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99-537: The tribe represents two Northern Paiute bands, the larger Aga'idökadö (Agai Ticutta) (" Cutthroat trout Eaters") and the smaller Pakwidökadö (Pugwi Ticutta) ("Chub carp Eaters"). The reservation is located along the Walker River between Yerington and Walker Lake (in Northern Paiute: Hagi ). At the current lake level, the reservation has only a small frontage on Walker Lake. The bulk of

198-534: A higher propensity towards aggressive behavior . Overall, natural salmon populations are put at risk when hatchery-reared salmon populations are introduced due to competition for resources, predation by larger individuals, and negative social interactions that upset the natural order observed in wild salmon populations. As a result, wild salmon populations are steadily dropping as the pressure to continue breeding salmon in hatcheries increases. Conservation efforts that work to place limitations on hatcheries to increase

297-500: A large development of campgrounds, cabins, stores and service facilities were built just east of the bridge to support anglers. This area is now known as the Fishing Bridge Historic District. The 1937 bridge boasted pedestrian walkways on either side of the roadway to give more room to anglers. Angling in the river, at Fishing Bridge and in the lake, boomed during the 1950s and 1960s and over harvest caused

396-514: A major role in the restoration of the greenback ( O. v. stomias ) and Westslope cutthroat trout ( O. lewisi ) . The historic native range of cutthroat trout has been reduced by overfishing , urbanization and habitat loss due to mining, livestock grazing and logging. Population densities have been reduced and in some cases populations have disappeared though competition with non-native brook , brown, lake and rainbow trout, kokanee salmon , lake whitefish and mysis shrimp which were introduced in

495-571: A number of now-obsolete taxa have been described. In 1989, morphological and genetic studies by Gerald Smith and Ralph Stearley indicated that trouts of the Pacific basin were genetically closer to Pacific salmon ( Onchorhynchus species) than to the Salmos – brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) or Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) of the Atlantic basin . Thus, in 1989, taxonomic authorities moved

594-547: A significant decline in the fishery. Consequently, in 1973, fishing was no longer permitted from Fishing Bridge. The Pyramid Lake strain of the Lahontan cutthroat trout, source of the 41-pound (19 kg) world record and native to Pyramid Lake, Lake Tahoe and the Truckee River, was brought to near-extinction in the two decades between the 1920s-40s from overharvest, introduced species and loss of spawning habitat. In

693-434: A species based on geography. To facilitate further discussion without needing to resolve that detail, the panel used the term "uniquely identifiable evolutionary unit" (UIEU) to describe various evolutionary subunits within a species. In short, UIEUs are recognizable population groups that show independence in an evolutionary sense, but do not meet all the criteria to be considered full species. The evolutionary history of

792-695: A surviving population of a pure Pyramid Lake strain in a small headwaters stream on the Nevada-Utah border that had at some point around 1900 been introduced into the stream. In 1995, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service began rearing these fish in the Lahontan National Fish Hatchery in Gardnerville, Nevada . In 2006, the Pyramid Lake strain of Lahontan cutthroat trout were reintroduced into the lake. As Pyramid Lake has

891-510: A very shallow shoreline, anglers use ladders to stand comfortably in 3 to 4 feet (0.9 to 1.2 m) of water and cast to trout cruising along shoreline breaks. Considered a "world-class" fishery, anglers routinely catch cutthroat trout exceeding 10 lb (4.5 kg). The cutthroat trout is the state fish of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, while particular subspecies of cutthroat are the state fish of Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah. Oncorhynchus § Species Oncorhynchus

990-614: A wide variety of causes—overfishing, habitat loss and degradation, artificial propagation, stocking, and hybridization with or competition with introduced, non-native species. For example, the yellowfin cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki macdonaldi ) is extinct as a result of the introduction of non-native rainbow trout into its native waters. Pacific salmon are facing a widespread decline in body size. The mean body mass of sockeye salmon ( O. nerka ) decreased by 10% between 2000 and 2010. The mean body length of Oncorhynchus species decreased by 2–8% between 1990 and 2010. Salmon body size

1089-502: Is a genus of ray-finned fish in the subfamily Salmoninae of the family Salmonidae , native to coldwater tributaries of the North Pacific basin. The genus contains twelve extant species , namely six species of Pacific salmon and six species of Pacific trout , all of which are migratory (either anadromous or potamodromous ) mid- level predatory fish that display natal homing and semelparity . The name of

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1188-638: Is a nonprofit organization that works on promoting conservation efforts for salmon worldwide and in the United States; it has helped secure protected watershed areas for Russian and west coast salmon. Other efforts of the Wild Salmon Center include combating illegal fishing , maintaining sustainable fisheries, and creating local watersheds as new habitats. Poaching is a threat to Oncorhynchus salmon and steelhead populations in Russia . It

1287-644: Is buried in Schurz. Weber Reservoir, an impoundment of the Walker River, is located upstream of Schurz and provides irrigation water for farms on the reservation. Given the environmental conditions, most of the reservation is used for cattle range . The Walker River Paiute joined with the Pyramid Lake Paiute tribe (two Northern Paiute bands: Kuyuidökadö (Cui Yui Ticutta) : " Cui-ui -Fish-Eaters", and Tasiget tuviwarai : "Those who live amidst

1386-490: Is decreasing due to a variety of evolutionary forces, including dams, fishing practices, climate change, and increased competition in the ocean. This trend in salmon size is expected to decrease nutrient cycling and salmon reproductive success while hurting the success of commercial fisheries and rural communities who rely on salmon for survival. Declines in the abundance of wild salmon due to over fishing placed greater pressure on hatcheries to increase production and restore

1485-450: Is estimated that illegal catching of salmon is 1.5 times more than the reported catch. The Wild Salmon Center is working with Russian authorities to try to help improve traceability systems so that markets can distinguish between legal sustainable salmon and the illegal salmon. The Wild Salmon Center has secured some of its protected locations for the salmon populations. In efforts with the WWF ,

1584-408: Is evidence of eight known regional groups of survival. It is also seen that the emigration of smolts (young salmon) from freshwater to other areas such as marine areas have shown significant consequences on the survival of different salmon groups. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game first received MSC, Marine Stewardship Council, Certification in sustainable seafood back in 2000. Each certification

1683-616: Is good for a period of five years, with yearly check ups to ensure that the fishery remains sustainable. It was renewed again in 2007, but in 2012 The ADFG left the program. The Annette Island Reserve salmon fishery is under the control of the Metlakatla Indian community and as such was not included in the previous assessments of the Alaskan fisheries. It received its sustainability certification in June 2011. The Wild Salmon Center

1782-456: Is not yet completely developed for the Pacific salmonids. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) research has been completed on a variety of Pacific trout and salmonid species, but the results do not necessarily agree with fossil research, or molecular research. Chum , pink and sockeye salmon lineages are generally agreed to have diverged in the sequence after other species. Montgomery (2000) discusses

1881-671: Is now known as an ecotype of the Yellowstone cutthroat) annually to support fisheries in Idaho and Wyoming. The Leadville National Fish Hatchery produces 125,000–200,000 Snake River fine-spotted, greenback cutthroat and rainbow trout annually to support fishing in the Fryingpan and Arkansas River drainages and other Colorado waters. The Bozeman Fish Technology Center , formerly a cutthroat trout fish hatchery in Bozeman, Montana , plays

1980-443: Is that hatchery-produced salmon tend to out-compete wild salmon for space, food, and other resources. Some salmon species in hatcheries exhibit predatory behavior toward wild salmon because they grow to be much larger. Regardless of whether predation is observed, natural social interactions are disturbed by the release of large numbers of hatchery-reared salmon where wild populations are low because salmon in hatcheries naturally have

2079-430: Is that of the kokanee salmon (landlocked sockeye salmon ). Kokanee sockeye evolve differently from anadromous sockeye—they reach the level of "biological species". Biological species—as opposed to morphological species—are defined by the capacity to maintain themselves in sympatry as independent genetic entities. This definition can be vexing because it apparently applies only to sympatry, and this limitation makes

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2178-571: Is the Lahontan cutthroat trout ( O. h. henshawi ) . These fish average 8 to 9 in (20 to 23 cm) in small streams and 8 to 22 in (20 to 56 cm) in larger rivers and lakes. In ideal environments, the Lahontan cutthroat trout attains typical weights of 0.25 to 8 lb (0.11 to 3.63 kg). The world record cutthroat trout is a Lahontan at 39 in (99 cm) and 41 lb (19 kg). Cutthroat trout usually inhabit and spawn in small to moderately large, clear, well-oxygenated, shallow rivers with gravel bottoms. They are native to

2277-448: Is typical of healthy cutthroat trout habitat and beaver ponds may provide refuge during periods of drought and over winter. Most populations stay in fresh water throughout their lives and are known as nonmigratory, stream-resident or riverine populations. The coastal cutthroat trout ( O. clarkii ) is the only cutthroat trout subspecies to coevolve through its entire range with the coastal rainbow trout ( O. m. irideus ). Portions of

2376-596: The Salmo s– brown trout ( S. trutta ) or Atlantic salmon ( S. salar ) of the Atlantic Basin . Thus, in 1989, taxonomic authorities moved the rainbow, cutthroat and other Pacific Basin trout into the genus Oncorhynchus . This single species ( O. clarkii) classification is now changed. Genetic, taxonomic, and geologic studies have determined that cutthroat trout should be divided into four distinct species, with each having multiple subspecies corresponding to

2475-606: The American Fisheries Society (AFS) in 2015, the Western Division of AFS (WDAFS) hosted an expert-panel workshop to evaluate the validity of the currently recognized subspecies, using evidence both for and against. The panel found the Behnke classification scientifically indefensible, and proposed an updated phylogeny and classification that aligns with the corpus of evidence. One specific detail

2574-745: The Bering Sea coasts southwards to as far as Taiwan in the west and Mexico in the east, although most of them are distributed in high- latitude cold waters from the Russian Far East to the Pacific Northwest . In North America , some subspecies of cutthroat trout ( O. clarkii ) have become landlocked populations native to endorheic waters in the Rocky Mountains and the Great Basin , while others have crossed

2673-568: The Cascade Range , the Great Basin and throughout the Rocky Mountains including southern Alberta . Some coastal populations of the coastal cutthroat trout ( O. c. clarkii ) are semi-anadromous, spending a few months in marine environments to feed as adults and returning to fresh water from fall through early spring to feed on insects and spawn. Cutthroat trout have the second-largest historic native range of North American trout;

2772-633: The Clarkia Lake beds , appear to be of Oncorhynchus . The presence of these species so far inland established Oncorhynchus was not only present in the Pacific drainages before the beginning of the Pliocene (5–6 Mya), but also that rainbow and cutthroat trout , and Pacific salmon lineages had diverged before the beginning of the Pliocene. Consequently, the split between Oncorhynchus and Salmo (Atlantic salmon) must have occurred well before

2871-734: The Continental Divide in the upper Missouri River basin, upper Arkansas and Platte River basins and upper Yellowstone River basin, each which drain into the Atlantic basin via the Mississippi River (in 2005, researchers published a report stating that a natural distribution of ( O. mykiss ) , the Conchos trout, is also located in an Atlantic basin drainage ). Scientists believe that the climatic and geologic conditions 3–5 million years ago allowed cutthroat trout from

2970-941: The Continental Divide to inhabit the Rio Grande and western tributaries of the Mississippi River , both of which drain into the Gulf of Mexico instead of the Pacific Ocean. Several species of Oncorhynchus , such as the rainbow trout ( O. mykiss ) and Chinook salmon ( O. tshawytscha ), have been widely introduced into non-native waters around the globe, establishing self-sustaining wild populations. The six Pacific salmons of Oncorhynchus are anadromous (migratory) and semelparous (die after spawning ). Migration can be affected by parasites . Infected individuals can become weak and probably have shortened lifespans. Infection with parasites creates an effect known as culling whereby fish that are infected are less likely to complete

3069-548: The Gila trout and O. apache , the Apache trout in regions where their ranges overlap. Cutthroat trout are native to western North America and have evolved through geographic isolation into at least 25 genetically-recognizable lineages, each native to a different major drainage basin . Native cutthroat trout species are found along the Pacific Northwest coast from Alaska through British Columbia into northern California , in

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3168-638: The Great Lakes and Chinook in New Zealand (known there as quinnat, king or spring salmon). Aquaculture of Chinook and Coho salmon and Rainbow Trout are major industries in Chile and Australia . Chinook from Chile were released into Argentinean rivers and there were stockings of Coho and Sockeye Salmon and Rainbow Trout in Patagonia . Some of the species in this genus are highly variable and

3267-655: The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , the presence of lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) in Yellowstone Lake in Yellowstone National Park has caused a serious decline in Yellowstone cutthroat trout ( O. v. bouvierii ) . Outbreaks of whirling disease in major spawning tributaries within the native ranges have also caused declines. Most subspecies of cutthroat trout are highly susceptible to whirling disease, although

3366-707: The Marine Stewardship Council , or MSC, as sustainable fisheries in July 2010 and the certification is good for a period of five years. In 2011 MSC also certified the Pink Salmon Fishery and as of 2012 The Chum Salmon Fisheries started their review under the MSC to become certified as a sustainable fishery . The US government has been working to develop a nationwide policy for the salmon populations. The Pacific Salmon Stronghold Conservation Act

3465-767: The Ozernaya River Sockeye Salmon, certified in September 2012. The Aniva Bay Pink Salmon and the Sakhalin Island Pink salmon are both under review by the MSC. Several species of Oncorhynchus have been successfully introduced into non-native waters, establishing self-sustaining wild populations. The Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss is the most widely introduced species of the genus. Rainbow Trout, Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch have established wild, self-sustaining populations in

3564-472: The Pyramid Lake Paiute , the Walker River Paiute joined in a successful civil rights suit in federal court against the state government to gain polling places on their homelands in 2016. They have had a discriminatory burden in the past by having to travel excessive distances to vote in elections. Walker River voters were enthusiastic after the victory, with early voting in the first two days on

3663-691: The Snake River to migrate over the divide into the Yellowstone plateau via Two Ocean Pass . There is also evidence that Yellowstone Lake once drained south into the Snake River drainage. Evidence suggests that the westslope cutthroat trout was able to establish populations east of the divide via Summit Lake at Marias Pass which at one time connected the Flathead River drainage with the upper Missouri River drainage. Scientists speculate that there are several mountain passes associated with

3762-442: The U.S. Bureau of Fisheries . These hatcheries not only produced stocks of the Yellowstone cutthroat trout ( O. v. bouvierii ) for the park, but also took advantage of the great spawning stock of cutthroat trout to supply eggs to hatcheries around the U.S. Between the years 1901 and 1953 a total of 818 million trout eggs were exported from the park to hatcheries throughout the U.S. The Lahontan National Fish Hatchery operated by

3861-552: The alluvial or freestone streams that are typical tributaries of the rivers of the Pacific Basin, Great Basin and Rocky Mountains. Cutthroat trout spawn in the spring and may inadvertently but naturally hybridize with rainbow trout, producing fertile cutbows . Some populations of the coastal cutthroat trout ( O. c. clarkii ) are semi-anadromous . Several subspecies of cutthroat trout are currently listed as threatened in their native ranges due to habitat loss and

3960-795: The family Salmonidae native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean , Rocky Mountains , and Great Basin in North America. These four species are the Coastal ( O. clarkii ), Westslope ( O. lewisi ), Lahontan ( O. henshawi ), and the Rocky Mountain ( O. virginalis ). As a member of the genus Oncorhynchus , it is in the Pacific trout group, which includes the widely distributed rainbow trout . Cutthroat trout are popular gamefish , especially among anglers who enjoy fly fishing . The common name "cutthroat" refers to

4059-439: The introduction of non-native species. Two subspecies, O. henshawi alvordensis and O. virginalis macdonaldi , are considered extinct . Cutthroat trout are raised in hatcheries to restore populations in their native range, as well as stock non-native lake environments to support angling. The cutthroat trout type species and several subspecies are the official state fish of seven western U.S. states. Cutthroat trout were

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4158-404: The lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) having the largest. Ranges of some subspecies, particularly the westslope cutthroat trout ( O. l. lewisi ) , have been reduced to less than 10 percent of their historic range due to habitat loss and introduction of non-native species. Although members of Oncorhynchus , the Pacific trout/salmon species, multiple lineages evolved populations east of

4257-403: The westslope cutthroat trout ( O. l. lewisi ) . As one of Lewis and Clark's many missions was to describe the flora and fauna encountered during their expedition, cutthroat trout were given the name Salmo clarkii in honor of William Clark. In 1836, the type specimen of S. clarkii was described by naturalist John Richardson from a tributary of the lower Columbia River , identified as

4356-494: The "Katpootl", which was perhaps the Lewis River , as there was a Multnomah village of similar name at the confluence . This type specimen was most likely the coastal cutthroat trout subspecies O. c. clarkii . Until the 1960s, populations of westslope cutthroat trout and Yellowstone cutthroat trout were lumped into one subspecies; Salmo clarkii lewisii . Biologists later split the group into two subspecies, christening

4455-719: The 1890s and sporadically in the early 20th century, but never established wild populations. A population of Yellowstone cutthroat trout purportedly has been established in Lake Huron . Cutthroat are routinely introduced by the Arizona Game and Fish Department into high mountain lakes in the White Mountains in the northeastern region of that state. Cutthroat trout require cold, clear, well-oxygenated, shallow rivers with gravel bottoms or cold, moderately deep lakes. Healthy stream-side vegetation that reduces siltation

4554-501: The 1890s, the Yellowstone cutthroat trout fishery in the Yellowstone River and Yellowstone Lake were well known and being promoted in national guidebooks. Fishing Grounds.—In the river at the lake outlet are the fishing grounds, about a mile from the hotel, while at many places between the lake and canyon excellent fishing is had from shore. The best results in the outlet are had from row boats; they can be rented from

4653-421: The 1970s there has been a nearly threefold increase in catch of Pacific salmon. As this catch has increased, a selection of reduced body size has been observed. In Japanese chum salmon , for example, between 1970 and 1988 there has been a continuous decrease in body weight averaging between 11 and 32 percent. In part, this decline in body weight has been related to the size selective effect of fishing gear used in

4752-506: The 1970s, Pyramid Lake was stocked with Lahontan cutthroat trout strains still surviving in some nearby lakes, but they were not the large Pyramid Lake strain. Although the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe had been successful in re-establishing a cutthroat trout fishery on the reservation in Pyramid Lake, the cutthroat trout were not the large fish of the late 19th and early 20th century. In the late 1970, biologists discovered

4851-552: The Colorado River system was invaded from the Yellowstone and not the upper Arkansas River. More recently, an alternative theory demonstrates that cutthroat trout originated in the Bonneville Basin and then radiated outwards approximately 4 million years ago. This theory was based on their interpretation of the fossil record and DNA analysis. New evidence, particularly DNA analysis, is providing new insights into

4950-624: The Pacific trouts, particularly those of Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout and Oncorhynchus clarki cutthroat trout have declined in their native ranges. Many local populations or distinct population segments of anadromous forms of steelhead have declined in their native ranges. The resulting declines have resulted in a number of populations of Oncorhynchus species or subspecies being listed as either endangered , threatened or as "Species of Special Concern" by state, federal or international authorities. Two Oncorhynchus clarki subspecies are considered extinct . Declines are attributed to

5049-466: The Pliocene. Suggested dates have gone back as far as the Early Miocene (about 20 Mya). One fossil species assigned to this genus, O. rastrosus , the spike-toothed salmon ( synonym Smilodonichthys ), is a 2.4 to 2.7 metres (7.9 to 8.9 ft) long species known from Late Miocene to Pliocene fossils . Speciation among Oncorhynchus has been examined for decades, and a family "tree"

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5148-463: The Secretary of State for Nevada to improve conditions at local county polling places for urban Indians, who testified in the suit to being made uncomfortable at most offices. 38°59′49″N 118°42′40″W  /  38.99694°N 118.71111°W  / 38.99694; -118.71111 Cutthroat trout The cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus sp. ) is a group of four fish species of

5247-533: The Snake River drainage from U.S. government stocking operations in 1890, they were never officially introduced into the Yellowstone River drainage and their presence there is probably the result of accidental or illegal introductions. By 2000, the cutthroat trout population had declined to less than 10 percent of its early 20th century abundance. However, aggressive lake trout eradication programs have killed over 1 million lake trout since 1996, and

5346-420: The Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout appears to be resistant to the parasite. The most serious impact on the genetic purity of most cutthroat trout subspecies results from interspecific and intraspecific breeding resulting in hybrids that carry the genes of both parents. In inland populations, the introduction of rainbow trout from hatchery stocks have resulted in cutbow hybrids that continue to diminish

5445-607: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service exists to restore populations of the Lahontan cutthroat trout ( O. h. henshawi ) in Pyramid , Walker , Fallen Leaf , June , Marlette, and Gull Lakes and the Truckee River in California and Nevada. The hatchery produces about 300,000–400,000 Lahontan cutthroat trout fry annually. The Jackson National Fish Hatchery produces around 400,000 Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout (which

5544-909: The Westslope cutthroat trout's ( O. lewisi ) range overlap with the Columbia River redband trout ( O. m. gairdneri ) , but the majority of its native range is in headwater tributary streams above major waterfalls and other barriers to upstream migration. At least three subspecies are confined to isolated basins in the Great Basin and can tolerate saline or alkaline water. Cutthroat trout are opportunistic feeders . Stream-resident cutthroat trout primarily feed on larval , pupal and adult forms of aquatic insects (typically caddisflies , stoneflies , mayflies and aquatic dipterans ), and adult forms of terrestrial insects (typically ants , beetles , grasshoppers and crickets ) that fall into

5643-504: The Wild Salmon Center was also able to have a Sockeye Salmon fishery certified as completely sustainable in 2012. The Iturup Island Pink and Chum Salmon Fishery was first certified in 2009 and was the first Russian salmon fishery to receive certification in sustainability by MSC. Other fisheries that were certified by MSC include the Northeast Sakhalin Island Pink Salmon, certified in June 2012, and

5742-404: The alluvial or freestone streams typical of tributaries of the Pacific Basin, Great Basin and Rocky Mountains. They spawn in the spring, as early as February in coastal rivers and as late as July in high mountain lakes and streams. Spawning begins when water temperatures reach 43 to 46 °F (6 to 8 °C). Cutthroat trout construct a redd in the stream gravel to lay eggs. The female selects

5841-428: The back. Cutthroat trout can generally be distinguished from rainbow trout by the presence of basibranchial teeth at the base of tongue and a maxillary that extends beyond the posterior edge of the eye. Depending on subspecies, strain and habitat, most have distinctive red, pink, or orange linear marks along the underside of their mandibles in the lower folds of the gill plates. These markings are responsible for

5940-431: The closely related rainbow trout, producing fertile hybrids commonly called " cutbows ". This hybrid generally bears similar coloration and overall appearance to the cutthroat trout, usually retaining the characteristic orange-red slash. Cutbow hybrids often pose a taxonomic difficulty when trying to distinguish any given specimen as a rainbow or cutthroat trout. In addition, cutthroat trout may hybridize with O. gilae ,

6039-1056: The common name "cutthroat", first given to the trout by outdoor writer Charles Hallock in an 1884 article in The American Angler . These markings are not unique to the species. Some coastal rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus ) and Columbia River redband trout ( O. m. gairdneri ) populations also display reddish or pink throat markings. At maturity, different populations and subspecies of cutthroat trout can range from 6 to 40 inches (15 to 102 cm) in length, depending on habitat and food availability. Sea-run forms of coastal cutthroat trout average 2 to 5 pounds (0.9 to 2.3 kg). The length and weights of mature inland forms vary widely depending on their particular environment and availability of food. Stream-resident fish are much smaller, 0.4 to 3.2 ounces (11 to 91 g), while lacustrine populations have attained weights ranging from 12 to 17 lb (5.4 to 7.7 kg) in ideal conditions. The largest cutthroat trout subspecies

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6138-413: The cutthroat trout is complex and not fully agreed upon by all scientists. What is known is that cutthroat trout were present in the then-forming Lahontan basin 10 million years ago. This, coupled with new information about drainage patterns in western rivers, suggests that the interior radiation and colonization pathways of the cutthroat trout may be different than what was previously thought. Previously,

6237-610: The definition difficult to apply. Examples in Washington State , Canada , and elsewhere have two populations living in the same lake, but spawning in different substrates at different times, and eating different food sources. There is no pressure to compete or interbreed (two responses when resources are short). These types of kokanee salmon show the principal attributes of a biological species: they are reproductively isolated and show strong resources partitioning. A general decline in overall Pacific salmon populations began in

6336-450: The distinctive red coloration on the underside of the lower jaw . The specific name clarkii was given to honor explorer William Clark , coleader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Cutthroat trout usually inhabit and spawn in small to moderately large, clear, well- oxygenated , shallow rivers with gravel bottoms. They reproduce in clear, cold, moderately deep lakes. They are native to

6435-530: The early 20th century. Managers implemented catch and release , which required anglers to return their catches to the lake, and they terminated hatchery operations in the park, which allowed the cutthroat trout to recover. Then, in 1994, park officials discovered lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) in Yellowstone Lake. Although lake trout were established in Shoshone , Lewis and Heart Lakes in

6534-454: The evolutionary lineages found within major river basins, except for the Coastal cutthroat trout. Behnke in his salmon and trout handbook of 2002 recognized 14 subspecies of cutthroat trout that are each native to a separate geographic area. Not all of them were scientifically described, and different views on the taxonomic identities have been presented. During the annual meeting of

6633-429: The extinction of the yellowfin cutthroat trout ( O. v. macdonaldi ) and Alvord cutthroat trout ( O. h. alvordensis ) subspecies to the introduction of non-native rainbow trout. The population at the core of the Yellowstone cutthroat trout's native range, in Yellowstone Lake, declined significantly in the 1960s due to overharvest of mature cutthroat trout by anglers, as well as overharvesting of eggs by hatcheries in

6732-596: The first New World trout encountered by Europeans when in 1541, Spanish explorer Francisco de Coronado recorded seeing trout in the Pecos River near Santa Fe, New Mexico . These were most likely Rio Grande cutthroat trout ( O. v. virginalis ) . The species was first described in the journals of explorer William Clark from specimens obtained during the Lewis and Clark Expedition from the Missouri River near Great Falls, Montana , and these were most likely

6831-415: The first evolutionary theory, based on the work of David Starr Jordan and later Robert J. Behnke, proposed that an ancestral cutthroat trout from Asia entered North America and dispersed inland through the Columbia River basin. The formation of Shoshone Falls on the Snake River then isolated groups of trout, leading to the variety of subspecies seen today. Behnke later modified this theory, suggesting that

6930-403: The fly angler. From Alaska to Northern California, coastal cutthroat trout in sea-run, resident stream and lacustrine forms are sought by anglers. Puget Sound in Washington is a stronghold of sea-run cutthroat trout fishing with its many tributaries and protected saltwater inlets and beaches. Fly anglers search for sea-run cutthroat trout along beaches, river mouths and estuaries year round. In

7029-534: The genetic purity of many cutthroat trout subspecies. The introduction of hatchery-raised Yellowstone cutthroat trout into native ranges of other cutthroat trout subspecies, particularly the westslope cutthroat trout, has resulted in intraspecific breeding and diminished genetic purity of the westslope subspecies. As such, populations of genetically pure westslope cutthroat trout are very rare and localized in streams above barriers to upstream migrations by introduced species. Fisheries biologist Robert J. Behnke attributes

7128-594: The genus is derived from the Greek ὄγκος ( ónkos , 'lump, bend') + ῥύγχος ( rhúnkhos , ' snout '), in reference to the hooked secondary sexual characteristic — known as the kype — that the males develop on the lower jaw tip during mating season. Salmon and trout within Onchorhynchus are native to the tributaries of the North Pacific Ocean , with their native ranges extend from

7227-523: The harvesting of salmon populations. Salmon of larger body weight are more apt to be caught during fishing efforts, causing lower body weight to be a beneficial character trait for survival. Thus, Pacific salmon have become continuously smaller in body size. However, studies have also shown that for Pacific salmon, a larger mean size at the time of reproduction increases the survival of offspring . The life history of salmon favors delayed reproduction because fecundity increased with body size. Consequently,

7326-747: The headwaters of the Colorado River drainage and Arkansas/Platte River drainages that would have allowed migration of cutthroat trout east of the divide. Cutthroat trout have been introduced into non-native waters outside their historic native range, but not to the extent of the rainbow trout ( O. mykiss ) . Within the native range of the Yellowstone cutthroat trout, U.S. Fisheries Bureau and National Park Service authorities introduced Yellowstone cutthroat trout into many fishless lakes in Yellowstone National Park . Cutthroat trout were introduced into Lake Michigan tributaries in

7425-570: The hope is that this will lead to a restoration of cutthroat numbers. Cutthroat trout co-exist with lake trout in Heart Lake , an isolated back-country lake at the head of the Heart River that gets little angling pressure. Cutthroat trout are prized as a gamefish, particularly by fly anglers. They are regulated as a gamefish in every state and province they occur in. From the Yellowstone cutthroat trout fishery in Yellowstone National Park,

7524-741: The importance of biological diversity when it comes to the conservation of the salmon population. This means that multiple species of salmon would be looked at when it comes to conservation as well as multiple areas that each species live in. COSEWIC , a Canadian organization for the conservation of species, has named the Interior Fraser River Coho, the Cultus Lake Sockeye, and the Sakinaw Lake Sockeye to all be endangered. In British Columbia sockeye salmon in four different watersheds were certified by

7623-540: The late 19th and early 20th centuries. Scientists believe the westslope cutthroat trout will eventually be extirpated from the large lakes in Western Montana due to the trophic cascades resulting from lake trout and mysis shrimp introductions. The most serious current threats to several subspecies are interspecific breeding with introduced rainbow trout, creating hybrid cutbows, and intraspecific breeding with other introduced cutthroat trout subspecies. In

7722-636: The lower reaches of larger rivers, anglers in drift boats float the rivers searching for trout along the wooded shorelines. In addition to a cutthroat trout sport fishery managed by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, the Federal Subsistence Management Program manages coastal cutthroat trout subsistence fisheries in Southeast Alaska. Yellowstone National Park was established in 1872. By

7821-603: The mid-19th century. As the result of western expansion and development in the U.S., experts estimate salmon populations in the Columbia River basin had been reduced to less than 20% of their pre-1850 levels by 1933. In 2008, Lackey estimated that Pacific salmon stocks in the Pacific Northwest were less than 10% of their pre-1850 numbers. Many of the remaining salmon runs are dominated by hatchery -raised salmon, not wild salmon. Many isolated subspecies of

7920-453: The migration. Anadromous forms of Oncorhynchus mykiss known as steelhead are iteroparous . The coastal cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii ) is considered semi-anadromous, as it spends some time in the ocean, usually much closer to its native stream than its fully anadromous relatives. Several Late Miocene (about 7 million years ago ( Mya )) trout-like fossils in Idaho , in

8019-743: The mountains") in a 2016 civil rights suit in federal court against the state to secure polling places on their reservations. Otherwise members had to travel excessive miles to reach a polling place. Early voting for the 2016 elections at Walker River reservation started October 22, and during the first two days, turnout nearly equaled the total of all voters in the 2012 presidential election. Native Americans in Nevada have become more politically active in presidential and other elections, as have those in other states. As part of that, they have been seeking more equitable access to polling places and treatment by county and state officials. Led by chairman Vinton Hawley of

8118-571: The name westslope cutthroat trout with the lewisii name which honors explorer Meriwether Lewis and renaming the Yellowstone cutthroat trout Salmo bouvierii , the first name given to the Yellowstone cutthroat trout by David Starr Jordan in 1883 honoring a U.S. Army Captain Bouvier. In 1989, morphological and genetic studies indicated trout of the Pacific Basin were genetically closer to Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus species) than to

8217-529: The origins and relationships of the different lineages. However, there is still much to be learned about this complex history. What is known is that repeated glacial and interglacial periods that would have caused repeated fracturing and isolation of cutthroat trout populations, eventually resulting in the different cutthroats found today. Throughout their native and introduced ranges, cutthroat trout vary widely in size, coloration and habitat selection. Their coloration can range from golden to gray to green on

8316-450: The panelists were unable to resolve was how to discuss specific subsets of the population. One side favored subspecies as a valuable taxonomic rank , because they represent important information about their evolutionary and ecological history that should be recognized to preserve biodiversity. The other side disagreed, arguing that subspecies do not necessarily align with actual evolutionary units, and are simply designations of lineages within

8415-566: The pattern of the fossil record as compared to tectonic shifts in the plates of the Pacific Northwest of America. The (potential) divergence in Oncorhynchus lineages appear to follow the uprising of the Pacific Rim . The climatic and habitat changes that would follow such a geologic event are discussed, in the context of potential stressors leading to adaptation and speciation. One interesting case involving speciation with salmon

8514-415: The range of the bull trout ( Salvelinus confluentus ) the cutthroat trout is a forage fish for the piscivorous bull trout. Various subspecies of cutthroat trout are raised in commercial, state and federal hatcheries for introduction into suitable native and non-native riverine and lacustrine environments. In the early 20th century, several hatcheries were established in Yellowstone National Park by

8613-585: The reservation (72.68%) is in Mineral County ; with portions in Lyon County (14.37%) and Churchill County (12.95%). The reservation's land area is 529.970 square miles (1,372.616 km). In the 2000 census , it had a resident population of 853 persons, and 746 persons in 2010. Schurz is the only town on the reservation. Wovoka , creator of the Ghost Dance important in the 19th century,

8712-558: The reservation equal to the total votes cast by members of the tribe in the 2012 presidential election. Hawley is chairman of the Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada. Many of their members have similar difficulties with access to polling places. On behalf of the council, Hawley has "urged Secretary of State Barbara Cegavske to direct counties to open [homeland] polling places for nine more tribes, including some where ballot boxes are 200-plus miles away, round trip." He also urged

8811-487: The rise; however, the consequences from the overfishing in the 70s and 80s are still being reflected, with the average body size of salmon being smaller than before the event of overfishing. There has been evidence that the sockeye salmon are affected by thermal conditions and their responses to temperature are relatively strong and tend to vary from region to region. Canada has also used the Species at Risk Act to recognize

8910-493: The salmon myhiss [sic] variety—a catch of 100, three or four hours before sundown, is not unfrequent. In 1902, anticipating the completion of the east entrance road from Cody, Wyoming, Captain Hiram M. Chittenden supervised the construction of the first "Fishing Bridge" across the outlet of Yellowstone Lake. Fishing Bridge was rebuilt in 1919, and reconstructed in 1937, primarily to accommodate vehicle traffic. Between 1916 and 1931,

9009-777: The site for and excavates the redd. Females, depending on size, lay between 200 and 4,400 eggs. Eggs are fertilized with milt (sperm) by an attending male. Eggs hatch into alevins or sac fry in about a month and spend two weeks in the gravel while they absorb their yolk sack before emerging. After emergence, fry begin feeding on zooplankton . Juvenile cutthroat trout typically mature in three to five years. Lake-resident cutthroat trout are usually found in moderately deep, cool lakes with adequate shallows and vegetation for good food production. Lake populations generally require access to gravel-bottomed streams to be self-sustaining, but occasionally spawn on shallow gravel beds with good water circulation. Cutthroat trout naturally interbreed with

9108-454: The size selective nature of fishing favoring larger fish, a reduction in average size of the adult salmon has been observed over time. The smaller salmon make a greater proportion of the remaining individuals continuing the population, and problems arise when these hatchery-reared fish are introduced into the wild populations. Unlike wild salmon, larger salmon are selected for in hatcheries and are typically much larger than wild salmon. The result

9207-410: The smaller body size of salmon results in a negative impact on population growth by decreasing the survivability of progeny, and thus decreasing the growth rate of populations. This reduction of productivity in Pacific salmon is, in part, seeded in overfishing and has caused a reduction in population sizes throughout Pacific salmon species. Today, it seems that population numbers of Pacific salmon are on

9306-460: The steamboat company who have a supply, as well as competent and experienced oarsmen. Not more than two can successfully fish from one boat. When the grounds are reached, have the oarsman occupy the "stern," as from this position he can manipulate the landing net to a better advantage, the anchor is attached to the "bow." During the trout season (July to September), no better fishing can be found. They average about one and one-half pounds each and are of

9405-529: The unique Lahontan cutthroat trout fishery in Pyramid Lake in Nevada, and the small stream fisheries of the westslope cutthroat trout to saltwater angling for sea-run cutthroat trout on the Pacific coast, cutthroat trout are a popular quarry for trout anglers throughout their ranges. The all-tackle world record is 41 lb (19 kg) caught in Pyramid Lake in December 1925. Their propensity to feed on aquatic and terrestrial insects make them an ideal quarry for

9504-528: The water, fish eggs, small fish, along with crayfish, shrimp and other crustaceans. As they grow the proportion of fish consumed increases in most populations. In saltwater estuaries and along beaches, Coastal cutthroat trout feed on small fish such as sculpins , sand lance , salmon fry and herring . They also consume shrimp , small squid and krill . In fresh water, they consume the same diet as stream resident trout—aquatic insects and crustaceans, amphibians, earthworms, small fish and fish eggs. Within

9603-507: The wild salmon populations are hindered by financial pressures because hatcheries effectively support many states economically by accounting for over 70% of the salmon harvested for recreational and commercial purposes. Pacific salmon are harvested throughout the world as a source of food in countries ranging from the United States to South Korea. Over the past century, Pacific salmon have been extensively fished through both recreational , artisan and commercial fishing . In fact, since

9702-498: The wild salmon stock to supply fisheries. The problem is that hatcheries can never truly replicate the environment of wild salmon , an issue which often results in physiological and behavioral differences between wild salmon and those reared in hatcheries. These differences are often the product of genetic changes associated with inbreeding , artificial selection , and natural selection , as well as different environmental pressures acting on hatchery fish than wild populations. Due to

9801-528: Was re-submitted to congress and if passed will create geographic strongholds for salmon populations. Other policies include the Wild Salmon Policy which was enacted in 2005; its number one focus is the conservation of salmon off of the coasts. Even localized policies have begun, with one in Oregon which focuses on the southernmost watershed and was approved January 2013. In the Alaskan efforts, there

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