33-491: Celtiberian may refer to: Celtiberians , a Celtic people of the Iberian Peninsula Celtiberian language , a Celtic language Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Celtiberian . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
66-641: A March 2019 genetic study published in Science , three Celtiberians buried at La Hoya, Alava (in Beron territory) between 400 BC and 195 BC were examined. They had high levels of north - central European ancestry compared to non-Celtic populations of Iberia. One of the males examined was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup I2a1a1a . Diodorus Siculus Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Διόδωρος , translit. Diódōros ; fl. 1st century BC)
99-595: A group of Celts and Celticized peoples inhabiting an area in the central-northeastern Iberian Peninsula during the final centuries BC. They were explicitly mentioned as being Celts by several classic authors (e.g. Strabo ). These tribes spoke the Celtiberian language and wrote it by adapting the Iberian alphabet , in the form of the Celtiberian script . The numerous inscriptions that have been discovered, some of them extensive, have enabled scholars to classify
132-761: A period of continuous warfare, though Barry Cunliffe says "this has the ring of guesswork about it." Strabo just saw the Celtiberians as a branch of the Celti . Pliny the Elder thought that the original home of the Celts in Iberia was the territory of the Celtici in the south-west, on the grounds of an identity of sacred rites, language, and the names of cities. Strabo cites Ephorus 's belief that there were Celts in
165-604: A thrown spear, was a Hispanic word, according to Varro . Celtiberian culture was increasingly influenced by Rome in the two final centuries BC. From the 3rd century, the clan was superseded as the basic Celtiberian political unit by the oppidum , a fortified organized city with a defined territory that included the castros as subsidiary settlements. These civitates as the Roman historians called them, could make and break alliances, as surviving inscribed hospitality pacts attest, and minted coinage. The old clan structures lasted in
198-540: A wide-ranging degree of local assimilation with the autochthonous cultures in a mixed Celtic and Iberian stock. The cultural stronghold of Celtiberians was the northern area of the central meseta in the upper valleys of the Tagus and Douro east to the Iberus ( Ebro ) river, in the modern provinces of Soria , Guadalajara , Zaragoza and Teruel . There, when Greek and Roman geographers and historians encountered them,
231-515: Is from 21 BC. Diodorus' universal history , which he named Bibliotheca historica ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Βιβλιοθήκη Ἱστορική , "Historical Library"), was immense and consisted of 40 books, of which 1–5 and 11–20 survive: fragments of the lost books are preserved in Photius and the Excerpts of Constantine Porphyrogenitus . It was divided into three sections. The first six books treated
264-677: The Celtiberian language as a Celtic language, one of the Hispano-Celtic (also known as Iberian Celtic) languages that were spoken in pre-Roman and early Roman Iberia. Archaeologically, many elements link Celtiberians with Celts in Central Europe, but also show large differences with both the Hallstatt culture and La Tène culture . There is no complete agreement on the exact definition of Celtiberians among classical authors, nor modern scholars. The Ebro river clearly divides
297-779: The Roman province of Hispania Citerior . The subjugated Celtiberians waged a protracted struggle against the Roman conquerors, staging uprisings in 195–193 BC, 181–179 BC , 153–151 BC , and 143–133 BC . In 105 BC, Celtiberian warriors drove the Germanic Cimbri from Spain in the Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) and also played an important role in the Sertorian War (80–72 BC). The term Celtiberi appears in accounts by Diodorus Siculus , Appian and Martial who recognized intermarriage between Celts and Iberians after
330-686: The Second Punic War the Celtiberians served most often as allies or mercenaries of Carthage in its conflict with Rome, and crossed the Alps in the mixed forces under Hannibal 's command. Under Scipio Africanus , the Romans were able to secure alliances and change the allegiances of many Celtiberian tribes, using these allied warriors against the Carthaginian forces and allies in Spain. After
363-567: The death of Alexander the Great . The last section (books XVII to the end) concerns the historical events from the successors of Alexander down to either 60 BC or the beginning of Julius Caesar 's Gallic Wars . (The end has been lost, so it is unclear whether Diodorus reached the beginning of the Gallic War as he promised at the beginning of his work or, as evidence suggests, old and tired from his labours, he stopped short at 60 BC.) He selected
SECTION 10
#1732765909141396-434: The "year of Abraham 1968" (49 BC), writes, "Diodorus of Sicily, a writer of Greek history, became illustrious". However, his English translator, Charles Henry Oldfather , remarks on the "striking coincidence" that one of only two known Greek inscriptions from Agyrium ( Inscriptiones Graecae XIV, 588) is the tombstone of one "Diodorus, the son of Apollonius" (“ Διόδωρος ∙ Ἀπολλωνίου ”) . The final work attributed to him
429-636: The Celtiberian areas from non-Indo-European speaking peoples. In other directions, the demarcation is less clear. Most scholars include the Arevaci , Pellendones , Belli , Titti and Lusones as Celtiberian tribes, and occasionally the Berones , Vaccaei , Carpetani , Olcades or Lobetani . In 195 BC, part of Celtiberia was conquered by the Romans , and by 72 BC the entire region had become part of
462-439: The Celtiberian strongholds Kontebakom-Bel Botorrita , Sekaisa Segeda , Termantia complement the grave goods found in Celtiberian cemeteries, where aristocratic tombs of the 6th to 5th centuries BC give way to warrior tombs with a tendency from the 3rd century BC for weapons to disappear from grave goods, either indicating an increased urgency for their distribution among living fighters or, as Almagro-Gorbea and Lorrio think,
495-510: The Iberian peninsula as far as Cádiz . Celtic presence in Iberia likely dates to as early as the 6th century BC, when the castros evinced a new permanence with stone walls and protective ditches. Archaeologists Martín Almagro Gorbea and Alberto José Lorrio Alvarado recognize the distinguishing iron tools and extended family social structure of developed Celtiberian culture as evolving from
528-407: The archaic castro culture which they consider "proto-Celtic". Archaeological finds identify the culture as continuous with the culture reported by Classical writers from the late 3rd century onwards (Almagro-Gorbea and Lorrio). The ethnic map of Celtiberia was highly localized however, composed of different tribes and nations from the 3rd century centered upon fortified oppida and representing
561-512: The conflict, Rome took possession of the Punic empire in Spain, and some Celtiberians soon challenged the new dominant power that loomed in the borders of its territory. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus spent the years 182 to 179 pacifying the Celtiberians. Gracchus boasted of destroying over 300 Celtiberian settlements. In 155 BC, a raid into Hispania Ulterior (Farther Spain) by the Lusitani and
594-502: The consul was late in arriving and ambushed soon after, with 6,000 Romans slain. A siege of Numantia several days later, where the Segedans had taken refuge, was no more successful. Three elephants were brought up against the town walls but became frightened and turned on the Romans, who retreated in confusion. There were other setbacks, and the hapless Nobilior was obliged to withdraw to camp, where more men suffered frostbite and died of
627-481: The defeat of two successive Roman praetors encouraged the town of Segeda in Hispania Citerior (Nearer Spain) to rebel. The following year, it refused to pay tribute or provide a military contingent to Rome but formed instead a confederacy with neighboring towns and began the construction of a defensive wall. Quintus Fulvius Nobilior was sent against the Celtiberians in 153 BC, with nearly 30,000 men. But
660-558: The established Celtiberians were controlled by a military aristocracy that had become a hereditary elite. The dominant tribe were the Arevaci , who dominated their neighbors from powerful strongholds at Okilis ( Medinaceli ) and who rallied the long Celtiberian resistance to Rome. Other Celtiberians were the Belli and Titti in the Jalón valley, and the Lusones to the east. Excavations at
693-564: The formation of the Celtiberian armies, organized along clan-structure lines, with consequent losses of strategic and tactical control. The Celtiberians were the most influential ethnic group in Iberia when the Mediterranean powers ( Carthage and Rome ) started their conquests. In 220 BC, the Punic army was attacked when preparing to cross the Tagus river by a coalition of Vaccei , Carpetani and Olcades . Despite these clashes, during
SECTION 20
#1732765909141726-461: The freedom of their country. But Scipio would accept only deditio (surrender). Hearing this demand for absolute submission, the Numantines, "who were previously savage in temper because of their absolute freedom and quite unaccustomed to obey the orders of others, and were now wilder than ever and beside themselves by reason of their hardships," slew their own ambassadors. After eight months,
759-436: The increased urbanization of Celtiberian society. Many late Celtiberian oppida are still occupied by modern towns, inhibiting archaeology. Metalwork stands out in Celtiberian archaeological finds, partly from its indestructible nature, emphasizing Celtiberian articles of warlike uses, horse trappings and prestige weapons. The two-edged sword adopted by the Romans was previously in use among the Celtiberians, and Latin lancea ,
792-409: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian&oldid=952301640 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Celtiberians The Celtiberians were
825-526: The last formal resistance of the Celtiberian cities to Roman domination, which submerged the Celtiberian culture. The Celtiberian presence remains on the map of Spain in hundreds of Celtic place-names . The archaeological recovery of Celtiberian culture commenced with the excavations of Numantia , published between 1914 and 1931. A Roman army auxiliary unit, the Cohors I Celtiberorum, is known from Britain, attested by 2nd century AD discharge diplomas . In
858-473: The mythic history of the non- Hellenic and Hellenic tribes to the destruction of Troy and are geographical in theme, and describe the history and culture of Ancient Egypt (book I), of Mesopotamia , India , Scythia , and Arabia (II), of North Africa (III), and of Greece and Europe (IV–VI). In the next section (books VII–XVII), he recounts the history of the world from the Trojan War down to
891-414: The starving population was reduced to cannibalism and, filthy and foul smelling, compelled to surrender. But, "such was the love of liberty and of valour which existed in this small barbarian town," relates Appian , that many chose to kill themselves rather than capitulate. Families poisoned themselves, weapons were burned, and the beleaguered town set ablaze. There had been only about 8,000 fighting men when
924-565: The time from the Trojan War to the death of Alexander the Great . The third covers the period to about 60 BC. Bibliotheca , meaning 'library', acknowledges that he was drawing on the work of many other authors. According to his own work, he was born in Agyrium in Sicily (now called Agira). With one exception, antiquity affords no further information about his life and doings beyond his written works. Only Jerome , in his Chronicon under
957-578: The war began; half that number survived to garrison Numantia. Only a pitiable few survived to walk in Scipio's triumph. The others were sold as slaves and the town razed to the ground, the territory divided among its neighbors. After Numantia was finally taken and destroyed, Roman cultural influences increased; this is the period of the earliest Botorrita inscribed plaque ; later plaques, significantly, are inscribed in Latin . The Sertorian War (80–72 BC) marked
990-404: The winter cold. Nobilior lost over 10,000 men in his campaign. In 137 BC, the Celtiberians forced the surrender of a 20,000-man Roman consular army led by Gaius Hostilius Mancinus . In 134 BC, the consul Scipio Aemilianus took charge of the demoralized Roman troops in Spain and laid siege to Numantia . Nearby fields were laid waste and what was not used burned. The stronghold of Numantia then
1023-432: Was an ancient Greek historian from Sicily . He is known for writing the monumental universal history Bibliotheca historica , in forty books, fifteen of which survive intact, between 60 and 30 BC. The history is arranged in three parts. The first covers mythic history up to the destruction of Troy , arranged geographically, describing regions around the world from Egypt, India and Arabia to Europe. The second covers
Celtiberian - Misplaced Pages Continue
1056-457: Was circumvallated with a ditch and palisade, behind which was a wall ten feet high. Towers were placed every hundred feet and mounted with catapults and ballistae . To blockade the nearby river, logs were placed in the water, moored by ropes on the shore. Knives and spear heads were embedded in the wood, which rotated in the strong current. Allied tribes were ordered to send reinforcements. Even Jugurtha , who later would revolt from Rome, himself,
1089-571: Was sent from Numidia with twelve war elephants. The Roman forces now numbered 60,000 men and were arrayed around the besieged town in seven camps. The Numantines, "ready though they were to die, no opportunity was given them of fighting". There were several desperate attempts to break out but they were repulsed. Nor could there be any help from neighboring towns. Eventually, as their hunger increased, envoys were sent to Scipio, asking if they would be treated with moderation if they surrendered, pleading that they had fought for their women and children, and
#140859