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109-511: The Amambaí Mountains (Serra de Amambai, Cordillera de Amambai) are a low range of mountains along part of the Brazil - Paraguay border. In southwest Brasil, it is found in the western Mato Grosso do Sul state. 23°32′S 55°28′W  /  23.53°S 55.46°W  / -23.53; -55.46 This Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Paraguay location article

218-589: A Federal District . It is the only country in the Americas where Portuguese is an official language . Brazil is among the world's most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi). Covering roughly half of South America's land area, it borders all other countries and territories on

327-736: A colony . In 1815, to justify continuing to live in Brazil, where the royal court had thrived for six years, the Crown established the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves , thus creating a pluricontinental transatlantic monarchic state. However, the leadership in Portugal, resentful of the new status of its larger colony, continued to demand the return of the court to Lisbon (see Liberal Revolution of 1820 ). In 1821, acceding to

436-507: A Constitution in which the three powers are well divided... a Constitution that, placing inaccessible barriers to despotism, whether royal, aristocratic or democratic, will scare away anarchy and plant the tree of freedom under whose shadow must grow the union, tranquility and independence of this Empire, which will be the astonishment of the New and the Old World. Experience has shown us that all

545-872: A charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power, during this period a series of localized rebellions took place, such as the Cabanagem in Grão-Pará , the Malê Revolt in Salvador, the Balaiada ( Maranhão ), the Sabinada ( Bahia ), and the Ragamuffin War , which began in Rio Grande do Sul and was supported by Giuseppe Garibaldi . These emerged from the provinces' dissatisfaction with

654-483: A colony. The Brazilians refused to yield, and Prince Pedro decided to stand with them, declaring the country's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. A month later, Prince Pedro was declared the first Emperor of Brazil , with the royal title of Dom Pedro I , resulting in the founding of the Empire of Brazil . The Brazilian War of Independence , which had already begun along this process, spread through

763-837: A dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic. Major rivers include the Amazon (the world's second-longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the Paraná and its major tributary the Iguaçu (which includes the Iguazu Falls ), the Negro , São Francisco , Xingu , Madeira and Tapajós rivers. The wildlife of Brazil comprises all naturally occurring animals , plants , and fungi in

872-504: A full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional Act in 1968. Oppression was not limited to those who resorted to guerrilla tactics to fight the regime, but also reached institutional opponents, artists, journalists and other members of civil society, inside and outside the country through the infamous " Operation Condor ". Like other brutal authoritarian regimes , due to an economic boom, known as

981-427: A higher altitude. In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. South of Bahia, near the coasts, and more southerly most of the state of São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, with rain falling throughout the year. The south enjoys subtropical conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding 18 °C (64.4 °F); winter frosts and snowfall are not rare in

1090-595: A merely symbolic figure, completely subordinate to the Assembly. This fact, followed by the approval of a Law project on 12 June 1823, by which the laws created by the body would waive the monarch's sanction, led Pedro I to clash with the Constituent Assembly. In theory, Pedro I, wanted, on the other hand, to maintain political and executive control through the veto, initiating a disagreement between constituents with different points of view. However, behind

1199-430: A military coup d'état . An authoritarian military dictatorship emerged in 1964 and ruled until 1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazil's current constitution , formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic . Due to its rich culture and history, the country ranks thirteenth in the world by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Brazil is a regional and middle power that

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1308-523: A military one , did civilians take power, remaining there until October 1930. In relation to its foreign policy, the country in this first republican period maintained a relative balance characterized by a success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries, only broken by the Acre War (1899–1902) and its involvement in World War I (1914–1918), followed by a failed attempt to exert

1417-420: A number of oceanic archipelagos , such as Fernando de Noronha , Rocas Atoll , Saint Peter and Paul Rocks , and Trindade and Martim Vaz . Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse. Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6°N and 34°S , and longitudes 28° and 74°W . Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, and third largest in

1526-410: A political crisis, after having returned to power by election in 1950. Several brief interim governments followed Vargas's suicide. Juscelino Kubitschek became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the political opposition that allowed him to govern without major crises. The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably, but his greatest achievement was the construction of

1635-530: A prominent role in the League of Nations ; Internally, from the crisis of Encilhamento and the Navy Revolts , a prolonged cycle of financial, political and social instability began until the 1920s, keeping the country besieged by various rebellions, both civilian and military. Little by little, a cycle of general instability sparked by these crises undermined the regime to such an extent that in

1744-492: A strong monarchy, but constitutional and centralized, in order to avoid the possibility of fragmentation of the country, and intended to abolish the slave trade and slavery , carry out agrarian reform and economically develop the country free from foreign loans. The "absolutist Portuguese", which comprised not only Portuguese nationals, but also Brazilians and defended an absolute and centralized monarchy, in addition to maintaining their economic and social privileges. And finally,

1853-472: A wave of anti-Portuguese xenophobia followed, which intensified even more tempers. On the 10th, the brothers even proposed to the Assembly that the civil rights of Portuguese military and civilians be withdrawn and that they should be deported. The emperor watched everything from the window of the Imperial Palace , which was next to the "Old Jail", the name of the place where the Constituent Assembly

1962-617: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America . It is the world's fifth-largest country by area and one of the most populated countries . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . Brazil is a federation composed of 26 states and

2071-675: Is an emerging power and a major non-NATO ally of the United States . Categorized as a developing country , Brazil is considered an advanced emerging economy , having the one of the-largest GDP in the world in both nominal and PPP terms—the largest in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere . Classified as an upper-middle income economy by the World Bank , and a newly industrialized country by

2180-487: Is no real dry season , but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls. Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F), with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons. Over central Brazil, rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate. This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at

2289-691: The G20 , BRICS , G4 , Mercosul , Organization of American States , Organization of Ibero-American States , and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , and also an observer state of the Arab League . The word Brazil probably comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood , a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil , with

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2398-585: The IMF , Brazil has the largest share of wealth and the most complex economy in South America. It is also one of the world's major breadbaskets , being the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years. Despite its growing economic and global profile, the country continues to face high levels of corruption , crime and social inequality . Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations ,

2507-884: The Mantiqueira and Espinhaço mountains and the Serra do Mar . In the north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 2,994 meters (9,823 ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil has

2616-542: The Petrobras corruption scandal . President Temer himself was also accused of corruption . According to a 2018 poll, 62% of the population said that corruption was Brazil's biggest problem. In the fiercely disputed 2018 elections , the controversial conservative candidate Jair Bolsonaro of the Social Liberal Party (PSL) was elected president, winning in the second round against Fernando Haddad , of

2725-632: The Quilombo of Palmares , and to repress all movements for autonomy or independence , such as the Minas Gerais Conspiracy . In late 1807, Spanish and Napoleonic forces threatened the security of continental Portugal , causing Prince Regent John , in the name of Queen Maria I , to move the royal court from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . There they established some of Brazil's first financial institutions, such as its local stock exchanges and its National Bank , additionally ending

2834-491: The South American country. Home to 60% of the Amazon rainforest , which accounts for approximately one-tenth of all species in the world, Brazil is considered to have the greatest biodiversity of any country on the planet, containing over 70% of all animal and plant species catalogued. Brazil has the most known species of plants (55,000), freshwater fish (3,000) and mammals (over 689). It also ranks third on

2943-642: The Tupis , Guaranis , Gês , and Arawaks ). The Tupi people were subdivided into the Tupiniquins and Tupinambás . Before the arrival of the Europeans, the boundaries between these groups and their subgroups were marked by wars that arose from differences in culture, language and moral beliefs. These wars also involved large-scale military actions on land and water, with cannibalistic rituals on prisoners of war . While heredity had some weight, leadership

3052-596: The Workers Party (PT), with the support of 55.13% of the valid votes. In the early 2020s, Brazil became one of the hardest hit countries during the COVID-19 pandemic , receiving the second-highest death toll worldwide after the United States. In May 2021, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva stated that he would run for a third term in the 2022 Brazilian general election against Bolsonaro. In October 2022, Lula

3161-453: The " economic miracle ", the regime reached a peak in popularity in the early 1970s. Slowly, however, the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power had not slowed the repression, even after the defeat of the leftist guerrillas. The inability to deal with the economic crises of the period and popular pressure made an opening policy inevitable, which from the regime side was led by Generals Ernesto Geisel and Golbery do Couto e Silva . With

3270-489: The "Land of Brazil" ( Terra do Brasil ) because of the brazilwood trade. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name. Some early sailors called it the "Land of Parrots". In the Guaraní language , an official language of Paraguay , Brazil is called "Pindorama", meaning 'land of the palm trees'. Some of the earliest human remains found in the Americas , Luzia Woman , were found in

3379-537: The "federalist liberals", who counted on both Brazilians and Portuguese in their ranks, and who preached a merely figurative and decentralized monarchy, federal if possible, together with the maintenance of slavery, in addition to vehemently fighting the projects of the bonifácios . Ideologically, the emperor identified with the bonifácios both in relation to social and economic projects, as in relation to politicians, as he had no interest either in acting as an absolute monarch, much less in serving as "a cardboard figure in

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3488-503: The 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi ) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly Portuguese, but also French) in return for assorted European consumer goods. The official Portuguese name of the land, in original Portuguese records, was the "Land of the Holy Cross" ( Terra da Santa Cruz ), but European sailors and merchants commonly called it

3597-634: The 1930s, three attempts to remove Vargas and his supporters from power failed. The first was the Constitutionalist Revolution in 1932, led by São Paulo's oligarchy . The second was a Communist uprising in November 1935, and the last one a putsch attempt by local fascists in May 1938. The 1935 uprising created a security crisis in which Congress transferred more power to the executive branch. The 1937 coup d'état resulted in

3706-489: The Algarves . Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil , a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system . The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, now called the National Congress . Slavery was abolished in 1888. The country became a presidential republic in 1889 following

3815-490: The Amazon delta from AD 400 to 1400, developing sophisticated pottery, social stratification , large populations, mound building , and complex social formations such as chiefdoms . Around the time of the Portuguese arrival, the territory of current day Brazil had an estimated indigenous population of 7 million people, mostly semi-nomadic, who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and migrant agriculture. The population comprised several large indigenous ethnic groups (e.g.,

3924-542: The Americas, with a total area of 8,515,767.049 km (3,287,956 sq mi), including 55,455 km (21,411 sq mi) of water. North to South, Brazil is also the longest country in the world, spanning 4,395 km (2,731 mi) from north to south, and the only country in the world that has the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn running through it. It spans four time zones ; from UTC−5 comprising

4033-487: The Andrada brothers and the newspapers be prosecuted for the alleged abuses they committed. The assembled deputies debated the government's proposal and remained in session overnight. The Assembly, without reaching a peaceful resolution, refused to take decisions against the Andrada brothers and the newspapers involved. They would only do something if the troops, who were already outside the city, retreated further afield. But

4142-483: The Assembly's draft as a basis and as soon as it was finished, it sent a copy of the new Constitution to all municipal councils. The Charter was expected to serve as a blueprint for a new Constituent Assembly. However, the municipal councils suggested instead that the project be adopted "immediately" as the Brazilian Constitution. Subsequently, the municipal councils, composed of councilors elected by

4251-443: The Brazilian economy. Cardoso won the 1994 election , and again in 1998 . The peaceful transition of power from Cardoso to his main opposition leader, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ( elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2006 ), was seen as proof that Brazil had achieved a long-sought political stability. However, sparked by indignation and frustrations accumulated over decades from corruption, police brutality , inefficiencies of

4360-582: The Brazilian people as their representatives, voted in favor of its adoption as the Constitution of independent Brazil. Very few chambers made any kind of observation on the Constitution and practically none made any reservations. The first Brazilian Constitution was then issued by Pedro I and solemnly sworn in at the Cathedral of the Rio de Janeiro , by the emperor, his wife, Leopoldina of Austria , and

4469-406: The Constituent Assembly were mostly moderate liberals, bringing together "what was best and most representative in Brazil". They were elected indirectly from and by census vote and did not belong to parties, which did not yet exist in the country. There were, however, factions among them, three of which were discernible: the " bonifácios ", who were led by José Bonifácio and defended the existence of

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4578-539: The Constitutions, which, in the manner of 1791 and 1792, have laid their foundations and have tried to organize themselves, are totally theoretical and metaphysical, and therefore unfeasible: so proves France, Spain and, lately, Portugal. They have not, as they should, brought about general happiness, but, after a licentious liberty, we see that in some countries, despotism appears, and in others it does not take long to appear, after having been exercised by many, being

4687-481: The Council of State, created on 13 November 1823 to write a new draft Constitution that would be finalized in just fifteen days. It was a "council of notables" made up of renowned jurists, all of whom were Brazilian by birth. The group included Carneiro de Campos , the main author of the new Charter, as well as Vilela Barbosa, Maciel da Costa, Nogueira da Gama , Carvalho e Melo, among others. The Council of State used

4796-577: The Executive being delegated to the Emperor, but responsibility for his actions would fall on the Ministers of State. The Constituent Assembly also opted for the inclusion of the suspensive veto on the part of the emperor (as well as that of 1824), who could even veto the Constitution project itself if he so wished. However, changes in political directions led the deputies to propose making the monarch

4905-614: The Minister of Empire returned from the Assembly. Pedro I ordered the army to invade the congress on 12 November 1823, arresting and exiling several deputies, this act became known as " Night of Agony ". He then gathered ten citizens of his complete trust, belonging to the Portuguese Party, among them the distinguished João Gomes da Silveira Mendonça, the Marquis of Sabará. After some discussions behind closed doors, they drafted

5014-749: The Portuguese had to fight, notably the French in Rio during the 1560s , in Maranhão during the 1610s , and the Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco , during the Dutch–Portuguese War , after the end of Iberian Union . The Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil had two objectives that would ensure colonial order and the monopoly of Portugal's wealthiest and largest colony: to keep under control and eradicate all forms of slave rebellion and resistance, such as

5123-462: The Portuguese in general and even against Pedro I by the newspapers and deputies in favor of the Andrada brothers led the emperor to approach the Portuguese. The crisis became even more serious when an episode that would normally be completely ignored ended up being used for political ends. On November 5, an apothecary born in Brazil, who also practiced journalism, was physically attacked by two Portuguese officers who mistakenly believed that he had been

5232-541: The Portuguese monopoly on Brazilian trade and opening Brazil's ports to other nations. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced into exile, the Prince Regent ordered the conquest of French Guiana . With the end of the Peninsular War in 1814, the courts of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent John return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to reside in

5341-502: The Spanish-American nations plagued by endless disputes and by the relay of brief democratic periods and caudillo -esque dictatorships ". The 1824 Constitution is divided into eight titles, which in turn are divided into several chapters: The constitution received important modifications through the 1834 Additional Act , which, among other changes, created the provincial legislative assemblies thus granting more autonomy to

5450-501: The alliance the moderates united with the exalted ones. The two allied factions enlisted the emperor's close friends to their side, who soon tried to poison the monarch's friendship with José Bonifácio. Seeing most of the Assembly openly unhappy with the Andrada Ministry and influenced by his friends, who identified with the interests of the Portuguese, Pedro I dismissed the Andrada cabinet. A war of attacks then began between

5559-484: The almost-unknown Fernando Collor , who was subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992. Collor was succeeded by his vice-president, Itamar Franco , who appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso Minister of Finance. In 1994, Cardoso produced a highly successful Plano Real , that, after decades of failed economic plans made by previous governments attempting to curb hyperinflation, finally stabilized

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5668-712: The approval of the Golden Law . The foreign-affairs policies of the monarchy dealt with issues with the countries of the Southern Cone with whom Brazil had borders. Long after the Cisplatine War that resulted in the independence of Uruguay , Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II: the Platine War , the Uruguayan War and the devastating Paraguayan War ,

5777-449: The area of Pedro Leopoldo , Minas Gerais and provide evidence of human habitation going back at least 11,000 years. The earliest pottery ever found in the Western Hemisphere was excavated in the Amazon basin of Brazil and radiocarbon dated to 8,000 years ago (6000 BC). The pottery was found near Santarém and provides evidence that the region supported a complex prehistoric culture. The Marajoara culture flourished on Marajó in

5886-401: The arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral . The Portuguese encountered indigenous peoples divided into several ethnic societies, most of whom spoke languages of the Tupi–Guarani family and fought among themselves. Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, colonization effectively began in 1534, when King John III of Portugal divided the territory into

5995-406: The author of an injurious article against Portuguese nationals. The Andrada brothers, who on August 12 had launched their own newspaper, O Tamoyo , took the opportunity to claim that the aggression suffered by the apothecary was in fact an attack on the honor of Brazil and the Brazilian people. Antônio Carlos de Andrada and Martim Francisco de Andrada were carried on the shoulders of a crowd and

6104-403: The basic rights of citizens better 'than any other nation in the Western Hemisphere, with the possible exception of the United States'". According to João de Scantimburgo  [ pt ] : " Pedro I and his constituents had the good sense to choose the best regime for the tropical nation, which was emancipating itself in America, without copying the already consolidated United States, and

6213-405: The cancellation of the 1938 election and formalized Vargas as dictator, beginning the Estado Novo era. During this period, government brutality and censorship of the press increased. During World War II , Brazil remained neutral until August 1942, when the country suffered retaliation by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in a strategic dispute over the South Atlantic, and, therefore, entered

6322-480: The capital of the Empire to the edge of anarchy. This was not the end of the deputies, however. 33 senators, 28 ministers of state, 18 provincial presidents, 7 members of the first council of state and 4 regents of the Empire emerged from the Constituent Assembly. It was not Pedro I's desire to rule as a despot, as "his ambition was to be guarded by the love of his people and the fidelity of his troops and not impose his tyranny". The emperor, for this reason, instructed

6431-400: The central power, coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar to a vast, slaveholding and newly independent nation state . This period of internal political and social upheaval, which included the Praieira revolt in Pernambuco , was overcome only at the end of the 1840s, years after the end of the regency, which occurred with the premature coronation of Pedro II in 1841. During

6540-423: The constitution should be "worthy of Brazil and of himself" (a phrase that was the idea of José Bonifácio ): " As Constitutional Emperor, and most especially as Perpetual Defender of this Empire, I told the people on the first day of December of the past year, on which I was crowned and sacred - that with my sword I would defend the Fatherland, Nation and the Constitution, if it were worthy of Brazil and myself...,

6649-617: The continent except Ecuador and Chile . Brazil's Amazon basin includes a vast tropical forest home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage positions Brazil at number one of 17 megadiverse countries . The country's natural richness is also the subject of significant global interest, as environmental degradation (through processes such as deforestation ) has direct impacts on global issues such as climate change and biodiversity loss . The territory of present-day Brazil

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6758-418: The continent's interior, sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname and France (French overseas region of French Guiana ) to the north. It shares a border with every South American country except Ecuador and Chile . The brazilian territory also encompasses

6867-427: The country formally divided into provinces and political power divided into four, according to the liberal philosophy of the theories of separation of powers and Benjamin Constant . The Constitution was one of the most liberal in existence at the time, even surpassing the European ones. It was more liberal, in several points, and less centralized than the Assembly's draft, revealing that the "constituent deputies of

6976-513: The country that in practice would be disrespected. At first, the Assembly was ready to accept the Emperor's request, but some deputies were uncomfortable with Pedro I's speech. One of them, Andrade de Lima, a deputy for Pernambuco, clearly expressed his displeasure, claiming that the monarch's phrase had been "ambiguous", in the sense that it seemed the emperor was implying the Assembly could draft an unworthy Constitution. A total of 90 deputies were elected by 14 provinces . The deputies who were in

7085-402: The country's first constitution. Among the constituent deputies, 22 were part of the clergy. Some constituent deputies had a liberal-democratic orientation: they wanted a monarchy that limited the emperor's powers to that of a decorative figure. On the same day, emperor Pedro I addressed the deputies, making it clear why he had stated during his coronation, at the end of the previous year, that

7194-404: The country's newspapers, which defended one or another political faction. The alliance between the liberals and the Portuguese was ephemeral. As soon as the Andrada Ministry was fired, the two groups turned on each other. For the monarch, any relationship with liberals would be inadmissible, as he was well aware of their intentions to transform him into a merely decorative figure. The attacks against

7303-416: The demands of revolutionaries who had taken the city of Porto , John VI departed for Lisbon. There he swore an oath to the new constitution, leaving his son, Prince Pedro de Alcântara , as Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil . Tensions between Portuguese and Brazilians increased and the Portuguese Cortes , guided by the new political regime imposed by the Liberal Revolution , tried to re-establish Brazil as

7412-441: The dispute between the Emperor and the Assembly, there was another, deeper one, which was the real cause of the later dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. Since the beginning of the legislative work, the federalist liberals had as their main intention to overthrow the ministry presided over by José Bonifácio at any cost and to take revenge for the persecutions they suffered during the previous year. The Portuguese absolutists, on

7521-449: The emperor's consent, who vehemently refused. Despite Pedro I's apprehension about the possibility of becoming a null figure in the country's government and his demonstration of discontent, it was not the main reason for the closure of the Constituent Assembly. Deputies should have met to draft a Constitution for the country and debate its articles. However, they lost themselves in power struggles and only to defend their own interests brought

7630-418: The enactment of the Amnesty Law in 1979, Brazil began a slow return to democracy , which was completed during the 1980s. Civilians returned to power in 1985 when José Sarney assumed the presidency. He became unpopular during his tenure through failure to control the economic crisis and hyperinflation he inherited from the military regime. Sarney's unsuccessful government led to the election in 1989 of

7739-552: The episode, Oliveira Lima stated that: The dawn of the 'night of agony' did not, however, illuminate any martyrdom. The deputies who had declared themselves ready to be pierced by the imperial bayonets, returned calmly to their rooms, without the soldiers bothering them. Only six were deported to France, among them the three Andrada brothers. The Portuguese proposed to Pedro I that he send the Andrada brothers to Portugal because there they would most likely be sentenced to death for their participation in Brazilian independence, asking for

7848-617: The fifteen private and autonomous captaincies . However, the decentralized and unorganized tendencies of the captaincies proved problematic, and in 1549 the Portuguese king restructured them into the Governorate General of Brazil in the city of Salvador , which became the capital of a single and centralized Portuguese colony in South America. In the first two centuries of colonization, Indigenous and European groups lived in constant war, establishing opportunistic alliances in order to gain advantages against each other. By

7957-403: The first constitution of Brazil on 25 March 1824, being written by the archivist of the royal libraries, Luís Joaquim dos Santos Marrocos. This new Charter, according to the Emperor, was twice as liberal as the one being drafted by the assembly. Pedro I would repeat the same process two years later, as Pedro IV of Portugal, participating in the drafting of the Portuguese constitution of 1826. About

8066-518: The first reign were perfectly up to date with the ideas of the time". Although the Constitution provided for the possibility of religious freedom only in the domestic sphere, in practice it was total; both Protestants, Jews and followers of other religions maintained their religious temples and the most complete freedom of worship. It contained an innovation, which was the Moderating Power. This Power would serve to "resolve impasses and ensure

8175-456: The first time, "a drought has covered all the way from the North to the country’s Southeast". It is the strongest drought in Brazil since the beginning of measurement in the 1950s, covering almost 60% of the country's territory. The drought is linked to deforestation and climate change. Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of

8284-689: The functioning of the government". The separation between the Executive and the Moderating power arose from the practice in the British monarchical-parliamentary system. There were in the Constitution "some of the best possibilities of the liberal revolution that was going on in the West – those that would bear fruit, albeit imperfectly, in the reign of Pedro II ". Isabel Lustosa says that "according to [Neill] Macaulay , Pedro I provided an unusual Charter, under which Brazil safeguarded for more than 65 years

8393-403: The government". The draft of the 1823 Constitution was written by Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada , who was strongly influenced by the French and Norwegian Charters. It was then sent to the Constituent Assembly, where the deputies began work to draw up the letter. There were several differences between the 1823 project and the later Constitution of 1824. In terms of federalism, the 1823 draft

8502-459: The highest areas. The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than 800 millimeters (31.5 in) of rain, most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought. Brazil's 1877–78 Grande Seca (Great Drought), the worst in Brazil's history, caused approximately half a million deaths. A similarly devastating drought occurred in 1915. In 2024, for

8611-463: The largest war effort in Brazilian history. Although there was no desire among the majority of Brazilians to change the country's form of government , on 15 November 1889, in disagreement with the majority of the Imperial Army officers, as well as with rural and financial elites (for different reasons), the monarchy was overthrown by a military coup. A few days later, the national flag

8720-534: The last phase of the monarchy, internal political debate centered on the issue of slavery. The Atlantic slave trade was abandoned in 1850, as a result of the British Aberdeen Act and the Eusébio de Queirós Law , but only in May 1888, after a long process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical and legal dismantling of slavery in the country , was the institution formally abolished with

8829-515: The liberals allied themselves with the common goal of removing the Andrada cabinet from power. The liberals and the Portuguese enticed: the disaffected by the Andrada brothers, whose closeness with the Emperor aroused envy and whose haughty, sometimes rude, made many squeamish and wounded many vanities. Tough with their adversaries, the Andrada brothers had created plenty of enemies in the prestige gained by their intellectual superiority and their honesty. The malcontents united to overthrow them and in

8938-502: The list of countries with the most bird species (1,832) and second with the most reptile species (744). The number of fungal species is unknown but is large. Brazil is second only to Indonesia as the country with the most endemic species. Brazilian Constitution of 1824 It remained in force for 65 years, until the promulgation of the Constitution of 1891 , followed by Decree No. 1 of 15 November 1889, which replaced

9047-573: The mid-16th century, cane sugar had become Brazil's most important export, while slaves purchased in Sub-Saharan Africa in the slave market of Western Africa (not only those from Portuguese allies of their colonies in Angola and Mozambique ), had become its largest import, to cope with sugarcane plantations , due to increasing international demand for Brazilian sugar. Brazil received more than 2.8 million slaves from Africa between

9156-465: The naturally regenerating forest, 44% was reported to be primary forest (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 30% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For 2015, 56.% of the forest area was reported to be under public ownership and 44% private ownership . Many regions have starkly different microclimates . An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There

9265-404: The necessary consequence for the peoples to be reduced to the sad situation of witnessing and suffering all the horrors of anarchy ". Pedro I reminded the deputies in his speech that the Constitution should prevent possible abuses not only on the part of the monarch, but also on the part of the political class and the population itself. For that, it would be necessary to avoid implementing laws in

9374-487: The new capital city of Brasília , inaugurated in 1960. Kubitschek's successor, Jânio Quadros , resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office. His vice-president, João Goulart , assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition and was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that resulted in a military dictatorship . The new regime was intended to be transitory but gradually closed in on itself and became

9483-406: The next day, when Vilela Barbosa returned to the Assembly to explain the troops meeting, some deputies shouted demanding that Pedro I be declared an "outlaw". The Emperor, noting that the Assembly did not intend to take any action regarding its anti-Lusitanism, and that it would not punish neither the press nor the deputies involved, signed the decree dissolving the Constituent Assembly, even before

9592-439: The north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil. In Brazil, forest cover is around 59% of the total land area, equivalent to 496,619,600 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 588,898,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 485,396,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 11,223,600 hectares (ha). Of

9701-470: The northern, northeastern regions and in the Cisplatina province. The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824; Portugal officially recognized Brazilian independence on 29 August 1825. On 7 April 1831, worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissent with both liberal and conservative sides of politics, including an attempt of republican secession and unreconciled to

9810-620: The other authorities, on 25 March 1824. The Charter issued in 1824 was influenced by the French Constitution of 1791 , the Spanish Constitution of 1812 , the Norwegian and the Portuguese. It was a "beautiful document of French-style liberalism", with a representative system based on the theory of national sovereignty. The form of government was monarchical, hereditary, constitutional and representative, with

9919-482: The other hand, saw their interests injured when José Bonifácio issued the decrees of 12 November 1822 and 11 December 1822; in the first Bonifácio eliminated the privileges of the Portuguese nationals in Brazil and in the second he confiscated the goods and real estate belonging to the ones who had supported Portugal during the Brazilian War of Independence . Despite the differences, the Portuguese absolutists and

10028-529: The political establishment and public service , numerous peaceful protests erupted in Brazil in the middle of the first term of Dilma Rousseff , who had succeeded Lula after winning election in 2010 and again in 2014 by narrow margins. Rousseff was impeached by the Brazilian Congress in 2016, halfway into her second term, and replaced by her Vice-president Michel Temer , who assumed full presidential powers after Rousseff's impeachment

10137-525: The political ordering of the Empire of Brazil. It was the longest-running constitution in Brazil. Among its innovations were freedom of religious worship (although the official State religion remained Catholic), freedom of the press and opinion, and the institution of the Moderating Power . The elaboration of the 1824 Constitution was an exhausting, extensive and very troubled process. Shortly after

10246-478: The proclamation of Brazil's independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves , on 7 September 1822, a conflict between radicals and conservatives emerged, which was reflected in the composition of the constituent assembly, installed in 1823. On 3 May 1823, the General Constituent and Legislative Assembly of the Empire of Brazil began the legislature with the aim of drafting

10355-491: The reason for the gathering of troops in São Cristóvão. The Minister of the Empire, Francisco Vilela Barbosa, representing the government, claimed that the positioning of the troops was to avoid fights and misunderstandings. The new Chief Minister also told those present that the blame for the way things were unfolding lay with the Andrada brothers and the newspapers involved with what was happening. He also demanded that

10464-697: The state of Acre and the westernmost portion of Amazonas , to UTC−4 in the western states, to UTC−3 in the eastern states (the national time ) and UTC−2 in the Atlantic islands . The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical. According to the Köppen system , Brazil hosts six major climatic subtypes: desert , equatorial , tropical , semiarid , oceanic and subtropical . The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in

10573-445: The terrain lies between 200 meters (660 ft) and 800 meters (2,600 ft) in elevation. The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country. The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills. The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 meters (3,900 ft). These ranges include

10682-473: The wake of the murder of his running mate, the defeated opposition presidential candidate Getúlio Vargas , supported by most of the military, successfully led the Revolution of 1930 . Vargas and the military were supposed to assume power temporarily, but instead closed down Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with his own supporters. In

10791-696: The war on the allied side . In addition to its participation in the battle of the Atlantic , Brazil also sent an expeditionary force to fight in the Italian campaign . With the Allied victory in 1945 and the end of the fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable, and he was swiftly overthrown in another military coup, with democracy "reinstated" by the same army that had ended it 15 years earlier. Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid

10900-478: The way that absolutists in Portugal had given in the succession of King John VI, Pedro I departed for Portugal to reclaim his daughter's crown after abdicating the Brazilian throne in favor of his five-year-old son and heir (Dom Pedro II ). As the new Emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he came of age, a regency was set up by the National Assembly. In the absence of

11009-523: The word brasil commonly given the etymology "red like an ember ", formed from brasa ('ember') and the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium ). It has alternatively been suggested that this is a folk etymology for a word for the plant related to an Arabic or Asian word for a red plant. As brazilwood produces a deep red dye, it was highly valued by the European textile industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. Throughout

11118-701: The years 1500 and 1800. By the end of the 17th century, sugarcane exports began to decline and the discovery of gold by bandeirantes in the 1690s would become the new backbone of the colony's economy, fostering a gold rush which attracted thousands of new settlers to Brazil from Portugal and all Portuguese colonies around the world. This increased level of immigration in turn caused some conflicts between newcomers and old settlers. Portuguese expeditions known as bandeiras gradually expanded Brazil's original colonial frontiers in South America to its approximately current borders. In this era other European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that

11227-507: Was a status more won over time than assigned in succession ceremonies and conventions. Slavery among the indigenous groups had a different meaning than it had for Europeans, since it originated from a diverse socioeconomic organization, in which asymmetries were translated into kinship relations. Following the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas , the land now called Brazil was claimed for the Portuguese Empire on 22 April 1500, with

11336-505: Was accepted on 31 August. Large street protests for and against her took place during the impeachment process. The charges against her were fueled by political and economic crises along with evidence of involvement with politicians from all the primary political parties. In 2017, the Supreme Court requested the investigation of 71 Brazilian lawmakers and nine ministers of President Michel Temer 's cabinet who were allegedly linked to

11445-408: Was being held. The emperor ordered the army to prepare for a conflict, ordering general Joaquim Xavier Curado to take his troops to São Cristóvão. Pedro I held the fidelity of the officers, who felt attacked by the insults directed at themselves and the emperor by the newspapers allied to the Andrada brothers and demanded their punishment. The deputies showed apprehension and demanded answers about

11554-470: Was centralizing, as it divided the country into comarcas , which are merely judicial and not administrative divisions. Voter qualifications were much more restrictive than the Charter of 1824. It also defined that only free men in Brazil would be considered Brazilian citizens, and not slaves who would eventually be freed, unlike the Constitution of 1824. The separation of the three powers was foreseen, with

11663-430: Was in first place in the first round, with 48.43% of the support from the electorate, and received 50.90% of the votes in the second round. On 8 January 2023, a week after Lula's inauguration, a mob of Bolsonaro's supporters attacked Brazil's federal government buildings in the capital, Brasília , after several weeks of unrest. Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of

11772-408: Was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500. Subsequently claimed by the Portuguese Empire , Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and

11881-442: Was replaced with a new design that included the national motto " Ordem e Progresso ", influenced by positivism . 15 November is now Republic Day , a national holiday. The early republican government was a military dictatorship, with the army dominating affairs both in Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power. Not until 1894, following an economic crisis and

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