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73-1077: Coordinates : 40°46′53″N 43°53′47″E / 40.78139°N 43.89639°E / 40.78139; 43.89639 For the river in Armenia and Turkey, see Akhuryan (river) . Place in Shirak, Armenia Akhuryan Ախուրյան [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Coat of arms [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Akhuryan Show map of Armenia [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Akhuryan Show map of Shirak Coordinates: 40°46′53″N 43°53′47″E / 40.78139°N 43.89639°E / 40.78139; 43.89639 Country Armenia Province Shirak Municipality Akhuryan Elevation 1,500 m (4,900 ft) Population (2011) • Total 7,113 Time zone UTC+4 Climate Dfb Akhuryan at GEOnet Names Server Akhuryan ( Armenian : Ախուրյան )
146-505: A tan ϕ {\displaystyle \textstyle {\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }\,\!} ; for the GRS 80 and WGS 84 spheroids, b a = 0.99664719 {\textstyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}=0.99664719} . ( β {\displaystyle \textstyle {\beta }\,\!} is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude ). Aside from rounding, this
219-460: A datum transformation such as a Helmert transformation , although in certain situations a simple translation may be sufficient. Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be local, meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include World Geodetic System (WGS 84, also known as EPSG:4326 ),
292-543: A length of 60 kilometers (37 mi). Its strike was parallel to the Caucasus range and dipped to the north-northeast. From 1930 until 1995, modern-day Shirak was divided into 5 raions (districts) and 1 city of republican subordination within the Armenian SSR: Amasia, Ghukasyan (Ashotsk), Akhurian, Ani, Artik and the city of Leniankan. With the territorial administration reform of 1995, the 5 raions and
365-474: A meter. Many ancient human settlements have been found in the Akhurian valley dating back to around 9000 BC. The territory of Shirak has been settled since the early Stone Age . At the higher areas that are above 2000 meters, many remains have been found from the early Bronze Age . Other remains from the 2nd millennium BC, revealed that a civilization was founded between the 20th and 12th centuries BC. With
438-736: A new period of growth and stability, becoming a trade centre between the east and the west. After the Mongols captured Ani in 1236, Armenia turned into a Mongol protectorate as part of the Ilkhanate , and the Zakarids became vassals to the Mongols . After the fall of the Ilkhanate in the mid-14th century, the Zakarid princes ruled over Lori, Shirak and Ararat plain until 1360 when they fell to
511-608: A point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles ), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich , in southeast London, England, is the international prime meridian , although some organizations—such as
584-473: A region of the surface of the Earth. Some newer datums are bound to the center of mass of the Earth. This combination of mathematical model and physical binding mean that anyone using the same datum will obtain the same location measurement for the same physical location. However, two different datums will usually yield different location measurements for the same physical location, which may appear to differ by as much as several hundred meters; this not because
657-549: A share of 11.6% in the annual total agricultural product of Armenia. Around 80% (2,145.5 km ) of the total area of the province are arable lands , out of which 36.7% (787 km ) are ploughed. The fertile Shirak plain is the largest producer of grains and potato in Armenia. The irrigation system in the province is highly developed. 9 water reservoirs of different sizes -with a total capacity of 673,000,000 cubic metres (2.38 × 10 cu ft) are able to irrigate around 300 km (116 sq mi) of farmlands. Shirak
730-411: Is 6,367,449 m . Since the Earth is an oblate spheroid , not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is where Earth's equatorial radius a {\displaystyle a} equals 6,378,137 m and tan β = b
803-480: Is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the Equator at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and a longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it
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#1732765010978876-522: Is 15.42 m. On the WGS 84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude ϕ (that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude ϕ ), is about The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude. Similarly, the length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as (Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand
949-409: Is a province ( marz ) of Armenia . It is located in the north-west of the country, bordering the provinces of Lori to the east and Aragatsotn to the south and southeast, and the countries of Turkey to the west and Georgia to the north. Its capital and largest city is Gyumri , which is the second largest city in Armenia. It is as much semi-desert as it is mountain meadow or high alpine. In
1022-477: Is a Russian low-cost airline and a wholly owned subsidiary of Aeroflot . In order to attract more customers, the Ministry of Nature Protection made meteorological services free for all airlines flying to Gyumri, lowering ticket costs. The Gyumri Technology Center also participated in helping revitalize the airport by adding interior design details to improve the airport's look. The railway junction of Gyumri
1095-805: Is a village in the Akhuryan Municipality of the Shirak Province of Armenia . The Statistical Committee of Armenia reported its population was 7,113 as per the 2011 official census down from 9,696 at the 2001 census. Demographics [ edit ] Historical population Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1831 456 — 1897 1,635 +1.95% 1926 2,447 +1.40% 1939 2,320 −0.41% 1959 2,966 +1.24% 1970 3,812 +2.31% 1979 6,364 +5.86% 2001 9,696 +1.93% [REDACTED] Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There
1168-841: Is home to 9 catholic operating churches. The Cathedral of the Holy Martyrs in Gyumri is the seat of the Armenian Catholic Ordinariate of Eastern Europe headed by Archbishop Raphaël François Minassian. The presence of the small Russian Orthodox community along with the Russian military base personnel in Gyumri is marked with the Saint Alexandra the Martyr's Church, Saint Michael the Archangel's Church and
1241-456: Is known as a graticule . The origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km (390 mi) south of Tema , Ghana , a location often facetiously called Null Island . In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a geodetic datum must be used. A horizonal datum
1314-541: Is located in the north-west of Armenia and covers an area of 2,680 km (1,035 sq mi) (9% of the total area of Armenia). It borders Lori Province to the east, Aragatsotn Province to the south, the Kars and Ardahan provinces of Turkey to the west and the Samtskhe-Javakheti and Kvemo Kartli regions of Georgia to the north. Historically, the current territory of the province mainly occupies
1387-599: Is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org . Source: Notable people [ edit ] Varsham Boranyan , European champion in Greco-Roman wrestling Levon Geghamyan , Greco-Roman wrestler References [ edit ] ^ Armenia Census 2011: Shirak Province ^ Հայաստանի Հանրապետության բնակավայրերի բառարան [ Republic of Armenia settlements dictionary ] (PDF) (in Armenian). Yerevan: Cadastre Committee of
1460-565: Is the coldest province of Armenia, with the air temperature sometimes reaching under -30 °C in the Shirak Plain and -46 °C on the Ashotsk Plateau. The climate is characterized by extremely cold, snowy winters and mild summers. Precipitation is abundant, with the annual precipitation level reaching up to 700 mm (28 in). In the northern part of the province, winters are long (7 to 8 months) and snow coverage can reach up to
1533-464: Is the current operator of the railway sector in Armenia. The Gyumri-Yerevan railway trip has many stops in Shirak Province, including the stations of Bayandur , Shirakavan , Isahakyan , Aghin kayaran , Jrapi , Bagravan and Aniavan . Public transport is available in the provincial centre Gyumri. It is mainly served by public vans, locally-known as marshrutka . The central station of
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#17327650109781606-705: Is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 m of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart. Like any series of multiple-digit numbers, latitude-longitude pairs can be challenging to communicate and remember. Therefore, alternative schemes have been developed for encoding GCS coordinates into alphanumeric strings or words: These are not distinct coordinate systems, only alternative methods for expressing latitude and longitude measurements. Shirak Province Shirak ( Armenian : Շիրակ , Armenian pronunciation: [ʃiˈɾɑk] )
1679-576: Is the first among the Armenian provinces in cattle breeding. There are also fish farming ponds near Gyumri and many rural communities. During the Soviet period, the region was a major industrial hub within the Armenian SSR . After independence, the industrial sector of the region drastically declined. Currently, the province contributes 3.5% of the annual total industrial product of Armenia. Shirak
1752-545: Is the oldest and the largest one in Armenia. It was formed in 1897 and the first railway link to Alexandropol that connected the city with Tiflis was completed in 1899. The rail line was then extended from Alexandropol to Yerevan (in 1902), Kars (in 1902), Jolfa (in 1906), and Tabriz . As a result, Alexandropol became an important rail hub. As of 2017 , the Gyumri Railway Station operates regular trips to Yerevan and Batumi . The South Caucasus Railway CJSC,
1825-514: Is the provincial centre of Gyumri, with a population of 121,976. The other urban centres of Artik and Maralik have a population of 19,534 and 5,398 respectively. With a population of 4,838, the village of Azatan is the largest rural municipality of Shirak. The dialect of Armenian spoken in Shirak is a variant of the Karin dialect , closely related to Western Armenian . The majority of the Shirak Province population are ethnic Armenians who belong to
1898-409: Is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system , the geographic coordinate system is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface. A full GCS specification, such as those listed in
1971-465: Is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a vertical datum is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of the shape of the earth (usually a reference ellipsoid for a horizontal datum, and a more precise geoid for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of control points , surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for
2044-606: The Aragats mass from the south. Akhurian River at the east, separates Shirak from the Kars Province of Turkey . The Akhurian River with its reservoir is the main water resource in the province. Lake Arpi at the northwest of Shirak is the only lake of the province. The area is protected by the government as the Lake Arpi National Park . Shirak is rich with tufa , pumice and limestone . Shirak
2117-881: The Armenian Apostolic Church . The northern and middle parts of Shirak are under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Shirak headed by Bishop Mikayel Ajapahyan of the Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God in Gyumri , while the southern part is under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Artik headed by Vardapet Narek Avagyan of the Saint Gregory Cathedral in Artik . There is a significant minority of Armenian Catholics in Shirak. The number of
2190-750: The EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid ), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location. The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene , who composed his now-lost Geography at the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC. A century later, Hipparchus of Nicaea improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of lunar eclipses , rather than dead reckoning . In
2263-481: The International Date Line , which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and the far western Aleutian Islands . The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude
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2336-862: The October Revolution of 1917 and the Russian withdrawal from Transcaucasia, the First Republic of Armenia was proclaimed on 28 May 1918, which included Shirak. On 10 May 1920, the local Bolshevik Armenians aided by the Muslim population, attempted a coup d'état in Alexandropol against the Dashnak government of Armenia. The uprising was suppressed by the Armenian government on May 14 and its leaders were executed. However, during another Turkish invasion , Turkish troops again attacked Shirak and occupied Alexandropol on 7 November 1920. Armenia
2409-751: The Satrapy of Armenia under the rule of the Orontids . Later in 331 BC, the entire territory was included in the Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenian Kingdom as part of the Shirak canton. During the 1st century AD, Shirak was granted to the Kamsarakan family, who ruled the region during the Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia . Following the partition of Armenia in 387 AD between the Byzantines and
2482-526: The 1st or 2nd century, Marinus of Tyre compiled an extensive gazetteer and mathematically plotted world map using coordinates measured east from a prime meridian at the westernmost known land, designated the Fortunate Isles , off the coast of western Africa around the Canary or Cape Verde Islands , and measured north or south of the island of Rhodes off Asia Minor . Ptolemy credited him with
2555-591: The Armenian historian Thomas of Metsoph , although the Kara Koyunlu levied heavy taxes against the Armenians, the early years of their rule were relatively peaceful and some reconstruction of towns took place. In 1501, most of the Eastern Armenian territories including Shirak were conquered by the emerging Safavid dynasty of Iran led by Shah Ismail I . Soon after in 1502, Shirak became part of
2628-464: The Catholic population in the province is around 30,000. Gyumri is home to around 20,000, while the rest are found in the surrounding rural settlements. The villages of Arevik , Arpeni , Bavra , Ghazanchi , Marmashen , Mets Sepasar , Panik and Sizavet have a majority of Armenian Catholics, while the village of Azatan has around 1,500 Catholics (30% of village's population). As of 2016, Shirak
2701-506: The Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal Earth tidal movement caused by the Moon and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to 10 cm a year, or 10 m in a century. A weather system high-pressure area can cause a sinking of 5 mm . Scandinavia is rising by 1 cm a year as a result of
2774-729: The European ED50 , and the British OSGB36 . Given a location, the datum provides the latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and longitude λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS 84 differs at Greenwich from the one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112 m. The military system ED50 , used by NATO , differs from about 120 m to 180 m. Points on
2847-536: The French Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière —continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres , although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with
2920-548: The Graph extension Pages with disabled graphs CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Armenian-language text Geographic coordinate system A geographic coordinate system ( GCS ) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude . It
2993-615: The Imperial Russian armed forces in the Transcaucasus where their military barracks were established. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 Shirak became one of the major centres of the Russian troops. After the establishment of the railway station in Alexandropol in 1899, Shirak witnessed a significant growth as centre of trade and industry, becoming the most developed region within eastern Armenia. After
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3066-937: The Persians, and as a result of the fall of the Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia in 428, the region of Shirak became part of the Sasanian Empire of Persia. However, Shirak is home to many early examples of the Armenian church architecture dating back to the 5th century, including the Yererouk , the Saint Mariné Church of Artik, and the Hokevank Monastery . In 658 AD, during the height of the Arab Islamic invasions, Shirak -along with
3139-4360: The Republic of Armenia. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2018. External links [ edit ] About Akhuryan region v t e [REDACTED] Shirak Province Capital: Gyumri Urban settlements Artik Gyumri Maralik [REDACTED] Akhuryan Municipality Akhurik Akhuryan kayaran Akhuryan Arapi Arevik Aygabats Azatan Basen Bayandur Beniamin Getk Gharibjanyan Hatsik Hatsikavan Haykavan Hovit Hovuni Jajur Jajuravan Jrarat Kamo Kaps Karmrakar Karnut Keti Krashen Lernut Marmashen Mayisyan Mets Sariar Pokrashen Shirak Vahramaberd Voskehask Yerazgavors Amasia Municipality Aghvorik Alvar Amasia Aravet Ardenis Aregnadem Bandivan Berdashen Byurakn Darik Garnarich Gtashen Hoghmik Hovtun Jradzor Kamkhut Lorasar Meghrashat Paghakn Shaghik Tsaghkut Voghji Yeghnajur Yerizak Zarishat Zorakert Ani Municipality Aghin Aniavan Anipemza Bagravan Bardzrashen Dzithankov Dzorakap Gusanagyugh Haykadzor Isahakyan Jrapi Karaberd Lanjik Lusaghbyur Norshen Sarakap Sarnaghbyur Shirakavan Artik Municipality Anushavan Arevshat Geghanist Getap Harich Haykasar Hayrenyats Horom Hovtashen Lernakert Lusakert Meghrashen Mets Mantash Nahapetakan Nor Kyank Panik Pemzashen Pokr Mantash Saralanj Saratak Spandaryan Tufashen Vardakar Ashotsk Municipality Arpeni Ashotsk Bashgyugh Bavra Dzorashen Ghazanchi Goghovit Hartashen Kakavasar Karmravan Krasar Lernagyugh Mets Sepasar Musayelyan Pokr Sariar Pokr Sepasar Salut Saragyugh Sarapat Sizavet Tavshut Torosgyugh Tsoghamarg Vardaghbyur Zuygaghbyur Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akhuryan&oldid=1254895413 " Categories : Communities in Shirak Province Populated places in Shirak Province Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using
3212-674: The Russian Empire at the Treaty of Gulistan signed on 1 January 1813. During the period of the Russian rule, the region witnessed a swift growth and the town of Gyumri became one of the developing cities in Transcaucasia . In 1829, in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War , there was a big influx of an Armenian population, as around 3,000 families who had migrated from territories in the Ottoman Empire - in particular from
3285-457: The Shirak canton of Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenia. Shirak is mainly dominated by the Ashotsk Plateau (1900 to 2100 meters height) in the north and the Shirak Plain (1400 to 1800 meters height) in the centre and south of the province. The vast plains of the province are surrounded with the Bazum and Pambak mountains from the east, Javakheti Range and Yeghnakhagh mountains from the north and
3358-455: The administrative reform of 2021, Shirak Province is divided into six municipalities: In recent years, many rural settlements in Shirak have become abandoned, including the villages of Akhuryan Kayaran , Aravet , Lorasar and Yerizak . Shirak is home to many TV stations: Shrjapat weekly, published in Gyumri, is a notable local newspaper of Shirak. Shirak is served by the international Shirak Airport , about 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) to
3431-577: The center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels , as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator , the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres . The longitude λ of
3504-422: The church of Saint Arsenije. The small village of Shirakavan has around 30 Yazidi residents. Prior to the outbreak of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in 1988 and the departure of Azerbaijanis from Armenia, Shirak also had an Azerbaijani minority population, almost entirely concentrated in the former Amasia District , where, in 1972, Azerbaijanis constituted 70% of a population of 19,724 people. Following
3577-455: The city of Ani of Shirak became the capital of the kingdom in 961. By the second half of the 10th century, Shirak was under the influence of the Armenian Pahlavuni family, who were descendants of the Kamsarakans. The Pahlavunis had a great contribution in the progress of Shirak with the foundation of many fortresses, monastic complexes, educational institutions, etc. The monasteries of Khtzkonk , Harichavank , Marmashen and Horomos were among
3650-422: The city of Gyumri (Leninakan) were merged to form the Shirak Province. According to the 1989 Soviet census , the districts that would later make up Shirak Province (the Amasia , Ani , Artik , Akhuryan , and Ashotsk districts) had a population of 261,217, 147,713 or 56.55% of which was urban, distributed in the cities of Artik (25,126) and Leninakan (122,587), and 113,504 or 43.45% were rural, distributed in
3723-415: The city serves as bus terminal for inter-city transport, serving outbound routes towards the villages of Shirak, as well as major cities and towns in Armenia and neighbouring Georgia . The M-7 Motorway passes across the province from east to west, connecting the city of Gyumri with the rest of Armenia. The economy of the province is mainly based on agriculture, including farming and cattle-breeding. It has
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#17327650109783796-409: The deceased Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin . Shirak became a major industrial region within the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic . Leninakan was the second largest city, after the capital Yerevan. However, Shirak, and particularly Leninakan, suffered major damage during the 1988 Armenian earthquake which devastated many parts of northern Armenia. The earthquake occurred along a known thrust fault with
3869-400: The default datum used for the Global Positioning System , and the International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame (ITRF), used for estimating continental drift and crustal deformation . The distance to Earth's center can be used both for very deep positions and for positions in space. Local datums chosen by a national cartographical organization include the North American Datum ,
3942-490: The distance they give is correct within a centimeter.) The formulae both return units of meters per degree. An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is to assume a spherical Earth (to get the width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively): where Earth's average meridional radius M r {\displaystyle \textstyle {M_{r}}\,\!}
4015-431: The districts of Amasia (6,342), Ani (23,877), Artik (33,665), Akhuryan (38,952), and Ashotsk (10,668). According to the 2011 official census, Shirak had a de jure population of 251,941 (121,615 men and 130,326 women), forming around 8.3% of the entire population of Armenia. The urban population is 146,908 (58.3%) and the rural is 105,033 (41.7%). The province has 3 urban and 116 rural communities. The largest urban community
4088-414: The full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day. Ptolemy's 2nd-century Geography used the same prime meridian but measured latitude from the Equator instead. After their work was translated into Arabic in the 9th century, Al-Khwārizmī 's Book of the Description of the Earth corrected Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding
4161-418: The invading Turkic tribes. By the last quarter of the 14th century, the Aq Qoyunlu Sunni Oghuz Turkic tribe took over Armenia, including Shirak. In 1400, Timur invaded Armenia and Georgia, and captured more than 60,000 of the survived local people as slaves. Many districts including Shirak were depopulated. In 1410, Armenia fell under the control of the Kara Koyunlu Shia Oghuz Turkic tribe. According to
4234-505: The invasion of the land of Eriakhi (the name that Shirak is derived from, according to many historians). According to the inscriptions, the region was home to a well developed civilization based on agriculture and cattle-breeding. in 720 BC, the Cimmerians conquered the region and probably founded the Kumayri settlement (now Gyumri ), which bears a phonetic resemblance to the word used by ancient Armenian in reference to Cimmerians . Historians believe that Xenophon passed through
4307-511: The length of the Mediterranean Sea , causing medieval Arabic cartography to use a prime meridian around 10° east of Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes ' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacopo d'Angelo around 1407. In 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference , attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt
4380-461: The location has moved, but because the reference system used to measure it has shifted. Because any spatial reference system or map projection is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a UTM coordinate based on WGS84 will be different than a UTM coordinate based on NAD27 for the same location. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires
4453-461: The longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich , England as the zero-reference line. The Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911. The latitude ϕ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to)
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#17327650109784526-415: The melting of the ice sheets of the last ice age , but neighboring Scotland is rising by only 0.2 cm . These changes are insignificant if a local datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used. On the GRS 80 or WGS 84 spheroid at sea level at the Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715 m , one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree
4599-437: The newly formed Erivan Beglarbegi , a new administrative territory of Iran formed by the Safavids. During the first half of the 18th century, Kumayri became part of the Erivan Khanate under the rule of the Afsharid dynasty and later under the Qajar dynasty of Persia. In June 1804, the Russian Empire took control of Shirak region at the beginning of the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 . The region became officially part of
4672-444: The prominent religious and educational centres of medieval Armenia. After the fall of Armenia to the Byzantine Empire in 1045 and later to the Seljuk invaders in 1064, the region entered an era of decline in all social, educational and cultural aspects. However, with the establishment of the Zakarid Principality of Armenia in 1201 under the Georgian protectorate, the Eastern Armenian territories, mainly Lori and Shirak, entered
4745-438: The rest of the Armenian territories- was conquered during the Muslim conquest of Persia , as it was part of Persian-ruled Armenia. It became part of the Emirate of Armenia under the Umayyad Caliphate . However, the Kamsarakan family continued to rule the region under the Arab Islamic rule of Armenia. By the foundation of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia in 885, Shirak entered a new era of growth and progress, particularly when
4818-427: The south, the high steppes merge into mountain terrain, being verdant green in the spring, with hues of reddish brown in the summer. The province is served by the Shirak International Airport of Gyumri . Shirak Province is named after the Shirak canton of the historical Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenia . The early medieval Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi writes that the name Shirak derives from Shara, who
4891-442: The southeast of the Gyumri city centre. It was inaugurated in 1961 and is the second largest airport in Armenia. It is considered an alternative hub for the Zvartnots International Airport in Yerevan . At the beginning of 2017, the government of Armenia focused on revitalizing the airport. Multiple new airlines began operating flights to the airport, including Taron Avia , a new Armenian airline based in Gyumri, and Pobeda which
4964-413: The start of the Iron Age during the 12th century BC, relations among the various ethnic groups of Armenian Highland were developed. Soon after the establishment of the Urartu Kingdom of Van at the end of the 9th century BC, Shirak became part of the kingdom. Two cuneiform inscriptions have been found in Shirak left by King Argishti I ( r. 786 – 764 BC ) of Urartu , where he wrote about
5037-429: The territories of Shirak during his return to the Black Sea, a journey immortalized in his Anabasis . By the second half of the 6th century BC, Shirak became part of the Achaemenid Empire . The remains of a royal settlement found near the village of Beniamin dating back to the 5th to 2nd centuries BC, are an example of the Achemenid influence in the region. By the beginning of the 5th century BC, Shirak became part of
5110-509: The towns of Kars , Erzurum , and Doğubeyazıt - settled in Shirak. The Russian poet Alexander Pushkin visited the region during his journey to the Caucasus and eastern Turkey in 1829. In 1837 Russian Tsar Nicholas I arrived in Shirak and re-founded the city of Gyumri as Alexandropol. The name was chosen in honour of Tsar Nicholas I's wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia , who had changed her name to Alexandra Fyodorovna after converting to Orthodox Christianity . A major Russian fortress
5183-405: Was built in Alexandropol in 1837. The city was completely rebuilt by 1840 to become the centre of the newly established Alexandropol Uyezd , experiencing rapid growth during its first decade. The Alexandropol Uyezd included the northern Armenian territories of Shirak, Lori and Tavush. In 1849, the Alexandropol Uyezd became part of the Erivan Governorate , and Shirak became an important outpost for
5256-597: Was forced to sign the Treaty of Alexandropol on December 3 to stop the Turkish advance towards Yerevan, however a concurrent Soviet invasion led to the fall of the Armenian government on December 2. The Turkish forces withdrew from Alexandropol after the Treaty of Kars was signed in October 1921 by the unrecognized Soviet and Turkish governments. Under the Bolsheviks, Alexandropol was renamed Leninakan in 1924, after
5329-559: Was the great-grandson of Hayk , the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. Modern scholars connect Shirak with the name of the Siraces ( Sirakenoi ), a North Caucasian people who may have settled in Shirak and given it its name. According to another view, Shirak derives from Eriakhi / Eriaḫe , which is the name given to the region in a cuneiform inscription of the Urartian king Argishti I . Shirak Province
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