86-673: The Croatian National Bank ( Croatian : Hrvatska narodna banka ; pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː nǎːrodnaː bâːŋka] ), known until 1997 as the National Bank of Croatia ( Croatian : Narodna banka Hrvatske ), is the Croatian member of the Eurosystem and has been the monetary authority for Croatia from 1991 to 2022, issuing the Croatian dinar until 1994 and subsequently the Croatian kuna until Croatian adoption of
172-523: A global city , with a 'Beta-' rating from the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The transport connections, the concentration of industry, scientific, and research institutions and industrial tradition underlie its leading economic position in Croatia. Zagreb is the seat of the central government , administrative bodies , and almost all government ministries . Almost all of
258-461: A common polycentric standard language is used, consisting of several standard varieties , similar to the existing varieties of German , English or Spanish . The aim of the new Declaration is to stimulate discussion on language without the nationalistic baggage and to counter nationalistic divisions. The terms "Serbo-Croatian", "Serbo-Croat", or "Croato-Serbian", are still used as a cover term for all these forms by foreign scholars, even though
344-593: A common South Slavic literary language. Specifically, three major groups of dialects were spoken on Croatian territory, and there had been several literary languages over four centuries. The leader of the Illyrian movement Ljudevit Gaj standardized the Latin alphabet in 1830–1850 and worked to bring about a standardized orthography. Although based in Kajkavian-speaking Zagreb , Gaj supported using
430-502: A long-standing restriction that forbade the construction of 10-story or higher buildings, most of Zagreb's high-rise buildings date from the 1970s and 1980s and new apartment buildings on the outskirts of the city are usually 4–8 floors tall. Exceptions to the restriction have been made in recent years, such as permitting the construction of high-rise buildings in Lanište or Kajzerica. The wider Zagreb area has been continuously inhabited since
516-517: A mixture of all three principal dialects (Chakavian, Kajkavian and Shtokavian), and calling it "Croatian", "Dalmatian", or "Slavonian". Historically, several other names were used as synonyms for Croatian, in addition to Dalmatian and Slavonian, and these were Illyrian (ilirski) and Slavic (slovinski) . It is still used now in parts of Istria , which became a crossroads of various mixtures of Chakavian with Ekavian, Ijekavian and Ikavian isoglosses . The most standardised form (Kajkavian–Ikavian) became
602-668: A new plan that allowed for the many recent high-rise buildings in Zagreb, such as the Almeria Tower, Eurotower , HOTO Tower , Zagrebtower , Sky Office Tower and the tallest high-rise building in Zagreb Strojarska Business Center . In Novi Zagreb , the neighbourhoods of Blato and Lanište expanded significantly, including the Zagreb Arena and the adjoining business centre. Due to
688-564: A number of other smaller communities. After the easing of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, thousands of foreign workers immigrated to Zagreb due to the shortage of labor force in Croatia. These workers primarily come from countries such as Nepal , the Philippines , India , and Bangladesh , as well as some European countries including Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia , Kosovo and North Macedonia . List of districts by area and population in 2021. Since 14 December 1999 City of Zagreb
774-508: A precipitation decrease pattern. February is the driest month, averaging 39 mm of precipitation. On average there are 29 days with snowfall, with the first snow usually falling in early December. However, in recent years, the number of days with snowfall in wintertime has decreased considerably. Spring is characterized by often pleasant but changeable weather. As the season progresses, sunny days become more frequent, bringing higher temperatures. Sometimes cold spells can occur as well, mostly in
860-406: A real danger of strong earthquakes. Croatian Chief of Office of Emergency Management Pavle Kalinić stated Zagreb experiences around 400 earthquakes a year, most of them being imperceptible. However, in case of a strong earthquake, it's expected that 3,000 people would die and up to 15,000 would be wounded. In 2020 the city experienced a 5.5 magnitude earthquake , which damaged various buildings in
946-412: A separate language that is considered key to national identity, in the sense that the term Croatian language includes all language forms from the earliest times to the present, in all areas where Croats live, as realized in the speeches of Croatian dialects, in city speeches and jargons, and in the Croatian standard language. The issue is sensitive in Croatia as the notion of a separate language being
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#17327766219761032-657: A serious etymology by Ivan Tkalčić , ties the name to a drought of the early 14th century, during which Augustin Kažotić (c. 1260–1323) is said to have dug a well which miraculously produced water. In another legend, a city governor is thirsty and orders a girl named Manda to "scoop" water from the Manduševac well (nowadays a fountain in Ban Jelačić Square), using the imperative: Zagrabi, Mando! ("Scoop, Manda!"). The oldest known settlement located near present-day Zagreb,
1118-761: Is controversial for native speakers, and names such as "Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian" (BCMS) are used by linguists and philologists in the 21st century. In 1997, the Croatian Parliament established the Days of the Croatian Language from March 11 to 17. Since 2013, the Institute of Croatian language has been celebrating the Month of the Croatian Language , from February 21 ( International Mother Language Day ) to March 17 (the day of signing
1204-506: Is abundant and it mainly falls during thunderstorms. With 840 mm of precipitation per year, Zagreb is Europe's ninth wettest capital, receiving less precipitation than Luxembourg but more than Brussels , Paris or London . Compared to these cities, however, Zagreb has fewer rainy days, but the annual rainfall is higher due to heavier showers occurring mainly in late spring and summer. Autumn in its early stage often brings pleasant and sunny weather with occasional episodes of rain later in
1290-530: Is administratively subdivided into 17 city districts . Most of the city districts lie at a low elevation along the valley of the river Sava , but northern and northeastern city districts, such as Podsljeme and Sesvete districts are situated in the foothills of the Medvednica mountain, making the city's geographical image quite diverse. The city extends over 30 km (19 mi) east-west and around 20 km (12 mi) north-south. Zagreb ranks as
1376-447: Is also official in the regions of Burgenland (Austria), Molise (Italy) and Vojvodina (Serbia). Additionally, it has co-official status alongside Romanian in the communes of Carașova and Lupac , Romania . In these localities, Croats or Krashovani make up the majority of the population, and education, signage and access to public administration and the justice system are provided in Croatian, alongside Romanian. Croatian
1462-560: Is autonomous and independent in achieving its objective and carrying out its tasks. The CNB reports on its work to the Croatian Parliament. The independence of the central bank is a key precondition for a successful and credible implementation of monetary policy and for the achievement of the main objective of the central bank - maintenance of price stability. The independence of the Croatian National Bank
1548-424: Is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system." Croatian, although technically a form of Serbo-Croatian , is sometimes considered a distinct language by itself. This is at odds with purely linguistic classifications of languages based on mutual intelligibility ( abstand and ausbau languages ), which do not allow varieties that are mutually intelligible to be considered separate languages. "There
1634-426: Is commonly characterized by the ijekavian pronunciation (see an explanation of yat reflexes ), the sole use of the Latin alphabet, and a number of lexical differences in common words that set it apart from standard Serbian. Some differences are absolute, while some appear mainly in the frequency of use. However, as professor John F. Bailyn states, "an examination of all the major 'levels' of language shows that BCS
1720-591: Is in accordance with Article 130 of the Treaty on European Union, which guarantees the independence of national central banks of the European Union. There are several aspects of central bank independence: functional, institutional, personal and financial. Functional independence implies a clearly defined objective and autonomy in the choice of measures and instruments for its realisation. Institutional independence means that central bank decisions are independent from
1806-399: Is no doubt of the near 100% mutual intelligibility of (standard) Croatian and (standard) Serbian, as is obvious from the ability of all groups to enjoy each others' films, TV and sports broadcasts, newspapers, rock lyrics etc.", writes Bailyn. Differences between various standard forms of Serbo-Croatian are often exaggerated for political reasons. Most Croatian linguists regard Croatian as
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#17327766219761892-569: Is no regulatory body that determines the proper usage of Croatian. However, in January 2023, the Croatian Parliament passed a law that prescribes the official use of the Croatian language, regulates the establishment of the Council for the Croatian language as a coordinating advisory body whose work will be focused on the protection and development of the Croatian language. State authorities, local and regional self-government entities are obliged to use
1978-1099: Is officially used and taught at all universities in Croatia and at the University of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Studies of Croatian language are held in Hungary (Institute of Philosophy at the ELTE Faculty of Humanities in Budapest ), Slovakia (Faculty of Philosophy of the Comenius University in Bratislava ), Poland ( University of Warsaw , Jagiellonian University , University of Silesia in Katowice , University of Wroclaw , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan ), Germany ( University of Regensburg ), Australia (Center for Croatian Studies at
2064-529: Is probably derived from Proto-Slavic word * grębъ which means "hill" or "uplift". An Old Croatian reconstructed name * Zagrębъ is manifested through the city's former German name, Agram . Some linguists ( e.g. Nada Klaić , Miroslav Kravar ) propose a metathesis of * Zabreg , which would originate from Old Slavic breg (see Proto-Slavic * bergъ ) in the sense of "riverbank", referring to River Sava. This metathesis has been attested in Kajkavian , but
2150-648: Is the standardised variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by Croats . It is the national official language and literary standard of Croatia , one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , the Serbian province of Vojvodina , the European Union and a recognized minority language elsewhere in Serbia and other neighbouring countries. In
2236-685: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Croatian (2009 Croatian government official translation): Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Zagreb Zagreb ( / ˈ z ɑː ɡ r ɛ b / ZAH -greb Croatian: [zǎːɡreb] ) is the capital and largest city of Croatia . It is in the north of the country , along the Sava river, at
2322-620: The Ban of Croatia , Josip Jelačić , united Gradec and Kaptol; the name of the main city square, Ban Jelačić Square honors him. While Croatia formed part of Yugoslavia (1918 to 1991), Zagreb remained an important economic centre of that country, and was the second largest city. After Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, the Parliament of the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Sabor Republike Hrvatske ) proclaimed Zagreb as
2408-618: The COVID-19 pandemic . By amendments of Constitution of Croatia in 1997, the Bank's earlier name National Bank of Croatia ( Croatian : Narodna banka Hrvatske ) was changed to Croatian National Bank ( Croatian : Hrvatska narodna banka ). Also in 1997, the CNB became a full member of the Bank for International Settlements ; Banking sector restructuring occurred throughout the 1990s, culminating in
2494-634: The Constitution of Croatia , determined in article 53, named the National Bank as Croatia's central bank, and declared its responsibilities: "The National Bank is central bank of Republic of Croatia. The National Bank is responsible, within its rights and duties, for stability of the currency and for liquidity of payments in state and abroad. The National Bank is independent in its activity and responsible to Croatian Sabor . Profits made by National Bank belong to Croatian state budget. The position of
2580-715: The Declaration on the Name and Status of the Croatian Literary Language ). In the late medieval period up to the 17th century, the majority of semi-autonomous Croatia was ruled by two domestic dynasties of princes ( banovi ), the Zrinski and the Frankopan , which were linked by inter-marriage. Toward the 17th century, both of them attempted to unify Croatia both culturally and linguistically, writing in
2666-566: The Latin alphabet and are living in parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina , different parts of Croatia , southern parts (inc. Budapest ) of Hungary as well in the autonomous province Vojvodina of Serbia . The Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics added the Bunjevac dialect to the List of Protected Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Croatia on 8 October 2021. Article 1 of
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2752-982: The Macquarie University ), Northern Macedonia (Faculty of Philology in Skopje ) etc. Croatian embassies hold courses for learning Croatian in Poland, United Kingdom and a few other countries. Extracurricular education of Croatian is hold in Germany in Baden-Württemberg , Berlin , Hamburg and Saarland , as well as in North Macedonia in Skopje , Bitola , Štip and Kumanovo . Some Croatian Catholic Missions also hold Croatian language courses (for. ex. CCM in Buenos Aires ). There
2838-756: The Zagreb County . Zagreb metropolitan area makes approximately a quarter of a total population of Croatia . In 1997, the City of Zagreb itself was given special County status, separating it from Zagreb County, although it remains the administrative centre of both. The majority of its citizens are Croats making up 93.53% of the city's population (2021 census). The same census records around 49,605 residents belonging to ethnic minorities : 12,035 Serbs (1.57%), 6,566 Bosniaks (0.86%), 3,475 Albanians (0.45%), 2,167 Romani (0.28%), 1,312 Slovenes (0.17%), 1,036 Macedonians (0.15%), 865 Montenegrins (0.11%), and
2924-653: The international airport ( Pleso ) were built south of the Sava river. The largest industrial zone (Žitnjak) in the south-eastern part of the city, represents an extension of the industrial zones on the eastern outskirts of the city, between the Sava and the Prigorje region. Zagreb hosted the Summer Universiade in 1987. This event initiated the creation of pedestrian-only zones in the city centre and extensive new sport infrastructure, lacking until then, all around
3010-620: The largest Croatian companies , media , and scientific institutions have their headquarters in the city. Zagreb is the most important transport hub in Croatia: here Central Europe , the Mediterranean and Southeast Europe meet, making the Zagreb area the centre of the road, rail and air networks of Croatia . It is a city known for its diverse economy, high quality of living , museums , sporting, and entertainment events. Major branches of Zagreb's economy include high-tech industries and
3096-472: The service sector . The etymology of the name Zagreb is unclear. It was used for the united city only from 1852, but it had been in use as the name of the Zagreb Diocese since the 12th century and was increasingly used for the city in the 17th century. The name is first recorded in a charter by Felician, Archbishop of Esztergom , dated 1134, mentioned as Zagrabiensem episcopatum . The name
3182-412: The 20th century saw a considerable expansion of Zagreb. Before World War I, the city expanded and neighborhoods like Stara Peščenica in the east and Črnomerec in the west grew up. The Rokov perivoj neighbourhood, noted for its Art Nouveau features, was established at the start of the century. After the war, working-class districts such as Trnje emerged between the railway and the Sava , whereas
3268-566: The 50th anniversary of the Declaration, at the beginning of 2017, a two-day meeting of experts from Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro was organized in Zagreb, at which the text of the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs and Montenegrins was drafted. The new Declaration has received more than ten thousand signatures . It states that in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro
3354-628: The CNB in central Zagreb , designed by architect Viktor Kovačić , was erected for the Zagreb Stock and Commodity Exchange and inaugurated in 1927. It has been used by the National Bank of Yugoslavia , then by the National Bank of Croatia since the end of World War II . 45°48′44″N 15°59′03″E / 45.81222°N 15.98417°E / 45.81222; 15.98417 Croatian language North America South America Oceania Croatian ( / k r oʊ ˈ eɪ ʃ ən / ; hrvatski [xř̩ʋaːtskiː] )
3440-566: The Croatian elite. In the 1860s, the Zagreb Philological School dominated the Croatian cultural life, drawing upon linguistic and ideological conceptions advocated by the members of the Illyrian movement. While it was dominant over the rival Rijeka Philological School and Zadar Philological Schools , its influence waned with the rise of the Croatian Vukovians (at the end of the 19th century). Croatian
3526-600: The Croatian language. The current standard language is generally laid out in the grammar books and dictionaries used in education, such as the school curriculum prescribed by the Ministry of Education and the university programmes of the Faculty of Philosophy at the four main universities . In 2013, a Hrvatski pravopis by the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics received an official sole seal of approval from
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3612-580: The English-language acronym CNB in its publications in English. The CNB's role was specified by the Constitution of Croatia which was passed by the Parliament of Croatia on 21 December 1990. In performing its duties, the CNB acts as an independent institution responsible to the Parliament. The bank has a share capital of 335,000,000 euros (c. US$ 450 million). On 21 December 1990,
3698-735: The Holy Widow Judith Composed in Croatian Verses ". The Croatian–Hungarian Agreement designated Croatian as one of its official languages. Croatian became an official EU language upon accession of Croatia to the European Union on 1 July 2013. In 2013, the EU started publishing a Croatian-language version of its official gazette. Standard Croatian is the official language of the Republic of Croatia and, along with Standard Bosnian and Standard Serbian , one of three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina . It
3784-483: The Kaptol diocese and the free sovereign town of Gradec for both economic and political reasons, but they were not known as an integrated city, even as Zagreb became the political center, and the regional Sabor ( Latin : Congregatio Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae ) representing Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia , first convened at Gradec. Zagreb became the Croatian capital in 1557, with city also being chosen as
3870-544: The Ministry of Education. The most prominent recent editions describing the Croatian standard language are: Also notable are the recommendations of Matica hrvatska , the national publisher and promoter of Croatian heritage, and the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography , as well as the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts . Numerous representative Croatian linguistic works were published since
3956-552: The National Bank is established by law." In accordance with that provision, the National Bank was established under Croatian Law by Government Regulation of 23 December 1991, a provisional act made permanent by legislation of November 1992. In June 1995, even before the Croatian War of Independence had come to an end, the National Bank organized the first Dubrovnik Economic Conference (DEC), an annual event that has been held without interruption since then, including in 2020 during
4042-653: The Republic of Croatia and part of the European System of Central Banks. The primary objective of the CNB is maintaining price stability and the stability of the financial system as a whole. The Croatian National Bank executes monetary policy, manages international reserves of the Republic of Croatia, issues the Croatian currency - the kuna, issues authorisations of credit institutions, credit unions, payment institutions and electronic money institutions and supervises their operation. The CNB also issues authorisations of authorised exchange offices. The Croatian National Bank
4128-411: The Roman town of Andautonia , now Ščitarjevo , existed between the 1st and the 5th centuries AD. The first recorded appearance of the name "Zagreb" dates from 1094, at which time the city existed as two different city centers: the smaller, eastern Kaptol , inhabited mainly by clergy and housing Zagreb Cathedral , and the larger, western Gradec , inhabited mainly by craftsmen and merchants. In 1851
4214-442: The beginning of the 20th century, in addition to designing a phonological orthography. Croatian is written in Gaj's Latin alphabet . Besides the Shtokavian dialect, on which Standard Croatian is based, there are two other main supradialects spoken on the territory of Croatia, Chakavian and Kajkavian . These supradialects, and the four national standards, are usually subsumed under the term "Serbo-Croatian" in English; this term
4300-412: The capital of the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945), which was backed by Nazi Germany and by the Italians . The history of Zagreb in World War II became rife with incidents of régime terror and resistance sabotage - the Ustaša régime had thousands of people executed during the war in and near the city. Partisans took the city at the end of the war. From 1945 until 1990, Zagreb functioned as
4386-756: The capital of the Socialist Republic of Croatia , one of the six constituent socialist republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The area between the railway and the Sava river witnessed a new construction-boom after World War II. After the mid-1950s, construction of new residential areas south of the Sava river began, resulting in Novi Zagreb (Croatian for New Zagreb ), originally called "Južni Zagreb" ( Southern Zagreb ). From 1999 Novi Zagreb has comprised two city districts : Novi Zagreb – zapad ( New Zagreb – West ) and Novi Zagreb – istok ( New Zagreb – East ) The city also expanded westward and eastward, incorporating Dubrava , Podsused, Jarun , Blato , and other settlements. The cargo railway hub and
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#17327766219764472-409: The capital of the Republic of Croatia. The history of Zagreb dates as far back as 1094 A.D. when the Hungarian King Ladislaus , returning from his campaign against the Kingdom of Croatia , founded a diocese. Alongside the bishop's see , the canonical settlement Kaptol developed north of Zagreb Cathedral , as did the fortified settlement Gradec on the neighbouring hill, with the border between
4558-421: The city. During the 1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence , the city saw some sporadic fighting around its JNA army barracks , but escaped major damage. In May 1995, it was targeted by Serb rocket artillery in two rocket attacks which killed seven civilians and wounded many. An urbanized area connects Zagreb with the surrounding towns of Zaprešić , Samobor , Dugo Selo , and Velika Gorica . Sesvete
4644-407: The conflict, it was recorded that the Bishop of Kaptol excommunicated the residents of Gradec twice. In the conflicts between Gradec and Kaptol, there were several massacres of the citizens, destruction of houses and looting of citizens. In 1850, Gradec and Kaptol, with surrounding settlements, were united into a single settlement, today's city of Zagreb. There were numerous connections between
4730-418: The construction of residential districts on the hills of the southern slopes of Medvednica was completed between the two World Wars . In the 1920s, the population of Zagreb increased by 70 percent – the largest demographic boom in the history of the town. In 1926, the first radio station in the region began broadcasting from Zagreb, and in 1947 the Zagreb Fair opened. During World War II, Zagreb became
4816-481: The cultivated language of administration and intellectuals from the Istrian peninsula along the Croatian coast, across central Croatia up into the northern valleys of the Drava and the Mura . The cultural apex of this 17th century idiom is represented by the editions of " Adrianskoga mora sirena " ("The Siren of the Adriatic Sea") by Petar Zrinski and " Putni tovaruš " ("Traveling escort") by Katarina Zrinska . However, this first linguistic renaissance in Croatia
4902-443: The early 17th century, but it is visited during the year. Zagreb occasionally experiences earthquakes, due to the proximity of Žumberak - Medvednica fault zone. It's classified as an area of high seismic activity. The area around Medvednica was the epicentre of the 1880 Zagreb earthquake (magnitude 6.3), and the area is known for occasional landslide threatening houses in the area. The proximity of strong seismic sources presents
4988-421: The euro on 1 January 2023. It has also been Croatia's national competent authority within European Banking Supervision since 2020. It was initially established in 1972 under the decentralization of the National Bank of Yugoslavia , and became a fully-fledged central bank in late 1991 with the independence of Croatia . The acronym for the National Bank in Croatian, as used in their logo, is HNB . The Bank uses
5074-419: The foundation of the diocese , while the growth of Gradec began after the Golden Bull was issued in 1242. In the history of the city of Zagreb, there have been numerous conflicts between Gradec and Kaptol, mainly due to disputed issues of rent collection and due to disputed properties. The first known conflicts took place in the middle of the 13th century and continued with interruptions until 1667. Because of
5160-407: The historic downtown area. The city's iconic cathedral lost the cross off of one of its towers. This earthquake was the strongest one to affect the city since the destructive 1880 Zagreb earthquake . Zagreb is by far the largest city in Croatia in terms of population, which was 767,131 in 2021. Zagreb metropolitan area population is slightly above 1.0 million inhabitants, as it includes
5246-593: The income and expense determined by the monetary policy stance. Stable prices is the main criteria for monetary stability. Stable prices are maintained by making sure price increases meet the Government's inflation target. Maintaining financial stability involves protecting against threats to the whole financial system. Threats are detected by the Bank's surveillance and market intelligence functions. The threats are then dealt with through financial and other operations. The Bank works together with other institutions to secure both monetary and financial stability. The seat of
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#17327766219765332-451: The independence of Croatia, among them three voluminous monolingual dictionaries of contemporary Croatian. In 2021, Croatia introduced a new model of linguistic categorisation of the Bunjevac dialect (as part of New-Shtokavian Ikavian dialects of the Shtokavian dialect of the Croatian language) in three sub-branches: Dalmatian (also called Bosnian-Dalmatian), Danubian (also called Bunjevac), and Littoral-Lika. Its speakers largely use
5418-427: The influence of other institutions. Personal independence guarantees the protection of CNB officials from external pressures, excludes conflicts of interest and precisely defines the conditions for the appointment and removal from office of the Governor and other members of the CNB Council. Financial independence implies the possibility for the CNB to autonomously obtain funds for the purpose of executing its mandate, with
5504-402: The meaning of "riverbank" is lost in modern Croatian and folk etymology associates it instead with breg "hill", ostensibly referring to Medvednica. Hungarian linguist Gyula Décsy similarly uses metathesis to construct * Chaprakov(o) , a putative Slavicisation of a Hungarian hypocorism for " Cyprian ", similar to the etymology of Csepreg , Hungary. The most likely derivation is * Zagrębъ in
5590-410: The mid-18th century, the first attempts to provide a Croatian literary standard began on the basis of the Neo-Shtokavian dialect that served as a supraregional lingua franca – pushing back regional Chakavian , Kajkavian , and Shtokavian vernaculars . The decisive role was played by Croatian Vukovians , who cemented the usage of Ijekavian Neo-Shtokavian as the literary standard in the late 19th and
5676-456: The more populous Neo-Shtokavian – a version of Shtokavian that eventually became the predominant dialectal basis of both Croatian and Serbian literary language from the 19th century on. Supported by various South Slavic proponents, Neo-Shtokavian was adopted after an Austrian initiative at the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850, laying the foundation for the unified Serbo-Croatian literary language. The uniform Neo-Shtokavian then became common in
5762-405: The most important characteristic of a nation is widely accepted, stemming from the 19th-century history of Europe. The 1967 Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language , in which a group of Croatian authors and linguists demanded greater autonomy for Croatian, is viewed in Croatia as a linguistic policy milestone that was also a general milestone in national politics. On
5848-440: The north is the Medvednica Mountain ( Croatian : Zagrebačka gora ), with its highest peak Sljeme (1,035 m), where one of the tallest structures in Croatia, Zagreb TV Tower is located. The Sava and the Kupa valleys are to the south of Zagreb, and the region of Hrvatsko Zagorje is located on the other (northern) side of the Medvednica hill. In mid-January 2005, Sljeme held its first World Ski Championship tournament . From
5934-441: The old suburbs to merge gradually into Donji Grad , characterized by a regular block pattern that prevails in Central European cities. This bustling core includes many imposing buildings, monuments, and parks as well as a multitude of museums, theatres, and cinemas. An electric-power plant was built in 1907. Since 1 January 1877, the Grič cannon fires daily from the Lotrščak Tower on Grič to mark midday. The first half of
6020-402: The prehistoric period, as witnessed by archaeological findings in the Veternica cave from the Paleolithic and excavation of the remains of the Roman Andautonia near the present village of Šćitarjevo. Picturesque former villages on the slopes of Medvednica, Šestine, Gračani, and Remete, maintain their rich traditions, including folk costumes, Šestine umbrellas, and gingerbread products. To
6106-417: The resignation of all members of the CNB's Council led by Governor Marko Škreb in July 2000 in response to the Croatian Parliament's refusal to accept its report for 1998 and the first half of 1999. Boris Vujčić joined the National Bank as head of its Research Department in 1996, became its Deputy Governor in 2000, and assumed the role of Governor in 2012. The Croatian National Bank is the central bank of
6192-595: The season's early stages. The average daily mean temperature in the winter is around 1 °C (34 °F) (from December to February) and the average temperature in the summer is 20 °C (68.0 °F). The highest recorded temperature at the Maksimir weather station was 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) in July 1950, and lowest was −27.3 °C (−17.1 °F) in February 1956. A temperature of −30.5 °C (−22.9 °F)
6278-429: The season. Late autumn is characterized by a mild increase in the number of rainy days and a gradual decrease in daily temperature averages. Morning fog is common from mid-October to January, with northern city districts at the foothills of the Medvednica mountain as well as south-central districts along the Sava river being more prone to longer fog accumulation. Winters are relatively cold, bringing overcast skies and
6364-533: The seat of the Ban of Croatia in 1621 under ban Nikola IX Frankopan . At the invitation of the Croatian Parliament , the Jesuits came to Zagreb and built the first grammar school , the St. Catherine's Church (built 1620-1632 ) and monastery. In 1669, they founded an academy where philosophy, theology, and law were taught, the forerunner of today's University of Zagreb . During the 17th and 18th centuries, Zagreb
6450-577: The sense of "embankment" or "rampart", i.e. remains of the 1st millennium fortifications on Grič . In Middle Latin and Modern Latin , Zagreb is known as Agranum (the name of an unrelated Arabian city in Strabo ), Zagrabia or Mons Graecensis (also Mons Crecensis , in reference to Grič (Gradec) ). The most common folk etymology derives the name of the city has been from the verb stem za - grab- , meaning "to scoop" or "to dig". A folk legend illustrating this derivation, attested but discarded as
6536-424: The southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb stands near the international border between Croatia and Slovenia at an elevation of approximately 158 m (518 ft) above sea level . At the 2021 census, the city itself had a population of 767,131, while the population of Zagreb metropolitan area is 1,217,150. Zagreb is a city with a rich history dating from Roman times. The oldest settlement in
6622-426: The speakers themselves largely do not use it. Within ex-Yugoslavia, the term has largely been replaced by the ethnopolitical terms Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian. The use of the name "Croatian" for a language has historically been attested to, though not always distinctively. The first printed Croatian literary work is a vernacular Chakavian poem written in 1501 by Marko Marulić , titled " The History of
6708-429: The summit, weather permitting, the vista reaches as far as Velebit Range along Croatia's rocky northern coast, as well as the snow-capped peaks of the towering Julian Alps in neighboring Slovenia . There are several lodging villages, offering accommodation and restaurants for hikers. Skiers visit Sljeme, which has four ski-runs, three ski-lifts, and a chairlift. The old Medvedgrad , a recently restored medieval burg
6794-493: The town was united under its first mayor – Janko Kamauf . The first railway line to connect Zagreb with Zidani Most and Sisak opened in 1862 and in 1863 Zagreb received a gasworks . The Zagreb waterworks opened in 1878. After the 1880 Zagreb earthquake , up to the 1914 outbreak of World War I , development flourished and the town received the characteristic layout which it has today. The first horse-drawn tram dated from 1891. The construction of railway lines enabled
6880-680: The two formed by the Medveščak stream. Today the latter is Zagreb's Upper Town ( Gornji Grad ) and is one of the best-preserved urban nuclei in Croatia. Both settlements came under Tatar attack in 1242. As a sign of gratitude for offering him a safe haven from the Tatars, the Croatian and Hungarian King Béla IV granted Gradec the Golden Bull of 1242 , which gave its citizens exemption from county rule and autonomy, as well as their own judicial system . The development of Kaptol began in 1094 after
6966-523: The vicinity of the city was the Roman Andautonia , in today's Šćitarjevo . The historical record of the name "Zagreb" dates from 1134, in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in 1094. Zagreb became a free royal city in 1242. In 1851, Janko Kamauf became Zagreb's first mayor . Zagreb has special status as a Croatian administrative division —it comprises a consolidated city-county (but separate from Zagreb County ), and
7052-617: Was badly devastated by fire and by the plague . In 1776, the royal council (government) moved from Varaždin to Zagreb and during the reign of the Emperor Joseph II Zagreb became the headquarters of the Varaždin and Karlovac general command. In the 19th century, Zagreb was the center of the Croatian National Revival and saw the foundation of important cultural and historic institutions. In 1850,
7138-525: Was built in the 13th century on Medvednica hill. It overlooks the western part of the city and also hosts the Shrine of the Homeland , a memorial with an eternal flame , where Croatia pays reverence to all its heroes fallen for homeland in its history, customarily on national holidays . The ruined medieval fortress Susedgrad is located on the far-western side of Medvednica hill. It has been abandoned since
7224-644: Was halted by the political execution of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I in Vienna in 1671. Subsequently, the Croatian elite in the 18th century gradually abandoned this combined Croatian standard. The Illyrian movement was a 19th-century pan- South Slavic political and cultural movement in Croatia that had the goal to standardise the regionally differentiated and orthographically inconsistent literary languages in Croatia, and finally merge them into
7310-520: Was recorded on the since defunct Borongaj Airfield in February 1940. The most important historical high-rise constructions are Neboder (1958) on Ban Jelačić Square , Cibona Tower (1987), and Zagrepčanka (1976) on Savska Street, Mamutica in Travno ( Novi Zagreb – istok district, built in 1974) and Zagreb TV Tower on Sljeme (built in 1973). In the 2000s, the City Assembly approved
7396-719: Was the first and the closest area to become a part of the agglomeration and is already included in the City of Zagreb for administrative purposes and now forms the easternmost city district. The climate of Zagreb is classified as an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ), bordering a humid continental climate ( Dfb ). Zagreb has four separate seasons. Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. In late May it gets significantly warmer, temperatures start rising and it often becomes very warm or even hot with occasional afternoon and evening thunderstorms. Heatwaves can occur but are short-lived. Temperatures rise above 30 °C (86 °F) on average 14.6 days each summer. During summertime, rainfall
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