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50-748: Alezio ( Messapic : Alytia ; Latin : Aletium ) is a town and comune in the province of Lecce in the Apulia region of south-east Italy . Alezio (despite legend assigning its foundation to a king of Crete) was a centre of the Messapi , who would call it Alytia like their former capital in Acarnania . According to Pliny the Elder , the Aletines descended instead from the Iapyges , who descended by

100-576: A Messapic variant like the ethnonym Graeci which may have been used in its original form by Illyrians for their Greek neighbours in Epirus. A Messapic morphological intermediary has been proposed for Latin lancea (spear) and balaena (from Greek phallaina ). In literature, Horace and Ennius who came from the region are the only authors of Roman antiquity who have preserved the non-Italic word laama (swamp) which might be Messapic. The Messapic verbal form eipeigrave ('wrote, incised'; variant ipigrave )

150-522: A dental affricate or spirant /ts/ or /tš/). Proto-Indo-European * s was rather clearly reflected in initial and intervocalic positions as Messapic h , with notable examples including klaohi and hipa , but note Venas with * s in final position. The Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirates *bh and *dh are certainly represented by the simple unaspirated voiced obstruents /b/ and /d/ in Messapic (e.g., 'berain' < *bher-; '-des' < *dʰeh₁). On

200-499: A god) Since its settlement, Messapic was in contact with the Italic languages of the region. In the centuries before Roman annexation, the frontier between Messapic and Oscan ran through Frentania- Irpinia - Lucania -Apulia. An "Oscanization" and "Samnitization" process gradually took place which is attested in contemporary sources via the attestation of dual identities for settlements. In these regions an Oscan/Lucanian population and

250-524: A large Daunian element intermixed in different ways. Larinum , a settlement which has produced a large body of Oscan onomastics is described as a "Daunian city" and Horace who was from Venusia in the transboundary area between the Daunians and the Lucanians described himself as "Lucanian or Apulian". The creation of Roman colonies in southern Italy after the early 4th century BCE had a great impact in

300-512: A link between the two languages, as some towns in Apulia have no etymological forms outside Albanian linguistic sources. Other linguistic elements such as particles , prepositions , suffixes , lexicon , but also toponyms , anthroponyms and theonyms of the Messapic language find singular affinities with Albanian. Some phonological data can also be compared between the two languages, and it seems likely that Messapic belongs, like Albanian, to

350-470: A local variant of the Hellenistic alphabet rather than in the older Messapic script) only begins in the 4th century BC. The Greek letter Φ (/pʰ/) was not adopted, because it would have been superfluous for Messapic. While zeta "normally" represented the voiced counterpart to /s/, it may have been an affricate in some cases. The value of Θ is unclear, but is clearly dental; it may be an affricate or

400-611: A minimum of 2 years prior to release and must contain a minimum alcohol level of 12.5%. Alezio is served by a railway station of the Ferrovie Sud-Est , which also holds several bus services in the area. Messapic language The term 'Messapic' or 'Messapian' is traditionally used to refer to a group of languages spoken by the Iapygians , a "relatively homogeneous linguistic community" of non- Italic -speaking tribes ( Messapians , Peucetians and Daunians ) dwelling in

450-562: A result of linguistic contacts between Proto-Messapic and Pre-Proto-Albanian within the Balkan peninsula in prehistoric times, or of a closer relation as shown by the quality of the correspondences in the lexical area and shared innovations between Messapic and Albanian. Hyllested & Joseph (2022) identify Messapic as the closest language to Albanian, with which it forms a common branch titled Illyric . Hyllested & Joseph (2022) in agreement with recent bibliography identify Greco-Phrygian as

500-458: A small village until the 18th century. It was called Villa Picciotti from the 18th century until 1873, when the Messapic name was restored. Within Alezio is a 60-hectare (150-acre) region that produces red and rose DOC wines that are a blend with up to 20% Negroamaro , plus Sangiovese , Malvasia and Montepulciano . Harvest yields are limited to 14 tonnes/ha. The wines are aged for

550-519: A specific subgroup of the Indo-European languages that shows distinct reflections of all the three dorsal consonant rows. In the nominal context, both Messapic and Albanian continue, in the masculine terms in -o- , the Indo-European ending *-osyo (Messapic -aihi , Albanian -i / -u ). Regarding the verbal system, both Messapic and Albanian have formally and semantically preserved the two Indo-European subjunctive and optative moods. If

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600-631: A spirant. In any case it appears to have arisen partly as the reflex of the segment * ty . The script used in northern Apulia was rather peculiar, and some consider it to be a distinct writing system named Apulian . A notable difference between the Apulian alphabet and the Laconian-Tarentinian Messapic alphabet was the use of Η ( eta ) for /ē/ rather than /h/. The Messapic language is a 'fragmentary language' ( Trümmersprache ), preserved only in about 600 inscriptions from

650-432: Is a notable loanword from Greek (with the initial stem eipigra- , ipigra- deriving from epigrá-phō , ἐπιγράφω, 'inscribe, engrave'), and is probably related to the fact that the Messapic alphabet has been borrowed from an Archaic Greek script. Other Greek loanwords include argora-pandes ('coin officials', with the first part deriving from ἄργυρος), and names of deities like Athana and perhaps Aprodita , however

700-474: Is frequently used before the sounds ao- or o- , where it is most likely a replacement for the older letter [REDACTED] . Another special letter, [REDACTED] , occurs almost exclusively in Archaic inscriptions from the 6th and 5th centuries BC. Multiple palatalizations have also taken place, as in ' Zis ' < *dyēs, 'Artorres' < *Artōryos, or 'Bla(t)θes' < *Blatyos (where '(t)θ' probably denoted

750-603: Is supported by a series of similar personal and place names from both sides of the Adriatic Sea . Proposed cognates in Illyrian and Messapic, respectively, include: ' Bardyl(l)is /Barzidihi', ' Teuta /Teutā', 'Dazios/Dazes', 'Laidias/Ladi-', 'Platōr/Plator-', ' Iapydes / Iapyges ', 'Apulus/Apuli', ' Dalmata /Dalmathus', 'Peucetioe/ Peucetii ', 'Ana/Ana', 'Beuzas/Bozat', 'Thana/Thana', ' Dei-paturos / Da-matura '. The linguistic data of Albanian can be used to compensate for

800-728: The Arbëreshë people , an Albanian ethnolinguistic group in southern Italy. It was in Italy in 1950 that he received an invitation to join the faculty of the University of Chicago as a lecturer in Linguistics. Hamp spent his entire academic career on the University of Chicago faculty, being promoted to assistant professor in 1953, associate professor in 1958 and full professor in 1962. He retired from teaching in 1991. At Chicago, he

850-573: The Illyrian languages , some scholars contend that Messapic may have developed from a dialect of pre-Illyrian, meaning that it would have diverged substantially from the Illyrian language(s) spoken in the Balkans by the 5th century BC, while others considered it a direct dialect of Iron Age Illyrian. Messapic is today considered an independent language and not a dialect of Illyrian. Although the unclear interpretation of Messapic inscriptions cannot warrant

900-776: The Oscans . It is mentioned as Baletium in the Peutingerian Table (4th century AD). It was a stop on the Via Traiana , who connected ancient Apulia to Rome . Around the year 1000, Alezio was destroyed by the Saracens , its inhabitants moving to the Gallipoli island. It remained deserted until the 12th-13th centuries, when a church dedicated to Santa Maria della Alizza or della Lizza was built by some Basilian monks . The new Casal d'Alezio , built around it, remained

950-692: The University of Calabria and published in 2010 (ISBN 9 788874 581016). Hamp was a member of many academies and learned societies, including the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , the American Philosophical Society , the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters and the Albanian Academy of Sciences , and he received honorary doctorates from Amherst College , University of Wales ,

1000-549: The University of Calabria , the University of Delhi , and the University of Edinburgh . On his 92nd birthday in 2012, Posta Shqiptare , the national postal service of Albania, honored Hamp with a 50 lekë stamp in a series commemorating foreign Albanologists , linguists who have studied the Albanian language . Hamp was the only living Albanologist honored in the series, the two other commemorated linguists being Norbert Jokl and Holger Pedersen . Hamp married Margot Faust,

1050-1293: The University of Texas . Hamp was a prodigious lecturer, and among the invited talks he has given were the Rudolf Thurneysen Memorial Lecture at the University of Bonn and the James W. Poultney Lecture at Johns Hopkins University . Hamp's extensive career brought him recognition from multiple disciplines in language studies, including six Festschriften : one in general linguistics, two in Balkan studies, one in Native American languages, one in Indo-European linguistics and one in Celtic studies. These works include Studies in Balkan Linguistics to Honor Eric P. Hamp on his Sixtieth Birthday, Folia Slavica 4, 2–3, published in 1981 and edited by Howard I. Aronson and Bill J. Darden; Celtic Language, Celtic Culture: A Festschrift for Eric P. Hamp, published in 1990 and edited by A.T. E. Matonis and Daniel F. Melia; and Scritti in onore di Eric Pratt Hamp per il suo 90. compleanno , edited by Giovanni Belluscio and Antonio Mendicino of

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1100-552: The 4th century BC, this time also involving Daunia and marking the beginning of Peucetian and Daunian epigraphic records, in a local variant of the Hellenistic alphabet that replaced the older Messapic script. Along with Messapic, Greek and Oscan were spoken and written during the Romanization period all over Apulia , and bilingualism in Greek and Messapic was probably common in southern Apulia at that time. Based upon

1150-533: The IE branch closest to the Albanian-Messapic one. These two branches form an areal grouping – which is often called "Balkan IE" – with Armenian. Although the Illyrian languages – and to some extent Messapic itself – are too scarcely attested to allow for an extensive linguistic comparison, the Messapic language is generally regarded as related to, though distinct from, the Illyrian languages . This theory

1200-508: The Latinization of the area. A small corpus of Messapic vocabulary did pass into Latin. They include baltea from balta (swamp), deda (nurse), gandeia (sword), horeia (small fishing boat), mannus (pony/small horse) from manda . Messapic was an intermediary for the passing of several, mostly ancient Greek words, into Latin such as paro (small ship) from Greek paroon . The Latin form of Odysseus , Ulixes might derive from

1250-504: The Messapic inscriptions are accessible in the Monumenta Linguae Messapicae (MLM), published in print in 2002. Only Messapic words regarded as 'inherited' from its precursor are hereunder listed, thus excluding loanwords from Greek, Latin or other languages. Proto-Albanian: *bardza ; Albanian: bardhë/bardhi , Bardha ('white', found also in anthroponyms, e.g., Bardh-i , Bardhyl ) Taotor (name of

1300-577: The basis of written materials, he conducted extensive fieldwork on lesser-known Indo-European languages and dialects, such as Albanian , Arbëresh and Arvanitika ; Breton ; Welsh ; Irish ; Resian and Scots Gaelic . His wide-ranging interests also included American Indian languages . He served for many years as editor of the International Journal of American Linguistics and did field work on Quileute and Ojibwa . He also studied linguistic aspects of braille . Hamp's scholarship

1350-613: The beginning of the 5th century BC. After two victories of the Tarentines, the Iapygians inflicted a decisive defeat on them, causing the fall of the aristocratic government and the implementation of a democratic one in Taras. It also froze relations between Greeks and the indigenous people for about half a century. Only in the late-5th and 6th centuries did they re-establish relationships. The second great Hellenizing wave occurred during

1400-437: The category of aorists formed with the suffix -v- . However, except for the dorsal consonant rows, these similarities do not provide elements exclusively relating Messapic and Albanian, and only a few morphological data are comparable. The development of a distinct Iapygian culture in southeastern Italy is widely considered to be the result of a confluence of local Apulian material cultures with Balkanic traditions following

1450-460: The contrary. More recently it is considered a Messapic theonym of an Indo-European goddess by Marchesini (2021). Eric Hamp Eric Pratt Hamp (November 16, 1920 – February 17, 2019) was an American linguist widely respected as a leading authority on Indo-European linguistics , with particular interests in Celtic languages and Albanian . Unlike many Indo-Europeanists, who work entirely on

1500-623: The cross- Adriatic migrations of proto-Messapic speakers in the early first millennium BC. The Iapygians most likely left the eastern coasts of the Adriatic for the Italian Peninsula from the 11th century BC onwards, merging with pre-existing Italic and Mycenean cultures and providing a decisive cultural and linguistic imprint. Throughout the second half of the 8th century, contacts between Messapians and Greeks must have been intense and continuous; they began to intensify after

1550-553: The dawn goddess, goddess of love, beauty, fertility, health and protector of women, in the Albanian pagan mythology , the equivalent of Ancient Greek Aphrodite. The origin of the Messapic goddess Damatura/Damatira is debated: scholars like Vladimir I. Georgiev (1937), Eqrem Çabej , Shaban Demiraj (1997), or Martin L. West (2007) have argued that she was an Illyrian goddess eventually borrowed into Greek as Demeter , while others like Paul Kretschmer (1939), Robert S. P. Beekes (2009) and Carlo De Simone (2017) have argued for

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1600-530: The fall of 1938. He received his BA from Amherst, majoring in Greek and Latin, in 1942. Hamp was still a British subject during the early years of World War II , and he spent the period immediately after college as a purchasing agent for the Union of South Africa under Lend-Lease , which provided U.S. war materiel to the Allies. He then became a U.S. citizen and served in the U.S. Army , being discharged in 1947 at

1650-504: The foundation of Taras by Spartan colonists around the end of the century. Despite its geographical proximity with Magna Graecia , however, Iapygia was generally not encompassed in Greek colonial territories, and with the exception of Taras, the inhabitants were evidently able to avoid other Greek colonies in the region. During the 6th century BC Messapia, and more marginally Peucetia, underwent Hellenizing cultural influences, mainly from

1700-538: The lack of fundamental information on Illyrian, since Proto-Albanian (the ancestor language of Albanian ) was likewise an Indo-European language certainly spoken in the Balkans in antiquity, and probably since at least the 7th century BC, as suggested by the presence of archaic loanwords from Ancient Greek . A number of linguistic cognates with Albanian have been proposed, such as Messapic aran and Albanian arë ("field"), biliā and bijë ("daughter"), or menza- and mëz (" foal "). The toponomy points to

1750-600: The latter name is considered to be a Messapic theonym of an Indo-European goddess. It coincides with the Proto-Albanian *apro dītā 'come forth brightness of the day/dawn', which could be the original source of the Ancient Greek Aphrodite , and which is preserved in the Albanian phrase afro dita 'come forth the day/dawn', referring to the planet Venus , and also used to refer to Prende ,

1800-407: The legends of the local currencies promoted by Rome, Messapic appears to have been written in the southern zone, Oscan in the northern area, while the central sector was a trilingual area where Messapic, Greek and Oscan co-existed in inscriptions. Messapic epigraphic records seem to have ended by the 2nd century BC. During the 1st century BCE, the language was replaced by Latin, which is the origin of

1850-452: The mid-6th up until the late-2nd century BC. Many of them consist of the personal names of the deceased engraved in burial sites (36% of the total), and only a few inscriptions have been definitely deciphered. Some longer texts are also available, including those recently found in the Grotta della Poesia ( Roca Vecchia ), although they have not been fully exploited by scholars yet. Most of

1900-513: The modern Italian Sallentine dialects of the region. A characteristic feature of Messapic is the absence of the Indo-European phonological opposition between the vowels /u/ and /o/, the language featuring only an o/u phoneme . Consequently, the superfluous letter /u/ ( upsilon ) was not taken over following the initial period of adaption of the Western ("red") Greek alphabet . The 'o/u' phoneme existed in opposition to an 'a/o' phoneme formed after

1950-482: The nearby Taras. The use of writing systems was introduced during this period, with the acquisition of the Laconian-Tarantine alphabet and its progressive adaptation to the Messapic language. The oldest known Messapic texts date to the 6th century–early 5th century BCE. The relationship between Messapians and Tarantines deteriorated over time, resulting in a series of clashes between the two peoples from

2000-516: The other hand, the outcomes of the Indo-European palatal, velar, and labiovelar stops remain unclear, with slender evidence. The Messapic alphabet is an adaptation of the Western ("red") Greek alphabets , specifically the Laconian - Tarantinian version. The actual Messapic inscriptions are attested from the 6th century BC onward, while the Peucetian and Daunian epigraphic record (written in

2050-542: The phonological distinction between *o and *a was abandoned. The Proto-Indo-European (PIE) vowel /o/ regularly appears as /a/ in inscriptions (e.g., Venas < *Wenos; menza < *mendyo; tabarā < *to-bhorā). The original PIE phonological opposition between ō and o is still perceptible in Messapic. The diphthong *ou , itself reflecting the merged diphthongs *ou and eu , underwent sound change to develop into ao , then into ō (e.g., *Toutor > Taotor > Θōtor). The dental affricate or spirant written Θ

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2100-446: The placement of Messapic in any specific Indo-European subfamily, some scholars place Illyrian and Messapic in the same branch. Eric Hamp has grouped them under "Messapo-Illyrian", which is further grouped with Albanian under "Adriatic Indo-European". Other schemes group the three languages under "General Illyrian" and "Western Paleo-Balkan". A number of shared features between Messapic and Proto-Albanian may have emerged either as

2150-524: The rank of sergeant. Hamp resumed his studies in 1947, entering the Department of Comparative Philology at Harvard University (the department was renamed the Department of Linguistics in 1951), from which he received an MA (1948) and PhD (1954). Among Hamp's teachers at Harvard were Joshua Whatmough and Kenneth H. Jackson . Hamp became interested in Albanian while in graduate school at Harvard, and he traveled to southern Italy to do field work among

2200-405: The reconstructions are correct, we can find, in the preterital system of Messapic, reflections of a formation in *-s- (which in other Indo-European languages are featured in the suffix of the sigmatic aorist), as in the 3rd sg. hipades/opades ('he dedicated' < *supo-dʰeh₁-s-t ) and in the 3rd pl. stahan ('they placed' < *stah₂-s-n°t ). In Albanian, this formation was likewise featured in

2250-790: The region of Apulia before the Roman conquest. However, some scholars have argued that the term ' Iapygian languages' should be preferred for referring to the group of languages spoken in Apulia, with the term 'Messapic' being reserved to the inscriptions found in the Salento peninsula , where the specific tribe of the Messapians had been living in the pre-Roman era. The name Apulia itself derives from Iapygia after passing from Greek to Oscan to Latin and undergoing subsequent morphological shifts. Armenian Greek Phrygian (extinct) Messapic (extinct) Albanian Messapic

2300-554: Was a non- Italic and non-Greek Indo-European language of Balkan origin. Modern archeological and linguistic research and some ancient sources hold that the ancestors of the Iapygians came to Southeastern Italy (present-day Apulia ) from the Western Balkans across the Adriatic Sea during the early first millennium BC. Messapic forms part of the Paleo-Balkan languages . Based upon lexical similarities with

2350-711: Was a visiting fellow and faculty member at a number of institutions throughout the world, including the University of Michigan ; the University of Wisconsin ; the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies ; the University of Edinburgh ; and the Luigj Gurakuqi University of Shkodër, Albania. In 1960, he held the Hermann and Klara H. Collitz Professorship for Comparative Philology at the Linguistic Society of America Summer Institute at

2400-812: Was an Associate Editor of the journal Anthropological Linguistics . He died in February 2019 at the age of 98. Hamp was born in London in 1920 and moved to the United States in 1925 when his father became the New York representative of the Silver Line , a British shipping company. Growing up in East Orange, New Jersey , Hamp was sent to the Tome School in 1935 and entered Amherst College in

2450-698: Was characterized by the densely argued, narrowly focused note, essay and review, generally consisting of a few pages. He wrote more than 3,500 articles and reviews, and nearly every important aspect of historical linguistics was dealt with, often multiple times, in Hamp's writings. He was the Robert Maynard Hutchins Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus at the University of Chicago and in spite of his advanced age, he continued to write, edit, speak and travel at select meetings and conferences, and

2500-758: Was the Robert Maynard Hutchins Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in the Department of Linguistics, where he served as chair from 1966 to 1969. Hamp also held appointments at the University of Chicago in the departments of Psychology and Slavic Languages and Literatures, as well as in the Committee on the Ancient Mediterranean World. He served as director for the Center for Balkan and Slavic Studies from 1965 to 1991. He

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