Misplaced Pages

#916083

34-697: Carter Bar is a pass in the Cheviot Hills , on the Anglo-Scottish border . It lies north east of Carter Fell at the head of Redesdale , and is crossed by the A68 road as it runs north towards Jedburgh and Teviotdale . The name "Carter Bar" is relatively modern, and refers to a toll-gate that once stood here. Historically, the area in which the Carter Bar sits was known as the Redeswire , from

68-521: A certain Chunradus Prenner de Mittenwalde is mentioned in 1299. The German word Prenner probably refers to somebody who uses slash-and-burn techniques for land clearing. A name for the pass itself appears for the first time in 1328 as ob dem Prenner (German for above the Prenner ). The Romans regularised the mountain pass at Brenner, which had already been under frequent use during

102-620: A connection of the name Brenner with the ancient tribe of the Breuni or the Gaulish chieftain Brennus , but since the pass name appears for the first time only in the 14th century, a more recent etymology is far more likely. Prenner was originally the name of a nearby farm, which itself was named after its former owner. The farm of a certain Prennerius is mentioned in documents in 1288,

136-531: A nearby mountainside, as with the Eisenhower Tunnel bypassing Loveland Pass in the Rockies, to allow faster traffic flow throughout the year. The top of a pass is frequently the only flat ground in the area, and may be a high vantage point. In some cases this makes it a preferred site for buildings. If a national border follows the ridge of a mountain range, a pass over the mountains is typically on

170-601: A result, air and noise pollution have generated heavy debate in regional and European politics. As of 2004 , about 1.8 million trucks crossed the Europa Bridge per year. In order to ease the road traffic, there are plans to upgrade the Brenner Railway from Verona to Innsbruck with a series of tunnels, including the Brenner Base Tunnel underneath Brenner. While the official groundbreaking of

204-533: A small number stand high in the mountains at around 2,000 metres (6,600 feet). The central section of the Brenner Pass covers a four-lane motorway and railway tracks connecting Bozen/Bolzano in the south and Innsbruck to the north. The village of Brenner consists of an outlet shopping centre (supermarkets and stores), fruit stores, restaurants, cafés, hotels and a gas station. It has a population of 400 to 600 (as of 2011 ). Older, obsolete theories suggested

238-786: A style of street racing which may take place on these roads. There are thousands of named passes around the world, some of which are well-known, such as the Khyber Pass close to the present-day Afghanistan-Pakistan border on the ancient Silk Road , the Great St. Bernard Pass at 2,473 metres (8,114 ft) in the Alps , the Chang La at 5,360 metres (17,590 ft), the Khardung La at 5,359 metres (17,582 ft) in Ladakh , India and

272-416: Is a site where bungee-jumping from the bridge has become a popular tourist attraction. The ever-increasing freight and leisure traffic, however, has been causing long traffic jams at busy times even without border enforcements. The Brenner Pass is the only major mountain pass within the area; other nearby alternatives are footpaths across higher mountains at an altitude of above 2,000 metres (6,600 feet). As

306-888: Is also used, particularly in Europe. In the highest mountain range in the world, the Himalayas, passes are denoted by the suffix "La" in Tibetan, Ladhakhi, and several other regional languages. Examples are the Taglang La at 5,328 m (17,480 ft) on the Leh-Manali highway , and the Sia La at 5,589 m (18,337 ft) in the Eastern Karakoram range. Scotland has the Gaelic term bealach (anglicised "balloch"), while Wales has

340-420: Is defined as a mountain pass. Passes are often found just above the source of a river , constituting a drainage divide . A pass may be very short, consisting of steep slopes to the top of the pass, or a valley many kilometers long, whose highest point might only be identifiable by surveying . Roads and railways have long been built through passes. Some high and rugged passes may have tunnels bored underneath

374-474: Is one of the principal passes of the Eastern Alpine range and has the lowest altitude among Alpine passes of the area. Dairy cattle graze in alpine pastures throughout the summer in valleys beneath the pass and on the mountain slopes. At lower altitudes, farmers log pine trees, plant crops and harvest hay for winter fodder. Many of the high pastures are at an altitude of over 1,500 metres (4,900 feet);

SECTION 10

#1732782314917

408-771: Is the Brenner pass in the Alps . Some mountain passes above the tree line have problems with snow drift in the winter. This might be alleviated by building the road a few meters above the ground, which will make snow blow off the road. There are many words for pass in the English-speaking world. In the United States, pass is very common in the West , the word gap is common in the southern Appalachians , notch in parts of New England , and saddle in northern Idaho . The term col , derived from Old French,

442-625: The Inn and into Zirl and arrived at Augsburg via Füssen . The Alamanni (Germanic tribe) crossed the Brenner Pass southward into modern-day Italy in 268 AD, but they were stopped in November of that year at the Battle of Lake Benacus . The Romans kept control over the mountain pass until the end of their empire in the 5th century. During the High Middle Ages , Brenner Pass was a part of

476-594: The Palakkad Gap at 140 metres (460 ft) in Palakkad , Kerala , India . The roads at Mana Pass at 5,610 metres (18,410 ft) and Marsimik La at 5,582 metres (18,314 ft), on and near the China–India border respectively, appear to be world's two highest motorable passes. Khunjerab Pass between Pakistan and China at 4,693 metres (15,397 ft) is also a high-altitude motorable mountain pass. One of

510-610: The Schengen Agreement entered into force in Austria, a treaty Italy ratified on October 26. As a consequence, border checks were abolished in the Brenner Pass for goods and people between the two countries. On November 19, 1995, the border barrier between Italy and Austria at Brenner was officially abolished, with a commemoration attended by Austrian Minister of the Interior Karl Schlögl, Italian Minister of

544-534: The Scottish Borders (including Tweeddale ), and the Cheviot Hills are all visible from Carter Bar. However, its altitude means snow is possible even in late spring and early autumn, and the Carter Bar pass can be subject to frequent snow-related closures during the winter. Mountain pass Mountain passes make use of a gap , saddle , col or notch . A topographic saddle is analogous to

578-649: The Brenner Pass in 1919 to 20. During World War II , Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini met at the Brenner Pass to celebrate their Pact of Steel on 18 March 1940. Later, in 1943, following the Italian armistice with the Allies , the Brenner Pass was annexed by Nazi Germany , shifting the border with the Italian Social Republic , the Nazi puppet state headed by Mussolini, much further south. In 1945,

612-540: The Brenner Pass to cross the Alps during his imperial expeditions into Italy . The 12th-century Brenner Pass accommodated mule trains and carts. Modernisation of the Brenner Pass started in 1777, when a carriage road was laid out at the behest of Empress Maria Theresa . Modernisation further took place under the Austrian Empire and the Brenner Railway , which was completed in stages from 1853 to 1867. It became

646-810: The English and the Scots. In the 19th century a toll road was constructed from Carter Bar to the market town of Hawick , necessitating the building of the Bonchester Bridge over the Rule Water . Carter Bar forms a popular point for tourists to stop and take photographs on the Anglo-Scottish border. There are two marker stones on either side of the A68 for this purpose, the original stone created by local Borders stonemason, Eddie Laub. Upper Redesdale,

680-648: The Interior Giorgio Napolitano , and the governors of Innsbruck and Bolzano . The motorway E45 (European designation; in Italy A22 , in Austria the A13 ), Brenner Autobahn/Autostrada del Brennero , begins in Innsbruck , runs through the Brenner Pass, Bozen/Bolzano , Verona and finishes outside Modena . It is one of the most important routes of north–south connections in Europe. After

714-533: The Scots word swire meaning "col" or "pass". The Redeswire Fray , was fought here in 1575. Carter Bar was the location of the "truce days", at which the wardens of the English and Scottish marches would meet to dispense cross-border justice. Truce days were also held at Carlisle and Berwick-upon-Tweed . In 1575, Carter Bar was the scene of the Raid of the Redeswire, one of the last large-scale battles between

SECTION 20

#1732782314917

748-520: The area was occupied by the US Army and returned to Italy after the end of the war. The Brenner Pass was part of the ratlines that were used by senior Nazis fleeing the allies after the German surrender in 1945. Following World War II, the pass once again formed the border between Italy and the newly independent Republic of Austria, and maintained its importance as a key trade route. On January 1, 1995,

782-458: The border, and there may be a border control or customs station, and possibly a military post. For instance, Argentina and Chile share the world's third-longest international border , 5,300 kilometres (3,300 mi) long, which runs north–south along the Andes mountains and includes 42 mountain passes. On a road over a pass, it is customary to have a small roadside sign giving the name of

816-627: The end of World War I in 1918, the control of the Brenner Pass became shared between Italy and Austria under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) . The Treaty of London (1915) secretly awarded Italy the territories south of the Brenner Pass for supporting the Entente Powers. Welschtirol/Trentino, along with the southern part of the County of Tyrol (now South Tyrol ), was transferred to Italy, and Italian troops occupied Tyrol and arrived at

850-498: The famous but non-motorable mountain passes is Thorong La at 5,416 metres (17,769 ft) in Annapurna Conservation Area , Nepal. Brenner pass The Brenner Pass (German: Brennerpass [ˈbʁɛnɐpas] , shortly Brenner ; Italian : Passo del Brennero [ˈpasso del ˈbrɛnnero] ) is a mountain pass over the Alps which forms the border between Italy and Austria . It

884-601: The first trans-Alpine railway without a major tunnel and at high altitude (crossing the Brenner Pass at 1,371 m). Completion of the railway enabled the Austrians to move their troops more efficiently; the Austrians had hoped to secure their territories of Venetia and Lombardy (south of the Alps), but lost them to Italy following the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859 and Austro-Prussian War in 1866. At

918-870: The important Via Imperii , an imperial road linking the Kingdom of Germany north of the Alps with the Italian March of Verona . In the Carolingian Divisio Regnorum of 806, the Brenner region was called per alpes Noricas , the transit through the Noric Alps . From the 12th century, the Brenner Pass was controlled by the Counts of Tyrol within the Holy Roman Empire . Emperor Frederick Barbarossa made frequent uses of

952-410: The mathematical concept of a saddle surface , with a saddle point marking the minimum high point between two valleys and the lowest point along a ridge. On a topographic map , passes can be identified by contour lines with an hourglass shape, which indicates a low spot between two higher points. In the high mountains, a difference of 2,000 meters (6,600 ft) between the summit and the mountain

986-479: The pass and its elevation above mean sea level . Apart from offering relatively easy travel between valleys, passes also provide a route between two mountain tops with a minimum of descent. As a result, it is common for tracks to meet at a pass; this often makes them convenient routes even when travelling between a summit and the valley floor. Passes traditionally were places for trade routes, communications, cultural exchange, military expeditions etc. A typical example

1020-569: The prehistoric eras since the most recent Ice Age. The Brenner Pass, however, was not the first trans-Alpine Roman road to become regularised under the Roman Empire. The first Roman road to cross the Alpine range, Via Claudia Augusta , connected Verona in northern Italy with Augusta Vindelicorum (modern-day Augsburg ) in the Roman province of Raetia . Via Augusta was completed in 46–47 AD;

1054-599: The route took its course along the Adige valley to the neighbouring Reschen Pass (west of the Brenner Pass), then descended into the Inn valley before rising to Fern Pass towards Augsburg. The Roman road that physically crossed over the Brenner Pass did not exist until the 2nd century AD. It took the "eastern" route through the Puster Valley and descended into Veldidena (modern-day Wilten ), where it crossed

Carter Bar - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-601: The signing of the Schengen Agreement in 1992 and Austria's subsequent entry into the European Union in 1995, customs and immigration posts at the Brenner Pass were removed in 1997. However, Austria reinstituted border checks in 2015 as a response to the European migrant crisis . In April 2016, Austria announced it would build a 370-meter long fence at the Pass but clarify that "it would be used only to "channel" people and

1122-696: The similar bwlch (both being insular Celtic languages). In the Lake District of north-west England, the term hause is often used, although the term pass is also common—one distinction is that a pass can refer to a route, as well as the highest part thereof, while a hause is simply that highest part, often flattened somewhat into a high-level plateau. In Japan they are known as tōge , which means "pass" in Japanese. The word can also refer to narrow, winding roads that can be found in and around mountains and geographically similar areas, or specifically to

1156-402: Was not a barrier. " The Europabrücke ( Europe Bridge ), located roughly halfway between Innsbruck and the Brenner Pass, is a large concrete bridge carrying the six-lane Brenner Autobahn over the valley of Sill River (Wipptal). At a height of 180 metres (590 feet) and span of 820 metres (2,690 feet), the bridge was celebrated as a masterpiece of engineering upon its completion in 1963. It

#916083