Crusade :
43-545: Crusader Kings may refer to: The leaders of the Crusades (most notably the Third Crusade), against Islam and other religions Crusader Kings (video game) , a computer game released by Paradox Interactive in 2004, and its sequels: Crusader Kings II Crusader Kings III Crusader Kings (board game) , a board game from Free League Publishing based on
86-524: A bishop of Beauvais Philip of Alsace Roger de Wavrin, bishop of Cambrai Henry I of Bar Stephen I of Sancerre Peter II of Courtenay Raoul I, Lord of Coucy William II, Lord of Béthune Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia Floris III, Count of Holland Henry of Kalden Herman IV, Margrave of Baden Leopold V, Duke of Austria Rudolf of Zähringen Otto I of Guelders Děpolt II of Bohemia William II of Sicily From
129-612: A conflict with the Fatimid rulers of Egypt . Saladin ultimately brought both the Egyptian and Syrian forces under his own control, and employed them to reduce the Crusader states and to recapture Jerusalem in 1187. Spurred by religious zeal, King Henry II of England and King Philip II of France (later known as "Philip Augustus") ended their conflict with each other to lead a new crusade. The death of Henry (6 July 1189), however, meant
172-586: A crusade because he was at war with England. Frederick held a diet in Mainz on 27 March 1188. Because of its purpose, he named the diet the "Court of Christ". The archbishop of Cologne submitted to Frederick and peace was restored to the empire. Bishop Godfrey of Würzburg preached a crusade sermon and Frederick, at the urging of the assembly, took the cross. He was followed by his son, Duke Frederick VI of Swabia , and by Duke Frederick of Bohemia , Duke Leopold V of Austria , Landgrave Louis III of Thuringia and
215-449: A host of lesser nobles. After taking the cross, Frederick proclaimed a "general expedition against the pagans" in accordance with the pope's instructions. He set the period of preparation as 17 April 1188 to 8 April 1189 and scheduled the army to assemble at Regensburg on Saint George's Day (23 April 1189). To prevent the crusade from degenerating into an undisciplined mob, participants were required to have at least three marks , which
258-598: A market would be available in Sofia . It was probably from Ćuprija that Frederick sent another envoy, a Hungarian count named Lectoforus, to Constantinople to see what was going on. Frederick was welcomed by Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja in Niš with pomp on 27 July. Although the Serbian ruler asked the emperor to invest him with his domains, Frederick refused on the grounds that he was on a pilgrimage and did not wish to harm Isaac as
301-592: A mob gathering to invade the Jewish quarter on 26 March. It was dispersed by the imperial marshal Henry of Kalden . The rabbi then met with the emperor, which resulted in an imperial edict threatening maiming or death for anyone who maimed or killed a Jew. On 29 March, Frederick and the rabbi then rode through the streets together to emphasise that the Jews had imperial protection. Those Jews who had fled in January returned at
344-624: A range of estimates for Frederick's army, from 10,000 to 600,000 men, including 4,000–20,000 knights. After leaving Germany, Frederick's army was increased by the addition of a contingent of 2,000 men led by the Hungarian prince Géza , the younger brother of the King Béla III of Hungary , and Bishop Ugrin Csák . Two contingents from the Empire, from Burgundy and Lorraine , also joined
387-513: A repetition of those events inside Germany. On 29 January 1188, a mob invaded the Jewish quarter in Mainz and many Jews fled to the imperial castle of Münzenberg . There were further incidents connected with the "Court of Christ" in March. According to Rabbi Moses ha-Cohen of Mainz, there were minor incidents from the moment people began arriving for the Court of Christ on 9 March. This culminated in
430-536: A sermon on the importance of discipline and maintaining the peace. He also reorganized the army, dividing it into four, because it would be entering territory more firmly under Byzantine control and less friendly. The vanguard of Swabians and Bavarians was put under the command of the Duke of Swabia assisted by Herman IV of Baden and Berthold III of Vohburg . The second division consisted of the Hungarian and Bohemian contingents with their separate standard-bearers. The third
473-2005: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages List of principal Crusaders (Redirected from List of principal Crusaders ) This is a list of the principal leaders of the Crusades , classified by Crusade. Crusader invasions of Egypt (1163–1169) [ edit ] Amalric I of Jerusalem Philip of Milly Hugh of Ibelin Miles of Plancy Frederick de la Roche Bertrand de Blanchefort Gilbert of Assailly Andronikos Kontostephanos Ayyubid–Crusader War (1177–1187) [ edit ] Baldwin IV of Jerusalem Guy of Lusignan Raynald of Châtillon Raymond III of Tripoli Balian of Ibelin Conrad of Montferrat Humphrey IV of Toron Heraclius of Jerusalem Gerard of Ridefort Garnier de Nablus Baldwin of Ibelin Odo of St Amand Reginald of Sidon Third Crusade (1189–1192) [ edit ] From Europe [ edit ] Conrad of Montferrat Richard I, King of England André de Chauvigny Baldwin of Exeter Joseph of Exeter William de Ferrers Walchelin de Ferriers Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy Galeran V of Beaumont Henry II, Count of Champagne Guy of Bazoches Peter de Preaux Philippe du Plessis Robert de Beaumont Roger of Hoveden Alan fitz Walter, 2nd High Steward of Scotland Ambroise Hubert Walter William des Roches Ranulf de Glanvill Eustace de Vesci Philip II of France Theobald V, Count of Blois Alberic Clement Conon de Béthune Robert II of Dreux Philip of Dreux , son of Robert I of Dreux and
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#1732800794346516-545: The Crusader Kings video game. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Crusader Kings . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crusader_Kings&oldid=1214312930 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
559-681: The Morava and headed for Braničevo , which was the seat of the local Byzantine administration since Belgrade had been devastated in the Byzantine–Hungarian War (1180–1185) with the Hungarians and Serbs. The head of the Byzantine administration was a doux (duke). At Braničevo, Béla III took leave and returned to Hungary. He gave the crusaders wagons and in return Frederick gave him his boats, since they would no longer be travelling up
602-843: The Treaty of Jaffa , which recognised Muslim control over Jerusalem but allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims and merchants to visit the city. Richard departed the Holy Land on 9 October 1192. The military successes of the Third Crusade allowed the Christians to maintain considerable states in Cyprus and on the Syrian coast, restoring the Kingdom of Jerusalem on a narrow strip from Tyre to Jaffa . The failure to re-capture Jerusalem inspired
645-2684: The Crusader states [ edit ] Guy of Lusignan Sibylla of Jerusalem Balian of Ibelin Reginald of Sidon Gerard de Ridefort Robert IV de Sablé Humphrey IV of Toron Joscelin III of Edessa Crusade of 1197 [ edit ] Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II, Margrave of Lusatia Henry I, Duke of Brabant Conrad of Wittelsbach Wolfger von Erla Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) [ edit ] Boniface of Montferrat Louis I, Count of Blois Enrico Dandolo Baldwin I of Constantinople Henry of Flanders Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) [ edit ] John of Brienne Bohemond IV of Antioch Hugh I of Cyprus Leopold VI, Duke of Austria Pelagio Galvani Pedro de Montaigu Hermann von Salza Guérin de Montaigu Andrew II of Hungary William I, Count of Holland Henry I of Rodez Alamanno da Costa Sixth Crusade (1228–1229) [ edit ] Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Hermann von Salza William Briwere Peter des Roches Barons' Crusade [ edit ] Theobald I, King of Navarre Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy Amaury de Montfort Peter I, Duke of Brittany Ralph of Soissons Guigues IV of Forez Henry II, Count of Bar John of Mâcon Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester William II Longespée Walter IV, Count of Brienne , Lord of Jaffa Odo of Montbéliard Balian of Beirut John of Arsuf Balian of Sidon Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) [ edit ] Louis IX of France Theobald I of Navarre Alfonso, Count of Poitou Charles of Anjou Robert I of Artois Guillaume de Sonnac Renaud de Vichiers Eighth Crusade (1270) [ edit ] Louis IX of France Theobald II of Navarre Alfonso, Count of Poitou Charles of Anjou Ninth Crusade (1271) [ edit ] Edward I of England Charles of Anjou Leo II, King of Armenia Hugh III of Cyprus Bohemond VI of Antioch Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_principal_leaders_of_the_Crusades&oldid=1222282627 " Categories : 11th-century military personnel 12th-century military personnel 13th-century military personnel Lists of military personnel Lists of medieval people Christians of
688-701: The Crusades Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Third Crusade Levantine Crusader states : Eastern Christian allies: Sunni Muslim states: Shia Muslim states: Eastern Christian opponents: Crusaders: Levantine Crusader states: Military orders: Eastern Christian allies: Sunni Muslim forces: Eastern Christian opponents: 36,000–74,000 troops in total (estimate) Two additional contingents also joined Frederick's army while travelling through Byzantine Empire. Numbered about 1,000 men. In
731-604: The Danube. The Burgundian contingent under Archbishop Aimo II of Tarentaise and a contingent from Metz caught up with the army at Braničevo. The duke of Braničevo gave the army eight days' worth of provisions. The enlarged army, including a Hungarian contingent, left Braničevo on 11 July following the Via Militaris that led to Constantinople. They were harassed by bandits along the route. According to crusader sources, some captured bandits confessed that they were acting on
774-595: The English contingent came under the command of his successor, King Richard I of England. The elderly German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa also responded to the call to arms, leading a massive army across the Balkans and Anatolia. He achieved some victories against the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm , but he died whilst crossing a river on 10 June 1190 before reaching the Holy Land. His death caused tremendous grief among
817-846: The German Crusaders, and most of his troops returned home. After the Crusaders had driven the Ayyubid army from Acre, Philip—in company with Frederick's successor in command of the German crusaders, Leopold V, Duke of Austria —left the Holy Land in August 1191. Following a major victory by the Crusaders at the Battle of Arsuf , most of the coastline of the Levant was returned to Christian control. On 2 September 1192 Richard and Saladin finalized
860-607: The German nobility over to a new crusade. Around 23 November, Frederick received letters that had been sent to him from the rulers of the Crusader states in the East urging him to come to their aid. By 11 November, Cardinal Henry of Marcy had been appointed to preach the crusade in Germany. He preached before Frederick and a public assembly in Strasbourg around 1 December, as did Bishop Henry of Strasbourg . About 500 knights took
903-562: The Holy Land (1095–1291) Later Crusades (1291–1717) Northern (1147–1410) Against Christians (1209–1588) Popular (1096–1320) The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt led by King Philip II of France , King Richard I of England and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187. For this reason,
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#1732800794346946-489: The King: 'it is you who have given him to drink'". Afterwards, Saladin beheaded Raynald for past betrayals. Saladin honored tradition with Guy, sending him to Damascus and eventually allowing him to be ransomed by his people. By the end of 1187 Saladin had taken Acre and Jerusalem . Christians would not hold the city of Jerusalem again until 1229. Pope Urban III is said to have collapsed and died (October 1187) upon hearing
989-591: The Serbians rebelled against the Byzantines earlier. A marriage alliance was arranged between a daughter of Duke Berthold of Merania and a nephew of Nemanja, Toljen . Frederick also received messages of support from Tsar Peter II of Bulgaria , but refused an outright alliance. Despite Frederick's care not to be drawn into Balkan politics, the events at Niš were regarded by the Byzantines as hostile acts. Before leaving Niš, Frederick had Godfrey of Würzburg preach
1032-633: The Third Crusade is also known as the Kings' Crusade . It was partially successful, recapturing the important cities of Acre and Jaffa , and reversing most of Saladin's conquests, but it failed to recapture Jerusalem, which was the major aim of the Crusade and its religious focus. After the failure of the Second Crusade of 1147–1149, the Zengid dynasty controlled a unified Syria and engaged in
1075-431: The army during its transit of Byzantium. The army that Frederick led into Muslim territory was probably larger than the one with which he had left Germany. Frederick sailed from Regensburg on 11 May 1189, but most of the army had left earlier by land for the Hungarian border. On 16 May, Frederick ordered the village of Mauthausen burned because it had levied a toll on the army. In Vienna , Frederick expelled 500 men from
1118-496: The army for various infractions. He celebrated Pentecost on 28 May encamped across from Hungarian Pressburg . During his four days encamped before Pressburg, Frederick issued an ordinance for the good behaviour of the army, a "law against malefactors" in words of one chronicle. It apparently had a good effect. From Pressburg, the Hungarian envoys escorted the crusaders to Esztergom , where King Béla III of Hungary greeted them on 4 June. He provided boats, wine, bread and barley to
1161-691: The army. Frederick stayed in Esztergom for four days. The king of Hungary accompanied the army to the Byzantine border at Belgrade . There were incidents during the crossing of the Drava and Tisza rivers, but the Sava was crossed on 28 June without incident. In Belgrade, Frederick staged a tournament, held a court, conducted a census of the army and wrote to the Byzantine emperor Isaac II to inform him that he had entered Byzantine territory. The army, still accompanied by Béla III, left Belgrade on 1 July, crossed
1204-431: The cross at Strasbourg, but Frederick demurred on the grounds of his ongoing conflict with Archbishop Philip of Cologne . He did, however, send envoys to Philip of France (at the time his ally) to urge him to take the cross. On 25 December, Frederick and Philip met in person on the border between Ivois and Mouzon in the presence of Henry of Marcy and Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre , but he could not convince Philip to go on
1247-473: The crusaders. The envoys of Stefan Nemanja , grand prince of Serbia, announced that their prince would receive Frederick in Niš . An agreement was reached with the Byzantine envoy, John Kamateros , but it required Godfrey of Würzburg, Frederick of Swabia and Leopold of Austria to swear oaths for the crusaders' good behaviour. Bishop Hermann of Münster , Count Rupert III of Nassau , the future Henry III of Dietz and
1290-666: The end of April. Shortly after the Strasbourg assembly, Frederick dispatched legates to negotiate the passage of his army through their lands: Archbishop Conrad of Mainz to Hungary, Godfrey of Wiesenbach to the Seljuk sultanate of Rûm and an unnamed ambassador to the Byzantine Empire. He may also have sent representatives to Prince Leo II of Armenia . Because Frederick had signed a treaty of friendship with Saladin in 1175, he felt it necessary to give Saladin notice of
1333-571: The imperial chamberlain Markward von Neuenburg with a large entourage were sent ahead to make preparations in Byzantium. At the Strasbourg assembly in December 1187, Bishop Godfrey of Würzburg urged Frederick to sail his army to the Holy Land rather than proceed overland. Frederick declined and Pope Clement III even ordered Godfrey not to discuss it further. Ultimately, many Germans ignored
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1376-407: The news of the Battle of Hattin . The new pope, Gregory VIII , in the bull Audita tremendi dated 29 October 1187, interpreted the capture of Jerusalem as punishment for the sins of Christians across Europe. In the bull, he called for a new crusade to the Holy Land . The crusade of Frederick Barbarossa , Holy Roman Emperor , was "the most meticulously planned and organized" yet. Frederick
1419-617: The opportunity he needed to take the offensive against the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and in 1187 he laid siege to the city of Tiberias . Raymond advised patience, but Guy, acting on advice from Raynald, marched his army to the Horns of Hattin outside of Tiberias. Saladin's forces fought the Frankish army, thirsty and demoralized, and destroyed it in the ensuing Battle of Hattin (July 1187). Guy and Raynald were brought to Saladin's tent, where Guy
1462-595: The orders of the duke of Braničevo. On 25 July, Frederick was in Ćuprija when he received word that Peter of Brixey had arrived in Hungary with the contingent from Lorraine. It was there that the problems of communication between Frederick and Isaac became apparent. Frederick's envoys had reached Constantinople, but Isaac was away besieging rebels in Philadelphia under a pretender named Theodore Mangaphas . Nonetheless, John Kamateros wrote to inform Frederick that
1505-495: The rendezvous at Regensburg and went to the Kingdom of Sicily , hoping to sail to the Holy Land on their own. Frederick wrote to King William II of Sicily asking him to bar such sailings. The emperor and the pope may have feared that Saladin would soon seize all the crusader ports. Frederick was the first of the three kings to set out for the Holy Land. On 15 April 1189 in Haguenau , Frederick formally and symbolically accepted
1548-572: The staff and scrip of a pilgrim. He arrived in Regensburg for the muster between 7 and 11 May. The army had begun to gather on 1 May. Frederick was disappointed by the small force awaiting him, but he was dissuaded from calling off the enterprise when he learned that an international force had already advanced to the Hungarian border and was waiting for the imperial army. Frederick set out on 11 May 1189 with an army of 12,000–26,000 men, including 2,000–4,000 knights. Contemporary chroniclers gave
1591-637: The subsequent Fourth Crusade of 1202–1204, but Europeans would only regain the city—and only briefly—in the Sixth Crusade in 1229. King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem died in 1185, leaving the Kingdom of Jerusalem to his nephew Baldwin V , whom he had crowned as co-king in 1183. Count Raymond III of Tripoli again served as regent. The following year, Baldwin V died before his ninth birthday, and his mother, Sybilla , sister of Baldwin IV, crowned herself queen and her husband, Guy of Lusignan , king. Raynald of Châtillon , who had supported Sybilla's claim to
1634-821: The termination of their alliance. On 26 May 1188, he sent Count Henry II of Dietz to present an ultimatum to Saladin. The sultan was ordered to withdraw from the lands he had conquered, to return the True Cross to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and to make satisfaction for those Christians who had been killed in his conquests, otherwise Frederick would abrogate their treaty. A few days after Christmas 1188, Frederick received Hungarian, Byzantine, Serbian, Seljuk and possibly Ayyubid envoys in Nuremberg . The Hungarians and Seljuks promised provisions and safe-conduct to
1677-422: The throne, raided a rich caravan travelling from Egypt to Syria, and had its travelers thrown in prison, thereby breaking a truce between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Saladin. Saladin demanded the release of the prisoners and their cargo. The newly crowned King Guy appealed to Raynald to give in to Saladin's demands, but Raynald refused to follow the king's orders. This final act of outrage by Raynald gave Saladin
1720-554: Was enough to be able support oneself for two years. At Strasbourg, Frederick imposed a small tax on the Jews of Germany to fund the crusade. He also put the Jews under his protection and forbade anyone to preach against the Jews. The First and Second Crusades in Germany had been marred by violence against the Jews . The Third Crusade itself occasioned an outbreak of violence against the Jews in England . Frederick successfully prevented
1763-457: Was offered a goblet of water because of his great thirst. Guy took a drink and then passed the goblet to Raynald. Raynald's having received the goblet from Guy rather than from Saladin meant that Saladin would not be forced to offer protection to the treacherous Raynald (custom prescribed that if one were personally offered a drink by the host, one's life was safe). When Raynald accepted the drink from Guy's hands, Saladin told his interpreter, "say to
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1806-797: Was sixty-six years old when he set out. Two accounts dedicated to his expedition survive: the History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and the History of the Pilgrims . There is also a short tract, the Letter on the Death of the Emperor Frederick . On 27 October 1187, just over three weeks after Saladin's capture of Jerusalem, Pope Gregory VIII sent letters to the German episcopate announcing his election and ordering them to win
1849-476: Was under the command of the Duke of Merania assisted by Bishop Diepold of Passau . The fourth was under Frederick's personal command and Rupert of Nassau was named its standard-bearer in absentia . The crusaders left Niš on 30 July and arrived in Sofia on 13 August. They found the city practically abandoned. There was no Byzantine delegation to meet them and no market. The following day the crusaders left Sofia and
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