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74-461: There are several versions of the meaning of Chuquicamata . The most widely known seems to be that it means the limit (camata) of the land of the Chucos (chuqui). Another interpretation is that it means metal (chuqui) tipped wooden (camata) spear. A third interpretation is that it means the distance (camata) that a spear (chuqui) was thrown by an Atacameño to determine the size of the copper orebody that

148-606: A historic house museum and operated by the Kearny Cottage Historical Society. Built in 1781 on High Street, the house was moved to Sadowski Parkway in the 1920s, and was later relocated to its current site at 63 Catalpa Avenue, just inland from the mouth of the Raritan River. During the colonial period and for a significant time thereafter, Perth Amboy was an important way-station for travelers between New York City and Philadelphia , as it

222-557: A beacon of the Orthodox Faith and Hellenism in Middlesex County. Perth Amboy was settled by Europeans in 1683 and incorporated as a city in 1718. It was founded by English merchants, Scots seeking religious freedom, and French Protestants, who sought to make use of Perth Amboy's harbor to its full potential. Downtown is the main commercial district, and is centered on Smith Street. It is an Urban Enterprise Zone , and

296-604: A capacity to produce 50,000 tons of electrolytic copper annually. Among the equipment purchased were steam shovels from the Panama Canal . A port and an oil-fired power plant were built at Tocopilla , 140 km (90 mi) to the West and an aqueduct was constructed to bring water in from the Andes. Production started on May 18, 1915. Production rose from 4,345 tonnes in the first year to 50,400 tonnes in 1920. The Guggenheims sold

370-452: A community center, and recreation amenities for the public as well. However, after meeting with Charles Kushner , the developer who spent two years in prison after being convicted of witness tampering, tax evasion and making illegal campaign contributions, Mayor Wilda Diaz endorsed a scaled-back design concept for the development, allowing Section 8 housing rentals instead of owner-occupied units as originally promised. The Raritan Yacht Club

444-403: A god intended to give him. Yet, another theory is that it means 'Pico de Oro' or 'Peak of Gold'. Incas and Spanish explorers exploited the mineral deposits of Chuquicamata during the pre-colonial and colonial periods, and Chilean and English companies mined the brochantite veins from 1879 to 1912. The opencast was the biggest pit in the world during the 1990s, but has since been surpassed by

518-572: A large and diversified Hispanic neighborhood with many Dominicans , Puerto Ricans, and recently, South Americans. Much of the city's Mexican population also lives in this section. Previously, this section of Perth Amboy had a large Irish population and was once named "Dublin". Following the Irish came the Eastern Europeans, primarily Polish and Hungarian. Most of the housing consists of small one- or two-family houses. The main commercial strip

592-521: A lesser extent. The city's largest park, Washington Park, is located here. It received its name from all the chicken farms (hens and eggs) that were located here before World War II. Perth Amboy has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) typical of New Jersey with hot, humid summers and cold, wet winters. The city is one of many U.S. communities with a majority Hispanic population . The 2010 United States census counted 50,814 people, 15,419 households, and 11,456 families in

666-708: A method of processing low-grade oxidized copper ores. In 1910 he approached the lawyer and industrialist Albert C Burrage , who sent engineers to examine Chuquicamata. This was the beginning of copper mining by the Chile Exploration Company of the Guggenheim Group. Their reports found that the mine showed promise, and in April 1911, he started to buy up mines and claims, mainly from the larger mining companies, in association with Duncan Fox y Cia., an English entrepreneur. Since Burrage did not have

740-405: A museum, is here. This section of Perth Amboy once had a thriving Jewish community with yeshivas, synagogues, kosher butchers and bakers. Today, however, there are only two synagogues left, each with only a few older members. A project called 'The Landings at Harborside' was to have featured 2,100 residential units along with indoor parking, 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m ) of retail space,

814-652: A park with a small bandshell. On Sunday afternoons in the summertime, Perth Amboy hosts the Concerts by the Bay in the park's bandshell. Every Thursday evening in the summer, Perth Amboy hosts the Mayor's Concert Series in Bayview Park. Perth Amboy also hosts an annual Waterfront Arts Festival. The waterfront is also characterized by a redbrick promenade near the water and many stately Victorian homes, some on hills overlooking

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888-494: A partner in La Compañia de Cobres de Antofagasta, but the attempt failed, leaving the company deeply in debt. Mining was never really fully developed at this time because of a lack of water, isolation, difficulty communicating, lack of capital, and fluctuations in the copper price. Nevertheless, larger mining companies eventually emerged, organized as commercial companies rather than mining operations to work around problems with

962-534: A statue located outside of city hall. The Algonquian language name persisted, corrupted to Ambo, or Point Amboy, and eventually a combination of the native and colonial names emerged, also appearing in South Amboy . Perth Amboy was settled by Scottish colonists around 1683 who had been recruited to inhabit the share of the East Jersey colony owned by Robert Barclay , a Quaker who would later become

1036-420: A strong Italian population. Maurer is a chiefly working to middle-class neighborhood that lies in the northern part of Route 440. It is heavily industrial with many oil refineries and brownfields. Like Amboy Avenue, it is quasi-suburban. Chickentown is a neighborhood in the western part of Route 35 south of Spa Springs, just south of Route 440. It shares many of the same characteristics of Spa Springs but to

1110-564: A total area of 5.93 square miles (15.36 km ), including 4.66 square miles (12.07 km ) of land and 1.27 square miles (3.28 km ) of water (21.37%). Perth Amboy, and South Amboy across the Raritan River , are collectively referred to as The Amboys . Signage for Exit 11 on the New Jersey Turnpike refers to "The Amboys" as a destination. The Amboys are the northern limit of the area informally referred to as

1184-540: Is Smith Street, west of the NJ Transit train tracks. The western section of the waterfront is west of Kearny Avenue. It is an overwhelmingly blue-collar Hispanic neighborhood. Most of the homes are over 100 years old; many are modest row houses. Sadowski Parkway Park lines through the southern end of the neighborhood and has a walkway with a beach. The park also hosts the Dominican festival and other festivals during

1258-563: Is connected to the Staten Island borough of New York City via the Outerbridge Crossing . The Lenape Native Americans called the point on which the city is built "Ompoge", meaning "level ground" or "standing or upright". When settled in 1683, the new city was dubbed "New Perth" in honor of James Drummond, Earl of Perth , one of the 12 associates of a company of Scottish proprietors; Drummond has been honored with

1332-470: Is found in a number of locations around the world, notably the southwestern United States (especially Arizona ), Serifos in Greece and Chile . Brochantite is a common corrosion product on bronze sculptures located in urban areas, where atmospheric sulfur dioxide (a common pollutant) is present. Brochantite forms mainly in exposed areas where weathering prevents accumulation copper ions and enhancement in

1406-561: Is held on the same day of the historic Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York City. Rudyk Park is north of Route 440 and features the Roberto Clemente Baseball Field and an industrial park. The southwestern section is a mainly working-class residential neighborhood with some light industry, once the site of Eagleswood Military Academy . The city's largest strip mall is located here. This neighborhood has

1480-559: Is the state's second-oldest and one of the oldest yacht clubs in the United States, founded in 1882 from the merger of two older clubs, one founded in 1865 and the other in 1874. Also located on the waterfront and founded in 1917, St. Demetrios was one of the first Greek Orthodox churches in central New Jersey. Established by the Greek immigrants who came to the United States at the turn of the 19th century, this community has stood as

1554-705: Is used as a small museum. On March 31, 1870, Thomas Mundy Peterson became the first African-American in the United States to vote in an election under the recently enacted provisions of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . Peterson voted in an election to update the Perth Amboy city charter. By the middle of the 19th century, immigration and industrialization transformed Perth Amboy. Factories such as A. Hall and Sons Terra Cotta , Guggenheim and Sons and

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1628-547: The 2000 United States census there were 47,303 people, 14,562 households, and 10,761 families residing in the city. The population density was 9,892.0 inhabitants per square mile (3,819.3/km ). There were 15,236 housing units at an average density of 3,186.2 per square mile (1,230.2/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 46.41% White , 10.04% African American , 0.70% Native American , 1.53% Asian , 0.13% Pacific Islander , 35.59% from other races , and 5.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 69.83% of

1702-548: The Bayshore . Perth Amboy borders Woodbridge (adjacent by land to the north and west), Sayreville (to the southwest, across the Raritan River ), South Amboy (south across the upper reaches of Raritan Bay , directly connected only by rail), and the New York City borough of Staten Island (east across the Arthur Kill ). Unincorporated communities , localities and place names located partially or completely within

1776-670: The Eocene - Oligocene and exhibit classic "zoned alteration- mineralization features. A regional fault zone gave rise to hydrothermal activity which concentrated metal and sulfide minerals . The West Fault is a major fault that separates Chuquicamata into western and eastern parts. This fault is part of the Cenozoic West Fault System in Chile, extending several hundred kilometers in a general north-south to northeast strike direction. The Chuqui Porphyry Complex lies in

1850-515: The Escondida mine, which is now the world's largest producing mine, with 750,000 metric tons of annual productions (5.6% of the world's production in 2000). Copper has been mined for centuries at Chuquicamata, as evidenced by the 1899 discovery of the " Copper Man ," a mummy dated to c. 550 A.D. The mummy was found in an ancient mine shaft, apparently trapped by a rockfall— It is also related that Pedro de Valdivia obtained copper horseshoes from

1924-615: The Ku Klux Klan attempted to organize a meeting in the city. The city was a resort town in the 19th century and early 20th century, located on the northern edge of the Raritan Bayshore . Since the early 1990s Perth Amboy has seen redevelopment. Small businesses have started to open up, helped by the city's designation as an Urban Enterprise Zone . The waterfront has also seen a rebirth. The marina has been extended, and there are new promenades, parks, and housing overlooking

1998-430: The 1850s, is surrounded by a graveyard of early inhabitants and displays a collection of stained-glass windows with religious scenes as well as early depictions of New Jersey receiving her charter and a meeting between William Franklin and his father, Ben. Perth Amboy was New Jersey's primary inbound port for African slaves. The Kearny Cottage is a remaining example of 18th-century vernacular architecture. Operated as

2072-478: The 1990s. Its residents are mostly Hispanic . Perth Amboy borders the Arthur Kill and features a historic waterfront. The Perth Amboy Ferry Slip was once an important ferry slip on the route south from New York City; it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The Raritan Yacht Club , one of the oldest yacht clubs in the United States, is located in the city. Perth Amboy

2146-568: The Chuquicamata mine. Anaconda lost two-thirds of its copper production. After the Chilean military overthrew Allende in a CIA-backed coup in 1973, the new military government paid Anaconda $ 250 million in compensation. Brochantite Brochantite is a sulfate mineral , one of a number of cupric sulfates . Its chemical formula is Cu 4 SO 4 (OH) 6 . Formed in arid climates or in rapidly oxidizing copper sulfide deposits, it

2220-595: The Colonial cause. William Franklin was arrested and detained at Proprietary House in 1776 until he was tried and convicted of treason. Perth Amboy City Hall was first built as a court house for Middlesex County in 1714, having been designated as the county seat the previous year. The building was later used as the home of the East Jersey Provincial Assembly. The building was destroyed by a major fire in 1731 and rebuilt in 1745. Another fire

2294-545: The Colonial era. Market Square includes a replica of the Liberty Bell, a statue of George Washington , and the Bill of Rights Arch, which commemorates the fact that New Jersey was the first state to ratify the Bill of Rights. St. Peter's Church , which held its first service in 1685 and received a royal charter in 1718, has been recognized as the first Episcopal congregation in the state. Its current building, dating from

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2368-607: The Copper Works Smelting Company fueled a thriving downtown and employed many area residents. Growth was further stimulated by becoming the tidewater terminal for the Lehigh Valley Railroad and a coal shipping point. Perth Amboy developed tightly-knit and insular ethnic neighborhoods such as Budapest, Dublin, and Chickentown. Immigrants from Denmark , Poland , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , Italy , Russia , and Austria quickly dominated

2442-545: The absentee governor of the province. Perth Amboy was formed by Royal charter on August 4, 1718, within various townships and again by the New Jersey Legislature on December 21, 1784, within Perth Amboy Township and from part of Woodbridge Township . Perth Amboy Township was formed on October 31, 1693, and was enlarged during the 1720s to encompass Perth Amboy city. Perth Amboy Township

2516-527: The acidity of water films. In sheltered areas, the main corrosion product is antlerite . Perth Amboy, New Jersey Perth Amboy is a city in northeastern Middlesex County , in the U.S. state of New Jersey , within the New York metropolitan area . As of the 2020 United States census , the city's population was 55,436. Perth Amboy is known as the "City by the Bay", referring to its location adjoining Raritan Bay . The earliest residents of

2590-515: The area were the Lenape Native Americans , who called the point on which the city lies "Ompoge". Perth Amboy was settled in 1683 by Scottish colonists and was called "New Perth" after James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth ; the native name was eventually corrupted and the two names were merged. Perth Amboy was formed by Royal charter in 1718, and the New Jersey Legislature reaffirmed its status in 1784, after independence. The city

2664-472: The bay and tree lined streets with well-manicured lawns. The land rises steeply after two blocks. This hides the rest of the town, making the waterfront look like a quiet fishing village. Points of interest on the waterfront include St. Peter's Episcopal Church, and the Proprietary House, which is now the former governor's mansion and houses a museum and some offices. Kearny Cottage , which also has

2738-555: The bay. The chapter "More Alarms at Night" in humorist James Thurber 's biography My Life and Hard Times involves Perth Amboy. One night during his adolescence in Ohio, young Thurber is unable to go to sleep because he cannot remember the name of this New Jersey community. He wakens his father, demanding that he start naming towns in New Jersey. When the startled father names several towns with single-word names, Thurber replies that

2812-779: The capital to develop a mine, he approached the Guggenheim Brothers . They examined his claims and estimated the reserves at 690 million tonnes of 2.58% grade copper. The Guggenheims also had discovered a process for treating the low grade ores developed by Elias Anton Cappelen Smith and were immediately interested. They organised the Chile Exploration Company (Chilex) in January 1912 and eventually bought out Burrage for US$ 25 million (or $ 789 million today) in Chile's stock market. E. A. Cappelen Smith, consulting metallurgist for M. Guggenheim's Sons, worked out

2886-430: The city include Barber , Eagleswood and Florida Grove. Perth Amboy sits on a geological layer of clay several hundred feet thick. Consequently, clay mining and factories such as A. Hall and Sons Terra Cotta located in Perth Amboy in the late 19th century. In its September 2005 issue, Golf Magazine named Perth Amboy the unofficial "Golf Capital of the U.S.", despite the fact that there are no golf courses within

2960-481: The city limits, citing the city's access to 25 of the magazine's Top 100 Golf Courses in the U.S., which can be found within 150 mi (240 km) of Perth Amboy. Perth Amboy features a historic waterfront, which has gone through significant revitalization . Local attractions include the Perth Amboy Ferry Slip , two small museums, an art gallery, a yacht club, and a marina. Near the marina lies

3034-536: The city. This area was the Lehigh Valley Railroad marshaling yards where coal was loaded onto barges for shipment to New York City and elsewhere until the LVRR went bankrupt in 1976. Hall Avenue is a neighborhood centered on Hall Avenue east of the NJ Transit train tracks. The street itself, Hall Avenue, is no longer the commercial strip it once was. However, there is a recently built strip mall on

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3108-483: The city. The population density was 10,806.8 per square mile (4,172.5/km ). There were 16,556 housing units at an average density of 3,521.0 per square mile (1,359.5/km ). The racial makeup was 50.26% (25,541) White , 10.54% (5,358) Black or African American , 1.10% (561) Native American , 1.69% (859) Asian , 0.05% (27) Pacific Islander , 30.77% (15,634) from other races , and 5.58% (2,834) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 78.10% (39,685) of

3182-629: The copper industry. During this period, copper was described as "Chile's salary". By the late 1950s, the three largest copper mines in Chile were Chuquicamata, El Salvador mine , and El Teniente . Chuquicamata and El Salvador were owned and operated by the Anaconda Copper Company . These mines gave rise to largely self-contained and self-sustaining settlements, complete with housing for workers, water and electrical plants, schools, stores, railways, and police forces. In 1971, Chile's newly elected president Salvador Allende nationalized

3256-480: The corner of Hall Avenue and State Street called the "Firehouse Plaza". There is also a "Banco Popular" branch of the bank headquartered in Puerto Rico. However, Hall Avenue is now primarily residential. Most of the homes are aging apartments, but there are also some newly constructed homes. Hall Avenue remains a traditional Puerto Rican neighborhood, and it hosts the city's annual Puerto Rican Day Festival, which

3330-508: The enormous reserves of underlying supergene copper sulfides . These secondary sulfides arise from the leaching of the overlying ore and its re-deposition and replacement of the deeper primary (hypogene) sulfides. In 1957 the Exotica deposit (South Mine) was discovered beneath tailings , and turned out to be the largest known deposit of exotic copper. This led Anaconda to build an oxide plant, concentrator, smelter, refinery, and town next to

3404-728: The factory jobs. In 1903, the Perth Amboy Public Library , one of the first Carnegie libraries in the state, made possible through grants from Andrew Carnegie and donations by local philanthropists, opened to the public. In 1914, Perth Amboy hosted a minor league baseball team called the Perth Amboy Pacers , who played as members of the Class D level Atlantic League . The Atlantic League folded after one season. In late August 1923, an estimated 6,000 persons rioted, breaking through police lines after

3478-468: The first process for the treatment of Chuquicamata copper oxide ore around 1913 and led a team of engineers operating a pilot plant in Perth Amboy, New Jersey for a year. Chile then went ahead with the development and construction of a mine on the eastern section of the Chuquicamata field, gradually expanding it to include the rest of the field over the next 15 years. A leaching plant was planned with

3552-508: The intersection of Smith Street, New Brunswick Avenue and State Street. Once home to several department stores downtown, the largest storefront today is a discount retailer. Harbortown is a townhouse development on the waterfront which continues to be expanded since construction started in 1987. "Section 8" housing along with more affluent homes can be found in Harbortown, an economically and ethnically diverse townhouse development in

3626-429: The largest known copper resources . Its open pit is the world's largest at 4.3 km (2.7 mi) long, 3 km (1.9 mi) wide and over 900 m (3,000 ft) deep and its smelter and electrolytic refinery (855,000 tonnes p.a.) are among the world's largest. Chuquicamata is also a significant producer of molybdenum . Chuquicamata is now amalgamated with the currently operational Radomiro Tomić mine to

3700-640: The last Royal Governor of New Jersey and estranged son of Benjamin Franklin , still stands in the waterfront area of the city. Architect John Edward Pryor was hired in 1761 to design and construct the building, which was completed in September 1764, years late and over budget. Franklin preferred his alternate home in Burlington. Franklin finally moved in 1774 into the Proprietary House. Franklin's father, Ben, tried unsuccessfully to convince his son to support

3774-483: The mine to Anaconda Copper in 1923, and production increased to 135,890 tonnes by 1929 before the Great Depression hit and demand fell. For many years, production came from the oxidized capping of the orebody, which only required leaching and then electrowinning the copper, but by 1951 the oxidized reserves were primarily exhausted. The company then built a mill, flotation plant and smelter to treat

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3848-560: The mine, as well as a power plant in Tocopilla . In 1971, the mine was nationalized and operations were then assumed by CODELCO. For many years it was the mine with the largest annual production in the world but was recently overtaken by Minera Escondida . Nevertheless, it remained by far the mine with the largest total production (approximately 29 million tonnes) of copper until the end of 2007 (excluding Radomiro Tomić ). Despite over 90 years of intensive exploitation, it remains one of

3922-466: The mineralized east part of the pit. In contrast, the barren Fortuna Complex lies in the west part. A large proportion of the copper at Chuquicamata occurs in veins and veinlets filling faults and fault-related shatter zones. Pyrite is present everywhere, and chalcocite and covellite appears as both supergene and hypogene minerals. Molybdenite is conspicuous at Chuquicamata, almost all of it carried by quartz veins . Copper mining has long been

3996-450: The mining code. These companies started to buy up and consolidate small mines and claims. In 1951, a young Che Guevara documented visiting the mine with Alberto Granado in his memoir The Motorcycle Diaries , describing it as "[...] a scene from a modern drama. You cannot say that it's lacking in beauty, but it is a beauty without grace, imposing and glacial." The modern era started when an American engineer named Bradley finally developed

4070-420: The most consistent Chilean export, and currently accounts for almost one-third of all foreign trade, down from a peak of almost 75%. Copper has been mined in the land area between central Chile and southern Peru since the colonial period, but it was not until the 20th century that copper reached the same level of importance as other mineral exports such as saltpeter or silver . Before World War I , saltpeter

4144-480: The name he is seeking is "two words, like helter skelter". This convinces his father that Thurber has become dangerously insane. Thurber also wrote the story later made into the film The Secret Life of Walter Mitty , about an "inconsequential guy from Perth Amboy, New Jersey". Perth Amboy's water pumping station is located in Old Bridge Township . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had

4218-538: The natives when he passed through in the early 16th century. Mining activity was relatively small scale until the War of the Pacific , when Chile annexed parts of both Peru and Bolivia , including Chuquicamata. At this time, a great influx of miners were drawn into the area by what was termed the 'Red Gold Fever' (La Fiebre del Oro Rojo). Soon, Chuquicamata was covered with mines and over 400 mining claims at one point. It

4292-432: The neighborhood, were called "The Cuban Buildings" at one time. The Landings at Harborside redevelopment project is being constructed in this neighborhood. Amboy Avenue is a quasi-suburban, working to middle-class neighborhood. It is also referred to as the "Hospital section" or the "High School section" due to the fact that these places are located in the neighborhood. Today most residents are Hispanic; Amboy Avenue once had

4366-554: The north (on the same mineralized system), Ministro Hales mine to the south (formerly Mansa Mina) and the recently discovered 'Toki cluster' of copper porphyries to form the "'Codelco Norte'" division of Codelco . Chuquicamata belongs to the broad class of porphyry copper deposits . Practically, the entire Chuquicamata orebody is hosted by the Chuqui Porphyry Complex, made up of East, Fine Texture, West and Banco porphyries. These Cu-Mo porphyry systems formed during

4440-411: The population. There were 14,562 households, out of which 40.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 21.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.1% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.20 and

4514-466: The population. The city's Hispanic population was the second-highest percentage among municipalities in New Jersey as of the 2010 Census, ranked behind Union City with 84.7%. Of the 15,419 households, 40.0% had children under the age of 18; 40.1% were married couples living together; 24.6% had a female householder with no husband present and 25.7% were non-families. Of all households, 20.3% were made up of individuals and 7.5% had someone living alone who

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4588-483: The reduced sales tax rate (half of the statewide rate) funds revitalization of Smith Street with newly planted trees, Victorian streetlights, benches, garbage cans, and redbrick sidewalks. Smith Street is a shopping center seven blocks wide, with stores catering to working-class customers. The street is flanked by mainly two- to three-story buildings of varied architecture. It also has a lone bank skyscraper called 'Amboy Towers', 10 stories tall, located at Five Corners ,

4662-524: The summer. State Street is a neighborhood east of the NJ Transit train tracks, north of Fayette Street, and south of Harbortown. Like the southwestern section of Perth Amboy, it is predominantly working-class Hispanic. In addition, this neighborhood had many industries and factories before they moved overseas. The neighborhood is mainly Caribbean Hispanic. This section once had a large Cuban community . The State and Fayette Gardens, an apartment complex in

4736-551: The two were united as a royal colony in 1702, the two cities alternated as the capital of the Province of New Jersey until November 1790, when Trenton was designated as the unified state capital, chosen based on its location midway between New York City and Philadelphia . A few of the buildings from this early period can still be seen today. Most notably, the Proprietary House , the home of William Franklin ,

4810-422: Was $ 47,696 (with a margin of error of +/− $ 3,644) and the median family income was $ 53,792 (+/− $ 2,943). Males had a median income of $ 38,485 (+/− $ 2,450) versus $ 30,078 (+/− $ 3,452) for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 20,162 (+/− $ 933). About 16.3% of families and 19.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 28.8% of those under age 18 and 15.2% of those age 65 or over. As of

4884-549: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.25 and the average family size was 3.65. 27.3% of the population were under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32.4 years. For every 100 females, the population had 97.3 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 94.3 males. The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income

4958-472: Was a capital of the Province of New Jersey from 1686 to 1776. During the mid-1800s, the Industrial Revolution and immigration grew the city, developing a variety of neighborhoods which residents from a diverse range of ethnicities lived in. The city developed into a resort town for the Raritan Bayshore near it, but the city has grown in other industries since its redevelopment starting in

5032-476: Was a wild and disorganized camp. Title claims were often in doubt due to the defective 1873 Mining Code and matters were further complicated after the capture of Calama during the 1891 Chilean Civil War when rebels confiscated mines belonging to loyalists. Many miners lived in makeshift and lawless shanty towns around the mines, including Punta de Rieles, Placilla, and Banco Drummond. These settlements provided miners with alcohol, gambling, and prostitution and murder

5106-484: Was an almost daily occurrence. The army had to be sent in to maintain order as late as 1918. The towns were eventually buried under the waste dumps to east of the mine. These early operations mined high grade veins like the Zaragoza and Balmaceda veins, which contained concentrations of up to 10-15% copper, leaving low grade disseminated ore. One attempt was made to process the low-grade ore in 1899-1900 by Norman Walker,

5180-657: Was collected from abundant deposits of caliche in the Atacama Desert, and Chile was the primary source of nitrates in the world. After the war, the world market for saltpeter, Chile's main export at the time, collapsed because of the production of artificial nitrates , first synthesized in Germany through a combination of the Haber process and the Ostwald process . As a result, Chile's economy shifted toward dependence on

5254-551: Was deliberately set in 1764, forcing a rebuilding that was completed in 1767. It is the oldest city hall in continuous use in the United States. On November 20, 1789, City Hall was the site where the New Jersey General Assembly met to ratify the Bill of Rights , becoming the first state in the nation to do so. Market Square, located across from City Hall, is a park that had been an outdoor marketplace during

5328-476: Was incorporated as one of New Jersey's initial 104 townships through the Township Act of 1798 on February 21, 1798. The township was replaced by Perth Amboy city on April 8, 1844. Elizabeth (then known as Elizabethtown) was designated in 1668 as the first capital of New Jersey. In 1686, Perth Amboy was designated as the capital of East Jersey , while Burlington was the capital of West Jersey . After

5402-402: Was named by Armand Lévy for his fellow Frenchman , geologist and mineralogist A. J. M. Brochant de Villiers . Crystals of brochantite can range from emerald green to black-green to blue-green, and can be acicular or prismatic. Brochantite is often associated with minerals such as malachite , azurite , and chrysocolla , and may form pseudomorphs with these minerals. The mineral

5476-416: Was the site of a ferry that crossed the Arthur Kill to Tottenville, Staten Island . The first ferry operated in 1684 and regular service began operating in 1709. This ferry became less important when the Outerbridge Crossing opened in 1928, but continued to operate until 1963. In 1998, the Perth Amboy Ferry Slip was restored to its 1904 appearance. A replica of the ticket office has been constructed and

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