All-National Congress of the Chechen People
85-461: [REDACTED] Checheno-Ingush ASSR [REDACTED] Dzhokhar Dudayev [REDACTED] Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev [REDACTED] / [REDACTED] Ruslan Khasbulatov [REDACTED] / [REDACTED] Aslambek Aslakhanov [REDACTED] Doku Zavgayev The Chechen Revolution was a series of anti-government protests in the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic against
170-760: A "sham". Yeltsin denounced Gorbachev as "conservative" and "reactionary", especially after his use of force in Georgia , Azerbaijan and Baltics . He attacked the Soviet leader for "failing to implement" his liberal reforms and accused him of leading the country into a "dictatorship". Along with the USSR's constituent republics, all federal units within the RSFSR also passed proclamations of sovereignty. In an attempt to undermine Yeltsin's rule, Gorbachev supported these republics, which included Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic within
255-515: A "social revolution" against "detested Communist Party nomenklatura". The religious and clan leaders in the villages helped to swing the rural populace over the side of Dudayev, believing that Dudayev, a secular leader, would eventually be induced to establish an Islamic republic in Chechnya. The new entrepreneurial class, which represented the republic's "shadow economy", were also involved in the protests and financially backed Dudayev. On 24 August,
340-489: A New Union Treaty was planned to be signed, which would have effectively transformed the Soviet Union into a loose confederation. Though the treaty was intended to save the union, the hardliners feared that it would increase the power of constituent republics and encourage them to press for full independence. GKChP announced it would take "necessary steps" to preserve the Soviet Union. The coup caused mixed reactions in
425-708: A Zavgayev's meeting of all elected deputies of Chechen-Ingush republic at all levels, taking control of Supreme Soviet building and rendering impossible for it to continue its work. Aslambek Aslakhanov, chairman of the Committee on Questions of Legality, Law and Order, and the Struggle with Crime of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet and a leading ally of Khasbulatov, flew to Grozny. He pressued Zavgayev to resign. The Chechen MVD did not support Zavgayev upon Aslakhanov's arrival. On September 7, Ruslan Khasbulatov welcomed
510-483: A decree declaring a state of emergency on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia. However, practical measures to implement it have failed. Two planes with special forces that landed at the airfield in Khankala were blocked by Chechen separatists. Leaders of anti-Dudayev parties and movements went over to the side of Chechen separatists. The Provisional Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia and its militia disintegrated in
595-585: A defender of "Soviet multiculturalism" against Yeltsin's Russian nationalism . The Russian ASSR ( Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ) leaders feared that the revitalized strength of the Russian SFSR threatened to relegate their place in the Russian and Soviet hierarchy. Also, the ASSR leaders, which were propelled through corruption and clan hierarchy, feared Yeltsin's brand of populism, which could sweep away
680-468: A few specified exceptions, Article 111 of the Code stated that judicial hearings in the USSR should be held in public. Such protests against closed trials continued throughout the post-Stalin era. Andrei Sakharov , for example, did not travel to Oslo to receive his Nobel Peace Prize due to his public protest outside a Vilnius court building demanding access to the 1976 trial of Sergei Kovalev , an editor of
765-704: A nationalist opposition began to grow in Chechnya demanding more national self-determination for Chechen people, with some calling for independence. In July 1989, Bart (Unity) was established as a first overtly oppositional political organization in the republic. It was later renamed into the Vainakh Democratic Party in February 1990. It was instrumental in assembling the Chechen National Congress in November 1990. On 25 November
850-631: A new election initially set for 17 November. The session was also attended by Khasbulatov. On September 17, the Provisional Council was recognized as the republic's supreme body. It consisted of the National Congress members and former deputies of the former Supreme Soviet. Khusein Akhmadov, a deputy close to Dudayev, was selected to lead the Provisional Council. The same day Ruslan Khasbulatov appeared on television, congratulated
935-475: A new leader of the Soviet Union , launched campaigns of Glasnost and Perestroika reforms. The increasing decentralization, however, led to a power struggle between the Soviet central government and the leaderships of its constituent republics, which included ex-Communist Boris Yeltsin of Russian SFSR. From 1988 to 1991, the constituent republics passed " declarations of sovereignty ", which asserted
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#17327655179181020-501: A political slogan for increased government transparency in the Soviet Union within the framework of perestroika , and the calque of the word entered into English in the latter meaning. In the Russian Empire of the late-19th century, the term was used in its direct meanings of "openness" and "publicity" and applied to politics and the judicial system . Some reforms were introduced towards reforms permitting attendance of
1105-737: A referendum was held on the creation of the Ingush Republic within the RSFSR. 75% of the Ingush population took part in the referendum, 90% were in favor. As a result of the Chechen Revolution the Checheno-Ingushetia was de facto divided into the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and Ingushetia, which remained outside the territorial-administrative division. On May 16, 1992, according to the amendment to
1190-414: A series of resolutions denouncing "putsch" in Chechnya. One of the resolutions restored the authority of the Provisional Council and approved Bandi Bakhmadov as its chairman instead of Khusain Akhmadov. Dudayev stated that these resolutions were "virtually a declaration of war" against Chechnya and warned that Russia was preparing to "strangle the revolution". 50,000 supporters of Dudayev organized in front of
1275-570: A sovereign Russia, but Zavgayev refused to hold a Russian referendum to create a Russian presidency in March 1991, obeying Gorbachev's instructions. This led to Yeltsin's circle criticizing Zavgayev. Instead, Chechnya took part in Soviet referendum to preserve the USSR. This led to further criticism, since Yeltsin claimed that the referendum was called by Gorbachev to "fight against the Russian republic's independence". Gorbachev tried to present himself as
1360-498: A thirteen members of the Provisional Supreme Council, allegedly supported by the local KGB, decided to oust that body's chairman, Khusein Akhmadov. In response, On 6 October, the National Congress dissolved the Provisional Council for "undermining and provocative activity" and declared itself "the revolutionary committee for the transition period with full powers". The National Congress occupied that buildings of
1445-404: Is a concept relating to openness and transparency. It has several general and specific meanings, including a policy of maximum openness in the activities of state institutions and freedom of information and the inadmissibility of hushing up problems. In Russian, the word glasnost has long been used to mean 'openness' and 'transparency'. In the mid-1980s, it was popularised by Mikhail Gorbachev as
1530-606: The Chronicle of Current Events and prominent rights activist. In 1986, Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his advisers adopted glasnost as a political slogan, together with the term perestroika . Alexander Yakovlev , Head of the Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , is considered to be the intellectual force behind Gorbachev's reform program. Glasnost
1615-701: The Red Army . On March 7, 1944, on the orders of Stalin , the republic was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the Axis powers and separatism . The territory of the ASSR was divided between Stavropol Krai (where Grozny Oblast was formed), the Dagestan ASSR , the North Ossetian ASSR , and the Georgian SSR where the extra territory
1700-572: The Russian presidential elections , and 80% of Chechens voted in favor of Yeltsin. While the National Congress did not want the election to be held in Chechnya, considering it to be sovereign from Russia, according to Dr. Tracey German, "the election issue demonstrated the extent of Zavgayev's resolve in his confrontation with the centre". He endorsed the elections and one week before it even supported Yeltsin's candidacy. The National Congress intensified its activity in March 1991, when Dudayev retired from
1785-887: The Soviet Union existed, different governments had ruled the northern Caucasus regions of Chechnya and Ingushetia . Within the Mountain Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic , later annexed into the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic , they were known as the Chechen Autonomous Oblast and the Ingush Autonomous Oblast , which were unified on January 15, 1934, to form the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast . It
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#17327655179181870-527: The Vainakh Democratic Party led by Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev set up operation head-quarters in the former building of the gorkom (city Communist Party committee) to lead a resistance against GKChP. Dudaev stated his view that had the GKChP succeeded in taking power, it "was preparing an especially refined genocide for the Chechen people". In the late morning or early afternoon of 19 August, Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev
1955-695: The Autonomous Republic "deposed" and transferred all power in the Chechen part of the republic to the executive committee of the OKChN. September 6, 1991 Dudayev announced the dissolution of the republican power structures. Armed supporters of OKChN occupied the building of the TV center and the House of Radio, took by storm the House of Political Education, where the meeting of the Supreme Council
2040-614: The Chechen People and its chairman Dzhokhar Dudayev . Russian leader Boris Yeltsin , who played the crucial role in the failure of the coup and subsequently emerged as a dominant leader, also turned against the local Soviet Chechen leadership of Doku Zavgayev . The chain of events led to the collapse of Zavgayev's authority and assumption of power by the Provisional Supreme Soviet consisting of Dudayev's supporters and former Communist Party members. However,
2125-743: The Checheno-Ingushetian republic on the "triumph of democracy" and urged all armed groups to disband. However, the Dudayev's armed group continued to patrol streets. Dudayev considered that Russians wanted to "allow the old-guard apparatchiks back in power", which were "agreeable to the Russians". According to Dudayev, this plan "lay purposely contrary and opposed to the existence of the Chechen National Congress", which wanted to declare independence. Thus, few days later,
2210-693: The Congress declared the republic's sovereignty, albeit lacking legal authority. It proclaimed the sovereign Chechen Republic Nokhchi-cho. The National Congress elected Dzhokhar Dudayev , a Soviet air force major general serving in Estonia, as a chairman of its executive committee. The National Congress asked the Supreme Soviet of the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic "to ratify
2295-686: The Constitution of the RSFSR, the de facto disintegrated Checheno-Ingush SSR received the name Checheno-Ingush Republic . On June 4, 1992, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation adopted the Law on the Education of the Ingush Republic. The creation of the republic was submitted for approval by the supreme authority of Russia – the Congress of People's Deputies. On December 10, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia approved
2380-523: The Council of Ministers building and seized it. The Chechen MVD tried to dislodge Dudayev's National Guard from major buildings in Grozny but failed. On 19 October, in his televised address Yeltsin gave the National Congress three days to "end its rebellion", free government buildings and surrender its arms to the interior ministry. Akhmadov described the actions of Russian leadership as "the last hangover of
2465-721: The First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny, which proclaimed itself the All-National Congress of the Chechen People (OKChN). Following this, was proclaimed the Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho) , and the leaders of the Supreme Soviet of the republic were declared "usurpers". The events of August 19–22, 1991 in Moscow became the catalyst for a socio-political explosion in Checheno-Ingushetia. The organizer and leader of
2550-469: The KGB and Council of Ministers in Grozny. Only three persons were in the KGB building and it was taken over in few minutes. General Aslambek Aslakhanov claimed that there was a deal between the deputies of chairman of Russian KGB Ivanenko and Dudayev to hand over building to him. A delegation headed by the Russian vice president General Aleksandr Rutskoi arrived in Grozny and met with the National Congress and
2635-482: The National Guard. On 20 August, the republican militia attempted to raid the headquarters of the National Congress. The joint KGB-MVD force tried to take control of the gorkom building but failed as they were driven out by national guards loyal to the National Congress. On August 21, Zavgayev returned to Chechnya, but could not regain control over the situation. On 22 August, Dudayev and National Congress led
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2720-489: The Provisional Council changed its initial plan and announced election in October, which Dudayev claimed was necessary to preclude Russians from effectively interfering in the elections and to hold the polls in a "democratic manner". On September 25, five members of the Provisional Council headed by Yurii Chernyi, who was close to Khasbulatov, condemned this development as an attempt by the National Congress to "usurp" power in
2805-572: The Provisional Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia. Assistant to Khasbulatov Yuri Cherny became the deputy chairman of the council. By the beginning of October 1991, a conflict arose in the Provisional High Council between supporters of the OKChN (4 members, headed by Khusein Akhmadov) and his opponents (5 members, headed by Yuri Cherny). Akhmadov, on behalf of the entire Council, issued a number of laws and decrees that created
2890-512: The Provisional Supreme Council. After unsuccessful negotiations, he described Dudayev's supporters as a "gang terrorizing the population" and accused Georgian President Zviad Gamsakhurdia (Dudayev's ally) of "fomenting unrest in the republic". The National Congress, in response, accused Rutskoi of fomenting an attempt to remove Akhmadov from his position. On October 9, the Russian Federation Supreme Soviet passed
2975-435: The RSFSR. Gorbachev even promised the Russian autonomies more rights. On 26 April 1990, a Soviet law was adopted which granted the autonomies full power in their territories and made them "subjects of the USSR", thus upgrading their status so they could participate within "renewed federation" on "equal footing" with the union republics. Yeltsin sought to counter this tactic by declaring Russia's sovereignty. During Glasnost ,
3060-491: The Russian Empire". Despite Yeltsin's threats, the National Congress proceeded to hold an election on 27 October. Dzhokhar Dudayev won the election and was declared as Chechnya's president. Russian Federation declared this election illegal. Dudayev, in his new position as president, issued a unilateral declaration of independence on 1 November 1991. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic When
3145-544: The Russians to protect their villages; at the same time, they hoped to gain political support in opposing the expansion of the Kabardian and Aksai princes. Finally, these agreements contributed to Ingushetia's economic development in the spread context of capitalist relations . The agreement of 23 August 1810 gave the Ingush the right to use the lands on the right side of the Terek River . In 1859 historical Chechnya
3230-515: The Soviet Air Forces and returned to Chechnya to hold a second session of the National Congress. In May 1991, the Congress declared that the Supreme Soviet had "fulfilled its historical mission" by declaring the republic's sovereignty. It urged the Supreme Soviet to disband and announced that the Congress would assume all power in the republic up to the new elections. On 19 August, a coup was carried out in Moscow, where State Committee on
3315-414: The Soviet Air Forces, and others to fly to Grozny in an attempt to convince Dudayev to return to a career in the military. These attempts were not successful. Khasbulatov, himself of Chechen descent, was assigned the task of dealing with Chechen situation by authorities in Moscow. According to Robert Seely, both Dudayev and Khasbulatov competed for the role of the most powerful Chechen: "Dudayev wanted to be
3400-567: The Soviet Union and the West. Gorbachev's interpretation of "glasnost" can best be summarised in English as "openness". While associated with freedom of speech , the main goal of this policy was to make the country's management transparent, and circumvent the holding of near-complete control of the economy and bureaucracy of the Soviet Union by a concentrated body of officials and bureaucratic personnel. During Glasnost, Soviet history under Stalin
3485-454: The State of Emergency (GKChP), a group of Communist Party functionaries, KGB officials and Soviet generals, took over and stripped the country's president, Mikhail Gorbachev, of his power. The group accused Gorbachev and his leadership of implementing political and economic reforms which, as they argued, caused chaos in the country and threatened the collapse of the Soviet Union. On 20 August,
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3570-573: The USSR, glasnost was frequently linked with other generalised concepts such as perestroika (literally: restructuring or regrouping) and demokratizatsiya (democratisation). Gorbachev often appealed to glasnost when promoting policies aimed at reducing corruption at the top of the Communist Party and the Soviet government, and moderating the abuse of administrative power in the Central Committee . The ambiguity of "glasnost" defines
3655-616: The United States and Western Europe began to be transmitted to the Soviet population, along with western popular culture. Glasnost received mixed reception in communist states, especially outside the Eastern Bloc . Glasnost had a trickle-down effect on Eastern Europe and lead to democratic reforms, namely in Poland and Czech Republic. Glasnost and similar reforms were applied in the following communist states: Furthermore, in
3740-544: The amendments to Art. 71 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, the autonomous republic began to be called the Checheno-Ingush SSR . This decision before the dissolution of the USSR (December 1991) was not consistent with Art. 85 of the Constitution of the USSR, which retained the name of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR . On June 8, 1991, at the initiative of Dzhokhar Dudayev , a part of the delegates of
3825-414: The attempted coup or avoided taking sides. Neither did Zavgayev in Moscow take a clear position. In contrast, on August 19, All-National Congress of the Chechen People issued a decree denouncing the GKChP as "a group of government criminals" and called for mass protests to oppose the coup in Chechnya. In early morning, a large demonstration began in Grozny led by Dudayev . The Chechen National Congress and
3910-657: The autonomous republic. On November 2, 1991, by the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, these elections were declared illegal. The structures of previous power remained for several months after the September coup of Dudayev. Thus, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB of Checheno-Ingushetia were abolished only by the end of 1991. On November 7, the President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin issued
3995-414: The control of supporters of the OKChN in the Chechen part of the republic, presidential and parliamentary elections were held for the Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho). Dzhokhar Dudayev was elected President of the self-proclaimed republic. The results of the elections were not recognized by the Council of Ministers of Checheno-Ingushetia, heads of enterprises and departments, heads of a number of regions of
4080-555: The corrupt Party networks painted by nationalist populist democrat Yeltsin as "atavistic remnants of communism". Yeltsin presented himself as a "democratic" and "anti-communist" leader. Yeltsin visited Chechnya in March 1991. In April 1991, the RSFSR Supreme Soviet proceeded to pass a Law on the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples , which was popular among Chechens, who had been deported en masse by Soviet authorities in 1944. During his presidential campaign , Yeltsin promoted
4165-507: The declaration of sovereignty". On 27 November, the Supreme Soviet passed a declaration of sovereignty, which was thus one of the last ones in the " parade of sovereignties ". While most of the Russia's federal units ultimately declared about their sovereignty within the Russian SFSR, thus supporting Yeltsin rather than Gorbachev, Chechnya-Ingushetia and Tatarstan did not do so. Chechen declaration of sovereignty did not have reference that Chechnya
4250-551: The distinctive five-year period (1986–1991) at the end of the USSR's existence. There was decreasing pre-publication and pre-broadcast censorship and greater freedom of information . The "Era of Glasnost" saw greater contact between Soviet citizens and the Western world, particularly the United States: restrictions on travel were loosened for many Soviet citizens which further eased pressures on international exchange between
4335-446: The emergence of the Soviet civil rights movement. Protesters on Pushkin Square led by Alexander Yesenin-Volpin demanded access to the closed trial of Yuly Daniel and Andrei Sinyavsky . The protestors made specific requests for "glasnost", herein referring to the specific admission of the public, independent observers and foreign journalists, to the trial that had been legislated in the then newly issued Code of Criminal Procedure. With
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#17327655179184420-406: The fall of Zavgayev as a "victory of democratic forces". On 11 September, a delegation from RSFSR flew to Grozny to mediate negotiations between the nationalist opposition and the remnants of the republican government. As a result, on 15 September, the Supreme Soviet held an extraordinary session announcing its resignation and transferred power to a thirty-two member Provisional Supreme Council to hold
4505-448: The first days of the crisis. On November 8, Chechen guards blocked the buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB, as well as military camps. On November 11, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR refused to approve the decree of President Yeltsin on the introduction of a state of emergency in Checheno-Ingushetia. November 30 – December 1, 1991 in three Ingush regions of Checheno-Ingushetia – Malgobek, Nazran and Sunzhensky –
4590-1901: The formation of the Ingush Republic by its resolution and made a corresponding amendment to the Constitution of the RSFSR 1978 , which officially divided the Checheno-Ingush Republic into the Ingush Republic and the Chechen Republic . This amendment was published on December 29, 1992, in the " Rossiyskaya Gazeta " and entered into force on January 9, 1993, after 10 days from the date of official publication. 1918–24 Turkestan 1918–41 Volga German 1919–90 Bashkir 1920–25 Kirghiz 1920–90 Tatar 1921–91 Adjarian 1921–45 Crimean 1921–91 Dagestan 1921–24 Mountain 1921–90 Nakhichevan 1922–91 Yakut 1923–90 Buryat 1923–40 Karelian 1924–40 Moldavian 1924–29 Tajik 1925–92 Chuvash 1925–36 Kazakh 1926–36 Kirghiz 1931–92 Abkhaz 1932–92 Karakalpak 1934–90 Mordovian 1934–90 Udmurt 1935–43 Kalmyk 1936–44 Checheno-Ingush 1936–44 Kabardino-Balkarian 1936–90 Komi 1936–90 Mari 1936–90 North Ossetian 1944–57 Kabardin 1956–91 Karelian 1957–92 Checheno-Ingush 1957–91 Kabardino-Balkarian 1958–90 Kalmyk 1961–92 Tuvan 1990–91 Gorno-Altai 1991–92 Crimean 43°19′00″N 45°41′00″E / 43.3167°N 45.6833°E / 43.3167; 45.6833 Glasnost Glasnost ( / ˈ ɡ l æ z n ɒ s t / GLAZ -nost ; Russian: гласность , IPA: [ˈɡlasnəsʲtʲ] )
4675-462: The green flag of Islam being raised over it. On 1–2 September, the third session of the National Congress declared the Supreme Soviet disbanded and passed a resolution granting full power in the republic to its executive committee. On 3 September, the Supreme Soviet and Zavgayev responded by declaring the state of emergency in Grozny. Zavgayev announced the presidential elections to be held on 29 September. On September 6, Dudayev's National Guard stormed
4760-408: The hospital. Doku Zavgayev resigned from the post of chairman of the Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia under pressure from protesters. On September 15, the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov arrived in Grozny. Under his leadership in the absence of a quorum the last session of the Supreme Soviet of the republic was held, at which the deputies decided to dissolve
4845-432: The legal basis for the activities of the executive committee of the OKChN as the supreme authority, on October 1, announced the division of the Checheno-Ingush Republic into an independent Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho) and the Ingush Autonomous Republic within the RSFSR. On October 5, 7 out of 9 members of the Provisional Supreme Council made a decision on the resignation of Akhmedov and on the abolition of illegal acts. On
4930-507: The local Communist Party officials. The event occurred during the Dissolution of the Soviet Union and was brought by the failed 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt against Mikhail Gorbachev intended to save the Union from collapse. While the coup was opposed by many union republics , including Russia, local Soviet Chechen leadership was seen as supporting the coup, which triggered demonstrations and calls to resign from anti-Soviet and nationalist opposition led by All-National Congress of
5015-409: The man to lead Chechnya to autonomy or independence; Khasbulatov wanted the republic as a secure power base." Under heavy pressure from the Moscow authorities, Presidium of the Chechen-Ingush Supreme Soviet resigned, but Zavgayev refused to do so. He also failed to negotiate a settlement with Dudayev-led opposition. On 1 September, the building of the republican Council of Ministers was taken over, with
5100-411: The mass media. Some critics, especially among legal reformers and dissidents, regarded the Soviet authorities' new slogans as vague and limited alternatives to more basic liberties. Alexei Simonov, president of the Glasnost Defence Foundation, makes a critical definition of the term in suggesting it was "a tortoise crawling towards Freedom of Speech". Between 1986 and 1991, during an era of reforms in
5185-410: The mass movement was the executive committee of the OKChN headed by Dzhokhar Dudaev. After the failure of the GKChP, the executive committee of the OKChN and organizations of the national-radical wing came forward with a demand for the resignation of the Supreme Soviet of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR and the holding of new elections. On September 1–2, the 3rd session of the OKChN declared the Supreme Soviet of
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#17327655179185270-426: The mass rally in Grozny calling the Supreme Soviet to resign, accusing it of failing to take principled position regarding the coup. On August 22, Dudayev's armed supporters clashed with the republican militia and seized the television station in Chechnya. Dudayev made an appeal on television which was followed by the mass influx of rural Chechens into capital to overthrow the Supreme Soviet. John Dunlop describes this as
5355-400: The parliament. As a result of negotiations between Khasbulatov and the leaders of the executive committee of the OKChN as a temporary authority for the period before the elections (scheduled for November 17) the Provisional Supreme Council of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR was formed of 32 deputies, reduced shortly to 13 deputies, then up to 9. Dudaev's ally Khusein Akhmadov was elected chairman of
5440-745: The political crisis. According to professor Matthew Evangelista, demonstrations in Grozny and Zavgayev's dubious position during the Moscow coup convinced Yeltsin's circle that Zavgayev had to go. Yeltsin himself played crucial role in the failure of the Moscow coup and emerged as a dominant leader, surpassing Gorbachev. Consequently, Yeltsin and his team wanted to jettison Zavgayev from power. According to then acting RSFSR Supreme Soviet chairman Ruslan Khasbulatov , Yeltsin called him and informed him his plan "to replace Zavgayev with Salambek Khadzhiyev ". Khasbulatov and others believed their candidate would be able to win election against Dudayev. Also according to Khasbulatov, he convinced General Petr Deinekin, commander of
5525-400: The press and the public at trials. After some liberalization under Alexander II of Russia , the openness of trials started to be restricted again. Human rights activist Lyudmila Alexeyeva writes that the word glasnost has been in the Russian language for several hundred years as a common term: "It was in the dictionaries and lawbooks as long as there had been dictionaries and lawbooks. It
5610-458: The priority of the constituent republic power in their territory over the central power (but not complete independence). In June 1990, the Russian SFSR passed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . Gorbachev designed a New Union Treaty for preserving the Soviet Union with a less centralized federal system, but Yeltsin called for a far more decentralized model and accused Gorbachev's reforms of being
5695-466: The protesters pulled down the Lenin's statue in the town center. On 25 August, the emergency session of the Supreme Soviet rejected the National Congress's ultimatum. Chechnya fell into diarchy. On 26 August, a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, General Aslambek Aslakhanov , an ethnic Chechen, and Inga Grebesheva, a deputy chairwoman of the RSFSR Council of Minister, arrived in Grozny. They warned Zavgayev not to use force to resolve
5780-443: The remains of the Mountain ASSR were split into North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast and Ingush Autonomous Oblast . On January 15, 1934, Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Oblasts were joined into Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast , which was elevated in status to that of an ASSR ( Checheno-Ingush ASSR ) on December 5, 1936. During World War II , in 1942–43, the republic was partly occupied by Nazi Germany while 40,000 Chechens fought in
5865-432: The republic. Khasbulatov issued statement that if the National Congress attempted "usurpation of power", the elections would be deemed invalid. Ha also accused the National Congress of being "nothing more than a group of communists in nationalist guise". On 27 September, the National Congress held a meeting and described Khasbulatov's statements as "interference by Russia in the affairs of sovereign Chechnya". On 5 October,
5950-425: The same day, the National Guard of the executive committee of the OKChN seized the building of the House of Trade Unions, in which the Council sat, and also seized the building of the KGB of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR. On October 6, the executive committee of the OKChN announced the dissolution of the Provisional Supreme Council "for subversive and provocative activities". The Council did not comply with this decision and
6035-425: The self-determination and used the slogan "Take as much sovereignty as you can swallow". According to Emil Pain and Arkadii Popov, Yeltsin's team "promised to maximize the autonomy of Russia's constituent republics, and was willing to ignore the anti-constitutional games played by republican authorities and nationalist movements that advocated different versions of ethnic sovereignty". In June 1991, Chechnya took part in
6120-811: The socialist state of Yugoslavia , similar reforms also existed, with the first major reforms beginning in Slovenia . Glasnost or similar reforms were not applied in the following communist states: The outright prohibition of censorship was enshrined in Article 29 of the new 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation . This however has been the subject of ongoing controversy in contemporary Russia owing to heightened governmental interventions restricting access to information for Russian citizens, including internet censorship . There has also been pressure on government-operated media outlets to not publicize or discuss certain events or subjects in recent years. Monitoring of
6205-459: The subsequent confrontation between the Russian leadership and Dudayev's supporters led to Dudayev's faction withdrawing from the Provisional Supreme Soviet and declaring the National Congress as a sole legitimate authority in the republic. The snap elections were held and Dudayev declared Chechnya's independence from Russia, which ushered the republic into a decade of de facto but internationally unrecognized self-rule. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev ,
6290-525: The union republics. Independence-minded republics, such as Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia etc., condemned the coup and supported his main opponent, Boris Yeltsin. Some republics supported the coup, such as Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan etc. Ukraine, Kazakhstan and others choose to hold a neutral position. The Moscow coup happened when Soviet Chechen leader Doku Zavgayev was in Moscow to sign the New Union Treaty. Almost all officials in Grozny either favored
6375-556: The very next day made a decision to resume activity in full force (32 deputies). Lawyer Badruddin Bakhmadov was elected as the new chairman. On October 8, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR declared the Provisional Supreme Soviet to be the only legitimate body of state power on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia until the election of a new composition of the Supreme Soviet of the republic. On October 27, 1991, under
6460-518: Was an ordinary, hardworking, non-descript word that was used to refer to a process, any process of justice or governance, being conducted in the open." In the mid-1960s it acquired a revived topical importance in discourse about the necessity of changing the Cold War era internal policy of the Soviet Union. On 5 December 1965 the Glasnost rally took place in Moscow, considered to be a key event in
6545-644: Was annexed to Russia as well, in the context of the long Caucasian War of 1817–64. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, on January 20, 1921, Chechnya and Ingushetia joined the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . Partition of the Mountain ASSR began shortly after it was formed, and its Chechen District was separated on November 30, 1922, as Chechen Autonomous Oblast . On July 7, 1924,
6630-432: Was arrested by the secret police and the protest meeting was forcibly dispersed by the republican militia. Later the same day Yandarbiyev and his fellow activist were released. The National Congress issued an appeal, calling for an "indefinite general political strike". The same day the National Congress started to form "battle detachments and strike groups" to "repulse the GKChP". The armed formations of Congress established
6715-637: Was declaring sovereignty within Russian SFSR or USSR, as was the norm with the other republics, and it established the conditions under which the republic would sign Gorbachev's New Union Treaty. Despite the ambitious tone of the declaration, Soviet Chechen leader Doku Zavgayev only intended it to provoke economic and political concessions from Moscow. While Zavgayev grew defiant to central authorities, he still did not want Chechnya to secede from Moscow. Still, Gorbachev and his government were worried about Chechen claims, considering them to be too excessive. Yeltsin also promised greater recognition to autonomies within
6800-508: Was elevated to an autonomous republic as the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1936 to 1944 and again from 1957 to 1993. Its capital was Grozny . However, because of alleged collaboration with Nazi Germany and the Axis powers during World War II , the autonomous republic was abolished on 7 March 1944 resulting the ethnic cleansing of the Chechens and Ingush from its territory. The autonomous republic's status
6885-570: Was held. On this day, the Supreme Soviet met in full force, heads of local councils, clergy, and heads of enterprises were invited for consultations. Dudayev and other leaders of the OKChN decided to take the building by storm. More than 40 deputies of the Checheno-Ingush parliament were beaten, and the chairman of the Grozny City Council, Vitaly Kutsenko, was thrown out of the window by the separatists, and then finished off in
6970-673: Was known as the Akhalkhevi District until 1957. On January 9, 1957, Khruschev implemented a policy which allowed deportees and their families to return, and the republic was restored . On November 27, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a declaration on the state sovereignty of the Checheno-Ingush Republic, and on May 24, 1991, according to
7055-417: Was re-examined; censored literature in the libraries was made more widely available; and there was a greater freedom of speech for citizens and openness in the media. It was in the late 1980s when most people in the Soviet Union began to learn about the atrocities of Stalin, and learned about previously suppressed events. Information about the supposedly higher quality of consumer goods and quality of life in
7140-505: Was restored in January 1957. The 1979 census reported the territory had an area of 19,300 square kilometres (7,500 sq mi) and a population of 1,155,805 ( 1979 Census ): 611,405 Chechens , 134,744 Ingush , and the rest were Russians and other ethnic groups. The region was incorporated into the Russian Empire in 1770. In 1810 a treaty facilitated Ingushetia's further integration into Russia. The Ingush needed an alliance with
7225-460: Was taken to mean increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union (USSR). Glasnost reflected a commitment of the Gorbachev administration to allowing Soviet citizens to discuss publicly the problems of their system and potential solutions. Gorbachev encouraged popular scrutiny and criticism of leaders, as well as a certain level of exposure by
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