117-462: The Active Club Network are decentralized cells of white supremacy and neo-Nazi groups active in many U.S. states, with multiple chapters in other nations. Largely inspired by the defunct street-fighting Rise Above Movement formed by Robert Rundo in 2017 and hooliganism , the network was created in January 2021 and promotes mixed martial arts to fight against what it asserts is a system that
234-578: A lynch mob abducted Frank from prison and killed him. Frank was granted a posthumous pardon from Georgia in 1986 after ADL requests. The historian Leonard Dinnerstein writes that until after World War II, the ADL had limited impact, particularly less than the American Jewish Committee (AJC). One of the ADL's early campaigns occurred in the 1920s when it organized a media effort and consumer boycott against The Dearborn Independent ,
351-459: A "blacklist". ADL expressed concern over Israeli legislative proposals requiring that NGOs publicize if they receive funding primarily from non-Israeli governments, a bill mostly opposed by centrist and left-wing and supported by right-wing Jewish American groups. In 2022, the ADL criticized the government formed by Benjamin Netanyahu in his sixth term , which included representatives from
468-477: A "threat assessment" report on a Black Indianapolis activist who worked with the Deadly Exchange campaign in opposition to exchange programs between American and Israeli police. The email contained a photo and personal information about the activist. The ADL employee who shared the email with The Guardian said that "threat assessments" are conducted regularly by the ADL and that many staff members opposed
585-519: A Jewish service organization , in the wake of the contentious murder conviction of Leo Frank . ADL subsequently split from B'nai B'rith and continued as an independent US section 501(c)(3) nonprofit . In an early campaign, ADL and allied groups pressured the automaker Henry Ford , who had published virulently antisemitic propaganda. In the 1930s, ADL worked with the American Jewish Committee (AJC) to oppose pro-Nazi activity in
702-470: A campaign criticizing Morningstar, Inc. ), a campaign the ADL collaborated on prior to the 2020 acquisition. The ADL said it would contribute funding to JLens. The ADL tracked rapid growth in hate speech and harassment on Twitter after Elon Musk bought the social network in 2022. In early September 2023, Musk liked and replied to a tweet by the Irish white nationalist Keith Woods that called for banning
819-422: A cell structure, each cell consists of a relatively small number of people, who know little to no information concerning organization assets (such as member identities) beyond their cell. This limits the harm that can be done to the organization as a whole by any individual cell member defecting , being a mole , being surveilled , or giving up information after being apprehended and interrogated. The structure of
936-446: A clandestine cell system can range from a strict hierarchy to an extremely distributed organization, depending on the group's ideology , its operational area, the communications technologies available, and the nature of the mission. Criminal organizations , undercover operations , and unconventional warfare units led by special forces may also use this sort of organizational structure. Covert and clandestine operations are not
1053-426: A contact. When a team finds a message in its emergency drop, it might do no more than send an alert message to headquarters. Headquarters might determine, through SIGINT or other sources, that the enemy had captured the leadership and the entire team, and order the other team not to attempt contact. If headquarters can have reasonable confidence that there is a communications failure or partial compromise, it might send
1170-591: A defamation trial, a case it won in 1984. Other cases were dismissed before reaching trial. The ADL appealed the case to a superior court, which upheld the verdict, and the Supreme Court ultimately declined to take the case. The ADL paid the original $ 10 million plus interest in 2004. In 2003, the ADL opposed an advertising campaign by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) called "Holocaust on Your Plate" that compared animals killed in
1287-403: A direct connection to Kim. Under normal circumstances, he sacrifices efficiency for security, by passing communications requests through Hassan. The security structure also means that Hassan does not know the members of Anton's cells, and Kim may know only ways to communicate with them but not their identity. Anti-Defamation League The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ), formerly known as
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#17327766912691404-541: A former Silicon Valley tech executive and former Obama administration official who had not operated within the Jewish communal organization world prior to his hiring, would succeed Abraham Foxman as national director in July 2015. Foxman had served as national director since 1987. The ADL board of directors renewed Greenblatt's contract as CEO and national director in fall 2020 for a second five-year term. The national chair of
1521-578: A fund that funds inter-community relationship projects, and cover the plaintiffs' legal costs of $ 175,000. It settled with three remaining plaintiffs in 2002 for $ 178,000. In 1994, ADL became involved in a dispute between neighbors in Denver, Colorado. The Aronson family reported this dispute to the ADL, which involved the Quigley family making antisemitic comments. The ADL advised the Aronsons to record
1638-483: A global conspiracy to replace the white population of the world with non-white immigrants. According to Vice and The Guardian , members of the terrorist group Atomwaffen Division are active "and play key roles" in organizing the Active Club Network. Leading member of Atomwaffen's Canadian branch and Order of Nine Angles , Patrick Gordon Macdonald , who has been charged with terrorism offenses,
1755-791: A history going back to Irish revolutionary forces in the early 20th century. Its doctrine and organization have changed over time, as political, technological, and cultural situations have changed in Ireland. Officially, the PIRA was hierarchical, but as British security forces became more effective it changed to a semiautonomous model for its operational and for certain of its support cells (such as transportation, intelligence, cover, and security). Its leadership saw itself as guiding and as building consensus. The lowest-level cells, typically of 2–5 people, tended to be built from people with existing personal relationships. British counterinsurgents could understand
1872-732: A leaked list of members of Oath Keepers , an American far-right, anti-government militia. Of 38,000 names on that list, the ADL identified "at least 373 Oath Keepers currently serving in law enforcement", plus 117 active duty military, and 1,100 former law enforcement officers. In November 2022, ADL acquired JLens, a pro-Israel advocacy group started in 2012 which campaigns against incentives for economic disengagement with Israel in environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) investing guidelines. JLens publishes company rankings based on participation in boycotts of Israel and publishes guidelines on investing used by around 30 Jewish companies with portfolios totaling around $ 200 million. JLens launched
1989-894: A list of the "ten leading organizations responsible for maligning Israel in the US," which has included ANSWER , the International Solidarity Movement , and Jewish Voice for Peace for its call for BDS. The ADL published a similar list in 2013. Alongside similar statements from StandWithUs and American Jewish Committee representatives, Greenblatt condemned the United Nations Human Rights Council 's (UNHRC) list of companies doing business with Jewish settlements in Israeli-occupied territories, issued in February 2020, calling it
2106-434: A member. The core group is a ring, superimposed on an inner hub-and-spoke structure of ideological authority . Each member of the core forms another hub and spoke system, the spokes leading to infrastructure cells under the supervision of the core group member, and possibly to operational groups that the headquarters supports. In an organization like this, there is a point at which the operational cell becomes autonomous of
2223-404: A message from ALBERT. Most often, the identity (and location) of the radio operator may not be shared. ALPINE and ALTITUDE, however, do not know one another. They do not know any of the members of team ALICE. The legitimacy of the subcell structure came from the recruitment process, originally by the case officer and then by the cell leaders. The cell leader might propose subcell member names to
2340-544: A month. Subsequently, in September 2020, the campaign organized celebrity supporters including Sacha Baron Cohen , Kim Kardashian , and Mark Ruffalo . In 2020, the ADL trained staff to edit Misplaced Pages pages, but after the project caused Misplaced Pages editors to criticize this as a conflict of interest , the ADL said it suspended the project in April 2021. At the time, the ADL was considered a reliable source on Misplaced Pages, and
2457-565: A new contact to the survivors. When the cut-off team has electronic communications, such as the Internet, it has a much better chance of eluding surveillance and getting emergency instructions than by using a dead drop that can be under physical surveillance. If the al-Qaeda Training Manual is authentic, it demonstrates that Eastern cell structures may differ from the Western mode. Al-Qaeda's minimal core leadership group can be viewed as
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#17327766912692574-468: A publication published by American automobile industrialist Henry Ford . The publication contained virulently antisemitic articles and quoted heavily from The Protocols of the Elders of Zion , an antisemitic hoax. The ADL and allied organizations pressured Ford until he issued an apology in 1927. In 1933 the ADL moved offices to Chicago and Richard E. Gutstadt became director of national activities. With
2691-592: A ring or chain network, with each leader/node heading their own particular hierarchy. Such networks function by having their sub-networks provide information and other forms of support (the 'many-to-one' model), while the core group supplies 'truth' and decisions/directions (the 'one-to-many' model). Trust and personal relationships are an essential part of the Al-Qaeda network ( a limiting factor , even while it provides enhanced security). Cell members are trained as 'replaceable' units and 'vetting' of members occurs during
2808-434: A survey in 2019 exploring online harassment in video games. It found that the majority of surveyed players experienced severe harassment of some kind, and the ADL recommended increased content moderation from game companies and governments. On the other hand, the survey found that over half of players experienced some form of positive community in video games. A separate, earlier survey of the general population found that around
2925-642: A terrorist group. Further, Active Club Finland trains Karelian separatists that the Secretary of the Security Council of Russia Nikolai Patrushev characterized as a terrorist group. New Jersey man Andrew Takhistov who took part in Active Club "Free Rundo" demonstration is charged with plotting an attack on energy infrastructure and synagogues. Takhistov also stated that he was involved in the production of Terrorgram propaganda and planned to join
3042-440: A third of people have experienced some form of online harassment. In July 2017, ADL announced that they would be developing profiles on 36 alt-right and alt-lite leaders. In 2019 and 2020 ADL executives and staff testified multiple times in front of Congressional committees concerning the dangers of right-wing domestic extremists. In a report from 2018, the ADL noted that the majority of domestic extremist-related murders in
3159-433: Is covered as Cultural Attache, in a country that has very few pianos. Only the personnel involved with BARD know that ARNOLD is other than another friendly diplomat. In contrast, BESSIE and BETTY know one another, and procedures exist for their taking over each other's assets in the event one of the two is disabled. Some recruits, however, would be qualified to recruit their own subcell, as BEATLE has done. BETTY knows
3276-497: Is a huge function, including the need to buy tickets without drawing suspicion, and, where appropriate, using private vehicles. Finance includes the need to transfer money without coming to the attention of financial security organizations. Some of these functions, such as finance, are far harder to operate in remote areas (like the FATA of Pakistan ) than in cities with large numbers of official and unofficial financial institutions and
3393-544: Is also a new type associated with transnational terrorist insurgencies): The examples here will use CIA cryptonyms as a naming convention used to identify members of the cell system. Cryptonyms begin with a two-letter country or subject name (e.g., AL), followed by more letters so as to form an arbitrary word, such as "BERRY", "BEN", and "BEATLE" in the example below. Station BERRY operates, on behalf of country B, in target country BE. The station has three case officers and several support officers. Case officer BETTY supervises
3510-559: Is both intellectually dishonest and damaging to our reputation as experts in extremism." The newspaper reported that the speech, which "put opposition to Israel on a par with white supremacy as a source of antisemitism", had sparked controversy. In January 2024, two-thirds of ADL's tally of more than 3,283 antisemitic incidents in the United States since October 7, 2023, were tied to the Israel-Hamas war ; The Forward said
3627-506: Is responsible for training its members, and, when an operation is scheduled, selecting the operational commander, giving her or him the basic objective and arranging whatever support is needed, and then releasing her or him from tight control to execute the meeting . Military leaders might have direct, possibly one-way, communications with their cells, or they might have to give Kim the messages to be transmitted, by means that Anton and Hassan have no need to know. Note that Anton does not have
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3744-552: Is targeting the white race , as well as a "warrior spirit" to prepare for a forthcoming race war . Some extremism researchers have characterized the network as a "shadow or stand-by army" which is awaiting activation as the need for it arises. The origin of the network has been traced to Robert Rundo, who formed the Rise Above Movement in Southern California in 2017. Facing federal rioting charges in
3861-606: The Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith , is a New York–based international non-governmental organization that was founded to combat antisemitism , bigotry and discrimination . ADL is also known for its pro-Israel advocacy. Its current CEO is Jonathan Greenblatt . ADL headquarters are located in Murray Hill , in the New York City borough of Manhattan . The ADL has 25 regional offices in
3978-897: The Nexus Task Force , whose work was welcomed by the U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism , take a different view. Critics of the ADL said that such advocacy for Israel had undermined the group's counter-extremism work and argued that it had foregone parts of its historical mission against antisemitism, according to The Guardian . In 2024, an article in The Nation said, "The ADL's priority today remains—as it has for decades—going after Americans who are simply opposed to Israel's endless occupation and oppression of Palestinians", and criticized what it described as US media outlets using ADL reports on antisemitism uncritically. Middle East historian Asaf Romirowsky said that because ADL's clear stance on antisemitism does not conform to
4095-763: The Russian Volunteer Corps . The Guardian reported in August 2023 that some in the Clockwork Crew, a cell of about one dozen members in Long Beach, California , were serving or had served in the United States military. One cell member was expelled from the Marines after he and five others were caught "stealing more than 10,000 rounds of ammunition and several grenades from a weapons depot at Camp Pendleton " in 2021. A Clockwork Crew co-founder
4212-802: The Supreme Court to invalidate Prop 8. In 2015, the ADL opposed the State Religious Freedom Restoration Acts , state laws that used the United States Supreme Court decision in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. recognizing a for-profit corporation's claim of religious belief. The ADL opposed these laws out of concern they largely targeted LGBT people or denied access to contraceptives to employees of religiously owned businesses. The ADL became independent from B'nai B'rith in 2009, dropping
4329-489: The white genocide conspiracy theory on his show. This call appeared shortly after research indicating that many who participated in the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol had been influenced by this conspiracy theory. The ADL again called for Carlson to be fired in September 2021 following Carlson expressing support for the great replacement theory. Carlson responded, saying "Fuck them" regarding
4446-619: The "orthodoxy of the day", it has led to the discredition of the group whose purpose is to combat antisemitism. Jay Michaelson argues that "conflating real antisemitism with political disagreement" cheapens the term 'antisemitism' to the point of "rendering it almost meaningless." In 1974, ADL attorney Arnold Forster and national director Benjamin Epstein published the book The New Anti-Semitism . They expressed concern about what they described as new manifestations of antisemitism coming from radical left, radical right, and pro-Arab figures in
4563-470: The "speech marked a rare moment of the organization unequivocally" making that assertion. The remarks upset activists and Jewish groups critical of Israel, and also set off controversy within the ADL. Internal ADL messages seen by The Guardian included a senior manager at ADL's Center on Extremism writing in protest that: "There is no comparison between white supremacists and insurrectionists and those who espouse anti-Israel rhetoric, and to suggest otherwise
4680-602: The 1970s, the ADL has partnered with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) field offices, sharing information learned from the monitoring of extremist groups. In 1977 the ADL opened a headquarters in Jerusalem . It opposed an anti-Mormon film called The God Makers in 1982, viewing it a challenge to religious freedom. The ADL released a 1991 report observing an increase in the use of public access television stations by extremist groups. The report came in
4797-452: The ADL acknowledged "that it significantly broadened its definition of antisemitic incidents following the Oct. 7 Hamas attack to include rallies that feature 'anti-Zionist chants and slogans,' events that appear to account for around 1,317 of the total count". The ADL classified anti-war protest events led by Jewish groups including Jewish Voice for Peace and IfNotNow as "anti-Israel", adding
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4914-458: The ADL conspired to obtain the confidential police material, a felony in California, and that the ADL had violated state tax laws by paying Bullock through a lawyer. The court documents said ADL had a network of sympathetic police officers sharing data, and that investigators had questioned police about free sponsored trips to Israel they received from the ADL. The documents also mentioned that
5031-479: The ADL from X, which was Twitter's new name under Musk. Musk also accused the ADL of defamation and threatened to sue it, writing that advertising revenue was "still down 60%, primarily due to pressure on advertisers by @ADL (that's what advertisers tell us), so they almost succeeded in killing X/Twitter!" The ADL said as matter of policy it did not comment on legal threats, but that it had recently met with X leadership including CEO Linda Yaccarino , who had thanked
5148-490: The ADL in November 1993 in exchange for the ADL paying $ 75,000 for use fighting hate crimes. During the investigation, a private investigator hired by the ADL, Roy H. Bullock, told police he had tracked skinheads , white supremacists, Arab Americans , and critics of Israel. He confessed to trying to find "any sexual impropriety" on the late anti-apartheid activist Desmond Tutu . In court documents, state officials said that
5265-459: The ADL said its staff complied with Misplaced Pages policies by disclosing their affiliations, but some Misplaced Pages editors objected that the project cited ADL sources disproportionately and did not reflect the volunteer spirit of the website, especially in heavily editing its own Misplaced Pages article. An internal email obtained by The Guardian in 2024 showed that in May 2020, the ADL had surveilled and produced
5382-597: The ADL's CEO on the platform. Greenblatt later praised Musk after he announced policy banning phrases such as " decolonization " and " from the river to the sea " on Twitter. The head of the ADL's Center for Technology and Society (CTS), Yael Eisenstat, reportedly quit in protest of the praise of Musk. In September 2023, the ADL launched a media and entertainment institute aimed at combating antisemitism and improving depictions of Jewish people in entertainment. The institute works with industry leaders and non-profit organizations such as Common Sense Media . In February 2024,
5499-494: The ADL's spying operations were reported to the Israeli government and its intelligence agencies. The ADL's Foxman contended that the ADL had a right to use the police information to combat antisemitism, and he argued in an interview that allegations that the ADL acted as an agent for Israel were "antisemitic". News of the investigation led Arab Americans listed in the ADL's files to sue the ADL, contending invasion of privacy and
5616-552: The ADL, describing the ADL's call as politically motivated and defending his statements. In 2023, Fox dropped Carlson, a move welcomed by ADL leadership. In 2022, the ADL revised its 2020 definition of racism from "the marginalization and/or oppression of people of color based on a socially constructed racial hierarchy that privileges White people" to occurrence "when individuals or institutions show more favorable evaluation or treatment of an individual or group based on race or ethnicity." Also in 2022, ADL published an analysis of
5733-516: The ALTITUDE or ALLOVER cells. As the networks grow, a subcell leader might create her or his own cell, so ALPINE-2 might become the leader of the ALIMONY cell. Modern communications theory has introduced methods to increase fault tolerance in cell organizations. Game theory and graph theory have been applied to the study of optimal covert network design. In the past, if cell members only knew
5850-627: The Afghan Northern Alliance against the Taliban used clandestine operators from the CIA and United States Army Special Forces . As the latter conflict escalated, U.S. participation became overt. Note that both unconventional warfare (guerrilla operations) and foreign internal defense (counterinsurgency) may be covert and use cellular organization. In a covert counterinsurgency mission, only selected host nation leaders are aware of
5967-414: The American Jewish Committee and American Jewish Congress. This characteristic gave these three organizations greater influence on the national Jewish community at a time when most local congregations and organizations were splintered, with little outreach to the broader community. By the 1970s, decentralization yielded greater influence. By this point the ADL had succeeded in developing local branches, though
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#17327766912696084-585: The Croweater page remains, featuring a photo of masked members carrying a banner reading "Australia for the white man". However the clubs are not well-established in Australia. Clandestine cell system A clandestine cell system is a method for organizing a group of people, such as resistance fighters, spies , mercenaries , organized crime members, or terrorists , to make it harder for police , military or other hostile groups to catch them. In
6201-866: The LAJCC maintained its undercover surveillance of the German-American Bund, the Silver Shirts and dozens of other pro-Nazi, nativist groups that operated in Los Angeles. Partnering with the American Legion in Los Angeles, the LAJCC channeled eyewitness accounts of sedition on to federal authorities. Working with the ADL, Leon Lewis and the LAJCC played a strategic role in counseling the McCormack-Dickstein Committee investigation of Nazi propaganda activities in
6318-571: The Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Italy, Poland, United Kingdom, and Croatia. In May 2023, Active Club Scotland (ACS) posted its first video. Members of the group have made bomb threats and marched with National Action , a banned neo-Nazi terrorist organisation, and some members have links to Patriotic Alternative . There are also other groups in the UK drawing on elements of the international Active Club movement. ACS often sends messages using
6435-485: The Quigleys' private telephone conversations via a police scanner. These recordings were legal at the time, but federal wiretap law was amended shortly after to make it illegal to record conversations from a cordless telephone, to transcribe the material, and to use the transcriptions for any purpose. ADL Regional Director Saul Rosenthal described the recorded remarks as part of a "vicious antisemitic campaign". This led to
6552-643: The United States including a Government Relations Office in Washington, D.C., as well as an office in Israel and staff in Europe. In its 2019 annual information Form 990, ADL reported total revenues of $ 92 million, the vast majority from contributions and grants. Its total operating revenue is reported at $ 80.9 million. It was founded in late September 1913 by the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith ,
6669-554: The United States (1934) and the Dies Committee investigation of "un-American activities" (1938–1940). In their final reports to Congress, both committees found that the sudden rise in political antisemitism in the United States during the decade was due, in part, to the German government's support of these domestic groups. Paralleling its infiltration efforts, the ADL continued its attempts to reduce antisemitic caricatures in
6786-717: The United States over the past decade had been committed by white supremacists. In a 2023 report, white supremacists were also deemed responsible for 45% of right-wing extremism in the US from 2017 to 2022. In 2020, ADL joined with the NAACP , Color of Change , LULAC , Free Press , the National Hispanic Media Coalition and other organizations in the Stop Hate For Profit campaign. The campaign targeted online hate on Facebook, with over 1000 businesses pausing their ad buys on Facebook for
6903-414: The United States, Rundo left for southeastern Europe to promote the movement. He has described his goal as creating "White Nationalism 3.0" and envisioned a decentralized cell network that would be difficult for researchers and law enforcement to track. He created an online messaging and merchandising organization to encourage communications with other white supremacist groups, such as Patriot Front . Rundo
7020-519: The United States. It opposed McCarthyism during the Cold War , and campaigned for major civil rights legislation in the 1960s. It also worked with the NAACP to discredit the far right in a spy operation. In the 1980s, it was involved in propaganda against Nelson Mandela of South Africa before embracing him the following decade. ADL is also known for its pro-Israel advocacy. It has advanced
7137-482: The ability to scale the organization. The in-group values that tie the cell together initially, shared cultural and ideological values, are not sufficient to create additional loyalty to a bureaucratic process. "Members of the core group are under what could be termed 'positive control'—long relationships and similar mindsets make 'control' not so much of an issue, but there are distinct roles, and position (structural, financial, spiritual) determines authority, thus making
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#17327766912697254-595: The actual case of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden's face is recognizable worldwide, but only a few people knew where he was or even how to contact him. Any clandestine or covert service, especially a non-national one, needs a variety of technical and administrative functions, such as: A national intelligence service has a support organization to deal with services like finance, logistics, facilities (e.g., safehouses ), information technology, communications, training, weapons and explosives, medical services, etc. Transportation alone
7371-456: The architect of the administration's immigration policy, on the basis of his association with white supremacists. The ADL says it has participated in YouTube 's Trusted Flagger program and has encouraged YouTube to remove videos that they flag as hate speech, citing the need to "fight against terrorist use of online resources and cyberhate." The ADL's Center on Technology and Society launched
7488-402: The area of operation, and ask them to recruit a team of trusted subordinates (a subcell). If the mission was sabotage, reconnaissance, or espionage, there was no need to meet in large units. If the team was to carry out direct action (often an unwise mission unless an appreciable number of the locals had military experience) it would be necessary to assemble into larger units for combat. Even then,
7605-502: The case officer, so the case officer could have headquarters run a background check on the potential recruit before bringing them into the subcell. In principle, however, the subcell members would know ALPINE, and sometimes the other members of the ALPINE cell if they needed to work together; if ALPINE-1 and ALPINE-2 had independent assignments, they might not know each other. ALPINE-1 and ALPINE-2 certainly would not know ALASTAIR or anyone in
7722-593: The cell leader, and the leader was neutralized, the cell was cut off from the rest of the organization. But if a traditional cell had independent communications with the foreign support organization, headquarters might be able to arrange its reconnection. Another method is to have impersonal communications as "side links" between cells, such as a pair of dead drops , one for Team ALAN to leave "lost contact" messages to be retrieved by Team ALICE, and another dead drop for Team ALICE to leave messages for Team ALAN. These links, to be used only on losing contact , do not guarantee
7839-789: The cell. This can include leaders, trainers, and supplies (such as the Jedburgh assistance to the French Resistance), or a safe haven for overt activities (such as the NLF spokesmen who could operate in Hanoi). External support need not be overt. Certain Shi'a groups in Iraq, for example, receive assistance from Iran , but this is not a public position of the government of Iran, and may even be limited to factions of that government. Early U.S. support to
7956-500: The central office remained significant even in terms of local branch activities. The ADL was founded in late September 1913 by B'nai B'rith , with Sigmund Livingston as its first leader. Its goals were to counter antisemitism, prejudice and discrimination. Initially the league largely represented Midwestern and Southern Jews concerned with antagonistic portrayals of Jews in popular culture along with social and economic discrimination. In 1913, Atlanta B'nai B'rith President Leo Frank
8073-698: The change in leadership, the ADL shifted from Livingston's reactive responses to antisemitic action to a much more aggressive policy. During the 1930s, ADL, along with the AJC, coordinated American Jewish groups across the country in monitoring the activities of the German-American Bund and its pro-Nazi, nativist allies in the United States. In many instances, these community-based defense organizations paid informants to infiltrate these groups and report on what they discovered. The longest-lived and most effective of these American Jewish resistance organizations
8190-500: The command structure, but not the workings of the operational cells. The IRA had an extensive network of inactive or sleeper cells, so it could summon new ad hoc organizations for any specific operation. The NLF (Viet Cong) and PIRA, as well as other movements, have chosen to have parallel political and military organizations. In the case of the NLF, except for some individuals with sanctuary in North Vietnam, people in
8307-517: The communications to support them. If the financial office is distant from the remote headquarters, there is a need for couriers , who must be trusted to some extent, but who may not know the contents of their messages or the actual identity of the sender and/or receiver. The couriers, depending on the balance among type and size of message, security, and technology available, may memorize messages, carry audio or video recordings, or hand-carry computer media. These cells are socially embedded (less so than
8424-423: The concept of new antisemitism , including a definition that says anti-Zionism and some criticisms of Israel are antisemitic. It has received criticism, including from members of its staff, that such advocacy has diverted ADL from its historical fight against antisemitism. In its early decades, the ADL benefited from being among the few highly centralized Jewish community relations organizations alongside
8541-404: The core group a hierarchy topologically." In the illustration of the core shown here, each member knows how to reach two other members, and also knows the member(s) he or she considers her or his ideological superior. Solid lines show basic communication, dotted red arrows show the first level of ideological respect , and dotted blue arrows show a second level of ideological respect. If Osama,
8658-408: The core group, however), structurally embedded, functionally embedded (they are specialized into a domain), and knowledge base-specific (there does not seem to be a great deal of cross-training or lateral mobility in the organization). Such cells are probably subjected to a mixture of both positive and negative control ('do this, do these sorts of things, don't do that'). The leader of a military cell
8775-402: The core. Members surviving the operation may rejoin at various points. Osama bin Laden , in this model, had the responsibility of commanding the organization and being the spokesman on propaganda messages distributed by the propaganda cell. The other members of the core each command one or more infrastructure cells. While the tight coupling enhances security, it can limit flexibility and
8892-486: The country B, and the country identified by prefix AR. ARNOLD is a case officer from the country AR embassy, who knows only the case officer BERTRAM and the security officer BEST. ARNOLD does not know the station chief of BERRY or any of its other personnel. Other than BELL and BEST, the Station personnel only know BERTRAM as someone authorized to be in the Station, and who is known for his piano playing at embassy parties. He
9009-519: The courts. The legal challenges have primarily been brought by the ACLU and CAIR on First Amendment constitutional grounds. As a general matter the organization also has not publicly opposed such state laws, preferring to work behind the scenes to try to make such laws less infirm under the Constitution or to propose non-binding resolutions opposing BDS. A possible division of internal views in ADL
9126-434: The creation of the ADL. According to historians, ADL's early strategy would be to pressure newspapers, theaters, and other businesses seen as defaming or discriminating against Jews; proposed methods included boycotts and pressuring advertisers, and it also considered demanding prior reviews of theater productions for antisemitism. After Georgia's outgoing governor commuted Frank's death sentence to life imprisonment in 1915,
9243-536: The evangelical Christian movement. Through the 60s and early 70s, the ADL had conflicted with the American Jewish Congress over their collaborations with evangelicals. Perlmutter and Eckstein changed this orientation, increasing collaborations and developing long-lasting lines of communication between the ADL and evangelical groups. This collaboration continued under the Foxman administration. Since
9360-487: The event the plot is discovered. A sleeper cell refers to a cell, or isolated grouping of sleeper agents , that lies dormant until it receives orders or decides to act. In World War II, Operation Jedburgh teams were formed to lead unconventional warfare against German units by acts of sabotage and leading local resistance forces. They also acted as a liaison between Allied command and the resistance units. They were composed of two officers – one American or British, and
9477-529: The family being ridiculed and excluded in their community and to career damage. These recordings were used as basis for a federal civil lawsuit against the Aronson family and the ADL for defamation . The Quigleys and Aronsons settled out-of-court, and a jury awarded the Quigleys $ 10 million in damages from the ADL. This was the first-ever verdict against the ADL. Only once before had the League been subject to
9594-420: The far-right Otzma Yehudit and Religious Zionist Party , and their leaders, Itamar Ben-Gvir and Bezalel Smotrich . The ADL said that including these parties and lawmakers "would run counter to Israel's founding principles, and impact its standing, even among its strongest supporters." In a 2022 speech to ADL leaders, Greenblatt said that " anti-Zionism is antisemitism". The Times of Israel noted that
9711-787: The foreign support organization. Under Operation White Star , for example, U.S. personnel gave covert counterinsurgency assistance to the Royal Lao Army starting in 1959, this became overt in 1961, and finally ceased operations in 1962. Different kinds of insurgency differ in where they place clandestine or covert cells. Also, when certain types of insurgency grow in power, they deemphasize the cell system. They may still use cells for leadership security, but if overt violence by organized units becomes significant, cells become less important. In Mao's three-stage doctrine, cells are still useful in Phase II to give cover to part-time guerillas, but as
9828-411: The forwarding of confidential information to Israel and South Africa. In 1996, ADL settled the federal civil lawsuit filed by groups representing African Americans and Arab Americans . The ADL did not admit any wrongdoing but agreed to a restraining injunction barring it from obtaining information from state employees who cannot legally disclose such information. The ADL agreed to contribute $ 25,000 to
9945-570: The governing board of directors is Esta Gordon Epstein; elected in late 2018 for a three-year term, she is the second woman to hold the organization's top volunteer leadership post. ADL repeatedly accused Donald Trump , when he was a presidential candidate in 2016, of making use of antisemitic tropes or otherwise exploiting divisive and bigoted rhetoric during the 2016 presidential election campaign . The ADL accused President Trump of politicizing charges of antisemitism for partisan purposes, and for continued use of antisemitic tropes. The ADL said it
10062-597: The hideouts of the leadership were known only to subcell leaders. The legitimacy of the Jedburgh team came from its known affiliation with Allied powers, and it was a structure more appropriate for unconventional warfare than for truly clandestine operations . Also known as the Viet Cong , this organization grew from earlier anticolonial groups fighting the French and from anti-Japanese guerrillas during World War II. The modern Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) has
10179-472: The identity of BEATLE-1 and BEATLE-2, since he or she had them checked by headquarters counterintelligence before they were recruited. The diagram in this section shows that two teams, ALAN and ALICE, have successfully entered an area of operation, the country coded AL, but are only aware of a pool of potential recruits, and have not yet actually recruited anyone. They communicate with one another only through headquarters, so compromise of one team will not affect
10296-494: The inflexibility of a completely secret organization and shortage of PMC/black-ops resources as well as redundancy. Once an active insurgency began, the secrecy could limit freedom of action, distort information about goals and ideals, and restrict communication within the insurgency. In such a split organization, public issues can be addressed overtly while military actions are kept covert and intelligence functions stay clandestine. Many cell systems receive support from outside
10413-636: The institute appointed documentary producer and journalist Deborah Camiel as its leader. The ADL is described as a pro-Israel group. The Middle East historian Asaf Romirowsky described the organization as "left of center" politically. The ADL has taken a case-by-case approach to state anti-BDS laws enacted in response to the BDS movement . Several of these laws, which seek to prohibit state agencies and instrumentalities from investing in companies that boycott Israel and from entering into contracts with entities that boycott Israel, have been successfully challenged in
10530-472: The insurgency creates full-time military units in Phase III, the main units become the focus, not the cells. Different varieties of insurgency place their cells differently with respect to the existing government. The U.S. Army Field Manual FM3-07 distinguishes between varieties of insurgencies. Drawing on this work, Nyberg (a United States Marine Corps officer) describes four types of cell system (there
10647-411: The local agents BEN and BEATLE. Case officer BESSIE supervises BENSON and BEAGLE. Some recruits, due to the sensitivity of their position or their personalities not being appropriate for cell leadership, might not enter cells but be run as singletons, perhaps by other than the recruiting case officer. In this example, asset BARD is a different sort of highly sensitive singleton, who is a joint asset of
10764-520: The meat industry to victims of the Holocaust . In 2005, PETA apologized for causing distress to the Jewish community through the campaign, though in 2008, the Chief Rabbinate announced that it was planning to gradually phase out the use of the "shackle and hoist" method of kosher slaughter in Israel and South America, in part in response to pressure from PETA. As of 2007, the ADL said it
10881-411: The media. Much like the NAACP , it chose a non-confrontational approach, attempting to build long-lasting relationships and avoid backlash. The ADL requested its members avoid public confrontation, instead directing them to send letters to the media and advertising companies that included antisemitic or racist references in screening copies of their books and movies. This strategy kept the campaigns out of
10998-505: The most respected, died, the core would reconstitute itself. While different members each have an individual ideological guide, and these are not the same for all members, the core would reconstitute itself with (in our example) Richard as most respected. Assume there are no losses, and Osama can be reached directly only by members of the core group. Members of outer cells and support systems might know him only as "the Commander", or, as in
11115-607: The network adhered to a strategy of "hiding in plain sight" by showing a "friendly face" to recruit young white men for fitness, sports and martial arts. Alexander Ritzmann, the author of the 2023 CEP study, stated "I've never seen a network in right-wing extremism grow so fast. Usually it takes years to build a transnational network." As of August 2023, the Anti-Defamation League found that Active Clubs have claimed to be present in at least 33 U.S. states. Active Clubs have also been formed in Lithuania, France, Estonia, Finland,
11232-544: The other a native to the area they would operate, preferably from the area into which they landed – and a third member who was a radio operator. They operated in France and the Netherlands and similar teams operated in South East Asia. On the night of the 5/6 June 1944, the first Operation Jedburgh teams parachuted into occupied France Especially through the French member, they would contact trusted individuals in
11349-485: The other. Assume that in team ALAN, ALASTAIR is one of the officers with local contacts, and might recruit two cell leaders: ALPINE and ALTITUDE. The other local officer in the team, ALBERT, recruits ALLOVER. When ALPINE recruited two subcell members, they would be referred to as ALPINE-1 and ALPINE-2. ALPINE and ALTITUDE only know how to reach ALASTAIR, but they are aware of at least some of other team members' identities should ALASTAIR be unavailable, and they would accept
11466-487: The political organization could not be overt during the Vietnam War . After the war ended, surviving NLF officials held high office. In the case of the PIRA, its political wing, Sinn Féin , became increasingly overt, and then a full participant in politics. Hamas and Hezbollah also have variants of overt political/social service and covert military wings. The overt political/social–covert military split postponed
11583-449: The protests antisemitic, but Greenblatt labelled the protesting groups as hate groups. Former staff told The Daily Beast in 2023 of dissent within the ADL over the increasing equation of anti-Zionism and antisemitism, and over Greenblatt's calls for bans and investigations of pro-Palestinian organizations that he alleged had supported terrorist groups. In early 2024, two ADL staff quit the group in response to pro-Israel advocacy during
11700-551: The protests to a database documenting rising antisemitism in the US. In response, an ADL staffer quit, who told the Guardian that "These were Jewish people who we [as the ADL] were defaming, so that felt extremely, extremely confusing, and frustrating to me. And it makes it harder to talk about that when any criticism of Israel, or anyone who criticizes Israel, just becomes a terrorist." The ADL told The Intercept that it did not consider
11817-539: The public eye and instead emphasized the development of a relationship with companies. The ADL opposed red-baiting and McCarthyism in the 1950s. The ADL campaigned for civil rights legislation including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . The ADL and the NAACP worked together to discredit the far right in the United States, according to Mathew Delleck, the ADL
11934-513: The reference to the other organization in its name. The ADL was one of the groups that opposed the Shelby County v. Holder decision by the Supreme Court in 2013 to strike down a portion of the Voting Rights Act . The court's decision ended the portion of the law that required states with a history of discrimination to undergo federal scrutiny for election rules. In November 2014, the organization announced that Jonathan Greenblatt ,
12051-421: The same when it comes to tradecraft . The modern NATO definition of a covert operation says the identity of the sponsor is concealed, but in a clandestine operation the operation itself is concealed from the participants. Put differently, clandestine means "hidden", and covert means "deniable"—that is to say that the sponsor of a covert action is sufficiently removed from it that the sponsor can claim ignorance in
12168-509: The spying. In early January 2021, the ADL called for the removal of Donald Trump as president in response to the storming of the United States Capitol and described the relationship of the storming of the Capitol to the far-right and antisemitic groups. In April 2021, Jonathan Greenblatt released a letter calling on the right-wing American network Fox News to drop commentator Tucker Carlson from its lineup, saying that Carlson had espoused
12285-617: The training period under the observation of the core group. Cells of this structure are built outwards, from an internal leadership core. Superficially, this might be likened to a Western cell structure that emanates from a headquarters, but the Western centrality is bureaucratic, while structures in other non-Western cultures build on close personal relationships, often built over years, perhaps involving family or other in-group linkages. Such in-groups are thus extremely hard to infiltrate. Still, it may be possible for an in-group to be compromised through COMINT or, in rare cases, by compromising
12402-477: The wake of the trial of Tom Metzger , a white supremacist leader found guilty of inciting a murder via his public access TV station. San Francisco police searched two offices of the ADL in April 1993, suspecting it of having monitored thousands of activists; in the search, they confiscated police records including fingerprints and copies of confidential reports, according to court documents. The San Francisco district attorney considered indictments, but settled with
12519-545: The war. ADL supported a December 5, 2023, US Congress resolution that described anti-Zionism as antisemitism. The ADL and "many other Jewish establishment organizations" have campaigned for governments to adopt the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance definition of antisemitism, which describes anti-Zionism and some forms of criticism of Israel as antisemitic, according to The Guardian . Some Jewish organizations, such as
12636-543: The white supremacist slogan 14 Words on its Telegram channel. In Finland, local groups operate at least in the Uusimaa and Päijät-Häme regions and Oulu , Turku , Tampere , and Kokkola as of May 2024. In August 2024, it was reported that Australia had an Active Club Network. Known neo-Nazi Thomas Sewell leads a group in South Australia known as Croweater. Sewell was suspended from X in July 2024, but
12753-601: Was court-martialed , sentenced to eleven months in the brig and given a bad conduct discharge for violating the Marine Corps's ban on the advocacy of extremist ideologies. In September 2023, the Counter Extremism Project (CEP) characterized the network as a transnational movement which seeks to create a "shadow or stand-by army" that can mobilize itself for the purpose of launching "coordinated, large-scale" violent attacks. A CEP study revealed that
12870-540: Was allegedly also a member of Canadian Active Club. Kristoffer Nippak, another founding member of the Northern Order who also has been charged with terrorism offenses, is also a member of the Active Club. According to the director of the University of New Brunswick’s Criminology and Criminal Justice Program, David Hoffman, Atomwaffen is using Active Clubs as a cover for organizing where they have been outlawed as
12987-586: Was archiving MySpace pages associated with white supremacists as part of its effort to track extremism. The ADL opposed 2008 California Proposition 8 , a ballot successful initiative that banned same-sex marriage. It did so alongside Jewish organizations, including the National Council of Jewish Women and the Progressive Jewish Alliance. The ADL filed amicus briefs urging the Supreme Court of California , Ninth Circuit , and
13104-468: Was convicted of the murder of a 13-year-old employee at a factory where he was superintendent; historians today generally consider Frank to have been innocent. Jewish leadership viewed Frank as having been wrongly prosecuted and convicted because of local antisemitism and agitation by some of the local press. The role that prejudice played in Frank's conviction was mentioned by Adolf Kraus when he announced
13221-459: Was disclosed when the liberal Jewish publication, The Forward , published ostensible leaked internal ADL staff memos dating from 2016 that opposed the anti-boycott laws. ADL did not comment directly on the leaked memos, but the statement it issued in response appeared to acknowledge both that there were sharply divided views within the organization and that the organization did not try to suppress internal robust discussion. In 2010, ADL published
13338-472: Was extradited from Romania to face charges in the United States in August 2023. His supporters have held "Free Rundo" demonstrations in several countries, including Russia, Sweden, and Canada. The network adheres to the Great Replacement and white genocide conspiracy theories, conspiracy theories which are based on the belief that elites, Jews and the mainstream media are jointly engaging in
13455-495: Was facing a discredit campaign for its criticism of Trump. In mid-2018, ADL raised concerns over President Donald Trump's nomination of then-DC Circuit Court of Appeals judge Brett Kavanaugh as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court . Subsequently, in another move that enraged many on the right, ADL called for the resignation or firing of Trump administration official Stephen Miller ,
13572-426: Was perhaps the most effective group in discrediting extremist right wing elements in the United States. The ADL conducted a spy operation headed by Isadore Zack, against the far right In 1973, Nathan Perlmutter took the role of national director, serving until his death in 1987. Under the tenure of Perlmutter and his 1978–1983 co-director of interreligious affairs Yechiel Eckstein , the ADL shifted its approach to
13689-657: Was the Los Angeles Jewish Community Committee (LAJCC), which was backed financially by the Jewish leaders of the motion picture industry. The day-to-day operations of the LAJCC were supervised by a Jewish attorney, Leon L. Lewis . Lewis was uniquely qualified to combat the rise of Nazism in Los Angeles, having served as the first national secretary of the Anti-Defamation League in Chicago from 1925 to 1931. From 1934 to 1941,
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