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86-497: The province was created on January 23, 1826, during the presidency of marshal Antonio José de Sucre . It forms the so-called " Gran Chiquitania " together with José Miguel de Velasco Province , Ñuflo de Chávez Province , Ángel Sandoval Province , and Germán Busch Province . Chiquitos Province is located between 17° 00' and 18° 37' South and between 58° 54' and 62° 45' West . It extends over 500 km from West to East, and up to 220 km from North to South. The province

172-485: A United States Attorney with assistants such as prosecutors and government lawyers and a marshal, appointed by the president , in charge of federal law enforcement. The courts are part of the independent judicial branch of the government, while the marshals and U.S. attorneys are part of the Department of Justice in the executive branch. The U.S. marshal for the district primarily oversees court security and has

258-468: A crown above two crossed batons or swords surrounded by yellow leaves below, Syria's Marshal rank adds an extra star to its General insignia ergo three stars above crossed swords below the coat of arms. In the Royal Thai Army the rank of Chom Phon ( Thai : จอมพล, จอมพลทหารบก ) was created in 1888, together with all other military ranks along western lines, by King Chulalongkorn . Today it

344-668: A general or admiral ( Romanian : amiral ), in time of war for exceptional military merits, by the President of Romania and confirmed by the Supreme Council of National Defense . Imperial Russia had for a long time maintained the rank of Field Marshal. It was active all the way until the Russian Revolutions of 1917. When the Bolsheviks took over, they briefly abandoned military ranks until 1935. When it

430-704: A security police service answerable to the court itself, rather than to the president or attorney general . It handles security for the Supreme Court building and for the justices personally, and undertakes whatever other missions the court may require or assign. In many U.S. states, marshals can be found acting at the state, local or municipal level; marshals can be court bailiffs or process servers , or even fully sworn police officers. In some states, they may be sworn peace officers , however their job is, in certain cases, entirely civil rather than criminal law enforcement. In other states, some communities maintain

516-425: A Town or City Marshal who is responsible for all general law enforcement within the respective jurisdiction, as well as court duties, while others are strictly court officers. This is especially true in communities with both police and marshals. The position of marshal vastly differs from state to state. At least one local railroad servicing company's part-time public safety staff, which are both fire and police trained,

602-430: A city police officer may only enforce city code or a sheriff's deputy, who may only enforce county code. Indiana Code recognizes Town Marshals as Police Officers, therefore it is very common for Indiana Town Marshal's Offices to go simply by "Police Department" . Under Indiana Code IC36-5-7 the marshal is described as "the chief police officer of the town and has the powers of other law enforcement officers in executing

688-535: A compound such as Court Marshal (not related to court martial , therefore usually called Marshal of the Court to prevent confusion) or more rarely Grand Marshal . The function of the Marshal of the Court varies according to national tradition, but frequently he is the chief of staff of the monarch's household (meaning the palace and other domains). Often, the charge includes also the honorary privilege as chief of

774-543: A divisional command (Spanish: mariscal de campo ); and France, Portugal and Brazil for a brigade command (French: maréchal de camp , Portuguese : marechal de campo ). The origin of the term dates to the early Middle Ages , originally meaning the keeper of the king's horses (from Old German Marh-scalc , lit.   ' horse-servant ' ), from the time of the early Frankish kings; words originally meaning "servant" were sometimes used to mean "subordinate official" or similar. The German Holy Roman Empire and

860-647: A few exceptions, elsewhere in Georgia, the sheriff's office is responsible for enforcement of these duties, with some sheriffs' offices having an assigned unit or personnel for these duties. Indiana : Indiana Town Marshals are fully-sworn, ILEA certified police officers who act as the chief police officer of a town . General police terms in Indiana vary by what local government one works for; for example: counties have Sheriff's/deputies, cities have Police Departments/Officers and Towns have Marshals/deputies. In Indiana,

946-561: A five-star general in Serbia was Vojvoda (Serbia and Yugoslavia) , a military rank that has many similarities compared to Generalfeldmarschall , Marshal of France and Field marshal (United Kingdom) but also differs in way of promotion, duration and style. However, the name of this military is etymologically closer to the nobility title of duke . It was the highest rank in the army of the Kingdom of Serbia and Kingdom of Yugoslavia until

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1032-464: A five-star officer was not adopted because, otherwise, George Marshall would be addressed as "Marshal Marshall", which was considered undignified. Thus, Douglas MacArthur is the only US officer ever to have received the rank of Marshal, which was given to him by the government of the Philippines. On the 17 June 1983, Mobutu Sese Seko promoted himself to the rank of field marshal. The order

1118-518: A messenger between parties to signal the impending start of the service or communicate delays. In a church wedding, particularly a nuptial mass, these functions may be assumed by a verger . The wedding marshal is a position of honor and trust, often filled by a close friend or relative. Apart from its military uses, the Polish word marszałek (marshal) also refers to certain political offices: Demonstration marshals, also called stewards , are used by

1204-457: A town is managed by a council without an elected mayor , whereas a city has a mayor and, thus, a city police department. Marshals are responsible for all law enforcement in their respective town, and their primary duties are the enforcement of local and state laws or ordinances as well as code enforcement. The Town Marshal may also be the town's humane law enforcement officer . Town marshals are fully sworn state certified police officers though

1290-687: A two-character surname too. "司馬" is one of the Three Excellencies in Eastern Han, who is in charge of the country's military affairs. Later, a more common title for a field marshal or a commandant was (元帥 Yuan Shuai ) or grand field marshal (大元帥 da yuan shuai ). One of the most famous of these generals was Yue Fei from the Song dynasty . Since the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, it has promoted 10 military commanders to

1376-559: A unit of appointed deputies and special deputies. (Other law enforcement operations and the federal prison system are handled by other federal police agencies.) The United States Marshals Service is a professional, civil service unit of federal police , part of the system of marshals, made up of career law enforcement personnel rather than the appointed district marshals. The U.S. Marshals Service assists with court security and prisoner transport, asset forfeiture, serves arrest warrants and seeks fugitives . The Federal Air Marshal Service

1462-583: Is a separate armed federal law enforcement service employed to protect commercial airliners from the threat of aircraft hijacking . These air marshals work for the Transportation Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security . The U.S. Supreme Court maintains its own, separate Marshal of the United States Supreme Court , who also controls the U.S. Supreme Court Police ,

1548-414: Is a term used in several official titles in various branches of society . As marshals became trusted members of the courts of Medieval Europe, the title grew in reputation. During the last few centuries, it has been used for elevated offices, such as in military rank and civilian law enforcement . In most countries, the rank of Marshal is the highest Army rank (equivalent to a five-star General of

1634-744: Is ceremonially held by members of the Thai royal family. In the Turkish Armed Forces , the corresponding rank is mareşal . Its origins can be traced to the Ottoman Empire and to the military of Persia , where it was called "müşir" and bestowed upon senior commanders upon order of the ruling sultan . The rank of mareşal can only be bestowed by the National Assembly , to generals or admirals who have displayed distinguished merit in wartime. Only two persons have been bestowed

1720-543: Is considered as a five-star rank (OF-10) in modern-day armed forces in many countries. Promotion to the rank of field marshal in many countries historically required extraordinary military achievement by a general (a wartime victory). However, the rank has also been used as a divisional command rank and also as a brigade command rank. Examples of the different uses of the rank include Afghanistan , Austria-Hungary , Pakistan , Prussia / Germany , India and Sri Lanka for an extraordinary achievement; Spain and Mexico for

1806-412: Is entitled to the same fees prescribed for sheriffs in s. 814.70 for similar services, unless a higher fee is applicable under s. 814.705 (1) (c); for other service rendered the village, compensation as the board fixes. 61.28(2) (2) A village marshal who is given law enforcement duties by the village board, and who meets the definition of a law enforcement officer under s. 165.85 (2) (c), shall comply with

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1892-714: Is equivalent to general of the army of the United States which is the highest rank in the Malaysian army and are reserved for His Majesty the King of Malaysia though there are several non-royals who hold this rank. Charles, Prince of Wales , as he was at the time, was officially appointed a Field Marshal in the New Zealand Army in November 2015. As King Charles III , he remains the only living person to hold

1978-589: Is not a distinctive military rank but an honour. In the French army of the Ancien Régime , the normal brigade command rank was field marshal ( maréchal de camp ). In 1793, during the French Revolution , the rank of field marshal was replaced by the rank of brigade general. The rank insignia of field marshal was two stars (one-star being used for a senior colonel rank). The French field marshal rank

2064-472: Is often admiral of the fleet or grand admiral . Marshals are typically, but not exclusively, appointed only in wartime . In many countries, especially in Europe , the special symbol of a marshal is a baton , and their insignia often incorporate batons. In some countries, the term "marshal" is used instead of "general" in the higher air force ranks . The four highest Royal Air Force ranks are marshal of

2150-495: Is provided by the city marshal's office. In municipalities that do not have a police department, the city marshal's office sometimes serves as the agency that provides general law enforcement services to residents. Washington State : The city of Seattle employs marshals in their municipal court, with the senior officer holding the title of chief marshal and the subordinate officers known as deputy marshals. Seattle Marshals provide court security and law enforcement services within

2236-524: Is situated in the Bolivian lowlands and borders Ñuflo de Chávez Province in the northwest, Andrés Ibáñez Province in the west, Cordillera Province in the south, Germán Busch Province in the southeast, Ángel Sandoval Province in the east, and José Miguel de Velasco Province in the north. Chiquitos Province comprises three municipalities which are further subdivided into cantons. The population of Chiquitos Province has increased by circa 15% over

2322-738: Is still the name for the head officer of some community police forces. Arizona : Cities and towns decide whether to appoint or elect a marshal, or have the board, council, or city manager hire a chief of police as the top criminal law enforcement official for their jurisdiction (as in the town of Tombstone ). Marshals are elected by the trustees to serve a fixed term, and chiefs of police can be fired at will by whoever hired them, just like any other employee. California : Several urban counties (including Los Angeles , San Bernardino County, California , and San Diego ) once maintained separate county marshal's offices, which served as court officers similar to U.S. marshals or constables , but mainly for

2408-404: Is supervised by a chief marshal. American Old West (for example, Arizona Territory and Texas of the 1880s): Marshals, usually called town marshals or city marshals (since the larger cities were often punctilious about their titles), were appointed or elected police officers of small communities, with powers and duties similar to those of a police chief; these powers generally ended at

2494-546: The Koninklijke Marechaussee ("Royal Marshalcy") is a national military police force with civilian competences, similar to the French Gendarmerie nationale . In the United States, marshal is used particularly for various types of law enforcement officers. The federal court system in the United States has 94 federal judicial districts, each with a court (with one or more judges ),

2580-704: The Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary , the rank Feldmarschall was used. The rank was also given to generals in southern German States and Austria by the Holy Roman Emperor during the existence of the Holy Roman Empire up to 1806. Stratarches ( Greek : Στρατάρχης ), meaning Ruler of the Army in Greek, is a title for senior military commanders dating back to classical antiquity, in

2666-685: The Greek Civil War . The rank is not retained by the current (since 1974) Third Hellenic Republic . Field marshal is the highest attainable rank in the Indian Army . It is a ceremonial / war time rank. There have been two Indian field marshals to date. Sam Manekshaw was promoted to the rank in 1973 for his role in leading the Indian Army to assist the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 against Pakistan, backed by

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2752-642: The Indiana Law Enforcement Academy , having law enforcement authority statewide; therefore, it is not at all uncommon for Town Marshals to be seen outside of their bailiwicks assisting other police agencies. Some town marshal agencies in Indiana can be quite large. A Town Marshal can appoint any number of unpaid deputy town marshals or reserve officers who may exercise full police powers in the state. Indiana Town Marshals are authorized to enforce not only city/town code, but also county ordinances; this differs from city police departments where

2838-571: The Marshals of France ( Maréchaux de France ), not least under Napoléon I . Another such title was that of Reichsmarschall , bestowed upon Hermann Göring by Adolf Hitler , although it was never a regular title as it had been "invented" for Göring who was the only titleholder in history. In England during the First Barons' War the title " Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church " was bestowed upon Robert Fitzwalter by election. Both

2924-775: The Second World War galleries at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra . The third appointment was Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , who was promoted to the rank on 1 April 1954. The fourth and latest appointment was to King Charles III in October 2024. When Brazil became independent from Portugal in 1822, the Portuguese system of ranks was maintained by the Brazilian Army , including

3010-537: The Second World War . It was first created with the passing of the law on the Organization of the Army of the Kingdom of Serbia in 1901. The law was passed on the suggestion of Lieutenant Colonel (later Divisional General ) Miloš Vasić , who was minister of defense at the time. The rank was awarded only during the war for particular military contributions of top generals. Only four Serbian generals have reached

3096-469: The Soviet Union and Russia have army general as well as "marshal" in their rank system. The following articles discuss the rank of marshal as used by specific countries: These ranks are considered the equivalent to a marshal: The name is also applied to the leader of military police organizations. Usually in monarchies, one or several of the senior dignitaries wear the title of Marshal or

3182-536: The United States Armed Forces has ever used the rank of field marshal. On 14 December 1944, Congress created the rank of "general of the army ", a five-star rank equivalent to that of field marshal in other countries. Two days later, George Marshall was promoted to this rank, becoming the first five-star general in American history. It has been suggested that the denomination of "Marshal" for

3268-438: The fire code . Colorado : Cities, towns and villages decide whether to appoint or elect a marshal, or have the board, council, or city manager hire a chief of police as the top criminal law enforcement for their jurisdiction. Marshals are elected by the trustees to serve a fixed term, and chiefs of police can be fired at will by whoever hired them, just like any other employee. Connecticut : In 2000, Connecticut eliminated

3354-644: The Army in the United States ). "Marshal" is an ancient loanword from Norman French (cf. modern French maréchal ), which in turn is borrowed from Old Frankish * marhskalk (="stable boy, keeper, servant"), being still evident in Middle Dutch maerscalc , marscal , and in modern Dutch maarschalk (="military chief commander"; the meaning influenced by the French use). It is cognate with Old High German mar(ah)-scalc "id.", modern German (Feld-)Marschall (="military chief commander";

3440-649: The Army) or simply marechal also existed. Distinctively from the rank of marechal de campo , the ranks of marechal-general and marechal were the highest in the Portuguese Army, usually being reserved for the commanders-in-chief of the Army. Latter, the rank of marechal-general became reserved for the monarch , as a mere honorary dignity. Mareșal is the highest rank in the Romanian Armed Forces . The rank of mareșal can only be bestowed to

3526-410: The French system, maréchal des logis ("marshal-of-lodgings") is a cavalry term equivalent to sergeant . Some historical rulers have used special "marshal" titles to reward certain subjects. Though not strictly military ranks, these honorary titles have been exclusively bestowed upon successful military leaders, such as the famous grand marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre . Most famous are

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3612-606: The Indian Army itself, in the last few days of the war . K. M. Cariappa was promoted in 1986, long after he retired, in recognition of his services as the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army. Khalifa Haftar was the first to "claim" receive this rank in Libya from the House of Representatives in 2016 after the liberation of oil ports in the Operation Swift Lightning . Field Marshal of Malaysia

3698-510: The Philippines nation-state. In the Portuguese Army , the rank of marechal de campo was created in 1762, as the most junior general officer rank. Hierarchically, it was ranked between tenente-general (lieutenant-general) and brigadeiro (brigadier), this last one not being considered a general rank, but a kind of senior colonel . In Portugal, the ranks of marechal-general (marshal-general) and marechal do Exército (marechal of

3784-583: The Royal Air Force , air chief marshal , air marshal and air vice marshal (although the first named, which has generally been suspended as a peacetime rank, is the only one which can properly be considered a marshal). The five-star rank of marshal of the Air Force is used by some Commonwealth and Middle Eastern air forces. In the French Army and most National Armies modeled upon

3870-651: The Swedish army, the field marshal had unlimited military and considerable political authority. However, the field marshal was subordinate to the Lord High Constable of Sweden (Riksmarsken) and his closest man was the rikstygmästare  [ sv ] . Initially, the field marshal was the commander of the cavalry and first became the foremost military rank in Sweden during the early 17th century, especially after count Jakob Pontusson de la Gardie received

3956-407: The United States, many colleges and universities have marshals. In some cases, there is a single "faculty marshal," appointed to the post on a more or less permanent basis. In other cases, there are one or several faculty marshals, and often one or several student marshals appointed for a single occasion. In all cases, the post is one of honor given to a senior faculty member or outstanding student, and

4042-612: The army. US Army General Douglas MacArthur was the first and only field marshal in the history of the Philippine Army , a position he held while also acting as the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines with a rank of major general. President Quezon conferred the rank of field marshal on 24 August 1936 and MacArthur's duty included the supervision of the creation of

4128-522: The border of the community. By contrast, federal marshals (U.S. marshals) worked in a larger territory, especially in pioneer country, and this area could potentially overlap with the state or territorial office of county sheriff (who then, as now, policed communities, as well as areas between communities). The word marshal is still used in this sense, especially in the American Southwest . ( See List of Western lawmen .) Town or city marshal

4214-412: The buildings and tourist attractions. Wisconsin :The village marshal shall execute and file an official bond. The marshal shall possess the powers, enjoy the privileges and be subject to the liabilities conferred and imposed by law upon constables, and be taken as included in all writs and papers addressed to constables. The marshal shall obey all lawful written orders of the village board. The marshal

4300-402: The county sheriff system, and replaced it with two types of marshals. State marshals operate out of the executive branch of state government. They are sworn peace officers who perform a wide range of duties, including service of process, seizing money and property under court order, evictions, serving tax warrants, and arresting individuals on bench warrants . Judicial marshals are employed by

4386-590: The court. They handle arrests of out-of-custody defendants within the courthouse and transport in custody defendants to and from court hearings. The King County Sheriff's Office (county seat in Seattle) also employs court marshals, which is a unit under the sheriff's office. In the Old-West themed town of Winthrop , the municipal police force is headed by a town marshal, consistent with the Old West restoration of

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4472-401: The endurance competition " Tough Guy ," officials seeing to the observance of the rules are styled marshals. In road running races, in particular, course marshals enforce rules of competition and assist runners as needed. The marshal is the highest playing piece in the board game Stratego . The word Maréchaussée derives from the French word Maréchal (plural Maréchaux ), which was

4558-611: The forerunner of the modern Gendarmerie ) and to an Ancien Régime Court of Justice called the "Tribunal of the Constable and the Marshals of France " which was competent for judging military personnel and civilians alike in cases of petty violations of the law. The term Maréchaussée was also used for the Continental Army 's military police during the American Revolution . In the present-day Netherlands,

4644-470: The former Soviet Union, which use a jewelled star referred to as a Marshal's star ). Sardar Shah Wali Khan (died 1977), of the Musahiban and uncle of King Zahir and President Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan , was a field marshal. Mohammed Fahim became an honorary marshal in 2004. Abdul Rashid Dostum became an honorary marshal in 2020 (this position is now defunct). The first appointment to

4730-400: The functions are generally limited to leading processions or parts of processions during commencement exercises, academic convocations , encaenia and similar events. These marshals often carry maces , staffs or wands of office. A chief usher at a large wedding is sometimes called a wedding marshal . In addition to coordinating other ushers in attending guests, the wedding marshal may be

4816-532: The judicial branch. They are sworn peace officers who perform court security and transport detainees to and from court. Georgia : The marshal is a commissioned armed and uniformed law enforcement officer of the county state courts which have jurisdiction over civil matters and state ordinances. In the Atlanta metro counties, marshal's offices enforce evictions, foreclosures, subpoenas, civil forfeitures, judgements, seizure, liens, repossession, and garnishment. With

4902-485: The kingdom of France had officers named Feldmarschall and Maréchal de camp respectively as far back as the 1600s. The exact wording of the titles used by field marshals varies: examples include " marshal " and " field marshal general ". The air force equivalent in Commonwealth and many Middle Eastern air forces is marshal of the air force (not to be confused with air marshal ). Navies, which usually do not use

4988-518: The meaning again influenced by the French use). It originally and literally meant "horse servant", from Germanic *marha- "horse" (cf. English mare and modern German Mähre , meaning "horse of bad quality") and *skalk- "servant" (cf. Old Engl. scealc "servant, soldier" and outdated German Schalk , meaning "high-ranking servant"). This "horse servant" origin is retained in the current French name for farrier : maréchal-ferrant . The late Roman and Byzantine title of comes stabuli ("count of

5074-477: The minimum employment standards for law enforcement officers established by the law enforcement standards board and shall complete training under s. 165.85 (4) (a) 1. . Field marshal Field marshal (or field-marshal , abbreviated as FM ) is the most senior military rank , senior to the general officer ranks. Usually, it is the highest rank in an army (in countries without the rank of Generalissimo), and as such, few persons are ever appointed to it. It

5160-585: The municipal court system. This system was abolished by state law in 2000, when the sheriffs of those counties announced that those counties' marshals would be absorbed into their departments. Therefore, many have been merged into or taken over by the local county sheriff's office, with the exceptions of Shasta County and Trinity County both located in Northern California. As of 2010, the marshal of San Benito County has been disbanded as an independent organization, with its employees becoming part of

5246-465: The nomenclature employed by armies or air forces, use titles such as " fleet admiral ," " grand admiral " or " admiral of the fleet " for the equivalent rank. The traditional attribute distinguishing a field marshal is a baton . The baton nowadays is purely ornamental, and as such may be richly decorated. That said, it is not necessary for the insignia to be a baton (Such is the case in Russia post-1991 and

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5332-499: The orders of the legislative body and enforcing laws. The marshal or his deputy: Maine : The State Marshal Service provides physical security and law enforcement duties to the judicial system, as well as protection of all state judges. Deputy marshals are fully sworn state law enforcement officers with statewide authority. Missouri : There are two types of marshal: Nevada New York : There are two levels of marshals: Ohio : The term village marshal has been used for

5418-432: The organizers of large or controversial demonstrations , rallies and protests , to help ensure the safety of the participants. They are especially important for preventing infiltration by agents provocateurs . In motorsports , such as auto racing , motorcycle racing , and rallying , the track marshals wave the racing flags and assist crashed or broken-down vehicles and their drivers, while pit marshals watch over

5504-422: The procedures in the pits, and fire marshals assist in the event of a fire on the track or in the pit. The FIA provides general rules and recommendations on marshalling. In the 1977 South African Grand Prix , 1977 Japanese Grand Prix , 2000 Italian Grand Prix , 2001 Australian Grand Prix , and 2013 Canadian Grand Prix , track marshals were victims of fatal accidents. In some organized competitions, such as

5590-571: The protocol to announce formally the arrival of VIP guests at audiences, state dinners, and conferences in the monarch's premises. This office was often made hereditary in the high nobility, e.g., the English Earl Marshal , or the Scots Earl Marischal . The term is also used in more ordinary contexts, such as modern pageantry ; for example, the grand marshal of a parade is often an honored guest or dignitary. In

5676-666: The rank in history of the Republic: Kemal Atatürk , the founder of modern Turkey , and his Chief of Staff Fevzi Çakmak , both for their successes in the Turkish War of Independence . Field Marshal Idi Amin was the military dictator and third president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles in 1946, serving in Somalia and Kenya. Eventually, Amin held

5762-598: The rank of marechal de campo . In the second half of the 19th century, the rank of marechal de campo was replaced, both in Portugal and Brazil, by the rank of general de brigada (brigade general). This last rank still exists today in the Brazilian Army, but corresponds to the present rank of major-general (major-general) in the Portuguese Army. Today, the rank of Marechal is the maximum rank available but only awarded during wartime. The Brazilian Air Force has

5848-458: The rank of Vojvoda, most notably Radomir Putnik . Later Yugoslav People's Army had the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia used only by Josip Broz Tito as the supreme commander. This would actually be one rank above the rank of Field marshal and the equivalent of a six-star general , but it was essentially an honorific title with political connotations that became Tito's best-known nickname. South African statesman and prime minister Jan Smuts

5934-564: The rank of major general in the post-colonial Ugandan Army and became its commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971, deposing Milton Obote . He later promoted himself to field marshal while he was the head of state. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington , was promoted to the rank of a field marshal (of multiple armies) in 1813. Nine of his field marshal batons are on display in Apsley House (see Batons of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington ). No branch of

6020-699: The rank of marshal, all in 1955 and abolished in 1965. Since then, the rank has remained defunct. The last Chinese marshal, Nie Rongzhen, died in 1993. On 8 January 2022, General Birhanu Jula , the Chief of General Staff of the Ethiopian National Defence Force , was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal (or Field Marshal General, depending on source). The rank was introduced to the Ethiopian National Defence Force with this promotion. The rank of Field Marshal

6106-414: The rank was Sir William Birdwood , who received the honour in March 1925. Sir Thomas Blamey was the second appointment to the rank, and was the first and so far only Australian-born and Australian Army substantive (not honorary) field marshal. He was promoted to the rank on the insistence of Sir Robert Menzies , the Prime Minister of Australia , in June 1950. His field marshal's baton is on display in

6192-458: The rank. Field Marshal ( Arabic : فريق ) is the highest rank within the Syrian Army which is a ceremonial and honorary military rank, the only holder to-date is incumbent President Bashar al-Assad who was promoted from Colonel. Its insignia is unique amongst Arab states, as the majority of Arab militaries that has a Field Marshal rank, the insignias has the national coat of arms or

6278-482: The rank. He was promoted to the position on 22 March 2015. In Sweden, a total of 75 field marshals have been appointed, from 1609 to 1824. Since 1972, the rank has not been used in Sweden, and it had long been decided to only be used in wartime. The title denoted the commander of the mounted part of the army. During the Thirty Years' War , the field marshal was subordinate to the country's lieutenant general. In

6364-720: The ranks of Field Marshal in the New Zealand Army, Admiral of the Fleet in the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) and Marshal of the RNZAF . The King's late father, the Duke of Edinburgh (1921–2021), also held these three ranks during his lifetime. Ayub Khan (1907–1974) was the only field marshal in the history of Pakistan. He was the second president of Pakistan and the first native commander in chief of

6450-399: The recent five years, from 59,754 inhabitants (2001 census ) to 68,445 inhabitants (2005 est.). A substantial part of the population consists of German speaking Mennonites from Russia . Increased agricultural use of the land has led to deforestation in the area. 18°00′S 60°00′W  /  18.000°S 60.000°W  / -18.000; -60.000 Marshal Marshal

6536-455: The same function, often filled without colleagues, directly under the mayor. Texas : City marshals and deputy city marshals have, by law, the same authority as a municipal (village, town, or city) police officer. However, municipalities (like Fort Worth ), that have both a police force as well as a city marshal's office, often utilize the police as the general law enforcement agency of the municipality, while court security and process service

6622-612: The second highest military charge in feudal France after Connétable ( Constable ), the military Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Armed Forces until 1627, when the charge of Constable was abolished. The Constable and the Marshals had also jurisdictional powers, at first only over members of the armed forces. The additional conferring of police powers led to the creation of the "Corps of the Maréchaussée " ("Marshalcy";

6708-582: The sense of "commander-in-chief". In modern Greek usage, it has been used to translate the rank of field marshal. In this sense, the rank was borne by the kings of Greece since 1939, and has been awarded only once in modern Greek history to a professional officer: Alexandros Papagos in 1949 for his leadership in the Greek victory against Fascist Italy in World War II and against the Communist forces in

6794-666: The sheriff's office. California also has fire marshals and deputy fire marshals, who may work for the State of California Fire Marshal's Office, or various county, city or special districts throughout the state. Fire marshals and deputy fire marshals are full-time sworn peace officers throughout the state, with powers of arrest statewide under section 830.37 of the California Penal Code . Their responsibilities include fire and arson investigation, bomb and explosives investigation, general law enforcement, as well as enforcement of

6880-537: The similar rank of air marshal . On the 11 August 2020, Chadian president Idris Déby was promoted to the rank of Marshal for his efforts against terrorism in West Africa. He would die the following year. During Imperial rule in China, different dynasties gave different titles to generals. A very similar title is "司馬" ( sima ) in the Eastern Han dynasty, which literally means "master of horse", and later became

6966-697: The stables") was a calque of the Germanic, which became Old French con(n)estable and modern connétable , and, borrowed from the Old French, the English word " constable ". Finally, in Byzantium, a marshal with elevated authority, notably a borderlands military command, was also known as an exarch . In many countries, the rank of marshal, cf. field marshal , is the highest army rank, outranking other general officers . The equivalent navy rank

7052-541: Was abolished in 1848 (although in theory it is not an actual rank but a "state dignity"). Generalfeldmarschall ('general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal', abbreviated to Feldmarschall ) was the most senior general officer rank in the armies of several German states, including Saxony, Brandenburg-Prussia, Prussia, the German Empire, and lastly, Germany (from 1918). In the Habsburg monarchy ,

7138-679: Was appointed a field marshal of the British Army on 24 May 1941. During the 2010s, the South Korean government tried to promote Paik Sun-yup to the rank of field marshal. However, the attempt failed because of his past service in the Manchukuo Imperial Army . Field Marshal is the highest rank in the Sri Lanka Army . It is a ceremonial rank. Sarath Fonseka is the first and only Sri Lankan officer to hold

7224-443: Was below lieutenant-general , which in 1793 became divisional-general . In the title maréchal de camp and the English "field marshal", there is an etymological confusion in the French camp between the English words "camp" and "field". The French rank of field marshal should not be confused with the rank of Marshal of France , which has been the highest rank of the French Army since the higher dignity of Marshal General of France

7310-638: Was last used in Ethiopia during the Ethiopian Empire in the 20th century, when Emperor Haile Selassie was head of the Imperial Ethiopian Army . The formal ceremonial uniform matched that of its British counterpart, with the exception of headgear, which was a Bicorne adorned with a golden lion's mane. Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim was promoted to Field Marshal in 1933. In 1942 he was promoted to Marshal of Finland, which really

7396-717: Was restored, an equivalent rank Marshal of the Soviet Union was introduced in place of the Imperial Russian Army Field Marshal. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the rank was replaced by the Marshal of the Russian Federation. However, as of 2024, there has only been one Marshal of the Russian Federation. In Serbian, field marshal can be literally translated as Бојни Маршал , Bojni Maršal . The closest equivalent of

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