85-477: The Agrodome is a farm theme park in Rotorua , New Zealand. Founded by Godfrey Bowen and George Harford in 1971, it is a major tourist attraction. It has been majority-owned by Christchurch -based Ngāi Tahu Tourism since 2011. The Agrodome was set up in 1971 by Godfrey Bowen and George Harford as a farm theme park. Bowen was a world championship sheep shearer with a large international reputation and Harford
170-605: A Treaty of Waitangi claim with the Ngāti Whakaue people to honour their broken contract, by agreeing to return the gifted lands that were no longer required for their original use. The town was connected to Auckland with the opening of the Rotorua Branch railway and commencement of the Rotorua Express train in 1894, resulting in the rapid growth of the town and tourism from this time forward. Guidebooks about
255-587: A Māori- and English-medium special character school from years 1–10. It currently has around 100 students. Students here need to attend a mainstream secondary school or Kura Kaupapa Māori for their senior secondary schooling. Rotorua has four Kura Kaupapa Māori : Rotorua has several media organisations, including the Rotorua Daily Post , More FM Rotorua and The Hits Rotorua . Rotorua's sister cities are: Geyser A geyser ( / ˈ ɡ aɪ z ər / , UK : / ˈ ɡ iː z ər / )
340-711: A Ngāpuhi-led coalition invaded Rotorua. The force, which also included Ngāti Whātua and some Waikato Tainui , landed at Tauranga and headed up the Pongakawa valley to attack Mokoia Island Te Arawa fell back after the loss of 170 men and were defeated by Ngāpuhi, and utu was satisfied. The first European in the area was probably Phillip Tapsell who was trading from the Bay of Plenty coast at Maketu from 1828. He later married into Te Arawa and became highly regarded by them. Missionaries Henry Williams and Thomas Chapman visited in 1831 and Chapman and his wife established
425-530: A combination of water , heat , and fortuitous plumbing . The combination exists in few places on Earth. Yellowstone is the largest geyser locale, containing thousands of hot springs, and approximately 300 to 500 geysers. It is home to half of the world's total number of geysers in its nine geyser basins. It is located mostly in Wyoming , USA, with small portions in Montana and Idaho . Yellowstone includes
510-559: A hydroelectric reservoir: only one geyser basin at Whakarewarewa remains. In the beginning of the 20th century, the largest geyser ever known, the Waimangu Geyser , existed in this zone. It began erupting in 1900 and erupted periodically for four years until a landslide changed the local water table . Eruptions of Waimangu would typically reach 160 metres (520 ft) and some superbursts are known to have reached 500 metres (1,600 ft). Recent scientific work indicates that
595-719: A mission at Te Koutu in 1835. This was abandoned within a year, but Chapman returned in 1838 and established a second mission at Mokoia Island. The lakeshore was a prominent site of skirmishes during the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s. William Fox advocated for turning the Rotorua region into a national park , inspired by the Yellowstone in the United States . Conversely, the Te Arawa community suggested
680-453: A route to Tauranga via Pyes Pa, while State Highway 5 turns westward, connecting to State Highway 1 at Tīrau and providing the main route into Rotorua from Hamilton and Auckland . To the south, State Highway 5 provides the main route from Taupō , Hawke's Bay , Manawatu , and Wellington . State Highway 30 runs southwest to northeast through the city. It enters the city in the southwest (running concurrently with SH 5), before crossing
765-438: A source of thermostable tools , which are important in medicine and biotechnology , for example in manufacturing antibiotics , plastics , detergents (by the use of heat-stable enzymes lipases , pullulanases and proteases ), and fermentation products (for example ethanol is produced). Among these, the first discovered and the most important for biotechnology is Thermus aquaticus . Geysers are quite rare, requiring
850-634: A spa town and major tourist resort since the 1800s, many of Rotorua's buildings reflect this history. Government Gardens , close to the lake-shore at the eastern edge of the town, include the Rotorua Museum of Art and History housed in the large Tudor-style bath house building, and the Art Deco style Blue Baths , noted for its embrace of mixed sex bathing in the 1930s. As of October 2023 , both buildings are closed because of earthquake strength concerns. There are many geothermal attractions in
935-470: Is "Sulphur City" due to the hydrogen sulphide emissions, which gives the city a smell similar to "rotten eggs", as well as "Rotten-rua" combining its legitimate name and the rotten smell prevalent. Another common nickname is "Roto-Vegas", likening the city's own strip of road flanked by businesses and restaurants to that of Las Vegas . The area was initially settled by Māori of the Te Arawa iwi in
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#17327932394331020-537: Is a spring with an intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by steam. The formation of geysers is fairly rare, and is caused by particular hydrogeological conditions that exist only in a few places on Earth. Generally, geyser field sites are located near active volcanic areas, and the geyser effect is due to the proximity of magma . Surface water works its way down to an average depth of around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) where it contacts hot rocks. The pressurized water boils, and this causes
1105-552: Is about 750 millimetres (30 in). The Taupō Volcanic Zone is located on New Zealand's North Island . It is 350 kilometres (217 mi) long by 50 km wide (31 mi) and lies over a subduction zone in the Earth's crust. Mount Ruapehu marks its southwestern end, while the submarine Whakatāne seamount (85 km or 53 mi beyond Whakaari / White Island ) is considered its northeastern limit. Many geysers in this zone were destroyed due to geothermal developments and
1190-843: Is an example. The geyser erupts from the casing of a well drilled in the late 19th century, which opened up a dead geyser. In the case of the Big Mine Run Geyser in Ashland, Pennsylvania , the heat powering the geyser (which erupts from an abandoned mine vent) comes not from geothermal power, but from the long-simmering Centralia mine fire . This is a natural hot spring that spouts water constantly without stopping for recharge. Some of these are incorrectly called geysers, but because they are not periodic in nature they are not considered true geysers. Geysers are used for various activities such as electricity generation, heating and geotourism . Many geothermal reserves are found all around
1275-607: Is home to approximately 80 geysers at present. It became the largest geyser field in the Southern Hemisphere after the destruction of many of the New Zealand geysers, and is the third largest geyser field in the world. The salient feature of these geysers is that the height of their eruptions is very low, the tallest being only six metres (20 ft) high, but with steam columns that can be over 20 metres (66 ft) high. The average geyser eruption height at El Tatio
1360-574: Is home to the central campus of Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology , which provides a range of certificates, diplomas and a limited number of degree-level programmes. The largest programmes on offer are Te Reo Māori (Māori language), nursing , forestry , business, computing , tourism and hospitality . As of June 2022 , Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology is a business division of Te Pūkenga – New Zealand Institute of Skills and Technology. Rotorua has five secondary schools: Students can also attend Te Rangihakahaka Centre for Science and Techbnology,
1445-537: Is known for its Māori cultural tourism. Rotorua is served by state highways 5 , 30 , and 30A , and the Thermal Explorer Highway touring route, with state highways 33 and 36 terminating on the outskirts of the city. State Highway 5, running concurrently with the Thermal Explorer Highway, is the main north–south route through Rotorua, bypassing the city centre to the west. North of the city at Ngongotahā, State Highway 36 splits off to provide
1530-536: Is located 9 km (6 mi) northeast of the city centre, off State Highway 30. Air New Zealand provides daily turbo-prop flights between Rotorua and Auckland , Wellington , and Christchurch airports. Previously Qantas also operated Boeing 737 aircraft from Christchurch, but upon their departure from domestic flights in New Zealand this was discontinued. Scenic and chartered flights in both helicopters and float planes are operated by Volcanic Air, who are based on Rotorua's lake front. From 2009 to 2015 there
1615-424: Is required. This includes a reservoir to hold the water while it is being heated. Geysers tend to be coated with geyserite , or siliceous sinter . The water in geysers comes in contact with hot silica -containing rocks, such as rhyolite . The heated water dissolves the silica. As it gets closer to the surface, the water cools and the silica drops out of solution, leaving a deposit of amorphous opal . Gradually
1700-496: Is that multiple intense transient forces must occur simultaneously for a geyser to exist. For example, even when other necessary conditions exist, if the rock structure is loose, eruptions will erode the channels and rapidly destroy any nascent geysers. Geysers are fragile, and if conditions change, they may go dormant or extinct. Many have been destroyed simply by people throwing debris into them, while others have ceased to erupt due to dewatering by geothermal power plants. However,
1785-594: The Auckland suburb of Devonport and that had acting roles in The Hobbit and Xena: Warrior Princess . Since 2018, the Agrodome holds Valais Blacknose sheep, which are new to the country. The purchase brought the number of sheep species at the Agrodome to 26. The annual Rotorua A&P (agricultural and pastoral) Show is held at the Agrodome. The 2016 secondary schools cross country championships were held at
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#17327932394331870-727: The Fish and Game New Zealand hatchery at Ngongotahā . The lakes are also used for event venues; Rotorua hosted the 2007 World Waterski Championships and Lake Rotorua was the venue for the World Blind Sailing Championships in March 2009. Lake Rotorua is also used as a departure and landing point for float planes. The Rotorua urban area, as defined by Statistics New Zealand, covers 46.06 km (17.78 sq mi) and incorporates 26 statistical areas. It has an estimated population of 58,800 as of June 2024. Before
1955-704: The Mayor of Rotorua . She is the first woman of Māori descent to hold the role. Rotorua is covered by the Rotorua electorate for the general roll and the Waiariki electorate for the Māori roll. In 2022, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Rotorua District was $ 4.241 billion, representing 1.2% of New Zealand's total GDP. The sector with the largest contribution to the Rotorua District GDP
2040-488: The Musket Wars of the 1820s. Ohinemutu was invaded by a Ngāpuhi -led coalition in 1823, commanded by Hongi Hika and Pōmare I . In the 19th century early European settlers had an interest in developing Rotorua, due to its unique geothermal activity in Rotorua and its surrounding area. Then, efforts by Māori and Europeans alike to establish Rotorua as a spa town led to a 99-year lease of land from Ngāti Whakaue to
2125-613: The Rotorua Lakes District , a territorial authority encompassing Rotorua and several other nearby towns. It has an estimated resident population of 58,800, making it the country's 13th largest urban area , and the Bay of Plenty's second-largest urban area behind Tauranga . Māori first settled in Rotorua in the 14th century, and a thriving pā was established at Ohinemutu by the people who would become Ngāti Whakaue . The city became closely associated with conflict during
2210-762: The Solar System where eruptions which superficially resemble terrestrial geysers have been observed or are believed to occur. Despite being commonly referred to as geysers, they are driven by fundamentally different processes, consist of a wide range of volatiles , and can occur on vastly disparate scales; from the modestly sized Martian carbon dioxide jets to the immense plumes of Enceladus . Generally, there are two broad categories of feature commonly referred to as geysers: sublimation plumes, and cryovolcanic plumes (also referred to as cryogeysers). Sublimation plumes are jets of sublimated volatiles and dust from shallow sources under icy surfaces. Known examples include
2295-432: The moons of the outer Solar System. Due to the low ambient pressures, these eruptions consist of vapour without liquid; they are made more easily visible by particles of dust and ice carried aloft by the gas. Water vapour jets have been observed near the south pole of Saturn 's moon Enceladus , while nitrogen eruptions have been observed on Neptune 's moon Triton . There are also signs of carbon dioxide eruptions from
2380-624: The " tiger stripes " in the south polar region of Enceladus by the Cassini orbiter. These plumes are the source of the material in Saturn's E ring . The mechanism which causes these eruptions are generated remains uncertain, as well as to what extent they are physically linked to Enceladus' subsurface ocean , but they are believed to be powered at least in part by tidal heating . Cassini flew through these plumes several times, allowing direct analysis of water from inside another solar system body for
2465-479: The 'Land of Boiling Water' also proliferated. During the 1880s, tourists, especially from Australia, started visiting Rotorua to witness its natural marvels like the Pink and White Terraces until these were destroyed in a volcanic eruption in 1886 . Rotorua was established as a borough in 1922, elected its first mayor in 1923, and declared a city in 1962 before becoming a district in 1979. The city of Rotorua and
2550-482: The 14th century, and a thriving pā was built at Ohinemutu by the shores of Lake Rotorua . According to Te Arawa folklore, the city's bountiful geothermal springs had resulted from a plea by Ngātoro-i-rangi , an ancestral tohunga , for the gods to send fire-bearing spirits from Hawaiki , the semi-mythological Māori homeland. The Te Arawa Māori who lived at Ohinemutu eventually began to call themselves Ngāti Whakaue , after their ancestor Whakaue Kaipapa . Rotorua
2635-537: The 14th century, gave rise to the word geyser . By 1896, Geysir was almost dormant before an earthquake that year caused eruptions to begin again, occurring several times a day; but in 1916, eruptions all but ceased. Throughout much of the 20th century, eruptions did happen from time to time, usually following earthquakes. Some man-made improvements were made to the spring and eruptions were forced with soap on special occasions. Earthquakes in June 2000 subsequently reawakened
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2720-454: The 1960s, when the research of the biology of geysers first appeared, scientists were generally convinced that no life can survive above around 73 °C maximum (163 °F)—the upper limit for the survival of cyanobacteria , as the structure of key cellular proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) would be destroyed. The optimal temperature for thermophilic bacteria was placed even lower, around 55 °C average (131 °F). However,
2805-792: The 2023 census, the urban area had a larger boundary, covering 48.04 km (18.55 sq mi). Using that boundary, The Rotorua urban area had a usual resident population of 54,204 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 5,289 people (10.8%) since the 2013 census . There were 26,211 males and 27,993 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.936 males per female. Of the total population, 12,366 people (22.8%) were aged up to 15 years, 11,052 (20.4%) were 15 to 29, 22,980 (42.4%) were 30 to 64, and 7,809 (14.4%) were 65 or older. In terms of ethnicity, 59.2% were European/Pākehā, 42.3% were Māori, 6.2% were Pacific peoples, 11.5% were Asian, and 1.5% were other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities). Rotorua has
2890-577: The Agrodome. There are three farm shows held per day lasting one hour each. Components include sheep shearing, learning about farm animals. The show, which is both educational and entertaining, is popular with tourists and locals alike. The Agrodome was owned by the Bowen and Hartford families. In 2006, the families bought the Lakeland Queen from receivers; the ship is used as a restaurant and for cruises on Lake Rotorua . In 2011, Ngāi Tahu Tourism
2975-695: The CBD, provides class 5 whitewater kayaking and rafting through a spectacular tree lined gorge. Another visitor attraction in the Ngongotahā area is the Wingspan National Bird of Prey Centre . It is a captive breeding facility and visitor centre located in the Ngongotahā Valley. Wingspan undertakes conservation, education and research activities related to birds of prey found in New Zealand, and provides demonstrations of falconry . Rotorua
3060-456: The CO 2 jets on Mars , and the nitrogen eruptions on Neptune 's moon Triton . On Mars carbon dioxide jets are believed to occur in the southern polar region of Mars during spring, as a layer of dry ice accumulated over winter is warmed by the sun. Although these jets have not yet been directly observed, they leave evidence visible from orbit in the form of dark spots and lighter fans atop
3145-503: The Earth's crust below the zone may be as little as five kilometres (3 mi) thick. Beneath this lies a film of magma 50 kilometres (30 mi) wide and 160 kilometres (100 mi) long. Due to the high rate of volcanic activity in Iceland, it is home to some of the most famous geysers in the world. There are around 20–29 active geysers in the country, as well as numerous formerly active geysers. Icelandic geysers are distributed in
3230-533: The Geysir in Iceland has had periods of activity and dormancy. During its long dormant periods, eruptions were sometimes artificially induced—often on special occasions—by the addition of surfactant soaps to the water. Some geysers have specific colours, because despite the harsh conditions, life is often found in them (and also in other hot habitats ) in the form of thermophilic prokaryotes . No known eukaryote can survive over 60 °C (140 °F ). In
3315-465: The Government. The city first became a major site of tourism due to the Rotorua's close proximity to the Pink and White Terraces , until they were destroyed by the volcanic eruption of Mount Tarawera in 1886. Rotorua was elevated to borough status in 1922 and to city status 40 years later. Rotorua is a major destination for both domestic and international tourists; the tourism industry is by far
3400-672: The Rotorua area, including: The especially pungent smell in the central-east 'Te Ngae' area is due to the dense sulphur deposits located next to the southern boundary of the Government Gardens, in the area known as 'Sulphur Point'. Another of Rotorua's attractions is mountain biking . Rotorua was listed as one of the Top 6 mountain biking destinations globally by the International Mountain Biking Association in 2015, when they awarded Rotorua
3485-488: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) actively promoted development of geothermal energy in the "Geysers-Calistoga Known Geothermal Resource Area" (KGRA) near Calistoga, California through a variety of research programs and the Geothermal Loan Guarantee Program. The department is obligated by law to assess the potential environmental impacts of geothermal development. There are many bodies in
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3570-483: The United States erupts for up to 10 minutes every 8–12 hours. There are two types of geysers: fountain geysers which erupt from pools of water, typically in a series of intense, even violent, bursts; and cone geysers which erupt from cones or mounds of siliceous sinter (including geyserite ), usually in steady jets that last anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes. Old Faithful , perhaps
3655-484: The adjacent Lake Rotorua are located within the Rotorua Caldera that was formed in a major volcanic eruption approximately 240,000 years ago. The caldera is the source of the geothermal activity that is a key feature of the city and surrounding region. The Rotorua region enjoys a mild temperate climate ( Cfb ). Rotorua is situated inland from the coast and is sheltered by high country to the south and east of
3740-443: The best-known geyser at Yellowstone National Park, is an example of a cone geyser. Grand Geyser , the tallest predictable geyser on Earth (although Geysir in Iceland is taller, it is not predictable), also at Yellowstone National Park, is an example of a fountain geyser. There are many volcanic areas in the world that have hot springs , mud pots and fumaroles , but very few have erupting geysers. The main reason for their rarity
3825-424: The city, resulting in less wind than many other places in New Zealand. During the winter months, June – August, temperatures can drop below 0 °C. Frost is common in Rotorua during its winter months, with an average of 57 ground frosts annually, and 20 nights per year below 0 °C. Snowfall in Rotorua is rare, and since the 1970s has only been recorded twice. On 15 August 2011 and 13 July 2017, snowflakes fell in
3910-402: The combination of three geologic conditions that are usually found in volcanic terrain: heat, water, and a subsurface hydraulic system with the right geometry. The heat needed for geyser formation comes from magma that needs to be close to the surface of the Earth. For the heated water to form a geyser, a plumbing system (made of fractures , fissures , porous spaces, and sometimes cavities)
3995-435: The dry ice. These features consist primarily of sand and dust blown out by the outbursts, as well as spider-like patterns of channels created below the ice by the rapid flow of CO 2 gas. There are a plethora of theories to explain the eruptions, including heating from sunlight, chemical reactions, or even biological activity. Triton was found to have active eruptions of nitrogen and dust by Voyager 2 when it flew past
4080-671: The eight thermal areas in the valley were covered by the landslide or by the lake. Velikan Geyser , one of the field's largest, was not buried in the slide: the slide shortened its period of eruption from 379 minutes before the slide to 339 minutes after (through 2010). The name "El Tatio" comes from the Quechua word for oven . El Tatio is located in the high valleys of the Andes in Chile , surrounded by many active volcanoes, at around 4,200 metres (13,800 ft) above mean sea level. The valley
4165-514: The end of 2021. The city is also served by InterCity and services to local tourist sites. Edwin Robertson, who died aged 74 in 1931, started with pack horses in 1869 and ran coaches from 1873. In 1902, the Tauranga route was sold and became Robertson & Co, then, about 1903, Rotorua Motor Coaching Co. Ltd. In 1904, Hot Lakes Transport, which ran trips to Taupō, Waiotapu and all
4250-660: The establishment of a township centred around Rotorua's thermal springs, with the intent of developing a Polynesian Spa and health resort where tourists could indulge in hot pools. In 1880, instead of selling the land, the Ngāti Whakaue people leased 50 acres to the Crown under the Fenton Agreement, granting the government the authority to offer 99-year leases on their behalf. Revenues from leases helped fund Rotorua Boys' High School , and increased significantly upon
4335-497: The expiry of the 99-year leases. The eponymous Fenton Street in the modern city’s CBD bears the judge’s name. Nevertheless, the enactment of the Thermal Springs District Act in 1881 gave the government exclusive rights to both purchase and lease lands containing hot springs, lakes, or river, and as a result, by the turn of the century, nearly half of the Rotorua blocks were sold. In 1993, the Crown settled
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#17327932394334420-546: The first time. In December 2013, the Hubble Space Telescope detected water vapour plumes potentially 200 km high above the south polar region of Europa . Re-examination of Galileo data also suggested that it may have flown through a plume during a flyby in 1997. Water was also detected by the Keck Observatory in 2016, announced in a 2019 Nature article speculating the cause to be
4505-456: The geyser effect of hot water and steam spraying out of the geyser's surface vent. A geyser's eruptive activity may change or cease due to ongoing mineral deposition within the geyser plumbing, exchange of functions with nearby hot springs , earthquake influences, and human intervention. Like many other natural phenomena, geysers are not unique to Earth. Jet-like eruptions, often referred to as cryogeysers , have been observed on several of
4590-414: The geyser vent. Eventually the water remaining in the geyser cools back to below the boiling point and the eruption ends; heated groundwater begins seeping back into the reservoir, and the whole cycle begins again. The duration of eruptions and the time between successive eruptions vary greatly from geyser to geyser; Strokkur in Iceland erupts for a few seconds every few minutes, while Grand Geyser in
4675-459: The giant for a time, but it is not currently erupting regularly. The nearby Strokkur geyser erupts every 5–8 minutes to a height of some 30 metres (100 ft). There used to be two large geyser fields in Nevada — Beowawe and Steamboat Springs —but they were destroyed by the installation of nearby geothermal power plants. At the plants, geothermal drilling reduced the available heat and lowered
4760-671: The gold level ride centre status. The Whakarewarewa forest includes over 150 km of mountain bike trails and in August 2006 was a host of the UCI Mountain Bike and Trials World Championships . Each year, from 2015–present, Rotorua has hosted a round of the Crankworx World Tour . The Rotorua Pistol club is among the largest in the Southern Hemisphere and hosted the 2013 Australasian IPSC Handgun Championship. The Kaituna River , 15 minutes drive northeast of
4845-415: The heated water then rises back toward the surface by convection through porous and fractured rocks, while in geysers, the water instead is explosively forced upwards by the high steam pressure created when water boils below. Geysers also differ from non-eruptive hot springs in their subterranean structure: geysers have constrictions in their plumbing that creates pressure build-up. As the geyser fills,
4930-533: The highest proportion of Māori of any city in New Zealand. In October 2013, Steve Chadwick was elected Mayor of Rotorua and was re-elected in the 2016 mayoral election and the 2019 mayoral election . She previously served as the Member of Parliament for Rotorua between 1999 and 2008, and served as a Cabinet Minister in the Fifth Labour Government . In 2022, Tania Tapsell was elected as
5015-548: The lakes, and Rotorua Motor Coaching added motor cars to their fleets of coaches. In 1905 E. Robertson & Co moved from Ohinemutu to the new town, close to the new railway station, which remained the main stop until InterCity moved to their stop from Hinemoa / Fenton Street to the Tourism Office in 1995. The last coach ran in 1919. When Hot Lakes Transport's assets were sold in 1920, they had 10 coaches and 3 motor cars. In September 1920, Rotorua Motor Transport Co.
5100-703: The largest industry in the district. It is known for its geothermal activity and Māori cultural tourism, and features geysers – notably the Pōhutu Geyser at Whakarewarewa – and hot mud pools. This thermal activity is sourced to the Rotorua Caldera , in which the town lies. The name Rotorua comes from the Māori language , where the full name for the city and lake is Te Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe . Roto means 'lake' and rua means 'two' or in this case, 'second' – Rotorua thus meaning 'Second lake'. Kahumatamomoe
5185-477: The late 18th century and comes from Geysir , which is a geyser in Iceland . Its name means "one who gushes". Geysers are nonpermanent geological features. Geysers are generally associated with areas of recent magmatism . As the water boils, the resulting pressure forces a superheated column of steam and water to the surface through the geyser's internal plumbing. The formation of geysers specifically requires
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#17327932394335270-456: The local water table to the point that geyser activity could no longer be sustained. Many of New Zealand's geysers have been destroyed by humans in the last century. Several New Zealand geysers have also become dormant or extinct by natural means. The main remaining field is Whakarewarewa at Rotorua . Two-thirds of the geysers at Orakei Korako were flooded by the construction of the hydroelectric Ohakuri dam in 1961. The Wairakei field
5355-855: The moon in 1989. These plumes were up to 8 km high, where winds would blow them up to 150 km downwind, creating long, dark streaks across the otherwise bright south polar ice cap. There are various theories as to what drives the activity on Triton, such as solar heating through transparent ice, cryovolcanism, or basal heating of nitrogen ice sheets. Cryovolcanic plumes or cryogeysers generally refer to large-scale eruptions of predominantly water vapour from active cryovolcanic features on certain icy moons . Such plumes occur on Saturn 's moon Enceladus and Jupiter 's moon Europa . Plumes of water vapour, together with ice particles and smaller amounts of other components (such as carbon dioxide , nitrogen , ammonia , hydrocarbons and silicates ), have been observed erupting from vents associated with
5440-430: The national economy. As a major visitor destination, Rotorua District has a much higher proportion of people in employed in accommodation (3.3%) than the national average (1.1%). Tourism contributed $ 231 million (5.5%) to the district GDP, compared with 2.8% nationally. The four largest industries in the district, based on employment, were hospitals, accommodation, cafes and restaurants, and primary education. Known as
5525-477: The observations proved that can exist at high temperatures and that some bacteria even prefer temperatures higher than the boiling point of water. Dozens of such bacteria are known. Thermophiles prefer temperatures from 50 to 70 °C (122 to 158 °F), while hyperthermophiles grow better at temperatures as high as 80 to 110 °C (176 to 230 °F). As they have heat-stable enzymes that retain their activity even at high temperatures, they have been used as
5610-413: The opal anneals into quartz , forming geyserite. Geyserite often covers the microbial mats that grow in geysers. As the mats grow and the silica is deposited, the mats can form up to 50% of the volume of the geyserite. Geyser activity, like all hot spring activity, is caused by surface water gradually seeping down through the ground until it meets geothermally heated rock. In non-eruptive hot springs,
5695-479: The service and the location of the station being a 15-minute walk from the town centre in an industrial area, passenger services stopped in October 2001. Freight services on the line declined over the decades until the nightly freight service stopped in 2000, largely due to a continual move of freight and passengers onto road transport using ever-improving highways in the region. The line is currently disused. Rotorua
5780-525: The southern polar ice cap of Mars . In the case of Enceladus, the plumes are believed to be driven by internal energy. In the cases of the venting on Mars and Triton, the activity may be a result of solar heating via a solid-state greenhouse effect . In all three cases, there is no evidence of the subsurface hydrological system which differentiates terrestrial geysers from other sorts of venting, such as fumaroles . The term 'geyser' in English dates back to
5865-675: The southern suburbs to the shore of Lake Rotorua east of the city centre. It then runs through the suburb of Te Ngae, before splitting off SH 33 to continue eastwards. State Highway 30A runs northwest to southeast, connecting State Highways 5 and 30 with each other via the city centre. Rotorua has a local bus service, with 11 routes under the Baybus brand, serving the urban area, mostly at half-hourly intervals, operated by Reesby Buses . Bike racks were introduced in 2017 and Bee Cards for fares on 27 July 2020. Trial commuter services between Rotorua and Tauranga are running in each direction until
5950-631: The stage for further raids in the modern Rotorua area. Ngāpuhi and its allies launched an ambitious invasion of the Waikato in 1822, with a battalion led by junior chief Te Pae-o-te-Rangi were ambushed and slaughtered by Ngāti Whakaue for trespassing into Rotorua. This was apparently at the insistence of Te Rauparaha ; under Māori customary law the attack demanded utu . Ngāpuhi commander Hongi Hika convened with his fellow chiefs Pōmare I and Te Wera Hauraki to propose war, and thus in February 1823
6035-481: The temperatures near the bottom of the geyser rise to a point where boiling begins, forcing steam bubbles to rise to the top of the column. As they burst through the geyser's vent, some water overflows or splashes out, reducing the weight of the column and thus the pressure on the water below. With this release of pressure, the superheated water flashes into steam, boiling violently throughout the column. The resulting froth of expanding steam and hot water then sprays out of
6120-526: The town centre, and during the July 2017 snowfall, snow accumulated in the nearby Mamaku ranges and in the outer reaches of the district, where snowfall occurs on average once every three years. The Rotorua region has 17 lakes, known collectively as the Lakes of Rotorua. Fishing, waterskiing, swimming and other water activities are popular in summer. Several of the lakes are stocked for sports fishing with trout from
6205-427: The water at the top of the column cools off, but because of the narrowness of the channel, convective cooling of the water in the reservoir is impossible. The cooler water above presses down on the hotter water beneath, not unlike the lid of a pressure cooker , allowing the water in the reservoir to become superheated , i.e. to remain liquid at temperatures well above the standard-pressure boiling point. Ultimately,
6290-564: The world's tallest active geyser ( Steamboat Geyser in Norris Geyser Basin ). The Valley of Geysers ( Russian : Долина гейзеров ), located in the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia , is the second-largest concentration of geysers in the world. The area was discovered and explored by Tatyana Ustinova in 1941. There are about 200 geysers in the area, along with many hot-water springs and perpetual spouters. The area
6375-400: The world. The geyser fields in Iceland are some of the most commercially viable geyser locations in the world. Since the 1920s hot water directed from the geysers has been used to heat greenhouses and to grow food that otherwise could not have been cultivated in Iceland's inhospitable climate. Steam and hot water from the geysers has also been used for heating homes since 1943 in Iceland. In 1979
6460-718: The zone stretching from south-west to north-east, along the boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate . Most of the Icelandic geysers are comparatively short-lived. It is also characteristic that many geysers here are reactivated or newly created after earthquakes, becoming dormant or extinct after some years or some decades. Two most prominent geysers of Iceland are located in Haukadalur . The Great Geysir , which first erupted in
6545-456: Was a local farmer. The venture was part-funded by the government as a tourism initiative. Bowen's brother Ivan, also an expert shearer, was the Agrodome's chief showman. The National Kiwi Hatchery, previously at Rainbow Springs, opened in a new facility at the Agrodome in December 2023. In 2016, the Agrodome management bought a trio of Clydesdale horses that had been a tourist attraction in
6630-412: Was a site of heavy conflict during the Musket Wars . During the early 1820s, the large Northern iwi Ngāpuhi had begun expanding outwards further south, driving Ngāti Pāoa and their chief Te Hīnaki from modern-day South Auckland , and launched periodic raids into the Bay of Plenty . A military expedition into the Bay of Plenty by a combined Ngāpuhi and Ngāti Maru nō Hauraki force in 1818 had set
6715-432: Was also an international link, with direct Sydney to Rotorua flights. Rotorua is connected to the rail network by the Rotorua Branch line from Putāruru . Until 2001, passenger trains ran from Auckland to Rotorua via Hamilton daily using Silver Fern railcars, terminating north of the town centre at Koutu (the original station on Amohau Street was closed and relocated to Koutu in 1989). However, owing to poor advertising of
6800-410: Was brought in as a business partner with experience in the tourism market, with the iwi obtaining a 75% shareholding. Rotorua Rotorua ( Māori: [ ˌ ɾ ɔ t ɔ ˈ ɾ ʉ a ] ) is a city in the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand 's North Island . It is sited on the southern shores of Lake Rotorua , from which it takes its name. It is the seat of
6885-435: Was formed and took over Hot Lakes Transport Co. and Rotorua Motor Coaching Co, continuing with similar services. In 1926, a consortium of local operators formed Rotorua Bus Co. During 1922, Kusab's transport company became K Motors, which was taken over by the railways in 1938. Rotorua Motor Transport and Rotorua Bus Co followed in 1940 and all became part of New Zealand Railways Road Services . Rotorua Regional Airport
6970-402: Was formed by vigorous volcanic activity. The peculiar way of eruptions is an important feature of these geysers. Most of the geysers erupt at angles, and only very few have the geyser cones that exist at many other of the world's geyser fields. On 3 June 2007, a massive mudflow influenced two-thirds of the valley. It was then reported that a thermal lake was forming above the valley. Four of
7055-455: Was high value services (professional, managerial, as well as scientific and technical occupations), at 20%. This is less than the 26.7% contribution that high value services make to the national economy. The next highest contribution to the district GDP was from goods-producing industries representing 17.8% in the district GDP, versus 18.5% in the national economy. Primary industries, agriculture and forestry, contributed 10.2%, compared with 5.8% in
7140-826: Was lost to a geothermal power plant in 1958. The Rotomahana field was destroyed by the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera . There are various other types of geysers which are different in nature compared to the normal steam-driven geysers. These geysers differ not only in their style of eruption but also in the cause that makes them erupt. In a number of places where there is geothermal activity , wells have been drilled and fitted with impermeable casements that allow them to erupt like geysers. The vents of such geysers are artificial, but are tapped into natural hydrothermal systems. These so-called artificial geysers , technically known as erupting geothermal wells , are not true geysers. Little Old Faithful Geyser, in Calistoga, California ,
7225-401: Was the uncle of the Māori chief Ihenga , the ancestral explorer of the Te Arawa . It was the second major lake the chief discovered, and he dedicated it to his uncle. It is the largest of a multitude of lakes found to the northeast, all connected with the Rotorua Caldera and nearby Mount Tarawera . The name can also mean the equally appropriate 'Crater lake'. A common nickname for Rotorua
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