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89-746: The Adelaide International Horse Trials was created in 1997 to replace the Gawler Horse Trials that had been staged in Gawler , north of Adelaide, since 1954. In its period as the Gawler Trials, it was a successful competition and was selected to host the Eventing World Championship in 1986. On this occasion the Australian Post Office issued a special set of commemorative postmarked covers featuring

178-523: A "natural" condition that would not have existed at the time of European occupation. Items of Kaurna material culture, such as traditional objects, spears, boomerangs and nets etc. are extremely rare. Interest in collecting and conserving Kaurna culture was not common until their display at the 1889 Paris Exhibition spurred an interest in Indigenous culture, by which time the Kaurna traditional culture

267-507: A bed of grass. An elderly woman was lying on her side, draped in a fishing net and wrapped in a Kangaroo skin cloak. The grave was topped with a layer of grass covered by marine sponges. Similar to a Peramangk dreamtime legend, the Kaurna regard the 35 miles from the Mount Lofty Ranges to Nuriootpa as the body of a giant called Nganno (often pronounced Nunoo) who was killed there after attacking their tribe. The peaks of

356-546: A ceremony led by elder Jeffrey Newchurch at Kingston Park Coastal Reserve , south of Adelaide . John Carty, Head of Humanities at the South Australian Museum , said that the museum was "passionate" about working with the Kaurna people to repatriate their ancestors , and would also be helping to educate the community about what it means to Aboriginal people. The Museum continues to receive further remains of Aboriginal people from overseas museums, in addition to

445-518: A convenient way to deliver heavy equipment such as locomotives manufactured there. Broad gauge locomotives were taken directly on the tramway, narrow gauge were transported on specially-built flat-bed trucks. There were also sidings at May Brothers and Company , Roedigers, and Dowson's Mill. The tram closed in 1931 replaced by a bus, and the tracks lifted soon after. The tram route is now part of Adelaide Metro bus route number 491. The Gawler Greyhound Racing Club hold greyhound racing meetings at

534-468: A dray, a distressed man emerged from the scrub west of the road and collapsed from hunger and thirst near the Gawler river ford. Despite efforts to save him, he succumbed shortly after encountering the party. They interred him in a tree and covered him in clay to protect his body from wild dogs, dubbing the tree "dead man's tree." The site, known as deadman's pass, lies at the southern end of Murray Street near

623-596: A non-stop road from south of Adelaide to Nuriootpa. Gawler railway station was the terminus of the railway from Adelaide from 1857. The railway was extended to Kapunda in 1860. Gawler became a junction station when a branch was constructed into the Barossa Valley in 1911. This is the line that provides the Gawler Oval and Gawler Central (originally named North Gawler) railway stations in Gawler. Neither lines are now used beyond Gawler and Gawler Central

712-788: A serious drop in numbers in the early 1830s (and possibly again in 1889) due to a smallpox epidemic which is thought to have originated in the eastern states and spread along the Murray River as Indigenous groups traded with each other. This devastated their lives in every way. An outbreak of typhoid, due to pollution by Europeans of the River Torrens , lead to many deaths and a rapid population decline, though accurate figures were not recorded. Many contracted other diseases against which they lacked immunity, such as measles , whooping cough , typhus , dysentery and influenza. The groups lost their identities as they merged with others, and

801-676: A set of four stamps called Horses of Australia. The new 1997 event in the East Parklands began with a CCI3* (3-star) rating, but was subsequently upgraded to CCI4* in 2002, becoming the only such event in the Southern Hemisphere . In 2004, it was known as the Mitsubishi Adelaide International Horse Trials, being sponsored by Mitsubishi . In 2007, to celebrate its 10th anniversary and better reflect its international focus,

890-471: A speech to the local Indigenous population through a translator, William Wyatt (later third interim Protector of Aborigines ), assisted by Williams and Cronk. Gawler actively encouraged the settlers to learn Kaurna, and advocated using the Kaurna names for geographic landmarks. In October 1838 two German missionaries , Christian Teichelmann and Clamor Schürmann , arrived on the same ship as Gawler in 1838, and immediately set about learning and documenting

979-458: A woman always lived with her husband's band following her marriage. Each band was also composed of two exogamous moieties , the Karuru and Mattari, which traced their descent matrilineally to an ancestral totemic being. All the children of a marriage would take their mother's moiety as children were considered to have "inherited" their "flesh and blood" from their mothers alone. Marriage within

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1068-486: Is based on The Kaurna People (1989). Many Kaurna people grew up in Bukkiyana (Point Pearce mission) and Raukkan (Macleay mission) and experienced some aspects of Narungga and Ngarrindjeri culture, and gradually started reclaiming Kaurna skills and Dreaming stories. The Kaurna Aboriginal Community and Heritage Association ( KACHA ) is recognised as the representative body for all Kaurna people. Starting life as

1157-557: Is now the terminus of the metropolitan rail services from Adelaide. Gawler's horse-drawn tram service opened in 1879. It operated for both goods and passengers from the railway station along what is now Nineteenth Street (then known as part of Murray Street) and Murray Street (the town's main street) to a terminus near where the Gawler Central station is now. It passed the James Martin & Co engineering factory, providing

1246-593: Is one of seven in the world, with the other taking place in the UK, France, Germany, and the US. The event is unique in being held in a city-centre, taking place in the Adelaide Park Lands . The dressage phase is held on Friday on the arena in front of the heritage-listed Victoria Park Grandstand . The cross-country phase is held on Saturday across the park lands and attracts the most spectators. The course starts in

1335-633: Is owned and run by Adelaide Horse Trials Management Inc., and is supported by the South Australian Government through the South Australian Tourism Commission . The event is held throughout the East Parklands in separate stages over three days. It is classified as a CCI5* by the international governing body FEI, meaning that it is highest level of eventing competition under the FEI banner. As of 2024 it

1424-618: The Adelaide Hills , and the Warriparinga Living Kaurna Cultural Centre in Marion , and claiming that they were owed nearly $ 50 million in rent. The South Australian Government rejected the claim. The Kaurna people were a hunter-gatherer society, who changed their dwellings according to climatic conditions: in summer they would camp near the coastal springs fishing for mulloway . With

1513-859: The Bedford Park area ( Warriparinga ), down the Fleurieu Peninsula , and efforts have been made to preserve and commemorate it where possible. Munaitjerlo is an ancestral being who created the Moon and stars before himself becoming the Sun. The word Munaitjerlo was believed by Teichelmann to also refer to the Kaurna Dreamtime itself. The mythology of the Mura-Muras, ancestral beings who created landscape features and introduced laws and initiation, can be found in southwest Queensland ,

1602-760: The North and South Para rivers, where they emerge from a range of low hills. Historically a semi-rural area, Gawler has been swept up in Adelaide's growth in recent years, and is now considered by some as an outer northern suburb of Adelaide. It is counted as a suburb in the Outer Metro region of the Greater Adelaide Planning Region. The Kaurna people are indigenous to the Adelaide Plains . A British colony, South Australia

1691-645: The Northern Territory and in the Flinders Ranges through to Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. As it is known that the Kaurna shared a common Dreaming with these peoples it is likely they shared the Mura-Muras as well. By way of contrast, the travels of Tjilbruke are well known from Norman Tindale 's research. The Kaurna seasonal calendar is divided into four seasons, roughly equivalent to summer, autumn, winter and spring: From

1780-756: The Riverland , Mildura and Sydney . The Barossa Valley Way runs east from the centre of Gawler into the Barossa Valley , and was the original route of the Sturt Highway. The Thiele Highway leads north between the Horrocks and Sturt Highways to Freeling , Kapunda and Morgan . The Northern Expressway is a new highway to the southwest providing a bypass of Gawler as part of the North–South Corridor, Adelaide which will eventually provide

1869-502: The South Australia Act 1834 which enabled the province of South Australia to be established, acknowledged Aboriginal ownership and stated that no actions could be undertaken that would "affect the rights of any Aboriginal natives of the said province to the actual occupation and enjoyment in their own persons or in the persons of their descendants of any land therein now actually occupied or enjoyed by such natives". Although

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1958-626: The Thura-Yura branch of the Pama–Nyungan languages . The first word lists taken down of the Kaurna language date to 1826. A knowledge of Kaurna language was keenly sought by many of the early settlers. William Williams and James Cronk were the first settlers to gain a working knowledge of the language, and to publish a Kaurna wordlist, which they did in 1840. When George Gawler , South Australia's third Governor, arrived in October 1838, he gave

2047-904: The Tjilbruke Track Committee based at the South Australian Museum, it was renamed as the Kaurna Heritage Committee before growing into KACHA, which encompasses broader issues than cultural heritage concerns, including rebuilding the language and culture. The Kaurna Yerta Aboriginal Corporation represents Kaurna people, and was involved in the creation of the Wangayarta memorial park and burial site in 2021. There are at least two groups of Kaurna traditional dancers in South Australia: Many places around Adelaide and

2136-477: The federal government and the Kaurna people, with formal recognition coming after the Federal Court judgement, 18 years after lodgement. This was the first claim for a first land use agreement to be agreed to in any Australian capital city. The rights cover Adelaide's whole metropolitan area and includes "17 parcels of undeveloped land not under freehold". Some of the land is Crown land , some belongs to

2225-465: The parklands which surround the Adelaide city centre and North Adelaide , and other sites of significance to the Kaurna people in 1997. The naming process, which assigned an extra name in the Kaurna language to each place, was mostly completed in 2003, and the renaming of 39 sites finalised and endorsed by the council in 2012. On 1 August 2019, the remains of 11 Kaurna people were laid to rest at

2314-703: The 1850s, there were few remaining Kaurna in the Adelaide area. In 1850 the children (mostly from the Murray River area, but including a few Kaurna ) at the Native School (which had been on Kintore Avenue since 1846) were transferred to the Poonindie Native Training Institution near Port Lincoln , on the Eyre Peninsula , over 600 kilometres (370 mi) away. Moorhouse resigned as Protector in 1856, and in 1857

2403-550: The 1970s onwards, a number of elders and community leaders led a cultural revival, and were responsible for introducing Kaurna perspectives into the SA education curriculum, establishing the Tjilbruke Dreaming Track and other initiatives. These people included Lewis O'Brien , Gladys Elphick , Alitya (Alice) Rigney , and Georgina Williams of the South Australian Museum . Much of its Aboriginal Studies curriculum

2492-611: The Aboriginal presence, and Womadelaide is held each year in Botanic Park without acknowledgement of the Aboriginal encampments 150 years ago on the same land. There is a tradition of performing corroborees and dances dating back to the 1840s, including the "Grand Corroboree" at the Adelaide Oval in 1885 and corroborees at the beaches of Glenelg and Henley Beach around the turn of the century. This huge omission in

2581-592: The Act guaranteed land rights under force of law for the Indigenous inhabitants, it was ignored by the South Australian Company authorities and squatters, who interpreted the Act to mean "permanently occupied". In 2000, a group called Kaurna Yerta Corporation lodged a native title claim on behalf of the Kaurna people. The claim covers over 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi) of land stretching from Cape Jervis to Port Broughton , including

2670-610: The Adelaide area took place without any conflict. The population again severely declined upon the arrival of Anglo-European colonial settlers with South Australia Governor Captain John Hindmarsh as Commander-in-chief in December 1836 at Holdfast Bay (now Glenelg ). According to an entry in the South Australian Register (30 January 1842), the Kaurna population numbered around 650. They had suffered

2759-468: The Fleurieu Peninsula have names either directly or partially derived from Kaurna place names, such as Cowandilla , Aldinga , Morialta and Munno Para . Some were the names of the Kaurna bands who lived there. There are also a few Kaurna names hybridised with European words. The Adelaide City Council began the process of dual naming all of the city squares, each of the parks making up

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2848-799: The Gawler Australia Day Award for Community Event of the Year in 2023 Australian cricket legend Darren Lehmann launched the 2nd Hope Cup at a formal dinner in August 2023 The Gawler Police XI won the Hope Cup in 2022 and retained it in 2023 The 2024 Hope Cup was launched by International Stars, Darcie Brown and Henry Olonga in June 2024 The All-Stars won in November 2024 with Federal Member for Spence Matt Burnell MP as part of

2937-434: The Kaurna also used this as a weapon against the colonists by lighting fires to deliberately destroy fences, survey pegs and to scatter livestock. Due to this regular burning by the time the first Europeans arrived, the foothills' original stringybark forests had been largely replaced with grassland. Since the late 1960s, restrictions on foothills subdivision and development have allowed regeneration of native trees and bush to

3026-429: The Kaurna and Ramindjeri people were reduced to very few. In the 1840s, Murray River people invaded, stealing women and children, while the government suppressed the Kaurna attempts at self-defence. Some Kaurna moved north to join other tribes. The Colonisation Commissioners had promised to protect the Aboriginal people and their property as well as making provision for their subsistence, education and advancement, with

3115-526: The Kaurna and prominent in the early settlers' accounts. She was responsible for identifying locations of cultural significance in the city, such as the lake in the Adelaide Botanic Garden and Victoria Square/Tarndanyangga , and Whitmore Square has been given her name in honour of the prior occupation of the land by the Kaurna people. Unlike the rest of Australia, South Australia was not considered to be terra nullius . The enactment of

3204-406: The Kaurna were vastly outnumbered by the colonists, who numbered 117,727. Adults were also relocated from the city to places such as Willunga , Point McLeay , and Point Pearce in the 1860s. In 1888 a German missionary reported that there was "scarcely one remaining". Some of the Kaurna people settled at Point McLeay and Point Pearce married into local families, and full-blood Kaurna still lived at

3293-468: The Mount Lofty Ranges and Mount Bonython are jureidla (conserved in the toponym Uraidla ), namely his "two ears". There are other traditional stories connected to the two peaks Mt Lofty and Mt Bonython, one story concerning two men and another referring to the two moiety groups of the Kaurna. The general theme of these stories surrounding the two peaks is the importance of community and

3382-461: The Queen . Gawler had a horse street tram service from 1879 to 1931. Boyle Travers Finniss recounts an incident during Colonial light's travels before the Gawler survey. While camping at the Gawler river, they stumbled upon a deceased man buried upright and coated in clay. The tale circulating in Adelaide attributes the man's demise to a party led by Mr. Berhard. Allegedly, while traveling north with

3471-672: The Ranges; some on the Waterfall Gully . Although Governors Hindmarsh (1836–1838) and Gawler (1838–1841) had orders to extend the protection of British law to the people and their property, the colonists' interests came first; their policy of "civilising" and "protecting" the Indigenous people nonetheless assumed a peaceful transfer of land to the settlers. All land was offered up for sale and bought by settlers. The Lutheran missionaries Christian Teichelmann and Clamor Schurmann studied Kaurna language and culture, and were able to inform

3560-476: The Showgrounds on Nixon Terrace. The Club held its first meeting on 12 July 1971. Kaurna people The Kaurna people ( English: / ˈ ɡ ɑːr n ə / , Kaurna : [ɡ̊auɳa] ; also Coorna , Kaura , Gaurna and other variations) are a group of Aboriginal people whose traditional lands include the Adelaide Plains of South Australia . They were known as the Adelaide tribe by

3649-415: The South Australian Museum apologised to the Kaurna people for having held 4,600 Aboriginal remains over the past 165 years, and buried the first 100 remains of their ancestors at the site. A second round of burials took place in June 2022. Jack Kanya Kudnuitya Buckskin (born c.  1986 ), a Kaurna/ Narungga man also known as Vincent Buckskin, who was Young South Australian of the Year in 2011,

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3738-519: The Year in 2010 and 2017. The Gawler Police XI (The Gawler Police are one of the oldest stations in Australia, as they have been on Cowan Street, Gawler continuously since 1842 ) play against a Salvation Army All-Stars team made up of local civic and business leaders in an annual community charity cricket match for the Hope Cup The 2022 Hope Cup match raised more than $ 40,000 to assist

3827-600: The arena in front of the grandstand, crosses Wakefield Road to Ityamai-itpina / King Rodney Park (Park 15) and then crosses Bartels Road into Rymill Park / Murlawirrapurka (Park 14) and then returns to the arena again. The cross-country course has been designed by Michael Etherington-Smith, who has designed courses for the Olympics in 2000 and 2008 and other CCI5* events, and more recently, by Australian Wayne Copping. The water jumps in Rymill Park are regarded as some of

3916-402: The authorities of their exclusive ownership of land inherited through the paternal line. Gawler reserved several areas for the Kaurna people, but the settlers protested and these areas were subsequently sold or leased. Within ten years, all of the Kaurna and Ramindjeri lands were occupied by Europeans. Wild fauna disappeared as European garden practices were introduced and grazing animals destroyed

4005-468: The bulbs, lilies and tubers that the Kaurna had tended for food. Elders no longer had authority; their entire way of life had been undermined. The Kaurna may have numbered several thousand before European contact, but were down to about 700 by the time of the formal establishment of the colony in 1836. Initially, contacts began with the arrival of sealers and whalers in the 1790s. Sealers established themselves on Kangaroo Island as early as 1806, and raided

4094-407: The bundle being used as a pillow at night. Burial by bodies of water was common with the use of sandy beaches, sand dunes and banks of rivers. A large number of graves have been found on Glenelg beach and at Port Noarlunga . Similarly, an unusually complex burial at Kongaratti was found. The grave was rectangular and lined with slate , the base was also lined with slate which had been covered with

4183-592: The cemetery to accommodate the repatriated remains of Kaurna people, called Wangayarta , in Evanston South . It was designed by a group that included elders Uncle Jeffrey Newchurch, Aunty Heather Agius, Uncle Major "Moogy" Sumner , and many others, and was supported by the Kaurna Yerta Aboriginal Corporation. The memorial site is in the shape of the Kaurna shield, to protect the ancestors now buried there. In November 2021,

4272-424: The coastline and ran extensively inland. The coastline was essential for seafood hunting and the inland territories provided food, clothing and protection for the people during bad weather. The pangkarra were also grouped into larger areas of land called yerta . As all the members of a band were related, marriage between a man and a woman within the same band was forbidden. Bands were patrilineal and patrilocal :

4361-454: The early settlers. Kaurna culture and language were almost completely destroyed within a few decades of the British colonisation of South Australia in 1836. However, extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both language and culture. The phrase Kaurna meyunna means "Kaurna people". The early settlers of South Australia referred to

4450-486: The engineering works of James Martin & Co manufactured agricultural machinery, mining and ore-processing machinery and smelters for the mines of Broken Hill and the Western Australian goldfields, and steam locomotives and rolling stock. May Brothers & Co. also manufactured mining and agricultural machinery. With prosperity came a modest cultural flowering, ("The colonial Athens" was its nickname in

4539-483: The entire Adelaide metropolitan area. The Ramindjeri people contested the southern portion of the original claim. In March 2018 the determination was made and the Kaurna were officially recognised as the traditional owners of the land from "Myponga to Lower Light". An Indigenous land use agreement for the area was finalised on 19 November 2018. The agreement was among the South Australian government ,

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4628-474: The entire Bible, their recorded vocabulary of over 2,000 words was the largest wordlist registered by that time, and pivotal in the modern revival of the language. Kaurna territory extended from Cape Jervis at the bottom of the Fleurieu Peninsula to Port Wakefield on the eastern shore of Gulf St Vincent , and as far north as Crystal Brook in the Mid North . Tindale claimed clans were found living in

4717-748: The event was renamed the Australian International Three Day Event, and was held at the end of November each year. From 2011 the Australian International became part of the FEI ( Fédération Équestre Internationale ) Classics series of events, for three years sponsored by HSBC . In 2019, the event was upgraded to CCI5* status. In 2022 the event was renamed the Adelaide Equestrian Festival and held in April each year. The AEF

4806-503: The heart of Gawler is triangular rather than square, a form dictated by the topographical features. The parkland along the riverbanks and a Victorian preference for public squares are present, but Light was aware that he was planning a village, not a metropolis. Gawler prospered early with the discovery of copper nearby at Kapunda and Burra , which resulted in Gawler becoming a resting stop to and from Adelaide. Later, it developed industries including flour milling by Hilfers & Co, and

4895-407: The history books has been described as "strategic forgetting" by anthropologist W. E. H. Stanner . The last surviving person of full Kaurna descent, a woman called Ivaritji (Amelia Taylor or Amelia Savage ) died in 1929. Born in Port Adelaide in the late 1840s, her name means "gentle, misty rain" in the Kaurna language. Her father, Ityamai-itpina , known as "Rodney", was one of the leaders of

4984-410: The homeless population in the community. The match is played at Curdnatta Park (Sandy Creek) which is considered one of the most picturesque cricket grounds in all of South Australia. The Bunyip Newspaper (The oldest regional newspaper in South Australia), awards the Bunyip Medal to the player in the game who best displays the spirit of the Hope Cup on and off the field. The Hope Cup Cricket Match won

5073-440: The language. In December 1839, they opened a school at Piltawodli (in the west Park Lands north of the River Torrens ) where the children were taught to read and write in Kaurna. Schurmann and Teichelmann (and later Samuel Klose ) translated the Ten Commandments and a number of German hymns into Kaurna, with Schürmann attempting to 'Christianize' and 'civilize' the people. Although they never achieved their goal of translating

5162-410: The large amount of remains it already has. While many of these ancestral remains may be returned to Country by their families, who many of these people were is unknown. Due to the large number of remains which continues to grow and that many are unknown, a way to return these ancestors to Country, such as a memorial park, needed to be found. In 2021, a new 2 ha (4.9-acre) burial site was built in

5251-410: The late 19th and early 20th centuries ), the high point of which was the holding of a competition to compose an anthem for Australia in 1859, four decades before nationhood. The result was the Song Of Australia , written by Caroline Carleton to music by Carl Linger . This became, in the next century, a candidate in a national referendum to choose a new National Anthem for Australia to replace God Save

5340-405: The mainland for Kaurna women, both for the sexual opportunities and the workforce they could supply in skinning the sealers' prey. Wary of Europeans from their experience with sealers, the Kaurna generally stayed aloof when the first colonists arrived. The timing was important. Summer was a period when the Kaurna traditionally moved from the plains to the foothills, so that the initial settlement of

5429-473: The means to develop the property or make farming a viable option for the Kaurna. Many Kaurna people worked for the settlers and were well thought of, but the work was seasonal and the rewards inadequate, and their tribal obligations were not understood by their employers. Grey started the use of rations to maintain the peace and to persuade the people to send their children to school. According to Moorhouse, "almost whole tribes" had disappeared by 1846, and by

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5518-437: The missions and scattered in the settled districts in the late 19th century, despite the wide belief that the "Adelaide tribe" was extinct by the 1870s. Rations continued to be supplied in Adelaide and from ration depots in the country. Although the office of Protector was restored in 1861, the government did not play an active role in Aboriginal affairs, leaving their welfare to the missionaries. A Select Committee reported that

5607-409: The most challenging in international competition. The final show-jumping phase is held on Sunday in the main arena in Victoria Park / Pakapakanthi (Park 16). As of 2024, the event is used to select the Australian team for the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris . Other five-star events include: Gawler, South Australia Gawler is the oldest country town on the Australian mainland in

5696-533: The neighbouring Ramindjeri tribe asserts a historical territory including the whole southern portion of the Fleurieu Peninsula and Kangaroo Island , extending as far north as Noarlunga or even the River Torrens . This overlaps with a significant portion of the territory claimed by both the Kaurna and the neighbouring Ngarrindjeri to the east. However, linguistic evidence suggests that the Aboriginal people encountered by Colonel Light at Rapid Bay in 1836 were Kaurna speakers. The Berndts' ethnographic study, which

5785-400: The notion of unselfishness as a practice which supports community. A legend recounted variously by Unaipon and Milerum concerns a culture hero called Tjilbruke has topographical features that locate it in Kaurna territory. In Tindale's version Tjilbruke is associated with the glossy ibis ; the name actually refers to the blue crane . The "Tjilbruke Dreaming Tracks" have been mapped from

5874-496: The onset of winter, they would retire to the woodlands, often using hollowed out fallen redgums along creeks, with bark extensions as shelters. Sudden downpours could quench their fires, the maintaining of which was old women's work, with deadly consequences. At times they would have to impose themselves on otherwise despised tribes, such as the Ngaiawang and Nganguruku to trade goods like their cloaks, quartz flints and red ochre in order to obtain firesticks. Among their customs

5963-451: The police and new settlers, also sharing their language, culture and beliefs with the missionaries. An early settler in Marryatville , George Brunskill , reported that the "local Blacks" were harmless, did not steal, and returned borrowed items promptly. Much goodwill was shown on both sides, but as the settler numbers grew, their drunkenness, violence, exploitation and failure to practise the reciprocity expected in Aboriginal culture soured

6052-454: The position was abolished. The Kaurna people had to accept colonial domination more quickly than in other regions, and they mostly chose to co-exist peacefully with the settlers. Most, however, resisted the "civilising" policies of the government and the Christian teachings of the missionaries. Being so small in number by the 1850s, some were absorbed into the neighbouring Narungga or Ngarrindjeri groups, and some married settlers. By 1860

6141-413: The post of Protector of Aborigines set up with this aim. William Wyatt was followed by the first official appointment in the role, Matthew Moorhouse , who held the post from 1839 to 1856. He reported in 1840 that many Kaurna were friendly and helpful, and that by 1840, about 150 spoke at least some English. Many Kaurna men, such as Mullawirraburka ("King John") and Kadlitpinna ("Captain Jack") helped

6230-444: The practice regularly. Very little is known of Kaurna rites and mythology as colonial written records are fragmentary and rare. Physically, the Kaurna practised chest scarification and performed circumcision as an initiatory rite and were the southernmost Indigenous language group to do so. Waterfall Gully has been linked to initiation rites. Historical accounts of Kaurna burial rites are unreliable as any gathering of Kaurna

6319-454: The race was doomed to extinction. Some Aboriginal people (Kaurna and others) moved around and sometimes visited the city, camping in Botanic Park , then called the Police Paddocks. In 1874, 18 men and women were arrested and charged as "vagrants", and after a 14 days' imprisonment were sent back to Goolwa and Milang . Running battles between the police and similar groups continued for decades. History books about Adelaide have largely ignored

6408-545: The relationships. After a few incidents involving the executions of Aboriginal men after the murders of settlers, sometimes on flimsy evidence, and a blind eye turned to violence against Indigenous people, the situation escalated. The Maria massacre of shipwrecked people on the Coorong led to further violent clashes and harsh penalties were imposed to protect the settlers. Missionaries Teichelmann and Schurmann, Protector Moorhouse and Sub-Protector Edward John Eyre questioned

6497-631: The river. Gawler is a commercial centre for the Mid-North districts of South Australia. Gawler regularly hosts stages of the annual cycling race, the Tour Down Under . The annual show , named the Gawler Show, was established in 1856 and is South Australia's largest country show. Show attendances regularly attract an estimated 30,000 people over the weekend. The Gawler Show has won the Gawler Australia Day Award for Community Event of

6586-399: The same moiety was forbidden. Girls became marriageable at puberty , usually around 12 years of age. Conversely, men were only allowed to marry after the age of 25. Sexual relations were relatively free and uninhibited, regardless of marital status. Kaurna ownership of property was communal; the reproductive organs were seen no differently from any other form of property, and thus adultery

6675-466: The site of the Adelaide city centre . Kaurna people also resided in the suburb of Burnside , and an early settler of the village of Beaumont described the local people thus: At every creek and gully you would see their wurlies and their fires at night ... often as many as 500 to 600 would be camped in various places ... some behind the Botanic Gardens on the banks of the river; some toward

6764-522: The state government and some is private land owned by corporations. Justice Debra Mortimer said it would be "the first time in Australia that there [had] been a positive outcome within the area of (native title) determination". In 2009, a group called Encompass Technology wrote to the Governor of South Australia on behalf of the Kaurna people, asserting sovereignty over the Marble Hill ruins in

6853-467: The state of South Australia . It was named after the second Governor (British Vice-Regal representative) of the colony of South Australia, George Gawler . It is about 40–44 km (25–27 mi) north of the state capital, Adelaide , and is close to the major wine producing district of the Barossa Valley . Topographically, Gawler lies at the confluence of two tributaries of the Gawler River ,

6942-618: The team the Cup was presented after the game by 2024 AFL Sir Douglas Nicholls Honoree Sonny Morey . Gawler is just over forty kilometres north of Adelaide city centre along Main North Road . Main North Road was the historic road to the Mid North region of South Australia. North of Gawler, the road is now known as the Horrocks Highway . The Sturt Highway runs northeast from the north side of Gawler, leading to Nuriootpa ,

7031-612: The use of a foreign legal code against the Indigenous peoples, and Moorhouse complained of police hostility towards Aboriginal people, but Governor George Grey stood firm, and martial law was applied even where there had been little previous contact with the settlers. Moorhouse and Grey gave up trying to settle the local Aboriginal people as farmers, and discouraged settlement at Pirltawardli . The 1847 Vagrancy Act restricted their free movement. Teichelmann tried to establish an Aboriginal mission settlement at Happy Valley , about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Adelaide, but he lacked

7120-1141: The various indigenous tribes of the Adelaide Plains and Fleurieu Peninsula as "Rapid Bay tribe", "the Encounter Bay tribe", "the Adelaide tribe", the Kouwandilla tribe, "the Wirra tribe", "the Noarlunga tribe" (the Ngurlonnga band) and the Willunga tribe (the Willangga band). The extended family groups of the Adelaide Plains, who spoke dialects of a common language, were named according to locality, such as Kawanda Meyunna (North men), Wirra Meyunna (Forest People), Pietta Meyunna (Murray River people), Wito Meyunna (Adelaide clan's former name), Tandanya (South Adelaide people), etc. – but they had no common name for themselves. The name Kaurna

7209-569: The vicinity of Snowtown , Blyth , Hoyleton , Hamley Bridge , Clarendon , Gawler and Myponga . The stringy bark forests over the back of the Mount Lofty Ranges have been claimed as a traditional boundary between Kaurna and Peramangk people. Tunkalilla Beach (keinari), 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Cape Jervis, is the traditional boundary with the Ramindjeri . This is the most widely cited alignment of Kaurna territorial boundaries. However, according to Ronald and Catherine Berndt

7298-470: Was conducted in the 1930s, identified six Ngarrindjeri clans occupying the coast from Cape Jervis to a few kilometres south of Adelaide. The Berndts posited that the clans may have expanded along trade routes as the Kaurna were dispossessed by colonists. A main Kaurna presence was in Tarndanyangga ("red kangaroo place") near the River Torrens and the creeks that flowed into it, an area that became

7387-476: Was established as a commercial venture by the South Australia Company through the sale of land to free settlers at £1 per acre (£2/9/5d or £2.47 per hectare). Gawler was established through a 4,000-acre (1,600 ha) "special survey" applied for by Henry Dundas Murray and John Reid and a syndicate of ten other colonists. The town plan was devised by the colonial surveyor William Light , and

7476-591: Was no longer practised. Many hundreds of objects were sent to the Paris exhibition and these were never returned to Australia. The Kaurna collection held by the South Australian Museum contains only 48 items. In September 2002, a Living Kaurna Cultural Centre was opened at Warriparinga in the southern suburbs area of Adelaide. The Kaurna people lived in family groups called bands, who lived in defined territories called pangkarra which were "passed" from father to son upon his initiation. Pangkarra always had access to

7565-455: Was not recorded until 1879, used by Alfred William Howitt in 1904, but not widely used until popularised by Norman B. Tindale in the 1920s. Most likely, it is an exonym introduced from the Ramindjeri or Ngarrindjeri word kornar meaning "men" or "people". Kaurna meyunna , meaning Kaurna people, is often used in greetings and Welcome to Country or Acknowledgement of Country ceremonies. Kaurna'war:a (Kaurna speech) belongs to

7654-461: Was practically ubiquitous. The visitation of men from distant tribes was seen as a good opportunity to enhance the gene pool . The practice of milla mangkondi or wife stealing was also common, for the same reason. Although this custom was hated by some victims, as arranged marriages were the norm, some women saw it as an opportunity to choose their own partners and actively encouraged a preferred suitor; all Kaurna bands are said to have engaged in

7743-430: Was the only town planned by him other than Adelaide. William Jacob used Light's plans and laid out the town. Adelaide became a model of foresight with wide streets and ample parklands. After Light's death, it also became a model for numerous other planned towns in South Australia (many of which were never built). As the only other town planned by Light, Gawler is dissimilar to Adelaide's one square mile (2.6 km²) grid;

7832-465: Was the practice of fire-stick farming (deliberately lit bushfires for hunting purposes) in the Adelaide Hills , which the early European settlers spotted before the Kaurna were displaced. These fires were part of a scrub clearing process to encourage grass growth for emu and kangaroo . This tradition led to conflict with the colonists as the fires tended to cause considerable damage to farmland. In an official report, Major Thomas O'Halloran claimed

7921-409: Was thought to be for a funeral. As soon as a person died the body was wrapped in the clothes they had worn in life. The body was then placed on a wiralli (crossed sticks that form the radii of a circle) and an inquest was held to determine cause of death. The body was then buried. Children under four years were not buried for some months, but were wrapped and carried by their mothers during the day with

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