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70-555: The airport is located within the core battlefield of Brandy Station, as defined by the American Battlefield Protection Program. It was the site of the largest cavalry battle in the western hemisphere. In the first phase of the Battle of Brandy Station , Confederate artillery was set up in a line, the east end of which was on the current site of the airport. Union cavalry charged on their position, but

140-591: A "reconnaissance in force toward Culpeper," thus rationalizing his actions. For the first time in the Civil War, Union cavalry matched the Confederate horsemen in skill and determination. Stuart falling victim to two surprise attacks, which cavalry was supposed to prevent, foreshadowed other embarrassments ahead for him in the Gettysburg campaign. The Brandy Station Foundation (BSF) was formed to protect

210-477: A Confederate colonel, as well as Joseph E. Johnston who wore a Colonel's insignia with a larger six pointed star in the center, similar to the stars worn by George Washington during the American Revolution. Wade Hampton additionally wore shoulder straps with general stars to denote his specific general's rank, and was apparently the only Confederate general to ever do so. The only visible difference

280-569: A book describing some of the parish and civic unrest during the 1990-era development controversy, which included reburying at least one previously unidentified Civil War soldier whose original coffin had been made from pews of the destroyed church. Brigadier General (CSA) The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during

350-568: A staff officer only. The post of adjutant general was filled by Samuel Cooper (the position he had held as a colonel in the U.S. Army from 1852 until resigning) and he held it throughout the Civil War, as well as the army's inspector general . Initially, the Confederate States Army commissioned only brigadier generals in both the volunteer and regular services; however, the Congress quickly passed legislation allowing for

420-560: A stone wall in front. After sustaining heavy losses, the Federals displaced the Confederates from the stone wall. Then, to the amazement of Buford's men, the Confederates began pulling back. They were reacting to the arrival of Gregg's Union cavalry division of about 2,800 men, which was the second major surprise of the day. Gregg had intended to cross at Kelly's Ford at dawn, in concert with Buford's crossing at Beverly's, but assembling

490-560: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Battle of Brandy Station The Battle of Brandy Station , also called the Battle of Fleetwood Hill , was the largest predominantly cavalry engagement of the American Civil War , as well as the largest ever to take place on American soil. It was fought on June 9, 1863, around Brandy Station, Virginia , at the beginning of the Gettysburg Campaign by

560-713: The American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army ) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress , much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces. Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis ,

630-609: The American Revolutionary War , consistent with the U.S. Militia Act of 1792. They went by various names such as state "militia", "armies", or "guard" and were activated and expanded when the Civil War began. These units were commanded by "militia generals" to defend their particular state and sometimes did not leave the state to fight for the Confederate Army. The Confederate militias used the brigadier and major general officer ranks. The regulations in

700-402: The Battle of Chancellorsville on the night of May 2, 1863. Replacing these fallen generals was an ongoing problem during the war, often having men promoted beyond their abilities (a common criticism of officers such as John Bell Hood and George Pickett , but an issue for both armies), or gravely wounded in combat but needed, such as Richard S. Ewell . The problem was made more difficult by

770-717: The Second Corps (following the reassignment of Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell to other duties) and led the Corps as an army into the third Confederate attack on the United States in July 1864 during the Battle of Monocacy near Frederick, Maryland and the Battle of Fort Stevens outside the U.S. capital city, Washington, D.C. , until December 1864, when he too reverted to a major general. Likewise, both Stephen D. Lee and Alexander P. Stewart were appointed to fill vacancies in

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840-459: The Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton against Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart 's Confederate cavalry. Union commander Pleasonton launched a surprise dawn attack on Stuart's cavalry at Brandy Station. After an all-day fight in which fortunes changed repeatedly, the Federals retired without discovering Gen. Robert E. Lee 's infantry camped near Culpeper . This battle marked the end of

910-420: The V Corps . Buford's wing, accompanied by Pleasonton, consisted of his own 1st Cavalry Division, a reserve brigade led by Major Charles J. Whiting , and an infantry brigade of 3,000 men under Brig. Gen. Adelbert Ames . Gregg's wing was the 2nd Cavalry Division, led by Col. Alfred N. Duffié , the 3rd Cavalry Division, led by Gregg, and an infantry brigade under Brig. Gen. David A. Russell . The commander of

980-647: The War of 1812 (1812–1815), and led an army in the field during the Mexican–American War (1846–1849), received a promotion to brevet lieutenant general by a special Act of Congress in 1855. Gen. Grant was the only U.S. Army lieutenant general in active service at the time of his promotion on March 9, 1864. Grant became General-in-Chief, commander of the United States Army (" Union Army "), answering directly to President Abraham Lincoln and charged with

1050-463: The Western Theater as "temporary" lieutenant generals and also reverted to their prior grades as major generals as those assignments ended. However, Lee was nominated a second time for lieutenant general on March 11, 1865. Originally five officers in the Confederate States Army were appointed to the rank of general, and only two more would follow. These generals occupied the senior posts in

1120-664: The president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States . Much of the design of the Confederate States Army was based on the structure and customs of the United States Army when the Confederate States Congress established the Confederate States War Department on February 21, 1861. The Confederate States Army was composed of three parts;

1190-491: The 36 men of the 6th New York Light Artillery, which had attempted to give close-range support to the Federal cavalry. Col. Duffié's small 1,200-man division was delayed by two Confederate regiments in the vicinity of Stevensburg and arrived on the field too late to affect the action. While Jones and Hampton withdrew from their initial positions to fight at Fleetwood Hill, Rooney Lee continued to confront Buford, falling back to

1260-577: The Army of the Confederate States of America (ACSA, intended to be the permanent, regular army), the Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS, or "volunteer" Army, to be disbanded after hostilities), and the various state militias. Graduates from United States Military Academy and Mexican–American War veterans were highly sought after by Jefferson Davis for military service, especially as general officers. Like their U.S. Army counterparts,

1330-534: The Army of the Potomac, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , interpreted the enemy's cavalry presence around Culpeper to be indicative of preparations for a raid of his army's supply lines. In reaction to this, he ordered Pleasonton's force on a "spoiling raid", to "disperse and destroy" the Confederates. Pleasonton's attack plan called for a two-pronged thrust at the enemy. Buford's wing would cross the river at Beverly's Ford, two miles (3 km) northeast of Brandy Station; at

1400-476: The BSF and other partners, has acquired and preserved 2,159 acres (8.74 km ) of the battlefield in more than 15 separate acquisitions from 1997 through November 2021. In 2003, this led to the opening of Brandy Station Battlefield Park, which interprets the history of the site. This work has prevented a number of commercial enterprises from infringing on the battleground, including a proposed Formula One racetrack in

1470-496: The Beverly's Ford Road. Most of Jones's command rallied to the left of this Confederate artillery line, while Hampton's brigade formed to the right. The 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry (led by Major Robert Morris, Jr.) unsuccessfully charged the guns at St. James Church, suffering the greatest casualties of any regiment in the battle. Several Confederates later described the 6th's charge as the most "brilliant and glorious" cavalry charge of

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1540-582: The Brandy Station Battlefield from development. According to Clark B. Hall, "a small group of citizens came together over coffee in a little home situated just south of the Rappahannock River in eastern Culpeper County, Virginia". Over time the organization grew to over 400 members and has been the cornerstone of efforts to save the battlefield from attempts to turn it into an office park, and a racetrack, as well as preserving

1610-454: The Confederacy's depleting workforce, especially near the war's end. The last Confederate general in the field, Stand Watie , surrendered on June 23, 1865, and the war's last surviving Confederate full general, Edmund Kirby Smith , died on March 28, 1893. James Longstreet died on January 2, 1904, and was considered "the last of the high command of the Confederacy". The Confederate States Army's system of using four grades of general officers

1680-449: The Confederate Army had both professional and political generals within it. Ranks throughout the CSA were roughly based on the U.S. Army in design and seniority. On February 27, 1861, a general staff for the army was authorized, consisting of four positions: an adjutant general , a quartermaster general , a commissary general , and a surgeon general . Initially, the last of these was to be

1750-529: The Confederate Army, mostly entire army or military department commanders and advisers to Jefferson Davis. This rank was equivalent to the general in the modern U.S. Army. The grade is often referred to in modern writings as "full general" to help differentiate it from the generic term "general", meaning simply "general officer". All Confederate generals were enrolled in the ACSA to ensure that they outranked all militia officers, except for Edmund Kirby Smith , who

1820-688: The Confederate Congress. This was in response to debates on February 17 about whether confirmations made by the provisional legislature needed re-confirmation by the permanent legislature, which was done by an Act of Congress issued two days later. The position of General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States was created on January 23, 1865. Gen. Robert E. Lee , the only officer appointed to it, served from February 6 until April 12. The Confederate states had maintained militias since

1890-478: The Confederate Senate. Major generals outranked brigadiers and all other lesser officers. This rank was not synonymous with use in the U.S. Army, where major generals led divisions, corps, and entire armies. This rank was equivalent in most respects to a major general in the modern U.S. Army. Not further promoted Evander McIver Law was promoted to the rank of major general on March 20, 1865, on

1960-508: The Confederate States Army and resented the ranks that President Davis had authorized. However, his previous position in the U.S. Army was staff , not line , which was a criterion for Davis regarding establishing seniority and rank in the subsequent Confederate States Army. On February 17, 1864, Congress passed legislation to allow President Davis to appoint an officer to command the Trans-Mississippi Department in

2030-526: The Confederate cavalry's dominance in the East . From this point in the war, the Federal cavalry gained strength and confidence. The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia streamed into Culpeper County, Virginia , after its victory at Chancellorsville in May 1863. Under the leadership of Gen. Robert E. Lee , the troops massed around Culpeper preparing to carry the war north into Pennsylvania . The Confederate Army

2100-466: The Confederate generals wore uniforms like this regardless of their general grade, and all with gold-colored embroidering. The general officers of the Confederate States Army were paid for their services, and exactly how much (in Confederate dollars (CSD) ) depended on their rank and whether they held a field command or not. On March 6, 1861, when the army only contained brigadier generals, their pay

2170-576: The Confederate lieutenant generals were in the PACS. The Confederate Congress legalized the creation of army corps on September 18, 1862, and directed that lieutenant generals lead them. These generals were to be nominated by President Davis and confirmed by the C.S. Senate. Lieutenant generals outranked major generals and all other lesser officers. Most were graduates of the United States Military Academy and were former officers in

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2240-479: The Far West, with the rank of general in the PACS. Edmund Kirby Smith was the only officer appointed to this position. Braxton Bragg was appointed a general in the ACSA with a date of rank of April 6, 1862, the day his commanding officer Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston died in combat at Shiloh/Pittsburg Landing . The Confederate Congress passed legislation in May 1864 to allow for "temporary" general officers in

2310-564: The PACS and three in the ACSA: Samuel Cooper , Robert E. Lee , and Joseph E. Johnston . The Confederate States Congress authorized the organization of regiments into brigades on March 6, 1861. Brigadier generals commanded them, and these generals were nominated by Davis and confirmed by the Confederate Senate. Though close to the U.S. Army in assignments, Confederate brigadiers mainly commanded brigades, while U.S. brigadiers sometimes led divisions and brigades, particularly in

2380-646: The PACS, to be appointed by Davis and confirmed by the C.S. Senate and given a non-permanent command by Davis. John Bell Hood was appointed a "temporary" general on July 18, 1864, the date he took command of the Army of Tennessee in the Atlanta Campaign , but the Congress did not later confirm this appointment, and he reverted to his rank of lieutenant general in January 1865. Later in March 1865, shortly before

2450-449: The Rappahannock River in a dense fog, pushing aside the Confederate pickets at Beverly's Ford. Pleasonton's force had achieved its first major surprise of the day. Jones's brigade, awakened by the sound of nearby gunfire, rode to the scene partially dressed and often riding bareback. They struck Buford's leading brigade, commanded by Col. Benjamin F. Davis , near a bend in the Beverly's Ford Road and temporarily checked its progress, and Davis

2520-551: The St. James battle was a prominent ridge called Fleetwood Hill, which had been Stuart's headquarters the previous night. Stuart and most of his staff had departed for the front by this time and the only force on Fleetwood when Gregg arrived was a howitzer, left in the rear because of inadequate ammunition. Major Henry B. McClellan , Stuart's adjutant, called Lt. John W. Carter and his gun crew (of Captain Robert P. Chew's battery) to ascend to

2590-403: The United States Army throughout the war, in the ratio of about 5-to-1 for the Confederacy compared to roughly 12-to-1 for the United States. The most famous of them is General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson , among the best-known Confederate commanders, after General Robert E. Lee. Jackson's death was the result of pneumonia which emerged subsequently after a friendly fire incident had occurred at

2660-496: The United States Army, with the exceptions of Richard Taylor , Wade Hampton , and Nathan Bedford Forrest . This rank was not synonymous with the U.S. Army's use of it; Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) was one of only two U.S. lieutenant generals during the war, the other being Winfield Scott (1786–1866), General-in-Chief of the United States Army 1841–1861, at the beginning of the American Civil War who also served in

2730-404: The act of 1792 provided for two classes of militia, divided by age. Class one included men from 22 to 30 years old, and class two consisted of men from 18 to 20 years and from 31 to 45 years old. The various Confederate states used this system during the war. All Confederate generals wore the same uniform insignia regardless of their general rank, except for Robert E. Lee, who wore the uniform of

2800-485: The appointment of major generals as well as generals, thus providing clear and distinct seniority over the existing major generals in the various state militias. On May 16, 1861, when there were only five officers at the grade of brigadier general, this legislation was passed, which stated in part: That the five general officers provided by existing laws for the Confederate States shall have the rank and denomination of 'general', instead of 'brigadier-general', which shall be

2870-461: The crest of the hill and go into action with the few shells available, as he sent an urgent request to Stuart for reinforcements. Carter's few shots delayed the Union advance as they sent out skirmishers and returned cannon fire. When Wyndham's men charged up the western slope of Fleetwood and neared the crest, the lead elements of Jones's brigade, which had just withdrawn from St. James Church, rode over

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2940-465: The crown. Gregg's next brigade, led by Col. Judson Kilpatrick , swung around east of Brandy Station and attacked up the southern end and the eastern slope of Fleetwood Hill, only to discover that their appearance coincided with the arrival of Hampton's brigade. A series of confusing charges and countercharges swept back and forth across the hill. The Confederates cleared the hill for the final time, capturing three guns and inflicting 30 casualties among

3010-433: The districts that made up military departments and had command over the troops in their districts. Some Major generals also led smaller military departments. By the end of the war, the Confederacy had at least 88 men who had held this rank, all in the PACS. The Confederate States Congress authorized divisions on March 6, 1861, and major generals would command them. These generals were to be nominated by Davis and confirmed by

3080-658: The end of the war, Hood's status was spelled out by the Confederate States Senate , which stated: Resolved, That General J. B. Hood, having been appointed General, with temporary rank and command, and having been relieved from duty as Commander of the Army of Tennessee, and not having been reappointed to any other command appropriate to the rank of General, he has lost the rank of General, and therefore cannot be confirmed as such. During 1863, Beauregard, Cooper, J. Johnston, and Lee all had their ranks re-nominated on February 20 and then re-confirmed on April 23 by

3150-478: The first years of the war. These generals also often led sub-districts within military departments, with command over soldiers in their sub-district. These generals outranked Confederate States Army colonels , who commonly led infantry regiments. This rank was equivalent to brigadier general in the modern U.S. Army. These generals were most commonly infantry division commanders, aides to other higher-ranking generals, and War Department staff officers. They also led

3220-422: The highest military grade known to the Confederate States ... As of September 18, 1862, when lieutenant generals were authorized, the Confederate States Army had four grades of general officers; they were (in order of increasing rank) brigadier general, major general, lieutenant general, and general. As officers were appointed to the various grades of general by Jefferson Davis (and were confirmed), he would create

3290-483: The historic building known as Graffiti House . In 1990, the National Park Service completed mapping of historic resources at Brandy Station and recommended preservation of 1,262 acres (5.1 km ) at four separate engagement areas. The American Battlefield Trust , formerly known as The Civil War Trust, has been the major preservation organization involved at Brandy Station. The Trust, supplemented by

3360-748: The late 1990s. In 2013, the Trust achieved a major preservation success by purchasing a 61-acre tract at Fleetwood Hill, site of a number of significant cavalry charges during the battle. In 2022, Virginia agreed to accept 1700 acres from the Trust and purchase up to 800 additional acres to form the Culpeper Battlefields State Park . The park opened in June 2024. Nancy C. James, former rector of Christ Church, Brandy Station (the diocese rebuilding St. James Episcopal Church nearby and renaming it) and nearby Emmanuel Church, Rapidan , wrote

3430-446: The late enterprises of the enemy." The Richmond Examiner described Stuart's command as "puffed up cavalry," that suffered the "consequences of negligence and bad management." Subordinate officers criticized Pleasonton for not aggressively defeating Stuart at Brandy Station. Maj. Gen. Hooker had ordered Pleasonton to "disperse and destroy" the Confederate cavalry near Culpeper, but Pleasonton claimed that he had only been ordered to make

3500-714: The line of the Rappahannock River , Stuart bivouacked his cavalry troopers, screening the Confederate Army against surprise by the enemy. Most of the Southern cavalry was camped near Brandy Station. Stuart, befitting his reputation as a "dashing cavalier" or beau sabreur , requested a full field review of his troops by Lee. This grand review on June 5 included nearly 9,000 mounted troopers and four batteries of horse artillery, charging in simulated battle at Inlet Station, about two miles (3 km) southwest of Brandy Station. (The review field currently remains much as it

3570-492: The men from dispersed locations and Duffié's division getting lost on the way cost them two hours. They had intended to proceed on roads leading directly into Brandy Station, but discovered the way blocked by Robertson's brigade. Gregg found a more circuitous route that was completely unguarded and, following these roads, his lead brigade under Col. Percy Wyndham arrived in Brandy Station about 11 a.m. Between Gregg and

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3640-462: The northern end of the hill. Reinforced by Fitzhugh Lee's brigade, Rooney Lee launched a counterattack against Buford at the same time as Pleasonton had called for a general withdrawal near sunset, and the ten-hour battle was over. [Brandy Station] made the Federal cavalry. Up to that time confessedly inferior to the Southern horsemen, they gained on this day that confidence in themselves and in their commanders which enable them to contest so fiercely

3710-466: The promotion lists himself. The dates of rank, as well as seniority of officers appointed to the same grade on the same day, were determined by Davis, "usually following the guidelines established for the prewar U.S. Army." These generals were most often infantry or cavalry brigade commanders, aides to other higher-ranking generals, and War Department staff officers. By the war's end, the Confederacy had at least 383 different men who held this rank in

3780-482: The recommendation of generals Johnston and Hampton just before the surrender. The promotion was too late to be confirmed by the Confederate Congress however. There were 18 lieutenant generals in the Confederate States Army, and these general officers were often corps commanders within armies or military department heads in charge of geographic sections and all soldiers in those boundaries. All of

3850-454: The same time, Gregg's would cross at Kelly's Ford, six miles (10 km) downstream to the southeast. Pleasonton anticipated that the Southern cavalry would be caught in a double envelopment , surprised, outnumbered, and beaten. He was, however, unaware of the precise disposition of the enemy and he incorrectly assumed that his force was substantially larger than the Confederates he faced. About 4:30 a.m. on June 9, Buford's column crossed

3920-400: The subsequent battle-fields ... Major Henry B. McClellan, Stuart's adjutant Union casualties were 907 (69 killed, 352 wounded, and 486 missing, primarily captured); Confederate losses totaled 523. Some 20,500 men were engaged in this, the largest predominantly cavalry battle to take place during the war. Among the casualties was Robert E. Lee's son, Rooney, who was seriously wounded in

3990-521: The task of leading the U.S. Army to victory over the Confederate States Army. The CSA lieutenant general rank is also roughly equivalent to lieutenant general in the modern U.S. Army. The Confederate Congress passed legislation in May 1864 to allow for "temporary" general officers in the PACS, to be appointed by President Jefferson Davis and confirmed by the Confederate Senate and given a non-permanent command by Davis. Under this law, Davis appointed several officers to fill open positions. Richard H. Anderson

4060-407: The thigh. He was sent to Hickory Hill, an estate near Hanover Court House, where he was captured on June 26. Stuart argued that the battle was a Confederate victory since he held the field at the end of the day and had repelled Pleasonton's attack. The Southern press was generally negative about the outcome. The Richmond Enquirer wrote that "Gen. Stuart has suffered no little in public estimation by

4130-461: The war. (In many Civil War battles, cavalrymen typically dismounted once they reached an engagement and fought essentially as infantry. But in this battle, the surprise and chaos led to a mostly mounted fight.) Buford tried to turn the Confederate left and dislodge the artillery that was blocking the direct route to Brandy Station. However, Rooney Lee's brigade stood in his way, with some troops on Yew Ridge and some dismounted troopers positioned along

4200-406: Was Samuel Cooper , Albert Sidney Johnston , Robert E. Lee , Joseph E. Johnston , and Pierre G.T. Beauregard , with their seniority in that order. This ordering caused Cooper, a staff officer who would not see combat, to be the senior general officer in the CSA. That seniority strained the relationship between Joseph E. Johnston and Jefferson Davis. Johnston considered himself the senior officer in

4270-565: Was $ 301 CSD monthly, and their aide-de-camp lieutenants would receive an additional $ 35 CSD per month beyond regular pay. As more grades of the general officer were added, the pay scale was adjusted. By June 10, 1864, a general received $ 500 CSD monthly, plus another $ 500 CSD if they led an army in the field. Also, by that date, lieutenant generals got $ 450 CSD and major generals $ 350 CSD, and brigadiers would receive $ 50 CSD in addition to regular pay if they served in combat. The Confederate States Army lost more general officers killed in combat than

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4340-578: Was appointed a "temporary" lieutenant general on May 31, 1864, and given command of the First Corps in the Army of Northern Virginia commanded by Gen. Lee (following the wounding of Lee's second-in-command, Lt. Gen. James Longstreet on May 6 in the Battle of the Wilderness .) With Longstreet's return that October, Anderson reverted to a major general. Jubal Early was appointed a "temporary" lieutenant general on May 31, 1864, and given command of

4410-465: Was appointed general late in the war and into the PACS. Pierre G.T. Beauregard , had also initially been appointed a PACS general, was elevated to ACSA two months later with the same date of rank. These generals outranked all other grades of generals and lesser officers in the Confederate States Army. All were graduates of the United States Military Academy and were former officers in the United States Army. The first group of officers appointed to general

4480-655: Was feeding his ego and exhausting the horses. Lee ordered Stuart to cross the Rappahannock River the next day and raid Union forward positions, screening the Confederate Army from observation or interference as it moved north. Anticipating this imminent offensive action, Stuart ordered his tired troopers back into bivouac around Brandy Station. Around Brandy Station, Stuart's force of about 9,500 men consisted of five cavalry brigades, commanded by Brig. Gens. Wade Hampton , W.H.F. "Rooney" Lee , Beverly H. Robertson , William E. "Grumble" Jones , and Colonel Thomas T. Munford (commanding Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee 's brigade while Lee

4550-400: Was in 1863, except that a Virginia police station occupies part of it.) Lee was not able to attend the review, however, so it was repeated in his presence on June 8, although the repeated performance was limited to a simple parade without battle simulations. Despite the lower level of activity, some of the cavalrymen and the newspaper reporters at the scene complained that all Stuart was doing

4620-414: Was killed in the ensuing fighting. Davis's brigade had been stopped just short of where Stuart's Horse Artillery was camped and was vulnerable to capture. Cannoneers swung one or two guns into position and fired down the road at Buford's men, enabling the other pieces to escape and establish the foundation for the subsequent Confederate line. The artillery unlimbered on two knolls that were on either side of

4690-717: Was repulsed, and the fighting went on further to the north. Culpeper Regional Airport covers an area of 301 acres (122 ha) at an elevation of 316 feet (96 m) above mean sea level . It has one asphalt -paved runway designated 4/22 which measures 5,000 by 100 feet (1,524 × 30 m). For the 12-month period ending August 31, 2012, the airport had 66,067 aircraft operations, an average of 181 per day: 94% general aviation , 5% military and 1% air taxi . At that time there were 114 aircraft based at this airport: 90% single- engine , 4% multi-engine, 3% helicopter and 3% ultralight . This article about an airport in Virginia

4760-542: Was stricken with a bout of rheumatism), plus the six-battery Stuart Horse Artillery, commanded by Major Robert F. Beckham . Unknown to the Confederates, 11,000 Union men had massed on the other side of the Rappahannock River. Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton , commanding the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac , had organized his combined-armed forces into two "wings," under Brig. Gens. John Buford and David McMurtrie Gregg , augmented by infantry brigades from

4830-494: Was suffering from hunger and their equipment was poor. Lee was determined to strike north to capture horses, equipment, and food for his men. His army could also threaten Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , and encourage the growing peace movement in the North. By June 5, two infantry corps under Lt. Gens. James Longstreet and Richard S. Ewell were camped in and around Culpeper. Six miles northeast of Culpeper, holding

4900-469: Was the button groupings on their uniforms; groups of three buttons for lieutenant and major generals and two for brigadier generals. In either case, a general's buttons were also distinguished from other ranks by their eagle insignia. To the right is a picture of the CSA general's full uniform, in this case, of Brigadier General Joseph R. Anderson of the Confederate Bureau of Ordnance. All of

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