Battle of Talisay Battle of Mandaue
68-490: Cebu Brigade is a military unit and formation organized in January 1942 by Visayas-Mindanao Force to defend the island of Cebu after ordering 81st Infantry Division Headquarters moved to Mindanao to bolster its defenses. USAFFE and later USFIP saw the island vital for the transport of the supplies to Bataan and Corregidor. Colonel Irvine Scudder was appointed as its commander until its surrender to Japanese. Visayan Force
136-570: A case reaching the Supreme Court questioning the constitutionality of the choice of Tagalog as the basis of the national language (a case ruled in favor of the national language in 1970). Accusing the national language as simply being Tagalog and lacking any substantial input from other Philippine languages, Congressman Geruncio Lacuesta eventually led a "Modernizing the Language Approach Movement" (MOLAM). Lacuesta hosted
204-453: A dictionary, which he later passed to Francisco Jansens and José Hernández. Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlúcar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly re-edited, with the latest edition being published in 2013 in Manila. Spanish served in an official capacity as language of
272-469: A number of "anti-purist" conferences and promoted a "Manila Lingua Franca" which would be more inclusive of loanwords of both foreign and local languages. Lacuesta managed to get nine congressmen to propose a bill aiming to abolish the SWP with an Akademia ng Wikang Filipino , to replace the balarila with a Gramatica ng Wikang Filipino , to replace the 20-letter Abakada with a 32-letter alphabet, and to prohibit
340-552: A study and survey of each existing native language, hoping to choose which was to be the base for a standardized national language. Later, President Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form the NLI. Led by Jaime C. De Veyra , who sat as the chair of the Institute and as the representative of Samar-Leyte-Visayans , the Institute's members were composed of Santiago A. Fonacier (representing
408-429: A week and was known as Linggo ng Wika (Language Week). The celebration coincides with the month of birth of President Manuel L. Quezon, regarded as the "Ama ng Wikang Pambansa" (Father of the national language). In 1946, Proclamation No. 35 of March 26 provided for a week-long celebration of the national language. this celebration would last from March 27 until April 2 each year, the last day coinciding with birthday of
476-801: Is a translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Usually, the diacritics are not written, and the syntax and grammar are based on that of Tagalog . the General Assembly proclaims this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among
544-600: Is argued that current state of the Filipino language is contrary to the intention of Republic Act (RA) No. 7104 that requires that the national language be developed and enriched by the lexicon of the country's other languages. It is further argued that, while the official view (shared by the government, the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino , and a number of educators) is that Filipino and Tagalog are considered separate languages, in practical terms, Filipino may be considered
612-456: Is frequently used. While the word Tagalista literally means "one who specializes in Tagalog language or culture" or a "Tagalog specialist", in the context of the debates on the national language and " Imperial Manila ", the word Tagalista is used as a reference to "people who promote or would promote the primacy of Tagalog at the expense of [the] other [Philippine] indigenous tongues". This
680-543: Is not a tonal language and can be considered a pitch-accent language and a syllable-timed language. It has nine basic parts of speech . The Philippines is a multilingual state with 175 living languages originating and spoken by various ethno-linguistic groups. Many of these languages descend from a common Malayo-Polynesian language due to the Austronesian migration from Taiwan. The common Malayo-Polynesian language split into different languages, and usually through
748-1363: Is still organizing. With only 61st Infantry Division under Brigadier General Bradford Chynoweth located in Panay and Negros, 81st Infantry Division under Brigadier General Guy O. Fort a long time constabulary officer, and 101st Infantry Division under Brigadier General Joseph Vachon which are still undergoing training. General Sharp received another order from General MacArthur to move bulk of his forces to Mindanao along with his headquarters. He moved his headquarters to Del Monte Fields in Bukidnon and brought along 81st Infantry Division Headquarters and assigned to Dansalan in Lanao. He also transferred1st Battalion/82nd Infantry to Davao Area, also ordered to transfer to Mindanao are 61st Infantry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Eugene Mitchell, 73rd Infantry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Robert Vessey, 61st Field Artillery Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Hiram Tarkington , and 81st Field Artillery Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel John M. Woodridge. Later Leyte Brigade under Lieutenant Colonel Ben-Hur Chastaine which included 81st Infantry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Ruperto Kangleon and 93rd Infantry Regiment under Major John Goldtrap to cover
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#1732802512028816-485: Is that speech variety spoken in Metro Manila and other urban centers where different ethnic groups meet. It is the most prestigious variety of Tagalog and the language used by the national mass media. The other yardstick for distinguishing a language from a dialect is: different grammar, different language. "Filipino", "Pilipino" and "Tagalog" share identical grammar. They have the same determiners (ang, ng and sa);
884-474: Is the indigenous written and spoken language of Metro Manila and other urban centers in the Philippines used as the language of communication of ethnic groups . However, as with the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions, 92-1 went neither so far as to categorically identify, nor so far as to dis-identify this language as Tagalog. Definite, absolute, and unambiguous interpretation of 92–1 is the prerogative of
952-593: The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language, or KWF), superseding the Institute of Philippine Languages. The KWF reports directly to the President and was tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote researches for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages. On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92-1, specifying that Filipino
1020-772: The Ilokano-speaking regions ), Filemon Sotto (the Cebu-Visayans ), Casimiro Perfecto (the Bikolanos ), Felix S. Sales Rodriguez (the Panay-Visayans ), Hadji Butu (the languages of Muslim Filipinos ), and Cecilio Lopez (the Tagalogs ). The Institute of National Language adopted a resolution on November 9, 1937 recommending Tagalog to be basis of the national language. On December 30, President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 134, s. 1937, approving
1088-547: The Mariano Marcos State University in Batac, Ilocos Norte, that Filipino was simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with as yet no grammatical element or lexicon coming from Ilokano , Cebuano , Hiligaynon , or any of the other Philippine languages . He said further that this is contrary to the intention of Republic Act No. 7104, which requires that the national language be developed and enriched by
1156-623: The Philippines , lingua franca (Karaniwang wika), and one of the two official languages ( Wikang opisyal / Opisyal na wika ) of the country, with English . It is a standardized variety of the native language Tagalog , spoken and written in Metro Manila , the National Capital Region, and in other urban centers of the archipelago. The 1987 Constitution mandates that Filipino be further enriched and developed by
1224-713: The Supreme Court in the absence of directives from the KWF, otherwise the sole legal arbiter of the Filipino language. Filipino was presented and registered with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), by Ateneo de Manila University student Martin Gomez, and was added to the ISO registry of languages on September 21, 2004, with it receiving the ISO 639-2 code fil . On August 22, 2007, it
1292-760: The 14th Army he released General Sharp from his command and ordered to report directly to General MacArthur. But later insisted no less the surrender of entire Filipino-American forces in the Philippines before he accepts the surrender. General Sharp was forced to abide the order of General Wainwright due to the pressure that forces in the Corregidor are held hostage and will be massacred should he not surrender his forces. He sent emissary Lieutenant Colonel Jessie Traywick to personally deliver his hand written order and ensure this order are carried by General Sharp. In turn Sharp sent emissaries to General Chynoweth commander of Visayan Force and to other commanders in major islands in
1360-435: The 1937 selection. The 1960s saw the rise of the purist movement where new words were being coined to replace loanwords. This era of "purism" by the SWP sparked criticisms by a number of persons. Two counter-movements emerged during this period of "purism": one campaigning against Tagalog and the other campaigning for more inclusiveness in the national language. In 1963, Negros Occidental congressman Innocencio V. Ferrer took
1428-587: The 20-letter Abakada alphabet which became the standard of the national language. The alphabet was officially adopted by the Institute for the Tagalog-Based National Language. In 1959, the language became known as Pilipino in an effort to disassociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group . The changing of the name did not, however, result in universal acceptance among non- Tagalogs , especially Cebuanos who had previously not accepted
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#17328025120281496-748: The Army Transport Service Facility in Cebu Harbor. Same problem with other island garrisons of Visayas lack of ammunitions, no artillery pieces, no coastal and antiaircraft guns, and limited supplies. Helping Colonel Scudder are his staffs mostly Americans and few Filipino army officers assistants. Captain William F. O'Connor is S1 Personnel, Captain Russell Cracraft is Intelligence Officer S2, Captain Ernest V. Jordan
1564-703: The Cantabaco. On April 16, 1942, Sakaguchi Detachment landed in simultaneous effect on both west and east coasts of the southern part of Cebu. First group landed in Bato, Pinamungajan and Second group landed in Sibonga and Talisay. 1st Battalion, 82nd Infantry under Major Daniel Iway deployed by Colonel David to defend in Toledo and prevent Japanese drive towards Cantabaco. Visayan Force operations officer Major Ernest V. Jordan moved to San Fernando to thwart Japanese landing in
1632-713: The Dutch. The first dictionary of Tagalog, published as the Vocabulario de la lengua tagala , was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, and published in 1613 by the "Father of Filipino Printing" Tomás Pinpin in Pila , Laguna . A latter book of the same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein (known locally as Pablo Clain) at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He wrote
1700-523: The Filipino language. Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that: as Filipino evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. And also states in the article: Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain
1768-422: The Filipino writer Francisco Baltazar , author of the Tagalog epic Florante at Laura . In 1954, Proclamation No. 12 of March 26 provided that the week of celebration would be from March 29 to April 4 every year. This proclamation was amended the following year by President Ramon Magsaysay by Proclamation No. 186 of September 23, moving the dates of celebration to August 13–19, every year. Now coinciding with
1836-529: The Japanese location and check the location of his battalion. He was never heard of him after he moved forward. General Chynoweth still confident the demolition charges will explode on the specified time. 83rd Infantry Regiment now under LCol. Rufus Rogers who was posted in the northern town of Liloan sent two companies as ordered to reinforce the Cantabaco front. However, due to no availability transport vehicles it moved slowly and before it reaches its objective it
1904-576: The Malay language, the lingua franca of maritime Southeast Asia, these were able to adopt terms that ultimately originate from other languages such as Japanese , Hokkien , Sanskrit , Tamil , and Arabic . The Malay language was generally used by the ruling classes and the merchants from the states and various cultures in the Philippine archipelago for international communication as part of maritime Southeast Asia. In fact, Filipinos first interacted with
1972-932: The Northeast area of Mindanao including Northern Davao Province. On December 10, 1941, a Japanese task force raided and landed in Davao with the support of 3rd Naval Fleet and Air Forces based in Palau. They were opposed by defending forces consisting of 2/101st Infantry, 2/82nd Infantry, a battery of 75mm mountain guns from 101st Field Artillery of the 101st Division of the Philippine Army, and few Philippine constabularies under overall command of sector commander Lieutenant Colonel Roger Hilsman after few skirmishes they were overran and dispersed due to lack of coordination and fire power. Sakaguchi Detachment composed of 146th Infantry Regiment with one artillery and tank battalions under
2040-417: The Philippines alongside Spanish; however, the number of speakers of Spanish steadily decreased. The United States initiated policies that led to the gradual removal of Spanish from official use in the Philippines. This was not done through an outright ban, but rather through a strategic shift in language policy that promoted English as the primary language for education, governance, and law. At present, Spanish
2108-466: The Spaniards using the Malay language. In addition to this, 16th-century chroniclers of the time noted that the kings and lords in the islands usually spoke around five languages. Spanish intrusion into the Philippine islands started in 1565 with the fall of Cebu. The eventual capital established by Spain for its settlement in the Philippines was Manila , situated in a Tagalog-speaking region, after
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2176-1037: The Visayas islands as Chynoweth was confined only in Cebu and could no longer function his responsibilities. After Visayas-Mindanao Force sent order to surrender and sent emissaries from Mindanao to Cebu to confer with Colonel Scudder and General Chynoweth of Sharp's order. Chynoweth ordered all forces in Cebu to surrender to the Japanese. Visayas-Mindanao Force Willy MB Jeeps M3 Scout Cars M2 Half Trucks QF9.25inch Mountain Guns M1932 Browning .50 Caliber Heavy Machineguns M1917 Browning .30 Caliber Medium Machineguns (Watercooled) M1923 Thompson Submachineguns M1918 Browning Automatic Rifles M1917 Enfield Bolt Action Rifles P14 Pattern Enfield Rifles M1903 Springfield Bolt Action Rifles Visayas-Mindanao Force ( Filipino : Hukbong Lakas ng Visayas at Mindanao ; Cebuano : Puwersa sa Visayas ug Mindanao )
2244-462: The Visayas. General Sharp surrendered the entire forces in Visayas and Mindanao to Japanese on May 9, 1941. Before his surrender he already has a plan for the transition of his forces to guerilla units. He allowed send home the new trainees and bury their weapons, he allowed the roster of his forces abjugated . He ordered his remaining forces to report to Camp Casisang in Malaybalay, Bukidnon for
2312-561: The adoption of Tagalog as the language of the Philippines, and proclaimed the national language of the Philippines so based on the Tagalog language. Quezon himself was born and raised in Baler, Aurora , which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. The order stated that it would take effect two years from its promulgation. On December 31 of the same year, Quezon proclaimed Tagalog as the basis of the Wikang Pambansâ (National Language) giving
2380-476: The birthday of President Manuel L. Quezon. The reason for the move being given that the original celebration was a period "outside of the school year, thereby precluding the participation of schools in its celebration". In 1988, President Corazon Aquino signed Proclamation No. 19, reaffirming the celebration every August 13 to 19. In 1997, the celebration was extended from a week to a month by Proclamation 1041 of July 15 signed by President Fidel V. Ramos . It
2448-707: The capture of Manila from the Muslim Kingdom of Luzon ruled by Raja Matanda with the heir apparent Raja Sulayman and the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom of Tondo ruled by Lakan Dula . After its fall to the Spaniards, Manila was made the capital of the Spanish settlement in Asia due to the city's commercial wealth and influence, its strategic location, and Spanish fears of raids from the Portuguese and
2516-567: The command of Major General Sakaguchi Shizuo landed the following week to reinforced the Muira Detachment composed of 1/33rd Infantry under Lieutenant Colonel Muira Toshio. When Japanese gained a strong foothold, Sakaguchi Detachment left and landed in Sulu Island in preparation for Japanese invasion of Borneo where much needed oil are found, leaving Muira Detachment in Davao area. Colonel Hilsman 900 strong troops were dispersed to
2584-469: The creation of neologisms and the respelling of loanwords. This movement quietened down following the death of Lacuesta. The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention . While there was a sizable number of delegates in favor of retaining the Tagalog-based national language, majority of the delegates who were non-Tagalogs were even in favor of scrapping
2652-641: The defenders easily dispersed from their position. General Sharp forces was still fighting and acknowledge he could not hold on much longer and communicated to General MacArthur's headquarters in Australia, Following the fall of Bataan in April 9, Corregidor islands was the focus of Japanese intense operations until May 6. General Wainwright still communicated directly to General Sharp for Visayas and Mindanao forces despite General Chynoweth being equal to General Sharp due to separation of commands. On April 19, 1942 with
2720-506: The defense of Northern Mindanao from units coming from Visayas Islands and provincial battalions. He selected Colonel William P. Morse as commander above the Taguloan river. Kawamura Detachment invaded Mindanao thru Northern Mindanao and Kawaguchi Detachment landed Cotabato and Malabang, Lanao. They were met by Filipino-American forces with fierce fighting but in the end the superior weaponry won and lack of artilleries guns and air support made
2788-744: The demolition of the facility to prevent capture of the enemy. Two companies of MPs who was posted in Mactan island crossed back to Cebu main island after the demolition. Small Japanese units landed in Cebu City Peir 1 and Mandaue where sporadic fighting ensued on the streets and town center. Japanese was able to capture Cebu Hospital and Cebu Normal School where they setup its headquarters. Colonel Scudder and his men retreated towards Sudlon and Tabunan in Cebu Sierra Madre Mountains. Lieutenant Colonel Grimes moved forward to verify
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2856-561: The development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages. On November 13, 1936, the first National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved Commonwealth Act No. 184; creating the Institute of National Language (later the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ or SWP) and tasking it with making
2924-710: The following factors: On June 7, 1940, the Philippine National Assembly passed Commonwealth Act No. 570 declaring that the Filipino national language would be considered an official language effective July 4, 1946 (coinciding with the country's expected date of independence from the United States). That same year, the Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ (English: Grammar of the National Language ) of grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced
2992-524: The government during the Spanish period. Spanish played a significant role in unifying the Philippines, a country made up of over 7,000 islands with a multitude of ethnicities, languages, and cultures. Before Spanish rule, the archipelago was not a unified nation, but rather a collection of independent kingdoms, sultanates, and tribes, each with its own language and customs. During the American colonial period , English became an additional official language of
3060-469: The idea of a "national language" altogether. A compromise was reached and the wording on the 1973 constitution made no mention of dropping the national language Pilipino or made any mention of Tagalog. Instead, the 1973 Constitution , in both its original form and as amended in 1976, designated English and Pilipino as official languages and provided for development and formal adoption of a common national language, termed Filipino , to replace Pilipino. Neither
3128-468: The latter national. This is similar to the comparison between Castilian and Spanish , or Mandarin and Chinese . Political designations aside, Tagalog and Filipino are linguistically the same, sharing, among other things, the same grammatical structure. On May 23, 2007, Ricardo Maria Nolasco, KWF chair and a linguistics expert, acknowledged in a keynote speech during the NAKEM Conference at
3196-408: The lexicon of the country's other languages, something toward which the commission was working. On August 24, 2007, Nolasco elaborated further on the relationship between Tagalog and Filipino in a separate article, as follows: Are "Tagalog," "Pilipino" and "Filipino" different languages? No, they are mutually intelligible varieties, and therefore belong to one language. According to the KWF, Filipino
3264-544: The mountains of Davao and others towards Kabacan. Rogers himself has to endure weeks of hike in the jungle to reach Bukidnon and report back to 101st Division headquarters. Leaving army provincial battalion and constabulary troops harassing Japanese forces. No further major Japanese landings occurred until the fall of Bataan peninsula. Lieutenant Colonel Graves assumed command of Kidapawan-Digos sector. On February 6, 1942, General MacArthur decided to take control of Mindoro and Panay Islands which are nearer to Luzon Island to manage
3332-401: The official name of Tagalog, or even a synonym of it. Today's Filipino language is best described as "Tagalog-based". The language is usually called Tagalog within the Philippines and among Filipinos to differentiate it from other Philippine languages, but it has also come to be known as Filipino to differentiate it from the languages of other countries; the former implies a regional origin,
3400-509: The original nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino; Instead, tasking the National Assembly to: take steps toward the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino. In 1987, a new constitution designated Filipino as the national language and, along with English, as an official language. That constitution included several provisions related to
3468-407: The other languages of the Philippines . Filipino, like other Austronesian languages, commonly uses verb-subject-object order, but can also use subject-verb-object order. Filipino follows the trigger system of morphosyntactic alignment that is also common among Austronesian languages. It has head-initial directionality. It is an agglutinative language but can also display inflection . It
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#17328025120283536-502: The same day. Due to lack of artillery guns and ammunitions, Japanese easily set its foothold and dispersed Filipino-American forces. Captured all major ports and airfields and bulk of supplies in Cebu, making sure it won't reach beleaguered troops in Corregidor Island. Justice Secretary Jose Abad Santos was captured by the Japanese in Cebu who was making its way to reach Mindanao. General Sharp activated 102nd Division to cover
3604-398: The same personal pronouns (siya, ako, niya, kanila, etc.); the same demonstrative pronouns (ito, iyan, doon, etc.); the same linkers (na, at and ay); the same particles (na and pa); and the same verbal affixes -in, -an, i- and -um-. In short, same grammar, same language. In connection with the use of Filipino, or specifically the promotion of the national language, the related term Tagalista
3672-545: The same strategy while he was commander of 61st Division in Panay Island. General Chynoweth first order of business was to place commanders on Major islands. He promoted Colonel Albert Christie to Brigadier General to assumed command of 61st Division and Panay Island including Romblon and Guimaras. He sent Lieutenant Colonel Carter McClellan commander of 63rd Infantry Regiment to command Negros Island but General Sharp sent Colonel Roger Hilsman who commanded forces in Davao at
3740-547: The start of the hostilities making him more experienced and senior officer than Colonel McClellan. Colonel Hilsman assumed command of Negros Island and Colonel McClellan slide down to be his executive officer. Colonel Irvine Schudder commanded Cebu Island and Colonel Theodore Cornell commanded Leyte and Samar Islands. After the surrender of Bataan, General Homma has spare forces now to start his campaign in to southern islands. Kawamura detachment invaded Panay Island on April 16, 1942. Kawaguchi detachment invaded Cebu island almost
3808-632: The subjugation of the island of Cebu by the Japanese, the Visayan Force of General Chynoweth could no longer function as a force due to the loss of Cantabaco town where Visayan Force HQ located, it lost communication with other garrisons in the Visayas. Wainwright ordered Sharp to reestablish the Visayas-Mindanao Force to take command of the remaining garrison of the Visayas islands. Before General Wainwright moved forward to seek terms of surrender to General Homma Masaharu commander of
3876-473: The supply route and delivery of supplies. This made him decide that Visayas Islands should be separated from General Sharp's command. This took effect on the General MacArthur's departure to Australia on March 17, 1942. Brigadier General Bradford Chynoweth commander of 61st Division in Panay Island took command of Visayan Force and moved to Cebu, he organized Operation Baus Au in a corps level scale
3944-493: The surrender. Few months later American POWs are brought to Luzon and later sent to Japan via Hell ship. Filipino language Filipino ( English: / ˌ f ɪ l ɪ ˈ p iː n oʊ / , FIH-lih-PEE-noh ; Wikang Filipino , [ˈwi.kɐŋ fi.liˈpi.no̞] ) is a language under the Austronesian language family . It is the national language ( Wikang pambansa / Pambansang wika ) of
4012-559: The town. However, Japanese had withdrawn and landed in Talisay, where Cebu MP Regiment under LCol. Howard Edmands met them. With only M2 Browning .50 Caliber Heavy Machinegun and limited ammunition as its heaviest arm his men was not able to stop the Japanese. Due to air and naval fire support Colonel Edmands men retreated towards Cebu City. He ordered the Naval detachment under LCmdr Slimmons, USN in-charge of demolition in Mactan island to start
4080-518: The use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system. and: The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Section 17(d) of Executive Order 117 of January 30, 1987 renamed the Institute of National Language as Institute of Philippine Languages . Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, created
4148-548: Was S3 Operation but was absorbed by Visayan Force HQ, Captain William English was S4 Supply officer for the brigade. Major James Cushing the engineer officer, Captain Harry Fenton as radio communication officer, and Major Floyd Hawks is the medical officer. Communications Officer is Lieutenant Thomas F. O'Brien, USN. A demolition detachment is assigned to 1Leiutenant Frank E. Merchant On April 12, 1942, General Chynoweth ordered 1st Battalion, 83rd Infantry under Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Grimes to transfer from Bohol to Cebu to cover
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#17328025120284216-417: Was a military formation created in November 1941 to command all soldiers of US Army, US Philippine Scouts, Philippine Army, and Philippine Constabulary in the southern islands ( Visayas and Mindanao ) of the Philippines. Colonel William F. Sharp was appointed as commanding general and was promoted to Brigadier General in November 1941 and later Major General. His executive officer was Major Howard Edmands. He
4284-412: Was designated an optional and voluntary language under the 1987 Constitution, along with Arabic. While Spanish and English were considered "official languages" during the American colonial period, there existed no "national language" initially. Article XIII, section 3 of the 1935 constitution establishing the Commonwealth of the Philippines provided that: The National Assembly shall take steps toward
4352-886: Was just starting to organize his command and train his soldiers into a fighting unit when the war started on December 7, 1941. General Sharp was ordered to organize the coastal defenses, construct more airfields, recruit, and trained soldiers. He took Colonel John W. Thompson as Chief of Staff and Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Mixson as deputy chief of staff to help him organize the command. Along with Lieutenant Colonel Howard R. Perry as G1, Lieutenant Colonel Charles I. Humber as G2, Lieutenant Colonel W.L. Robinson as G3, and Lieutenant Colonel Robert D. Johnston as G4. Before war started, Visayas-Mindanao Force had five Divisions of Philippine Army, one Battalion of Philippine Scouts and various Philippine Constabulary personnel. However, 71st and 91st Divisions were ordered to transfer to Luzon Island in November 1941 leaving their last infantry regiment who
4420-417: Was organized under Brigadier General Bradford Chynoweth which Cebu Brigade will be under its command except for the Army Transport Service who is under the direct command of USAFFE later USFIP. The Force whose headquarters also located in Cebu island at Camp X in Cantabaco, share its defenses to ensure orders are reaching to different island garrisons. Main mission of the Brigade is to defense Lahug field and
4488-405: Was recalled. This was the moment when Chynoweth realized his order is miscarried and ordered his headquarters withdraw to a trail towards Sudlon. On April 19, after Cebu island is lost and could not communicate with Visayan Force HQ who also retreated towards Sudlon. General Wainwright ordered General Sharp to reconstitute the Visayas-Mindanao Force and take command of all remaining garrisons in
4556-409: Was reported that three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English , in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines . De la Rama said it
4624-416: Was the dream of Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna , Cavite , Quezon , Aurora , Nueva Ecija , Batangas , Rizal , and Metro Manila , all of which mentioned are natively Tagalog-speaking. Since 1997, a month-long celebration of the national language occurs during August, known in Filipino as Buwan ng Wika (Language Month). Previously, this lasted only
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