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112-559: Formed by Edén Pastora Gómez in 1982, it united his Sandino Revolutionary Front (FRS) with such groups as the Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN), MISURASATA and FARN. A.R.D.E. quickly gained momentum in the southeast of Nicaragua. The San Juan River was "liberated" by ARDE, and five strategic bases were formed, including Sarapiquí and La Penca. As ARDE's regional field commanders penetrated deeper and deeper into Nicaragua they became increasingly frustrated at

224-900: A 30. or 50. cal Browning HMG mount instead). In addition, two obsolete L3/33 tankettes acquired from Italy in the mid-1930s were reportedly held in reserve, but only one (nicknamed "La Mascota" by the Nicaraguans) was still kept in running conditions by 1979. Apart from a mere ten M2 half-track cars , the Guardia suffered from a chronic shortage of light armored personnel carriers (APCs) for its infantry units, forcing them to rely on their extensive fleet of soft-skinned transport and liaison vehicles. These ranged from World War II-vintage Willys MB ¼-ton 4×4 jeeps and Dodge WC51 ¾-ton 4×4 utility trucks to more modern Willys M38A1 MD ¼-ton 4×4 jeeps and Willys CJ-5 4×4 jeeps , Spanish VIASA - Ebro trucks MB-CJ6b jeeps (Spanish-produced version of

336-420: A black ceremonial version of their M1942 service dress with gold embroidered insignia whilst the other ranks' retained the old khaki 'Chino' uniform as barrack dress or for walking-out, usually worn with the khaki sidecap. The 'Sam Browne' belt was discontinued, and brown (black for the other GN branches) leather shoes replaced the earlier breeches and riding boots. Nicaraguan Air Force (FAGN) officers received

448-651: A black leather rim-band, with both US or Israeli patterns being worn. Black leather combat boots were also provided by the Americans who issued both the early US Army M-1962 'McNamara' model and the M-1967 model with 'ripple' pattern rubbler sole; the US Army Jungle boot of Vietnam War fame was worn by Nicaraguan soldiers and Police officers only while operating in tropical jungle or marshy ground environments. The first combat helmet provided to Guardia units

560-637: A cease-fire. The last senior commander of the National Guard, Lt. Col. Fulgencio Largaespada Baez finally bowed to the inevitable and ordered his demoralised and exhausted soldiers to lay down their arms. Upon the conclusion of the civil war, 7,500 Guardsmen were taken prisoner – with many former Guards suspected of violating human rights being held in detention by the Sandinistas – while another 4,500 officers and enlisted men fled to neighboring Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Guatemala to form

672-609: A civilian cargo vessel commandeered from the Memnic Line Company , in order to provide direct fire support off the Pacific coast to Guardia infantry units fighting in the Southern Front. It is also rumored that the anti-aircraft battery received from Israel in 1977–78 an unspecified number of surplus US-made General Dynamics FIM-43 Redeye man-portable surface-to-air missiles (SAM). The Guardia also fielded

784-594: A congratulatory note from Carter after his disputed victory in the 1978 elections. After the assassination of opposition leader among the business elites Pedro Chamorro in January 1978, the Nicaraguan public reacted with a series of nationwide strikes and increasing political unrest against the regime. The National Guard was re-organized and expanded, growing to a force of more than 10,000 officers and enlisted men, with localized security companies dispersed throughout

896-478: A corps of feudal retainers (or an occupation force) than to a modern national army, the GN was primarily organized for internal security and Counter-insurgency (COIN) operations rather than national defense, with most infantry units being assigned static garrison duties, and consequently its conventional military value was very low. Out of this total some 10,000–12,500 served in the ground forces proper (including women in

1008-662: A coup d'état held in June that same year. With an ally appointed interim president, Somoza Garcia then resigned from the position of Chief Director of the National Guard in order to meet the constitutional requirements to run for the presidency himself. Breaking with the Liberal party, he established the Partido Liberal Nacionalista (PLN, National Liberal Party) and Somoza was elected president in December with

1120-908: A gangland mob, with bribery, kickbacks, and sometimes violent enforcement, protected the power of the Somoza family at all levels. The U.S. supported the National Guard through the World War II Lend-Lease act and under the terms of the Rio Treaty , but did not publicly approve of Somoza Garcia's extraconstitutional governance. The National Guard, which had been until then a predominately light infantry force composed largely of rifle companies equipped with World War I-vintage U.S. small arms, began to acquire surplus heavy equipment such as armoured cars, light tanks, transport vehicles and artillery. The regime permitted nominal political dissent, and, in 1947, agreed to elections, hoping to mollify both

1232-502: A military hospital in Managua on June 16, 2020, at the age of 83. The cause of death was reported variously as either respiratory failure or a heart attack . While hospitalized, Pastora was also treated for symptoms of COVID-19 , although his grandson said he was not tested for the coronavirus. Nicaraguan National Guard The Nicaraguan National Guard (Spanish: Guardia Nacional , otherwise known as la Guardia )

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1344-501: A personal bodyguard separated from the rest of the National Guard and had the constitution amended to allow him to run for yet another term in 1955. In January of that same year, Somoza Garcia, in collusion with the dictator of the Dominican Republic Rafael Trujillo , supported an unsuccessful invasion of Costa Rica from Nicaragua by exiled supporters of former President Rafael Calderón Guardia , with

1456-430: A reported margin of 64,000 of the 80,663 votes cast. On 1 January 1937, President Somoza Garcia reappointed himself again chief director of the National Guard, installing a corrupt military dictatorship linked to U.S. business interests that would last four decades. Somoza Garcia rapidly took complete control of Nicaraguan institutions including the National Guard, promoting allies and purging enemies. The National Guard

1568-484: A royal blue US Air Force -style M1947 service dress, worn with a light blue shirt and royal blue tie on formal occasions; a short-sleeved shirt and matching royal blue sidecap (a.k.a. ' flight cap ') was worn by officers and other ranks in active service. The Nicaraguan Navy retained both the white dress and khaki uniforms, with officers' adopting a modified version of the M1942 tunic with removable shoulder boards , which

1680-485: A safe passage agreement Sacasa had given to the rebel leader. The National Guard then swiftly crushed Sandino's EDSN, further weakening the Sacasa government. By this time, the National Guard had grown to some 3,000 troops. After using the influence of the National Guard to support Sacasa's re-election in 1936, Somoza Garcia flouted civilian power, installing military cronies in key civilian posts and then deposed Sacasa in

1792-698: A small armoured corps, organized since 1978 into a single mechanized company while platoon-sized units where attached to General Somoza Combat Battalion, the Presidential Guard, the engineer battalion, and the EEBI Infantry School. The inventory consisted mostly of World War II-vintage American vehicles acquired in the 1950s – ten ex- Philippine Army M4A3 E8 (76) and M4A3E8 (105) Sherman tanks , three to four M3A1 Stuart light tanks , and eighteen T17E1 M6 Staghound armoured cars of Israeli origin (some had their turrets removed and replaced by

1904-451: A sort of public-relations counterweight to the bad reputation accorded to the FDN faction (mostly led by ex-National-Guard "Somocistas"). However, Pastora soon lost whatever popularity he might have had among common Nicaraguans as he adopted the strategy of the northern Contras, committing human rights abuses while mostly avoiding direct encounters with the Nicaraguan military. In 1984, Pastora

2016-592: A state of siege and the National Guard launched a violent and repressive reaction in the period 1975–76. Though the FSLN was weakened, so was the regime. Direct U.S. military aid ended in November 1978 although the U.S. still attempted to pursue a policy of "Somocismo sin Somoza," effectively allowing the power structure of the National Guard to prevent a Sandinista victory while removing the increasingly unpopular Somoza from power. The Carter Administration even sent Somoza

2128-616: A variety of private armies. The freshly elected government of President Carlos José Solórzano requested that the U.S. Marines (equally interested in central control) remain in Nicaragua until an indigenous internal security force could be trained; for that effect, the Nicaraguan government hired in 1925 a retired U.S. General to help set up a new paramilitary gendarmerie force, titled the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua (National Guard of Nicaragua). That same year, U.S. forces left

2240-658: The Anti-Aircraft battery operated US Maxson M45 Quadmount turrets on towed wheeled trailers and Israeli-supplied Hispano-Suiza HS.404 20 mm autocannons mounted on the TCM-20 turret configuration. Usually installed on the back of cross-country vehicles, such weapon systems proved useful in the direct fire supporting role, particularly against fortified positions and to root out snipers from urban buildings. The AA battery originally fielded six to eight M1 Bofors 40 mm Anti-Aircraft guns , but these were re-fitted in 1979 to

2352-621: The Ballistic Nylon US M-1952 and M-1952/69 'Half-collar' versions or the Israeli-produced Kevlar Rabintex Industries Ltd Type III RAV 200 Protective Vest ( Hebrew : "Shapats"). Web gear was supplied by the Americans, who provided to the early Guardia infantry companies the khaki web M-1910 infantry equipment in all of its versions (M-1917/18 and later World War II/ Korean War M-1945 patterns). With

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2464-861: The Batallón de Policía Militar (BPM, Military Police Battalion), and the Artillery Batteries. The Compañías de Seguridad de la Guardia Nacional (CSGN, Security Companies for short) were dispersed throughout the country's 16 provinces (Spanish: Departamentos ), being allocated one per each in the provincial capitals of Boaco (Boaco), Jinotepe ( Carazo ), Chinandega (Chinandega), Juigalpa ( Chontales ), Estelí (Estelí), Granada (Granada), Jinotega (Jinotega), León (León), Madriz ( Somoto ), Masaya (Masaya), Matagalpa (Matagalpa), Ocotal ( Nueva Segovia ), Rivas ( Rivas ), San Carlos ( Río San Juan ) and Bluefields ( Zelaya ). The Fuerza Aérea de La Guardia Nacional (FAGN, Air Force of

2576-549: The Brigadas Especiales contra Actos de Terrorismo (BECAT, Special Counter-insurgency Brigades). This was an urban rapid-reaction, anti-terrorist unit closely modelled on SWAT , whose members received special camouflage uniforms and Israeli helmets and flak vests, being armed with Uzi SMGs, M-16s, pump-action shotguns and sniper rifles . Easily recognizable by their Willys CJ-5 4×4 jeeps equipped with vehicular beacons , sirens and wire cutters installed on

2688-752: The Colt-Browning M1895 "potato digger" .30-06 medium machine gun and the US M1917A1 .30-06 Browning water-cooled medium machine gun . Officers and NCOs received the Thompson M1928A1 US .45 caliber (11.4mm) submachine gun , as well as the Colt M1911A1 .45 caliber (11.4mm) semi-automatic pistol as personal sidearm. A small number of ZB vz. 30 light machine guns were acquired from Czechoslovakia in 1937 for evaluation, but they were never adopted as standard weapons by

2800-582: The Contras . From a military standpoint, Pastora's efforts contributed much less than did forces in the north. Pastora also received less support from the US government; whether his performance was a result or cause of this disparity is subject to debate. Military achievements aside, the presence of Pastora, a former FSLN revolutionary hero, among the Contras, helped the public image of the Contras abroad and provided

2912-614: The Gansos Salvajes or "Wild Geese", formed in 1978–79) and infantry trainees led by Major (later, Colonel) Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero , in armed jeeps and gun-trucks plus two small artillery and armoured car platoons. It is estimated that 4,252 Nicaraguan servicemen had been trained by the United States between 1970 and 1976 at the Inter-American Military Academy (a.k.a. " School of

3024-619: The IDF 1950's "Old style" tan - khaki cotton canvas equipment (similar in design to the British Army 's 58 pattern webbing ) or the newer olive green Nylon Ephod Combat Vest instead. The Nicaraguan National Guard rank chart was directly inspired by the US Army , with chevrons pointed upwards for NCOs , horizontal linked brass bars for company officers and vertically placed gilded or silvered stars for field officers. The sequence, however,

3136-631: The M-1943 Combat Service Boots and the M-1948 Russet Leather Lace-Up Boots . A four-pocket, open-collar beltless tunic modelled after the US M1926 pattern was adopted by Guardia officers and worn with a khaki shirt and tie, replaced by a white shirt and black tie on formal occasions; in active and formal service, a brown leather Sam Browne belt (US Officer's belt, M1921) was frequently worn with

3248-669: The Springfield US M1903 .30-06 (7.62×63mm). The squad weapon was the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) M1918A2 US .30-06 (7.62×63mm) light machine gun – the GN also appears to have received the American-made version of the famed World War I British-made Lewis gun .303 (7.7mm) , the Savage Model 1917 LMG chambered for the US .30-06 (7.62×63mm) cartridge –, with the company weapons being

3360-577: The West Point Academy , the AMN was initially staffed by a cadre of US Army instructors headed by Brigadier-General Charles L. Mullins (1939–1942), himself a West Point graduate. He was succeeded as Director of the AMN by other three US Army senior officers, Brigadier-General Fred T. Cruse (1942–1943), Brigadier-General LeRoy Bartlett jr. (1943–1946) and Brigadier-General John F. Greco (1947) until GN Infantry Colonel Anastasio Somoza Debayle

3472-523: The campesinos and aboriginal tribes he represented and was overly concerned with propagating ideological consistency in a poorly concealed bid to consolidate Ortega's political power. Pastora turned against the Sandinista regime. He once again began military operations in southern Nicaragua, loosely federated with northern forces which, composed mostly of highly paid former National Guard members and some Miskito Indians, were collectively referred to as

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3584-516: The general election of 2006 . He finished in fifth place, with 0.29% of the vote. In 2008, Pastora announced that he had become reconciled with the current FSLN and pledged support for the government of Daniel Ortega. He is quoted as saying, "this government is making a revolution, one-eyed or lame, but it is a revolution." As of 2010, he held the title of Minister of Development of the Rio San Juan Basin. In November 2010, in perhaps

3696-526: The " Duck Hunter " pattern, soon followed by " Tigerstripe " ( ERDL Thai Tadpole type ) and " Highland " ( ERDL 1948 Leaf pattern , a.k.a. "Woodland pattern"). National Police BECAT teams had their own distinctive "Tan leaf" pattern, which consisted of puzzle leaf-shapes in medium brown, light brown, and sandy-grey on a tan background. Standard headgear for all-ranks in the Guardia was either the US Army M1943 'Walker cap' and M1951 Olive Green Field caps,

3808-482: The 'Montana Peak' Hat as standard headgear, though the latter also began to be replaced by a light khaki M1954-type Visor Cap; Police officers on traffic control duties were given a white-topped version. It never entirely superseded the earlier headgear however, for photos taken in Managua at the time of the 1972 earthquake show local policemen going on patrol still wearing the old 'Montana' Hat. While on patrol duties,

3920-613: The 3rd company of the General Somoza Combat Battalion and headquartered at Tiscapa Hill just outside Managua , the EEBI was an indigenous Special Forces training center modelled after Fort Bragg, and was tasked of training the Guardia's own elite anti- guerrilla Commandos, the "Black Berets" and its first parachute unit, the "Wild Geese". Inspired on the U.S. Special Forces (USSF), Chilean Army Commandos' and Brazilian Army Paratroopers' training programs,

4032-525: The American practice. The ground forces officers' service dress tunic had the triangular national cap badge on the collar and US-style brass lapel insignia: crossed rifles – infantry ; crossed cavalry sabres and tank – armour ; crossed cannons – artillery ; castle – engineers; crossed signal flags and torch – signals ; Caduceus – medical department, whilst pilot-qualified officers of the Air Force had

4144-879: The Americas ") at Fort Gulick in the Panama Canal Zone , in the Psychological and Special Warfare Academy at Fort Bragg , and at the Inter-American Defense College in Washington D.C. Created on 9 November 1939, the Academia Militar de Nicaragua (AMN, Nicaraguan Military Academy) was the noncommissioned officers' and Officer Candidate School and Staff College of the Guardia Nacional. Modelled after

4256-637: The Belgian FN FAL (or its Israeli version, the lightened ROMAT) 7.62×51mm NATO or US M16A1 5.56×45mm assault rifles, with elite units receiving the Israeli-made IMI Galil SAR and ARM variants in both 5.56×45mm and 7.62×51mm which was adopted in the mid-1970s. At squad level, the Belgium-made FN MAG 58 and US M60 light machine guns both in 7.62×51mm NATO, replaced the obsolete BAR and Savage models, though

4368-746: The CIA and Honduras, as the Contra rebels. Following the collapse of the National Guard, many members relocated to Guatemala and went on to form the Fifteenth of September Legion , which was committed to overthrowing the Sandinista rule. Standard uniform for all ranks since the late 1920s was the US Army tropical ' Chino ' khaki cotton shirt and pants, worn with the US M1912 Campaign Hat (a.k.a. 'Montana Peak Hat') in Olive Drab felt with

4480-608: The GN received in both civilian and military versions. Besides being used as troop carriers these vehicles also doubled as ' gun trucks ' or ' technicals ', being fitted with heavy machine-guns , recoilless rifles and AA autocannons . Moreover, their lack of protection rendered them highly vulnerable to improvised explosive devices (IEDs) or small-arms fire, and many were lost together with their crews in 1979 due to intense street fighting and ambushes in rural areas. Commandeered tracked Caterpillar or wheeled civilian Bulldozers of American and Spanish origin were also employed by

4592-409: The GN. In the 1940s–1950s, the GN received surplus American infantry weapons of World War II/ Korean War -vintage – M1/M2 US .30 carbines (7.62×33mm) and M1 Garand US .30-06 (7.62×63mm) semi-automatic rifles replaced the earlier bolt-action Springfields, with Thompson M1A1 and M3 "Grease Gun" submachine gun models in US .45 caliber (11.4mm) replacing the older Thompson M1928A1 model. Although

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4704-458: The Guardia during the battles for Masaya and Managua to clear paths on rebel-held urban neighbourhoods by demolishing buildings turned into bunkers by the guerrillas. In January 1978 National Guard overall strength peaked at about 25,000 officers and enlisted men under the direct personal command of their Chief Director and President of Nicaragua Major general Anastasio Somoza Debayle (a.k.a. 'Tachito'). Often described as something closer to

4816-536: The Guardia's arsenal, replacing the ageing M1895 and M1917A1 water-cooled medium machine guns. Assault rifles began to be adopted towards the end of the 1960s, though they never displaced entirely the earlier weaponry, such as the Garand rifle which remained the weapon of choice for soldiers serving in the Guardia's infamous firing squads and the security companies, who employed it to disperse demonstrations. Nevertheless, by 1978–79 most GN infantry formations had either

4928-600: The Israeli-designed Soltam M-65 120 mm heavy mortar . They were also issued US M18 57 mm , M20 75 mm , M67 90 mm and M40A1 106 mm recoilless rifles . The field artillery battery was provided with six to nine World War II-vintage M3 37 mm towed anti-tank guns , four US M101A1 105 mm towed Howitzers and an unspecified number of EDESA Yarará 70 mm 42-tube multiple rocket launchers of Argentinian origin mounted on Chevrolet C-10 Cheyenne 4×4 light pickups whereas

5040-640: The M1912 black leather Sam Browne belt with pistol holster and assorted magazine pouches, handcuff pouch and M1944 baton in its respective carrier was worn. Around the late 1960s Guardia units began to receive surplus American Olive Green tropical uniforms, the US Army OG-107 cotton sateen utilities and the M1967 Jungle Utility Uniform . Elite formations within the GN received camouflage versions of these same uniforms, first in

5152-651: The National Assembly Palace in Managua , took 2,000 hostages, and escaped to Panama with 50 released political prisoners. The seizure of the National Palace was the second major action launched by the Sandinistas. By March 1979, the Somoza regime faced an open civil war as well as being cut off from all aid by the United States, including blocking of an emergency shipment of weapons and ammunition coming from Israel. With ammunition, spare parts, fuel, and medical supplies running dangerously low,

5264-490: The National Guard in 1925. Besides being a nephew of Sacasa, Somoza Garcia was a trusted friend of Moncada and a supporter of the liberal revolt. He was trusted by the Americans due to his service as a translator to Henry Stimson during the 1927 peace conference, schooling in the U.S., and training under the U.S. Marines (apparently, as an officer in the National Guard). After the departure of U.S. troops in 1933 (at

5376-723: The National Guard participated in a peacekeeping operation in the Dominican Republic alongside U.S., Brazilian, Paraguayan, Honduran and Costa Rican troops as part of the Interamerican Pacification Force (FIP), deployed under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS). The guard's domestic power, however, gradually broadened to embrace not only its original internal security and police functions but also control over customs, telecommunications, port facilities, radio broadcasting,

5488-710: The Nicaraguan Government) based his arguments not on official maps but on faulty border information obtained from Google Maps . Pastora and his soldiers invaded the Caleros Island in order to create a channel connecting the San Juan River with the Atlantic Ocean. The government of Costa Rica, which disputes ownership of the island with Nicaragua, holds that this has caused irreparable ecological destruction. In April 2015 photos show

5600-567: The Nicaraguan National Guard) in 1978 comprised some 1,500 officers and enlisted men, including pilots and ground personnel, under the command of Colonel Donaldo Humberto Frixote , an experienced pilot and staunch Somoza loyalist. FAGN main air elements at the time consisted of four squadrons – one attack, one helio, one transport and one advanced training – provided with a mixed inventory of aircraft of various types, mostly of U.S., Israeli, British, Canadian and Spanish origin,

5712-438: The Nicaraguan National guard providing air cover to the operation. In September 1956, Somoza Garcia was fatally shot by a young dissident poet, Rigoberto López Pérez , and was succeeded in the presidency by his elder son, Luis Somoza Debayle , while his youngest son Anastasio Somoza Debayle , a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point became the Chief Director of the National Guard. Brutal repression of

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5824-629: The Nicaraguans; in 1978, one M37B was converted by the GN engineers into an armored car prototype dubbed "La Trigra", but the whole project was discontinued due to the lack of funds), and Israeli AIL M325 Command Cars ("Nun-Nun") and Mercedes-Benz Unimog 404 light trucks . Heavy transport vehicles were also employed, ranging from older World War II GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 and Chevrolet G506 1½-ton 4×4 trucks to newer US Dodge W500/W600 Power Wagon 4×4 medium-duty trucks , US M35 series 2½-ton 6×6 cargo trucks and US M39 5-ton 6x6 cargo trucks , and Spanish Pegaso 3046 4×4 and 3050 6×6 heavy-duty trucks , which

5936-454: The School's own special curriculum placed emphasis on counter-insurgency . Advanced courses ranged from basic light infantry skills, jungle combat and survival to sniper , light and heavy weapons ( mortars and artillery ), demolitions, 'Commando' operations and intelligence, reconnaissance (Ranger), communications, medical, airborne and even light armor tactics. Ex-USSF and exiled South Vietnamese LLDB instructors conducted most of

6048-420: The Southern Front contributed to the Sandinista victory by tying down over 2,000 heavily equipped Nicaraguan National Guard forces, as Somoza remained fixated on stopping Pastora, even as major cities fell to the rebels. Pastora became disenchanted with the turn of the revolution when most of the Sandinista leaders moved to the luxury residences of Managua ; he felt the leadership was doing too little to benefit

6160-404: The US M1942 light khaki service dress, comprising tunic, slacks and a matching peaked cap with brown-japanned chinstrap and peak, or black dress cap with gold chinstrap, black peak with gold leaf embroidery for field and general ranks (the GN Chief Director had additional French-style embroidery on the cap band), and silver triangular national cap badge. For formal occasions, senior officers adopted

6272-413: The United States and local opponents, but quickly deposed the winning candidate in a coup d'état that brought strong disapproval from the U.S. Government. Under a new constitution, an assembly-appointed president, and a strong anti-communist stance relations improved. Nevertheless, Somoza Garcia was the true power behind the curtain and an increasing target of attempted coups and assassination; he even raised

6384-402: The Willys CJ-3B jeep), Santana Series III (Spanish-produced variant of the Land Rover Series III model ) and Toyota Land Cruiser (J40) light pickups, VIASA - Ebro trucks "Campeador" one-ton pickups (Spanish-produced variant of the Jeepster Commando ), M151A1 ¼-ton 4×4 utility trucks (nicknamed "Pumas" by the Nicaraguans), Dodge M37B ¾-ton 4×4 1953 utility trucks (nicknamed "Chatas" by

6496-422: The attack, and Somoza's half brother, José Somoza. Members of the commando used numbers as codenames, with Pastora as Zero, and Dora María Téllez as Commander "two" leading to a lasting identification of Eden as Comandante Cero and Dora Maria as Commander "two." The operation infuriated Somoza and was considered one of the turning points in the insurgency. Originally organized to free FSLN members imprisoned by

6608-418: The border with Costa Rica. He was seen at a Sandinista demonstration over the slow certification of winners in the November 5, 2000 municipal elections. Álvaro Pardo made a documentary about Pastora in 2006 called Edén Pastora - Comandante Cero . It portrays Pastora's return to the political arena of Nicaragua when he was nominated as a candidate for the mayor of Managua . Pastora ran for president in

6720-412: The branches of service: Ground Forces ' NCOs had yellow on dark-green chevrons, the Air Force personnel wore white on royal blue ground forces' rank insignia whilst the Navy's seamen and petty officers' ranks were identical to the other branches of the Guardia, but line officers had US Navy -style rank insignia on removable navy blue shoulder boards instead. Skills and trades badges followed more closely

6832-430: The capital of Managua , brought further evidence of corruption, as members of the National Guard openly looted damaged businesses and misappropriated international aid, and Somoza Debayle's personal wealth soared during the reconstruction period. In 1974, the growing Sandinista movement FSLN (named after the assassinated Sandino) succeeded in forcing the government to accept an amnesty, after which Somoza Debayle declared

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6944-510: The cease-fire. Faced with the rejection by the Sandinistas of his list of demands – which included retention of all property belonging to individual officers – in exchange for a surrender, on the dawn of 19 July 1979, General Mejía and most of the high-ranking officers of the General Staff left Nicaragua by plane, leaving their men leaderless. Early in the morning of that same day as 5,000 Sandinista guerrillas and 10,000 assorted "people's militia" took control of Managua's city center and called for

7056-458: The country and modern specialized units such as mechanized and engineer battalions, a Presidential Guard, and a reinforced tactical battalion. The strengthened National Guard continued to tighten its grip but opposition only grew broader and fiercer. A humiliating hostage crisis ensued on 22 August 1978 when 25 Sandinista rebels disguised as National Guard soldiers led by "Comandante Cero" (Commander Zero), future Contra leader Edén Pastora , occupied

7168-488: The country, but after a civil war broke out, they returned in 1926 and took over the command (and training) of the National Guard from 1927 to 1933, when it was returned to Nicaraguan control under the government of President Juan Bautista Sacasa . President Sacasa, under political pressure from José María Moncada , who had been the leader of a rebel faction which later joined the government after U.S. mediation efforts, appointed Anastasio Somoza García as Chief Director of

7280-441: The front bumper, and painted in blue-and-white National Police markings, BECAT teams were frequently employed in raids at Nicaraguan urban slums in search for hidden guerrillas, and quickly earned an unenviable reputation for brutality. By July 1979, the GN also fielded some 2,000–2,500 elite counter-insurgency EEBI troops, comprising Commandos (a.k.a. the Boinas Negras or "Black Berets", first formed in 1968), Paratroopers (a.k.a.

7392-589: The full introduction of semi-automatic and automatic small-arms, however, the GN and Police adopted both the US Army M-1956 load-carrying equipment (LCE) in khaki cotton canvas and the M-1967 modernized load-carrying equipment (MLCE) in OG Nylon; some photos do show that the all-purpose lightweight individual carrying equipment (ALICE), an upgrade of the latter, was also given to some Guardia troops in 1978–79. Usually, personnel armed with M-1s, FALs and M16s tended to be issued with American web gear whereas those soldiers or policemen issued Galils or Uzi SMGs received

7504-611: The government of Costa Rica. Pastora was born in Ciudad Darío . When he was seven, Pastora's father was killed in a boundary dispute. While in high school with the Jesuits in Granada, he first learned about Augusto César Sandino through his Panamanian history teacher. He began his rebel career when he decided that the government of Anastasio Somoza Debayle was corrupt and formed the southern Nicaraguan ARDE from local peasant farmers (called campesinos) and aboriginal tribes living according to more traditional ways. On December 27, 1974, an FSLN commando unit, headed by Pastora, burst into

7616-409: The government quarter of Tiscapa hill at Managua and Managua International Airport , and at the remaining holdouts throughout the country were exhorted to continue the fight. After negotiations with the Sandinistas broke down due to his refusal to resign on 18 July, President Urcuyo fled to Guatemala, leaving in charge GN Chief Director General Mejía who tried unsuccessfully to pursue conversations for

7728-753: The heavier Brownings were retained as platoon and company machine guns. The Israeli Uzi 9mm submachine gun was also given to armoured crews, Police BECAT teams and EEBI " Commando " troops, who were also issued the US Remington Model 700 Sniper rifle 7.62×51mm, and the Ithaca Model 37 12-gauge and Remington Model 870 12-gauge pump-action shotguns . Hand grenades were supplied by the Americans, who provided M59 "Baseball" hand grenades , Mark 2 "Pineapple" Fragmentation Hand/Rifle Grenades , M61 Fragmentation Hand Grenades , M67 grenades , M26A1 Fragmentation Hand Grenades , M34 White Phosphorus Smoke Grenades and M18 Smoke Hand Grenades ; M18A1 Claymore Antipersonnel Mines were also employed. The Nicaraguan infantryman

7840-480: The height of the Great Depression ), the Sacasa government opened negotiations with the National Sovereignty Defense Army (EDSN) rebel guerrilla faction led by Augusto César Sandino , which had fought both the National Guard and the U.S. occupation forces. During the negotiations, Sandino insisted on the disbandment of the National Guard as a pre-condition for any peace agreement, leading Somoza Garcia to react ruthlessly by arresting and executing Sandino, in violation of

7952-406: The house of Josè Maria Castillo, president of the Banco Central, and took his guests hostage (including two relatives of the dictator Somoza). Three days later, thanks to the Managua archbishop's intermediation, the hostages were released, in exchange for a million dollars and the freedom of some political prisoners. Castillo was the only victim of the action. Pastora allied himself with the FSLN in

8064-407: The increasingly hard-pressed National Guard could no longer sustain a prolonged fight against the rebels. Already plagued by shaky morale, and weakened by casualties and desertions after seven weeks of battle, GN units were gradually forced to fall back to Managua. At this point, on 17 July 1979 Somoza Debayle resigned from office and fled the country by plane to Miami, FL., followed by almost all of

8176-455: The internal political opposition followed suit. In 1957, the National Guard was involved in the only external military action of its existence, a brief border skirmish with Honduras. In 1961, the National Guard cooperated with the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency in the preparation for the abortive Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba, permitting its bases to be used for training and staging areas. From May 1965 to September 1966, one infantry company of

8288-455: The largest militia in southern Nicaragua, second only to the FSLN (Sandinista National Liberation Front) in the north. Pastora was nicknamed Comandante Cero ("Commander Zero"). His group was the first to call itself "Sandinistas", and was also the first to accept an alliance with the FSLN, the group that was to become more popularly identified by the name. At the end of 1982, a few years after

8400-796: The late 1920s everything that the Guardia used, from uniforms and boots to rifles, artillery and vehicles, mostly under the US Military Assistance Program (MAP). However, starting in the early 1950s, the Somozas made consistent efforts to diversify their sources of military hardware and supplies in a hope to reduce their dependence from the Americans. The majority of its weaponry until the mid-1970s consisted of U.S.-made surplus 'hand-me-downs' from both world wars, Korea and Vietnam , partially supplemented by more modern equipment either donated or sold by Israel, Spain, Argentina, Morocco, and South Africa, particularly after U.S. aid

8512-529: The law-enforcement branch of the Guardia, the Policia Nacional – Guardia Nacional (PNGN, National Police of the National Guard) was a municipal constabulary numbering some 9,000–10,000 male and female uniformed constables , although other sources estimate that their actual number was no fewer than 3,000–8,000. Most of its lightly armed personnel were concentrated in the main cities (Managua, Leon, Matagalpa, and Masaya) on police duties, or assigned to

8624-479: The main cities, including the national capital of Managua . The Headquarters of the GN's General Staff was placed at the heart of the government quarter of Tiscapa Hill near downtown Managua, allocated in an underground bunker -style complex built after the 1972 Nicaragua earthquake ; the quarter's adjacent facilities also housed the main offices' of the Guardia's own administration, signals, engineering, medical, logistics and military justice support services, and

8736-591: The main military schools. Managua was also home to most of the GN's main tactical units such as the Batallón de Guardia Presidencial (BGP, Presidential Guard Battalion), the Patrulla Presidencial (PP, Presidential VIP protection unit), the Primero Batallón Blindado (PBB, 1st Armoured Battalion), the Batallón de Combate General Somoza (BCGS, General Somoza Combat Battalion ), the Batallón de Ingeniería (Engineer Battalion),

8848-704: The majority being propeller -driven. All FAGN aircraft and personnel were concentrated at the military airbase adjacent to the then Mercedes International Airport at Managua , which also housed the Air Force HQ and the Aviation School. The Marina de Guerra de la Guardia Nacional (MG-GN, Nicaraguan National Guard Navy) in 1978 stood at about 1,000 sailors and ratings who manned a surface flotilla of some eight to ten Israeli Dabur-1 class patrol boats , one GC2 patrol boat, one GC6 patrol boat, and one Swiftships 85 ft-type patrol boat. The MG-GN flotilla

8960-454: The merchant marine, and civil aviation. Even as trusted friends of the family succeeded Luis in the presidency, his brother remained firmly in control of the National Guard. Eventually, in 1967, Anastasio himself was elected president; Luis soon died of a heart attack, leaving Anastasio in sole control. Without his brother's technocratic influence, Anastasio's corrupt ways were unrestrained. The 1972 Nicaragua earthquake , which severely damaged

9072-473: The mid-1930s, Guardia officers began being issued with the M1937 or M1942 American peaked caps, in either light tropical khaki and Olive Drab wool cloth, which slowly began to replace the campaign hat in service dress. The khaki US M1934 sidecap (a.k.a. ' garrison cap ') was also supplied to GN personnel during the 1930-1940s. Guardia uniforms underwent some changes in the 1950s and 1960s, with officers adopting

9184-660: The mid-1960s. He became a rebel guerrilla and was the mastermind behind the August 1978 standoff in the Nicaraguan National Palace, in which he and 19 FSLN commandos disguised as members of Somoza's National Guard stormed the Palace, disarming or killing the real Nicaraguan National Guard members. Among the hostages taken were members of the Nicaraguan Congress, which was in session at the time of

9296-500: The military and PNGN), but only about 7,500 were combat troops, organized into one Presidential Guard battalion, one armoured battalion, one mechanized infantry battalion, one mechanized company, one engineer battalion, one Military Police battalion, one field artillery battery and one anti-aircraft battery, plus sixteen security companies. All the aforementioned units were deployed in traditional Spanish colonial fashion in fortress -like cuarteles (Quarters; barracks-cum-garrisons) in

9408-539: The most publicized Costa Rican arrest warrant issued in years, prosecutors in northern Caribbean canton of Pococí announced that Pastora, now 73 years old, had been indicted for severe environmental damage caused in the eastern Limón Province near the Río San Juan that the Republic of Nicaragua claims to be a part of their territory. In a taunt taken at face value by many in the international media, Pastora (and

9520-543: The north. Six southern front regional commanders led by Navegante ( Nueva Guinea ), Ganso ( El Rama ), and Leonel ( Chontales ) deposed Comandante Cero in early 1986 and forged battlefield alliances with their other guerrillas from the FDN such as Franklyn and Apache. This led to both their greatest battlefield successes and a renewal of American aid. After the 1990 elections, the Sandinistas were relegated to secondary status. The Southern Front Contras continue their fight, and as of 2004 finally gained title to viable farmland in

9632-522: The now 78-year-old Pastora watching as the canal that provoked the international incident was filled with sand. He is well above the ground watching from a ladder lashed to trees. Pastora had three failed marriages. Lamenting about the interpersonal strains that occur in the life of a revolutionary, Pastora said: "The first thing we revolutionaries lose is our wives. The last thing we lose is our lives. In between our women and our lives, we lose our freedom, our happiness, our means of living." Pastora died at

9744-559: The nucleus of an armed opposition force to the new Nicaraguan government, which would later become known as the Contras . The Sandinista junta replaced the disbanded Guardia Nacional with two new forces, the Ejército Popular Sandinista (EPS, Sandinista Popular Army ) and the Policía Sandinista (Sandinista Police). Eventually, alumni of the National Guard would be reconstituted, with the support of

9856-470: The popular Colt pistol was retained, Colt Cobra .38 Special snub-nose revolvers , Smith & Wesson Model 10 revolvers and Smith & Wesson Model 15 revolvers in .38 Special were also adopted. Medium and heavy machine guns , in the form of the M1919A4 US .30-06 Browning (7.62×63mm) – or its M1919A6 light machine gun version – and the larger M2HB .50 Browning (12.7×99mm) were added to

9968-417: The regime — among the prisoners being Daniel Ortega and Tomás Borge — the raid marked an uncontested victory for the FSLN. After negotiating a USD$ 500,000 deal with Somoza and Cardinal Miguel Obando , Pastora, Ortega and other released prisoners left for Cuba , where he claimed to have been a "prisoner" lavished with women and luxury, but not allowed to leave the country until Martín Torrijos ,

10080-582: The revolutionary victory, Pastora became disillusioned with the government of the FSLN, and formed the Democratic Revolutionary Alliance (ARDE) with the object of confronting the "pseudo-Sandinistas" politically and militarily. As of 2010, he was reconciled with the FSLN and held a ministerial post in the government of Daniel Ortega . His role in a border dispute with Costa Rica and allegations of environmental damage to territory claimed by that country led to legal indictment by

10192-399: The right collar, branch insignia on the left, and NCOs' yellow chevrons on an olive green background. A subdued nametape was worn over the right breast pocket, the 'Guardia' national title on the left, and full-colour or subdued unit patches and shoulder titles on both sleeves. Members of the 1st Armored Battalion wore at the sides of their OR-201 helmets a blue triangular-shaped decal bearing

10304-558: The senior military officers of the GN General Staff. Somoza's successor as head of state, interim President Francisco Urcuyo Maliaños opened negotiations for a cease-fire but at the same time tried to strengthen his political position by filling with younger colonels and lieutenant-colonels the depleted National Guard's General Staff, now headed by the new Chief Director Lt. Col. (later General) Federico Mejía González . The 12,000 Guardsmen still under his command, now besieged in

10416-515: The son of then Panamanian strongman Omar Torrijos and Pastora's personal friend, voiced his concern and went to Cuba to rescue him personally. Pastora was put in command of the FSLN's Southern Front, advancing on the town of Rivas from bases in Costa Rica. In reaction to Pastora's widely held reputation, Somoza sent his best troops against him and as a consequence the Southern Front made little headway while suffering heavy casualties. However,

10528-575: The squandering of resources, the inter-factional strife, and Pastora's erratic directives. In 1985, other rebel groups, including former ARDE political head Alfonso Robelo , formed the United Nicaraguan Opposition umbrella group. Fernando "El Negro" Chamorro of the UNO-aligned FARN sought to win over ARDE commanders, and in November, ARDE units encountered Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) elements moving down from

10640-528: The training, though the School's teaching staff is said to have included anti-Castro Cuban exiles (former members of the Brigade 2506 , which had participated in the ill-fated Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961), Guatemalans, Salvadorans and Chileans, as well as Israeli and German mercenaries . The Escuela de Transmissiones (Signals School) was established on 15 January 1933. A Escuela del Aire (Air School)

10752-628: The triangular Nicaraguan national cap badge. Military Academy cadets were issued a special version of the 'Chino' uniform, with the shirt modified by the addition of black shoulder straps and breast pockets' flaps dyed black. Officers and sometimes NCOs wore in the field breeches and riding boots or the US M1931 cavalry laced boots whereas the other ranks' had their trousers trucked into US-type canvas (or leather) gaiters and ankle boots. The latter consisted of brown leather Field Shoes M-1918 (Pershing boot) and Type II/III Service Shoes, later replaced by

10864-602: The tropical OG-106 Baseball cap or the IDF "Old style" Olive Drab fatigue cap, partially replaced on the field by US Army Boonie hats or US Marines ' utility caps in both olive green and ERDL camouflage versions. Specialized units authorized berets wore them pulled to the right, American-fashion, with the colour sequence for the ground forces as follows: Armoured Cavalry and Counter-insurgency "Commandos" – Black ; Paratroopers – Cherry-red ( Maroon ); Presidential Guard – Green ; GN berets were made of one-piece artificial wool attached

10976-551: The tunic. A tropical white linen dress uniform very similar to the US Navy 's Service Dress White or "chokers", was adopted by the Guardia and naval service officers and Military Academy cadets. Comprising a high-collar tunic, slacks and white shoes plus a matching peaked cap, the tunic was worn with removable exaggerated twisted cord epaulettes and a red silk sash tied around the waist on formal occasions whilst enlisted ranks wore exaggerated black buff chevrons instead. Starting in

11088-507: The unit's black crest inserted on a white disc at the center. For parade in field dress branch-colour neck scarfs were worn, being light blue for infantry and EEBI "Commandos", black for armour, red for artillery, yellow for engineers and signals, and apple green for the GN General Staff. Throughout its existence, the Nicaraguan National Guard received military assistance mainly from the United States, who provided since

11200-459: The vehicle they manned, received either the old World War II US M1938 'Gruyére' composite fiber-and-leather crash helmet or the Vietnam-era fibreglass 'bone dome' Combat Vehicle Crew (CVC) T-56-6 helmet though neither models offered any satisfactory protection against shrapnel or small arms rounds. Guardia's military and National Police personnel were also issued with flak jackets , either

11312-462: The vicinity of El Rama. Ed%C3%A9n Pastora Edén Atanacio Pastora Gómez (November 15, 1936 or January 22, 1937 – June 16, 2020 ) was a Nicaraguan politician and guerrilla who ran for president as the candidate of the Alternative for Change (AC) party in the 2006 general elections . In the years prior to the fall of the Somoza regime, Pastora was the leader of the Southern Front,

11424-409: The winged propeller badge on the lapels. When the Guardia was formed in the mid-1920s, its personnel wore on the left sleeve of their light khaki shirts a simple diamond-shaped blue patch with the white letters "GN", later replaced by a more elaborate system of service and unit insignia. On the olive green or camouflage combat uniforms, officers' wore cloth subdued or black metal pin-on rank insignia on

11536-514: Was a militia and a gendarmerie created in 1925 during the occupation of Nicaragua by the United States . It became notorious for human rights abuses and corruption under the regime of the Somoza family (1936–1979). The National Guard was disbanded when the Sandinistas came to power in 1979. Prior to the U.S. occupation, the long period of civil strife had encouraged the development of

11648-513: Was also provided with two types of portable rocket weapons, the shoulder-fired US M79 "Blooper" 40mm single-shot grenade launcher and the expendable anti-tank, one-shot US M72 LAW 66 mm . Guardia infantry and artillery formations were equipped with a variety of crew-served weapons. Light mortars ranged from the M2 60 mm and M1 81 mm models of World War II-vintage, to the more recent M29 81 mm ; some selected elite troops received

11760-655: Was apparently the intended target of the La Penca bombing , which killed four people at a press conference he was holding. He was seriously wounded. Pastora became disillusioned with Nicaragua and became a refugee in Costa Rica during the 1990s, where he became a citizen. Later, however, he returned to Nicaragua. Pastora since opened a shark fishing business in San Juan del Norte on the San Juan River along

11872-464: Was appointed its first Nicaraguan-born Director in 1948. The Escuela de Entrenamiento Basico de Infanteria (EEBI, Infantry Basic Training School) was founded in 1976–77 by then Capitan Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero upon his return from the United States after attending both the U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning and the U.S. Army school for psychological and special warfare at Fort Bragg . Initially attached for administrative purposes to

11984-560: Was cut in 1978. Other countries such as Italy, West Germany, Portugal, El Salvador, Paraguay, Sweden, South Korea, and the Philippines were also involved in providing some form of covert aid or acted as brokers in secret arms deals. The first standard issue weapon of the Guardia Nacional (GN) infantry companies at the mid-1920s was the Krag–Jørgensen US M1896/98 .30-40 (7.62 mm) bolt-action rifle , soon superseded by

12096-632: Was divided into a Pacific coast patrol squadron, the Guardia Marina del Pacífico , and an Atlantic coast patrol squadron, the Guardia Marina del Atlântico . Main naval bases were situated at the coastal towns of Corinto ( Chinandega ) on the Pacific coast and Puerto Cabezas ( Zelaya ) on the Caribbean coast, with secondary naval stations set up at San Juan del Sur ( Rivas ) and El Bluff near Bluefields ( Zelaya ). Created in 1970 out of

12208-565: Was slightly different, with sergeants' ranks being limited to two only; captains were identified by three bars instead of two as per in the US Armed Services , whilst majors had a five-point gilded star in lieu of a leaf. National Guard rank insignia from Subteniente to Coronel resembled a US antecedent—but that of the Confederate States Army . There were also some differences in colour and nomenclature according to

12320-657: Was the US steel M1917 A1 "Kelly" helmet during World War II, replaced in 1954 by the M-1 , issued with a Mitchell 'Clouds' pattern camouflage cover and the Israeli-made Orlite Industries Ltd composite fibreglass OR-201 Model 76 ballistic helmet , which began to replace the earlier M-1 in 1977. Period photos however, do show GN soldiers and National Police constables within the same units wearing side-by-side both US and Israeli types, often worn plain without camo covers. Armoured crews, depending on

12432-446: Was the backbone of a growing network of control, eventually including telecommunications, railroads, and key civilian agencies from customs to hospitals to tax collection. In 1938, Somoza Garcia appointed a civilian assembly that rubber-stamped constitutional changes allowing him to stay in office; his personal fortune expanded as he and his family took over key areas of the private economy. An increasingly pervasive corruption comparable to

12544-466: Was worn with a light khaki shirt and black tie on service dress. Nicaraguan National Police (PNGN) officers' continued to wear as service dress the 'Chino' khaki shirt (in long or short sleeve versions) and trousers with shoes or Olive Green (OG) fatigues with combat boots, whereas female constables were given a khaki short-sleeved blouse and assorted knee-length skirt worn with a flat-top, short snapped-brimmed khaki hat. Their male counterparts retained

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