated with the children's story The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo by Rudyard Kipling . The poem is also the best way for outsiders to learn

8924-451: Was almost completely isolated. During this time, the continent experienced numerous changes in climate, but the overall trend was towards greater aridity. When South America eventually separated from Antarctica, the development of the cold Antarctic Circumpolar Current changed weather patterns across the world. For Australia–New Guinea, it brought a marked intensification of the drying trend. The great inland seas and lakes dried out. Much of

9021-533: Was granted to Papua province, although to date, implementation has been partial and often criticised. The region was administered as a single province until 2003, when it was split into the provinces of Papua and West Papua . Elections in 1972 resulted in the formation of a ministry headed by Chief Minister Michael Somare , who pledged to lead the country to self-government and then to independence. Papua New Guinea became self-governing on 1 December 1973 and achieved independence on 16 September 1975. The country joined

9118-437: Was restored by the end of 1962. Over the years, the flow from the spring has decreased and the flow to the now-stationary wheel is provided by an electric pump. The calcified remains of the wheel are kept moist by the flow, to prevent cracking. The air chamber of the hydraulic ram remains in place, on the southern side of the structure. The water wheel and its associated structures are on various heritage registers. The site

9215-516: Was the first known European explorer to reach these islands. In the quest for Terra Australis , Spanish explorations in the 17th century, such as the expedition led by the Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós , discovered the Pitcairn and Vanuatu archipelagos, and sailed the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea , named after navigator Luís Vaz de Torres , who was

9312-666: Was the largest project in PNG's history. Papua New Guinea is classified as a developing economy by the International Monetary Fund . Strong growth in Papua New Guinea's mining and resource sector led to the country becoming the sixth fastest-growing economy in the world in 2011. Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy with Charles III at its apex as the King of Australia ,

9409-556: Was the largest single attack ever mounted by a foreign power on Australia. In an effort to isolate Australia, the Japanese planned a seaborne invasion of Port Moresby , in the Australian Territory of New Guinea . Between July and November 1942, Australian forces repulsed Japanese attempts on the city by way of the Kokoda Track , in the highlands of New Guinea . The Battle of Buna–Gona , between November 1942 and January 1943, set

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