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65-606: Chencang is the former name of Baoji, which was given to the district. The district makes up the outer areas of Baoji, most of the area being rural. In 2020, the Baoji High-tech Zone was established in the district. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it came under the jurisdiction of the Baoji region and was called Baoji County. In October 1971, Baoji District was abolished and Baoji prefecture level city

130-828: A funeral . As didactic texts, books of etiquette (the conventional rules of personal behaviour in polite society) usually feature explanatory titles, such as The Ladies' Book of Etiquette, and Manual of Politeness: A Complete Hand Book for the Use of the Lady in Polite Society (1860), by Florence Hartley ; Amy Vanderbilt 's Complete Book of Etiquette (1957); Miss Manners' Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior (1979), by Judith Martin ; and Peas & Queues: The Minefield of Modern Manners (2013), by Sandi Toksvig . Such books present ranges of civility, socially acceptable behaviours for their respective times. Each author cautions

195-744: A behavioural model in which manners are a means of mitigating social differences, curbing undesirable personal behaviours, and fostering co-operation within the social group. Natural selection favoured the acquisition of genetically transmitted mechanisms for learning, thereby increasing a person's chances for acquiring locally adaptive behaviours: "Humans possess a reliably developing neural encoding that compels them both to punish individuals who violate group norms (common beliefs or practices) and [to] punish individuals who do not punish norm-violators." Social manners are in three categories: (i) manners of hygiene , (ii) manners of courtesy , and (iii) manners of cultural norm . Each category accounts for an aspect of

260-496: A commitment to sociality is a risk: 'If threats, such as these, are left unchecked, the costs of sociality will quickly exceed its benefits. Thus, to maximize the returns on group "living", individual group members should be attuned to others' features or behaviors.' Therefore, people who possess the social traits common to the cultural group are to be trusted, and people without the common social traits are to be distrusted as 'others', and thus treated with suspicion or excluded from

325-422: A complicated system of codified behaviours, which governed the range of manners in society—from the proper language, style, and method for writing letters, to correctly using cutlery at table, and to the minute regulation of social relations and personal interactions between men and women and among the social classes. In a society, manners are described as either good manners or as bad manners to indicate whether

390-443: A daily publication founded in 1711 by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele , regularly advised their readers on the etiquette required of a gentleman , a man of good and courteous conduct; their stated editorial goal was "to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality… to bring philosophy out of the closets and libraries, schools and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea-tables and coffeehouses"; to which end,

455-421: A didactic book of precepts extolling civil virtues such as truthfulness, self-control, and kindness towards other people. Recurrent thematic motifs in the maxims include learning by listening to other people, being mindful of the imperfection of human knowledge, that avoiding open conflict whenever possible should not be considered weakness, and that the pursuit of justice should be foremost. Yet, in human affairs,

520-402: A large and rectangular plate was even more scarce and even might be the only one of its kind. Also, the inscription clearly showed that the bronze plate was cast by Guoji Zibai of Western Guo . After Liu understood the story of the manger, he decided to protect it. Liu specially built an exquisite pavilion in his house, which he named "Plate Pavilion" ( 盘亭 ; 盤亭 ) to preserve the plate. Huang made

585-491: A person's social status . Manners demonstrate a person's position within a social network, and a person's manners are a means of negotiation from that social position. From the perspective of public health , in The Healthy Citizen (1995), Alana R. Petersen and Deborah Lupton said that manners assisted the diminishment of the social boundaries that existed between the public sphere and the private sphere of

650-545: A person's behaviour is acceptable to the cultural group. As such, manners enable ultrasociality and are integral to the functioning of the social norms and conventions that are informally enforced through self-regulation. The perspectives of sociology indicate that manners are a means for people to display their social status, and a means of demarcating, observing, and maintaining the boundaries of social identity and of social class . In The Civilizing Process (1939), sociologist Norbert Elias said that manners arose as

715-407: A person's life, and so gave rise to "a highly reflective self, a self who monitors his or her behavior with due regard for others with whom he or she interacts, socially"; and that "the public behavior of individuals came to signify their social standing; a means of presenting the self and of evaluating others, and thus the control of the outward self was vital." Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu applied

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780-562: A piece of rubbing from its inscription and made a lot of copies. He sold it on the market. Weng Tonghe (1830–1904), a collector and teacher of the Guangxu Emperor , wanted to buy the plate but Liu refused. Weng told the Empress Dowager Cixi on Liu Mingchuan and complained about that. But Liu's superior Li Hongzhang explained that. Empress Dowager Cixi decreed to bestow the plate to Liu Mingchuan. In 1885, he

845-660: A plate, but they had never seen it. Liu Zhenhua suddenly turned hostile and commanded his soldiers to search the house. They searched everywhere but found nothing there. Liu Zhenhua sent spies to watch every movement of the Liu Family in the hope of finding where the plate was. The Liu Family spent the next four year in fear. In 1937, after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident happened, the Japanese army soon colonized northern China . After occupying Hefei,

910-511: A product of group living, and persist as a way of maintaining social order. Manners proliferated during the Renaissance in response to the development of the 'absolute state'—the progression from small-group living to large-group living characterised by the centralized power of the State. The rituals and manners associated with the royal court of England during that period were closely bound to

975-426: A young man; how to walk and talk, speak and act in the company of adults. The practical advice for acquiring adult self-awareness includes explanations of the symbolic meanings—for adults—of a boy's body language when he is fidgeting and yawning, scratching and bickering. On completing Erasmus's curriculum of etiquette, the boy has learnt that civility is the point of good manners: the adult ability to 'readily ignore

1040-749: Is an ancient Chinese bronze rectangular pan vessel from the Western Zhou dynasty (1046 BC–771 BC). Excavated in Chencang District of Baoji , Shaanxi during the Daoguang era (1821–1851) of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), it is on display in the National Museum of China in Beijing . The Guoji Zibai pan is the largest known bronze plate in the world. It enjoys

1105-554: Is an element of culture shock for businesspeople. In 2011, etiquette trainers formed the Institute of Image Training and Testing International (IITTI) a non-profit organisation to train personnel departments in measuring and developing and teaching social skills to employees, by way of education in the rules of personal and business etiquette, in order to produce business workers who possess standardised manners for successfully conducting business with people from other cultures. In

1170-406: Is divided to 3 subdistricts and 15 towns. 34°18′22″N 107°23′13″E  /  34.3061°N 107.387°E  / 34.3061; 107.387 This Shaanxi location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Guoji Zibai pan The Guoji Zibai pan ( simplified Chinese : 虢季子白盘 ; traditional Chinese : 虢季子白盤 ; pinyin : Guójì Zǐbaí Pán )

1235-424: Is praiseworthy. Confucius (551–479  BCE ) was a Chinese intellectual and philosopher whose works emphasized personal and governmental morality , correctness of social relationships, the pursuit of justice in personal dealings, and sincerity in all personal relations. Baldassare Castiglione (1478–1529  CE ), count of Casatico, was an Italian courtier and diplomat , soldier, and author of The Book of

1300-461: Is the manner in which the mob express their silly joy at silly things; and they call it being merry. In my mind there is nothing so illiberal, and so ill-bred, as audible laughter. I am neither of a melancholy nor a cynical disposition, and am as willing and as apt to be pleased as anybody; but I am sure that since I have had the full use of my reason nobody has ever heard me laugh. In the 19th century, Victorian era (1837–1901) etiquette developed into

1365-580: The Huai Army , led the troops of the Qing Empire to fight against the Taiping Army , and finally liberated Changzhou . When Liu moved into the mansion, his soldiers didn't know the plate and used it as a manger . One night when reading a book under the oil lamp , Liu heard clear metal clanks from out of the window. All was quiet at dead of night, so the clanks sounded clear and loud. Liu came to

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1430-513: The Western Zhou dynasty (1046 BC–771 BC). The plate was cast in 816 BC, the 12th year of King Xuan of Zhou . Guoji was a major branch of the Guo lineage that ruled the Western Guo, and Zibai was his courtesy name . According to the inscription on the plate, in the 12 year of King Xuan of Zhou, also the year of 816 BC, Guoji Zibai was appointed by King Xuan to lead the army to battle with

1495-536: The retail branch of commerce, the saying "the customer is always right" summarises the profit-orientation of good manners, between the buyer and the seller of goods and services: There are always two sides to the case, of course, and it is a credit to good manners that there is scarcely ever any friction in stores and shops of the first class. Salesmen and women are usually persons who are both patient and polite, and their customers are most often ladies in fact as well as "by courtesy." Between those before and those behind

1560-435: The subconscious level. Manners are likely to be a central part of the dispositions that guide a person's ability to decide upon socially-compliant behaviours. In Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (2003) the anthropologist Mary Douglas said that manners, social behaviors, and group rituals enable the local cosmology to remain ordered and free from those things that may pollute or defile

1625-558: The " Treaty of Shimonoseki ". When hearing the news, Liu was so furious that he became ill suddenly and died with indignation. Before he died, he told his descendents again and again that the plate was a national treasure and they should protect, even of it risked their own lives. In 1911, the Xinhai Revolution was broke out, China was torn by warlords. Some warlords began to covet all kinds of national and cultural treasures that they knew and heard of. The Guoji Zibai pan in

1690-467: The Chinese and Australian approaches to conflict resolution. The Chinese business philosophy is based upon guanxi (personal connections), whereby person-to-person negotiation resolves difficult matters, whereas Australian business philosophy relies upon attorneys-at-law to resolve business conflicts through legal mediation; thus, adjusting to the etiquette and professional ethics of another culture

1755-583: The Courtier (1528), an exemplar courtesy book dealing with questions of the etiquette and morality of the courtier during the Italian Renaissance . Louis XIV (1638–1715), King of France, used a codified etiquette to tame the French nobility and assert his supremacy as the absolute monarch of France. In consequence, the ceremonious royal court favourably impressed foreign dignitaries whom

1820-469: The Courtier (1528), by Baldassare Castiglione , identified the manners and the morals required by socially ambitious men and women for success in a royal court of the Italian Renaissance (14th–17th c.); as an etiquette text, The Courtier was an influential courtesy book in 16th-century Europe. On Civility in Children (1530), by Erasmus of Rotterdam , instructs boys in the means of becoming

1885-461: The Guoji Zibai pan was large, heavy and inconvenient to use in daily life. It seemed that it was more suitable to hold things in a large volume, just like Jian ( 鉴 ; 鑒 ), which was used to hold ice cube in ancient China. According to the set of etiquette at that time, when a high-ranking official died, his body should stay in the mortuary for seven days. In summer, ice was a must to prevent

1950-471: The Japanese army set a stronghold less than 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) away from the Liu Family's residence. Soon after, they sent a message to the Liu Family that they would like to exchange a golden plate of the same size for the Guoji Zibai pan . Liu Suzeng answered immediately that they did not have any treasures and if they did, they did not want to be unworthy descendants or the bad apples and traitors of

2015-431: The Liu Family was no exception. In May 1933, the then governor of Anhui Liu Zhenhua came to Liu's home in the name of visiting the descendants of Liu Mingchuan. When meeting Liu Suzeng ( 刘肃曾 ; 劉肅曾 ), the fourth-generation son of Liu Mingchuan. Liu Zhenhua first flattered him with a beaming face and then he changed the topic, saying that he want to see the plate. Liu Suzeng calmly said that his ancestors did actually collect

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2080-622: The Liu's house but found nothing. Finally, they set a fire on more than thirty buildings and than left. After the surrender of Japan , the Liu Family returned home. Li Pinxian (1892–1987), a Kuomintang general and then governor of Anhui, ordered Liu Suzeng to hand over the plate, but Liu refused. A few days later, Li Pinxian deliberately said that Liu had stolen a box full of gold bars, and forced Liu to write an IOU . The Liu Family had to flee their home to seek asylum once again. Li Pinxian came to Liu's house with his troops and they looked around

2145-669: The best chance of biological survival, by way of opportunities for reproduction . From the study of the evolutionary bases of prejudice , social psychologists Catherine Cottrell and Steven Neuberg said that human behavioural responses to ' otherness ' might enable the preservation of manners and social norms . The feeling of "foreignness"—which people experience in their first social interaction with someone from another culture—might partly serve an evolutionary function: 'Group living surrounds one with individuals [who are] able to physically harm fellow group members, to spread contagious disease, or to "free ride" on their efforts'; therefore,

2210-543: The body from decaying. Therefore, maybe the plate was a container used for holding ice cubes. But there has been no authoritative final conclusion about the exact usage of the plate in the academic circle. According to Prefecture Records of Luzhou ( 《庐州府志》 ), the Guoji Zibai pan was unearthed at Guochuansi of Baoji , Shaanxi , in the Daoguang period (1821–1851) of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). Xu Xiejun ( 徐燮钧 ),

2275-459: The command of a god ultimately prevails in all matters. Some of Ptahhotep's maxims indicate a person's correct behaviours in the presence of great personages (political, military, religious), and instructions on how to choose the right master and how to serve him. Other maxims teach the correct way to be a leader through openness and kindness, that greed is the base of all evil and should be guarded against, and that generosity towards family and friends

2340-438: The concept of habitus to define the societal functions of manners. The habitus is the set of mental attitudes, personal habits, and skills that a person possesses—his or her dispositions of character that are neither self-determined, nor pre-determined by the external environment, but which are produced and reproduced by social interactions—and are "inculcated through experience and explicit teaching", yet tend to function at

2405-525: The country along with a bronze drum of the Three Kingdoms period (220–280) together. On February 28, 1950, the Liu Family officially donated the plate to the Ministry of Culture . The government awarded Liu a certificate of praise and honor. Until then, the Guoji Zibai pan had accompanied the Liu Family for eighty-six years and been passed down four generations. The Ministry of Culture gave

2470-424: The country to sell it to foreigners. Liu Suzeng thought it over and over and finally hit upon a good idea: they dug a big hole in their yard and buried the plate in the hole and then planted a little locust tree on it. In order to avoid danger, the Liu Family moved to other places with some personal belongings that night to seek asylum for a while. When the Japanese heard this, they made a wide and extensive search of

2535-489: The death of his son, in 1768; most of the letters were instructive, concerning varied subjects that a worldly gentleman should know. The letters were first published in 1774, by Eugenia Stanhope , the widow of the diplomat Philip Stanhope , Chesterfield's bastard son. Throughout the correspondence, Chesterfield endeavoured to decouple the matter of social manners from conventional morality , with perceptive observations that pragmatically argue to Philip that mastery of etiquette

2600-459: The early 18th century, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury , wrote influential essays that defined politeness as the art of being pleasing in company; and discussed the function and nature of politeness in the social discourse of a commercial society: 'Politeness' may be defined as dext'rous management of our words and actions, whereby we make other people have better opinion of us and themselves. Periodicals, such as The Spectator ,

2665-469: The editors published articles written by educated authors, which provided topics for civil conversation, and advice on the requisite manners for carrying a polite conversation, and for managing social interactions. Conceptually allied to etiquette is the notion of civility (social interaction characterised by sober and reasoned debate) which for socially ambitious men and women also became an important personal quality to possess for social advancement. In

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2730-434: The emotional responses of shame and disgust are innate behaviours. Public health specialist Valerie Curtis said that the development of facial responses was concomitant with the development of manners, which are behaviours with an evolutionary role in preventing the transmission of diseases , thus, people who practise personal hygiene and politeness will most benefit from membership in their social group, and so stand

2795-413: The event, gentlemen's clubs , such as Harrington's Rota Club, published an in-house etiquette that codified the civility expected of the members. Besides The Spectator , other periodicals sought to infuse politeness into English coffeehouse conversation, the editors of The Tatler were explicit that their purpose was the reformation of English manners and morals; to those ends, etiquette was presented as

2860-476: The expected and accepted social behaviours that accord with the conventions and norms observed and practised by a society , a social class , or a social group . In modern English usage, the French word étiquette (label and tag) dates from the year 1750. In the third millennium  BCE , the Ancient Egyptian vizier Ptahhotep wrote The Maxims of Ptahhotep (2375–2350  BCE ),

2925-572: The faults of others, but avoid falling short, yourself,' in being civilised. Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics, and at Home (1922), by Emily Post documents the "trivialities" of desirable conduct in daily life, and provided pragmatic approaches to the practice of good manners—the social conduct expected and appropriate for the events of life, such as a baptism , a wedding , and

2990-505: The four feet are all in rectangular shape, and hidden at the bottom of the plate making the mouth of the plate appear large while the bottom small. On each wall outside of the plate, there are two beast heads with rings in the mouths, and decorative patterns in the shape of ware band. According to the inscription, the Guoji Zibai pan was cast by Guoji Zibai ( 虢季子白 ), a nobleman in the Western Guo State (1046 BC–687 BC) in

3055-419: The functional role that manners play in a society. The categories of manners are based upon the social outcome of behaviour, rather than upon the personal motivation of the behaviour. As a means of social management, the rules of etiquette encompass most aspects of human social interaction; thus, a rule of etiquette reflects an underlying ethical code and a person's fashion and social status . The Book of

3120-435: The group. That pressure of social exclusivity, born from the shift towards communal living , excluded uncooperative people and persons with poor personal hygiene. The threat of social exclusion led people to avoid personal behaviours that might embarrass the group or that might provoke revulsion among the group. To demonstrate the transmission of social conformity , anthropologists Joseph Henrich and Robert Boyd developed

3185-559: The house. They also dug up the yard to a depth of three feet but found nothing. In October 1949, after the establishment of the Government of the People's Republic of China , the Ministry of Culture asked officials from all over the country to rescue and find cultural and nation treasures and relics that were scattered around the people. Wu Guichang ( 吴桂长 ; 吳桂長 ), chief of the CPC Feixi County Committee, heard

3250-479: The integrity of the culture. Ideas of pollution, defilement, and disgust are attached to the margins of socially acceptable behaviour in order to curtail unacceptable behaviour, and so maintain "the assumptions by which experience is controlled" within the culture. In studying the expression of emotion by humans and animals, naturalist Charles Darwin noted the universality of facial expressions of disgust and shame among infants and blind people, and concluded that

3315-522: The king received at the seat of French government, the Palace of Versailles , to the south-west of Paris. In the 18th century, during the Age of Enlightenment , the adoption of etiquette was a self-conscious process for acquiring the conventions of politeness and the normative behaviours (charm, manners, demeanour) which symbolically identified the person as a genteel member of the upper class . To identify with

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3380-518: The manger and wash it. The bronze ware was very exquisite and Liu was very fond of it. He immediately sent his trusted followers to transport the manger to his home in Hefei , Anhui . Liu specially invited Huang Congmo ( 黄从默 ; 黃從默 ), who was familiar with ancient Chinese characters , to help him research the bronze ware. Huang told him that most of the bronze plates discovered in the past were round, that rectangular bronze ware were very rare, and that such

3445-559: The news that the Guoji Zibai pan was being preserved in the Liu Family. Wu went to Liu's house many times and asked Liu Suzeng to donate the cultural relic to the country. Guo Chongyi ( 郭崇毅 ), a local member of the Chinese Democratic League , came to Liu's home with a document from the Central Government. After reading the document and talking with Guo Chongyi, Liu Suzeng decided to donate the treasure to

3510-488: The nomadic tribe Xianyun in the north shore of Luo River , and gained a complete victory, killing 500 enemies and taking 50 as prisonners. Guoji Zibai cut the enemy's ears off and offered it to the King Xuan, King Xuan held a grand ceremony to honor his achievement and bestowed him a lot of horses and weapons to praise him. Guoji Zibai specially cast the bronze ware to memorize the military operation and honor. The plate

3575-516: The reader that to be a well-mannered person they must practise good manners in their public and private lives. The How Rude! comic-book series addresses and discusses adolescent perspectives and questions of etiquette, social manners, and civility. In commerce, the purpose of etiquette is to facilitate the social relations necessary for realising business transactions; in particular, social interactions among workers, and between labour and management. Business etiquette varies by culture, such as

3640-694: The reputation of the best bronzeware of the Western Zhou dynasty (1046 BC–771 BC). The Guoji Zibai pan , the San Family Plate ( 散氏盤 ), and the Mao Gong ding , are known as the "Three Important Bronzewares of the Western Zhou dynasty". The rectangular Guoji Zibai pan resembles a bathtub . It is 39.5-centimetre (15.6 in) high, 137.2-centimetre (54.0 in) long, and 86.5-centimetre (34.1 in) wide. It weighs 215.3 kilograms (475 lb). The four corners are regular fillets and

3705-425: The social élite, the upwardly mobile middle class and the bourgeoisie adopted the behaviours and the artistic preferences of the upper class. To that end, socially ambitious people of the middle classes occupied themselves with learning, knowing, and practising the rules of social etiquette, such as the arts of elegant dress and gracious conversation, when to show emotion , and courtesy with and towards women. In

3770-477: The stable following the sounds, and saw that a horse was eating grass with the bronze rings on the headstall hitting the manger from time to time to make the clanks. Liu was so curious that he bent to look carefully with the lantern , and found the manger wide and deep with fuzzy decorative patterns on its four sides. Liu tried to push the manger but failed. It was very unusual and he decided to check it out after dawn. The next day he ordered his attendants to carry out

3835-535: The then magistrate of Mei County, purchased the plate for 5,000-gram (180 oz) silver from a local peasant. And he brought the plate to his house "Tianyou Hall" ( 天佑堂 ). In April 1860, it fell into the hands of Chen Kunshu and became the treasure of the Mansion of the Prince Protector. In May 1864, namely the 3rd year of Tongzhi period of Qing dynasty, Liu Mingchuan (1836–1896), general of

3900-475: The treasure to the National Museum of Chinese History. Later, the National Museum of Chinese History gave the relic to the National Museum of China . The Guoji Zibai pan has always been kept there ever since. Etiquette Etiquette ( / ˈ ɛ t i k ɛ t , - k ɪ t / ) is the set of norms of personal behaviour in polite society, usually occurring in the form of an ethical code of

3965-506: The virtue of morality and a code of behaviour. In the mid-18th century, the first, modern English usage of etiquette (the conventional rules of personal behaviour in polite society) was by Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield , in the book Letters to His Son on the Art of Becoming a Man of the World and a Gentleman (1774), a correspondence of more than 400 letters written from 1737 until

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4030-402: Was an important means for social advancement, for a man such as he. Chesterfield's elegant, literary style of writing epitomised the emotional restraint characteristic of polite social intercourse in 18th-century society: I would heartily wish that you may often be seen to smile, but never heard to laugh while you live. Frequent and loud laughter is the characteristic of folly and ill-manners; it

4095-552: Was appointed as the first provincial governor of Taiwan by the Qing Dynasty government, a position he held for almost ten years until his retirement. From then on he lived a reclusive life and didn't care about national affairs any more. The plate became his spiritual ballast in his declining years. In 1894, the Qing army were routed in the First Sino-Japanese War and the Qing government was forced to sign

4160-539: Was cast in 816 BC, and the writing technique of the inscription on the plate was very similar to those of the Classic of Poetry , which was the earliest collection of poetry in China. In ancient China, water held in small plates was used for washing hands and faces, and in large plates it was used for baths. The rings on the outside walls of the plate were probably designed for carrying the plate to pour water conveniently.

4225-680: Was established, to which Baoji County belonged. In March 2003, the State Council approved the abolition of Baoji County and the establishment of Chencang District in Baoji City. The county seat of Guozhen has carried the same name for 3,000 years. Many archeological sites are located in Chencang. The Guoji Zibai pan was excavated in the county, it is now displayed in the National Museum of China . Chencang also has its own museum to display local archeological finds. As 2020, this County

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