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186-690: Aligarh Muslim University is a collegiate , central , and research university located in Aligarh , Uttar Pradesh , India , which was originally established by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920, following the Aligarh Muslim University Act . The university offers more than 300 courses in traditional and modern branches of education, and

372-516: A Community College, similar to HKU's Centennial College, which been in a partnership arrangement with the University of Wollongong since 2014. Most of the public universities in India follow the collegiate system. The University of Mumbai, is a collegiate public state university located in the city of  Mumbai ,  Maharashtra , India. The University of Mumbai

558-547: A Pakistan state ..." Balraj Puri in his journal article about Jinnah suggests that the Muslim League president, after the 1937 vote, turned to the idea of partition in "sheer desperation". Historian Akbar S. Ahmed suggests that Jinnah abandoned hope of reconciliation with the Congress as he "rediscover[ed] his own Islamic roots, his own sense of identity, of culture and history, which would come increasingly to

744-605: A Provost and a number of teacher wardens who look after different hostels. Each Hall maintains a Dining Hall, a Common Room with facilities for indoor games, a Reading Room, Library, Sports Clubs and a Literary. The Halls are named after people associated with the Aligarh Movement and the university. Sir Syed Hall is the oldest Hall of the university. It houses many heritage buildings such as Strachey Hall, Mushtaq Manzil, Asman Manzil, Nizam Museum and Lytton Library, Victoria Gate, and Jama Masjid . The campus also maintains

930-460: A Regent Master of Theology at Paris, left a legacy to found University College, Oxford in 1249. Although this is taken as the foundation date of University College, it was not until after 1280 that the college actually began operating. At around the same time Balliol College was founded by John de Balliol via a grant of land in 1263 as a penance imposed by the Bishop of Durham, and Merton College

1116-467: A big environment that's the common feature". In many collegiate universities, the teaching is centrally organised through departments and faculties on a university-wide basis. The level of participation in teaching of colleges in such universities varies: they may provide no formal teaching (e.g. Durham), may provide some teaching to their own students (the Oxbridge model), may provide some teaching that

1302-492: A business associate of Jinnahbhai Poonja , offered young Jinnah a London apprenticeship with his firm, Graham's Shipping and Trading Company. He accepted the position despite the opposition of his mother, who before he left, had him enter an arranged marriage with his cousin, two years his junior from the ancestral village of Paneli, Emibai Jinnah . Jinnah's mother and first wife both died during his absence in England. Although

1488-549: A college is not obligatory for students, and only students in residence count as college members. The colleges manage admission to the college (but not the university) and provide academic tutorials to students. The University of the Arts Singapore (UAS) is a publicly-funded private collegiate university in Singapore. It is a federation of two local arts colleges — Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts , and LASALLE College of

1674-408: A collegial tradition in the mode of Oxbridge, but the federal principle has been widely emulated." Similarly a conference on The Collegiate Way in 2014 concentrated entirely on universities with residential colleges (e.g. Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, etc.), making no mention of federal universities. This was in keeping with the idea that "The collegiate way is the notion that a curriculum, a library,

1860-740: A collegiate model, with five colleges on the Peterborough campus. All students are affiliated to a college. A notable collegiate university in Mainland China is The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen , which inherits the tradition from The Chinese University of Hong Kong in Shatin , Hong Kong. The number of collegiate universities in France has increased over the past years. These include: The University of Hong Kong (HKU) has an affiliated Anglican college, St John's College, which

2046-581: A constituent of the Aligarh Muslim University as an undergraduate college in 1937. Later, Abdullah's daughters also served as principals of the women's college. One of his daughters was Mumtaz Jahan Haider, during whose tenure as principal, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad had visited the university and offered a grant of ₹ 9,00,000. She was involved in the establishment of the Women's College, organised various extracurricular events, and reasserted

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2232-629: A cricket ground, Willingdon Pavilion, a synthetic hockey ground and a park, Gulastan-e-Syed. Other notable buildings in the campus includes the Maulana Azad Library , Moinuddin Ahmad Art Gallery , Kennedy Auditorium, Musa Dakri Museum, the Cultural Education Centre, Siddons Debating Union Hall and Sir Syed House. The main university gate is called Bab-e-Syed. In 2020 a new gate called Centenary Gate

2418-574: A decennial review of Indian policy mandated by the Government of India Act 1919 . The review began two years early as Baldwin feared he would lose the next election (which he did, in 1929). The Cabinet was influenced by minister Winston Churchill , who strongly opposed self-government for India, and members hoped that by having the commission appointed early, the policies for India which they favoured would survive their government. The resulting commission , led by Liberal MP John Simon , though with

2604-456: A faculty, and students are not enough to make a college. It is an adherence to the residential scheme of things." Yet the federal principle has also been called the "Cambridge principle", and is sometimes seen as essential to a collegiate university. There is also dispute as to what is meant by a federal university: some writers have argued that the distinct feature of a federal system is the separation of teaching and examination, but others see

2790-545: A few years prior to this, been an examination board for its colleges, and Trinity College Dublin combined elements of the collegiate and professorial styles. More recently, the collegiate and federal traditions have been seen as separate in Britain, although both inspired by different aspects of the colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, e.g. "With the partial exception of Durham (and in the twentieth century York, Kent and Lancaster) there has been no serious attempt to create in Britain

2976-793: A large number of Muslim politicians and confirmed his recommendation to Jinnah. In early 1934, Jinnah relocated to the subcontinent, though he shuttled between London and India on business for the next few years, selling his house in Hampstead and closing his legal practice in Britain. Muslims of Bombay elected Jinnah, though then absent in London, as their representative to the Central Legislative Assembly in October 1934. The British Parliament's Government of India Act 1935 gave considerable power to India's provinces, with

3162-410: A large salary, fixing it at 1 rupee per month. As a lawyer, Jinnah gained fame for his skilled handling of the 1908 " Caucus Case ". This controversy arose out of Bombay municipal elections, which Indians alleged were rigged by a "caucus" of Europeans to keep Sir Pherozeshah Mehta out of the council. Jinnah gained great esteem from leading the case for Sir Pherozeshah, himself a noted barrister. It

3348-703: A majority of Conservatives, arrived in India in March 1928. They were met with a boycott by India's leaders, Muslim and Hindu alike, angered at the British refusal to include their representatives on the commission. A minority of Muslims, though, withdrew from the League, choosing to welcome the Simon Commission and repudiating Jinnah. Most members of the League's executive council remained loyal to Jinnah, attending

3534-491: A non-residential college model, and New York University has similar "learning communities" to support non-residential students. The specifics of how the collegiate system is organised – whether college membership is necessary for students, whether colleges are legally independent, the role colleges play in admissions, etc. – vary widely between different universities. While the ancient universities of Oxford and Cambridge consist of independent colleges that supplement

3720-683: A parliamentarian, organising many Indian members to work with the Swaraj Party , and continued to press demands for full responsible government. In 1925, as recognition for his legislative activities, he was offered a knighthood by Lord Reading , who was retiring from the Viceroyalty. He replied: "I prefer to be plain Mr Jinnah." In 1927, the British Government, under Conservative Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin , undertook

3906-439: A pictorial depiction which would be offensive to many Muslims. Jinnah's legal education followed the pupillage (legal apprenticeship) system, which had been in force there for centuries. To gain knowledge of the law, he followed an established barrister and learned from what he did, as well as from studying lawbooks . During this period, he shortened his name to Muhammad Ali Jinnah. During his student years in England, Jinnah

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4092-578: A quarter to a third of the population, outnumbered by the Hindus. Early meetings of the Congress contained a minority of Muslims, mostly from the elite. Jinnah devoted much of his time to his law practice in the early 1900s, but remained politically involved. Jinnah began political life by attending the Congress's twentieth annual meeting, in Bombay in December 1904. He was a member of the moderate group in

4278-517: A range of technical and vocational subjects, as well as interdisciplinary subjects. In 2011, it opened two new centres in West Bengal and Kerala for the study of MBAs and Integrated Law. The university has around 28,000 students and a faculty of almost 1,500 teaching staff. Students are drawn from all states in India and several different countries, with most of its international students coming from Africa, West Asia and Southeast Asia. Admission into

4464-506: A range of undergraduate courses, but may also offer post-graduate courses. More established colleges may even offer PhD programs in some departments with the approval of the affiliating university. The only ' ancient university ' in Ireland , North or South, is the University of Dublin . Created during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I , it is modelled on the collegiate universities of Cambridge and Oxford. However, only one constituent college

4650-462: A reception for Gandhi where the two men met and talked with each other for the first time. Shortly afterwards, Jinnah returned home to India in January 1915. Jinnah's moderate faction in the Congress was undermined by the deaths of Mehta and Gokhale in 1915; he was further isolated by the fact that Naoroji was in London, where he remained until his death in 1917. Nevertheless, Jinnah worked to bring

4836-416: A remarkable donation of ₹ 5,00,000 to this institution in the year 1918. c.  1900 , Muslim University Association was formed to spearhead efforts to transform the college into a university. The Government of India informed the association that a sum of rupees thirty lakhs should be collected to establish the university. Therefore, a Muslim University Foundation Committee was started and it collected

5022-579: A separate bench, which will examine the specific provisions of the AMU Act. The campus of Aligarh Muslim University is spread over 467.6 hectares in the city of Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. The nearest railways station is the Aligarh Junction . It is a residential university with most of the staff and students residing on the campus. There are 19 halls of residence for students (13 for boys and 6 for girls) with 80 hostels. The Halls are administered by

5208-475: A separate homeland. Iqbal's influence also gave Jinnah a deeper appreciation for Muslim identity. The evidence of this influence began to be revealed from 1937 onwards. Jinnah not only began to echo Iqbal in his speeches, he started using Islamic symbolism and began directing his addresses to the underprivileged. Ahmed noted a change in Jinnah's words: while he still advocated freedom of religion and protection of

5394-599: A sound legal footing under British Indian law. Two years later, the measure passed, the first act sponsored by non-officials to pass the council and be enacted by the Viceroy. Jinnah was also appointed to a committee which helped to establish the Indian Military Academy in Dehra Dun . In December 1912, Jinnah addressed the annual meeting of the Muslim League although he was not yet a member. He joined

5580-791: A unitary state encompassing all of British India , as did the Hindus and others who advocated self-government. Despite this, other nationalist proposals were being made. In a speech given at Allahabad to a League session in 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal called for a state for Muslims in British India. Choudhary Rahmat Ali published a pamphlet in 1933 advocating a state "Pakistan" in the Indus Valley , with other names given to Muslim-majority areas elsewhere in India. Jinnah and Iqbal corresponded in 1936 and 1937; in subsequent years, Jinnah credited Iqbal as his mentor and used Iqbal's imagery and rhetoric in his speeches. Although many leaders of

5766-820: A university" but to which no other colleges had ever been added, the Durham system allowed for the university itself to found further colleges, which it did with the establishment of Hatfield College in 1846. The University of London , founded in 1836, was very different. It was, in its original form, an examining body for affiliated colleges . The first two of these - University College London (UCL; founded 1826) and King's College London (founded 1829) were already in existence and resembled non-collegiate 'unitary' universities, as found in Scotland and continental Europe, except in their lack of degree-awarding powers. There had been much dispute over UCL's attempt to gain recognition as

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5952-539: A university, and the University of London was designed as a political solution to put an end to this dispute and to enable the students at both UCL and King's to receive degrees. It was modelled to a certain extent on Cambridge, where (at that time) the senate of the university was responsible for examinations and the colleges for the teaching, and also took on some features of the University of France , an institution established under Napoleon in 1808 that had absorbed

6138-580: A very curious federal institution in 1908 – its Durham division was itself collegiate, while its Newcastle division had two independent colleges (Armstrong College, the civic university college affiliated to Durham since its creation in 1871, and the Medical College, which had been affiliated since the 1850s). The two colleges of the Newcastle division were merged in 1937, and Newcastle finally became an independent university in 1963. Similarly,

6324-483: A weak central parliament in New Delhi, which had no authority over such matters as foreign policy, defence, and much of the budget. Full power remained in the hands of the Viceroy, however, who could dissolve legislatures and rule by decree. The League reluctantly accepted the scheme, though expressing reservations about the weak parliament. The Congress was much better prepared for the provincial elections in 1937 , and

6510-480: A whole academic community. Students in residential colleges are often organised into a junior common room , with postgraduate students in a middle common room , and academic staff forming a senior common room . The development of the collegiate university in western Europe followed shortly after the development of the medieval university itself. The first college to be established was the Collège des Dix-Huit at

6696-501: Is Ulster University , which is located in Northern Ireland (see United Kingdom on this list). In Italy , independent halls of residence known as 'colleges of merit' operate in a number of university cities, offering tutoring, supplementary teaching, and additional diplomas. The university in which the collegiate model is most developed is the University of Pavia with four independent colleges (including two established in

6882-457: Is an independent student and alumni-run educational community and media organization, it was started in the year 2016 by a group of AMU Students to raise campus issues and to provide News and information about Happening Events inside the university but later it became an educational community. On 17 October 2021 AMU Journal website was re-launched by Public relations officer , Proctor and Deputy Proctor, Aligarh Muslim University in collaboration with

7068-488: Is an institute of national importance as declared under seventh schedule of the Constitution of India at its commencement. In the case concerning Aligarh Muslim University's (AMU) minority status, a 7-judge Supreme Court bench (by a 4:3 majority) overturned the 1967 ruling in S. Azeez Basha vs. Union of India, holding that an institution incorporated by statute cannot claim to be a minority institution. The university

7254-498: Is available university or faculty-wide (e.g. Toronto), or may be responsible for delivering centrally organised, university-wide teaching (e.g. Roehampton). Whatever their role in teaching, almost all are residential communities and they will often have their own halls for meals, libraries, sports teams and societies; such colleges are thus sometimes termed residential colleges . Monash University in Australia has, however, developed

7440-423: Is expressed in different ways in different universities; commonly students are members of a college, not residents of a college, and remain members whether they are living in the college or not, but this is not universal and the distinction may be drawn in other ways (see, e.g., the University of Otago below). Residential colleges also commonly have members drawn from the university's academic staff in order to form

7626-723: Is for the main part a unitary university, currently operate in this manner. This should not be confused with the situation where courses at an independent college are validated by a university but the college does not become part of that university, e.g. the relationship between the New College of the Humanities and Southampton Solent University from 2015 to 2020. Over time, the level of federation may evolve, particularly as independent colleges grow and seek to establish themselves as universities in their own right. University College London and King's College London were for much of

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7812-571: Is named after Shakespeare critic Sir Walter Raleigh , who had served as the English professor at the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College from 1885 to 1887. The Law Society of Dept of Law, was founded in 1894 as a non-profit student organization. The society publishes law reviews and organizes events, both academic and social, from annual fest to freshers social and farewell party for final year students. AMU Journal

7998-567: Is one of the largest universities in the world. As of 2013, the university had 711 affiliated colleges. As of 22 November 2021, the UGC lists 441 state universities. The oldest establishment date listed by the UGC is 1857, shared by the  University of Calcutta , the  University of Madras  and the  University of Mumbai . Most State Universities are collegiate universities administering many affiliated colleges (often located in small towns) that typically offer

8184-433: Is the alumni network of the university. It was established in the year 1898 and has been statutory recognition under AMU, Act 1920. Following is a list of alumni from the university. Collegiate university For universities with residential colleges , the principal difference between these and non-collegiate halls of residence (or dormitories) is that "colleges are societies (Latin collegia ), not buildings". This

8370-523: Is the founder of the women's college of Aligarh Muslim University and had pressed for women's education, writing articles while also publishing a monthly women's magazine, Khatoon . To start the college for women, he had led a delegation to the Lt. Governor of the United Provinces while also writing a proposal to Sultan Jahan, Begum of Bhopal . Begum Jahan had allocated a grant of ₹ 100 per month for

8556-770: The Bombay Presidency of British India . Jinnah's paternal grandfather lived in Gondal state in Kathiawar peninsula (now in Gujarat , India). He himself was a Khoja of Nizari Isma'ili Shia Muslim background from Gujarat, though he later followed the Twelver Shi'a teachings. After his death, his relatives and other witnesses claimed that he had converted in later life to the Sunni sect of Islam . Jinnah

8742-634: The Cricket Club, Aligarh Muslim University and the Muslim University Riding Club . Cultural Education Centre of the University hosts clubs run by teachers and students jointly for imparting various skills in the students. Drama club, Literary Club, Club for Short Evening Courses, Film Club, Music Club and Fine Arts Club etc. The Raleigh Literary Society of the university hosts competitive events, plays, and performances, including performances of Shakespeare 's plays. The society

8928-696: The Education Reform Act 1988 legally recognised as "Institutions of a University", while others are not; colleges of the University of London are recognised bodies under the 1988 act that have the right to award degrees of the University of London and (in many cases) their own degrees. Some colleges are legally independent of their parent university, while others are not. Collegiate universities with centralised teaching and undergraduate teaching in colleges: Collegiate universities with centralised teaching and residential-only colleges: Collegiate universities with centralised teaching carried out by

9114-666: The Indian National Congress in the first two decades of the 20th century. In these early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated Hindu–Muslim unity , helping to shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the All-India Muslim League, in which Jinnah had also become prominent. Jinnah became a key leader in the All-India Home Rule League , and proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard

9300-452: The Shi'a school of thought and another for the Sunni school of thought. Aligarh Muslim University has established three centres at Malappuram ( Kerala ), Murshidabad ( West Bengal ) and Kishanganj ( Bihar ), while a site has been identified for Aurangabad , ( Maharashtra ) centre. Aligarh Muslim University offers over 300 degrees and is organised around 12 faculties offering courses in

9486-503: The University of Dhaka , University of Rajshahi and University of Chittagong . In Canada the University of Toronto has a collegiate system for students in the faculty of Arts and Sciences on its St George campus that took form from the mid 19th century, originally modelled after that of Oxford. Toronto has a mix of independent and dependent colleges, all of which offer academic programmes that are available faculty-wide rather that just to members of that college. While all students of

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9672-528: The University of Paris , founded in 1180 by John of London shortly after he had returned from Jerusalem. This has led to the suggestion that the college was inspired by madrasas he saw on his travels, although this has been disputed, particularly as, unlike madrasas, the early Paris colleges did not teach. Other colleges appeared in Paris shortly after this, including the College of St Thomas du Louvre (1186) and

9858-475: The University of Queensland , the University of Tasmania , the University of Western Australia , the University of Sydney , the University of Melbourne and the University of New South Wales . Monash University runs an unusual "non-residential college" system for students living off-campus. In Bangladesh , the National University, Bangladesh is a public collegiate university that

10044-479: The University of Wales, Cardiff ) and Imperial College London (formerly a college of the University of London). Similarly Newcastle University was part of the federal University of Durham until 1963 and the University of Dundee was a college of the University of St Andrews until 1967. A number of autonomous universities in South Africa were formerly colleges of the University of South Africa . Many of

10230-672: The two states' independence , personally supervising the establishment of refugee camps. Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan. Several universities and public buildings in Pakistan bear Jinnah's name. He is revered in Pakistan as the Quaid-e-Azam ("Great Leader") and Baba-e-Qaum (" Father of

10416-430: The "Jinnah cap". Dissatisfied with the law, Jinnah briefly embarked on a stage career with a Shakespearean company, but resigned after receiving a stern letter from his father. In 1895, at age 19, he became the youngest British Indian to be called to the bar in England. Although he returned to Karachi, he remained there only a short time before moving to Bombay. At the age of 20, Jinnah began his practice in Bombay,

10602-540: The "unsympathetic [Hindu] majority". Dissatisfied with this, Jinnah wrote a letter to the editor of the newspaper Gujarati , asking what right the members of the delegation had to speak for Indian Muslims, as they were unelected and self-appointed. When many of the same leaders met in Dacca in December of that year to form the All-India Muslim League to advocate for their community's interests, Jinnah

10788-451: The 16th century: Collegio Borromeo , founded in 1561, and Collegio Ghislieri , founded in 1567) and 12 public colleges. However, neither in Pavia nor in any other Italian university do students have to be members of colleges. The University of Macau has moved to a residential college system since 2010, when two pilot colleges were established. Further colleges have been founded since, and

10974-623: The 17th and 18th centuries, persisted until 1834, when they (along with the religious orders that ran then) were suppressed following the Portuguese civil war. The colleges of Paris were closed along with the university itself and the rest of the French universities after the French Revolution, as were the colleges of the University of Salamanca . While the continental universities retained control over their colleges, in England it

11160-457: The 1937 election. According to historian Ian Talbot, "The provincial Congress governments made no effort to understand and respect their Muslim populations' cultural and religious sensibilities. The Muslim League's claims that it alone could safeguard Muslim interests thus received a major boost. Significantly it was only after this period of Congress rule that it [the League] took up the demand for

11346-481: The 20th century dependent colleges of the central university, without separate legal identities, and all London colleges received funds through the University of London rather than directly. The trend since the latter half of the 20th century has been for increased decentralisation; taken to its ultimate, this has led some colleges to formally end their relations with the parent university to become degree-awarding universities. Examples include Cardiff University (formerly

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11532-499: The Arts . It was announced as a planned-university in 2021, and took its present name in 2022. UAS will be the seventh local university of Singapore, and also will be the only publicly-funded private university other than the defunct and restructured UniSIM in Singapore. UAS will have its own degree-conferring power in Singapore. There are a number of British universities with colleges of different types. Some are listed bodies under

11718-594: The Arts, in Spanish: UNA - Universidad Nacional de las Artes , established in 1993 as a Collegiate University, incorporation of various national institutions dedicated to the teaching of fine arts. The origins of the current UNA University lay in the 1875 founding of the National Society of the Stimulus of the Arts by painters Eduardo Schiaffino, Eduardo Sívori, and others. Their guild was rechartered as

11904-457: The British Parliament, while Jaswant Singh deems Jinnah's time in Britain as a break or sabbatical from the Indian struggle. Bolitho called this period "Jinnah's years of order and contemplation, wedged in between the time of early struggle, and the final storm of conquest". In 1931, Fatima Jinnah joined her brother in England. From then on, Muhammad Ali Jinnah would receive personal care and support from her as he aged and began to suffer from

12090-617: The British war effort, hoping that Indians would be rewarded with political freedoms. Jinnah played an important role in the founding of the All India Home Rule League in 1916. Along with political leaders Annie Besant and Tilak, Jinnah demanded " home rule " for India—the status of a self-governing dominion in the Empire similar to Canada, New Zealand and Australia, although, with the war, Britain's politicians were not interested in considering Indian constitutional reform. British Cabinet minister Edwin Montagu recalled Jinnah in his memoirs, "young, perfectly mannered, impressive-looking, armed to

12276-399: The College of the Good Children of St Honore (1208–1209) – although these may both have had more of the character of grammar schools than colleges of the university  – various monastic colleges starting with the Dominicans in 1217, and the College of Sorbonne for non-monastic theology students in 1257. From Paris, the idea spread to Oxford, where William of Durham , who had been

12462-419: The Congress and League together. In 1916, with Jinnah now president of the Muslim League, the two organisations signed the Lucknow Pact , setting quotas for Muslim and Hindu representation in the various provinces. Although the pact was never fully implemented, its signing ushered in a period of co-operation between the Congress and the League. During the war, Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting

12648-429: The Congress convened a committee under the leadership of Motilal Nehru . The Nehru Report favoured constituencies based on geography on the ground that being dependent on each other for election would bind the communities closer together. Jinnah, though he believed separate electorates, based on religion, necessary to ensure Muslims had a voice in the government, was willing to compromise on this point, but talks between

12834-468: The Congress did not win a single Muslim seat ... as long as it won an absolute majority in the House, on the strength of the general seats, it could and would form a government entirely on its own ..." In the next two years, Jinnah worked to build support among Muslims for the League. He secured the right to speak for the Muslim-led Bengali and Punjabi provincial governments in the central government in New Delhi ("the centre"). He worked to expand

13020-472: The Congress sought a strong central government for an Indian state, some Muslim politicians, including Jinnah, were unwilling to accept this without powerful protections for their community. Other Muslims supported the Congress, which officially advocated a secular state upon independence, though the traditionalist wing (including politicians such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Vallabhbhai Patel ) believed that an independent India should enact laws such as banning

13206-414: The Congress, called for satyagraha against the British. Gandhi's proposal gained broad Hindu support, and was also attractive to many Muslims of the Khilafat faction. These Muslims, supported by Gandhi, sought retention of the Ottoman caliphate , which supplied spiritual leadership to many Muslims. The caliph was the Ottoman Emperor , who would be deprived of both offices following his nation's defeat in

13392-649: The Congress, favouring Hindu–Muslim unity in achieving self-government, and following such leaders as Mehta, Naoroji, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale . They were opposed by leaders such as Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai , who sought quick action towards independence. In 1906, a delegation of Muslim leaders, known as the Simla Delegation, headed by the Aga Khan called on the new Viceroy of India , Lord Minto , to assure him of their loyalty and to ask for assurances that in any political reforms they would be protected from

13578-652: The Faculty of Arts and Sciences on the St George campus are members of one of the colleges, students in other undergraduate faculties (Applied Science and Engineering, Architecture, Landscape and Design, Kinesiology and Physical Education, and Music) are only members of colleges if they live in a college residence, and the University of Toronto Mississauga and University of Toronto Scarborough are non-collegiate. Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario also has

13764-536: The First World War. Gandhi had achieved considerable popularity among Muslims because of his work during the war on behalf of killed or imprisoned Muslims. Unlike Jinnah and other leaders of the Congress, Gandhi did not wear western-style clothing, did his best to use an Indian language instead of English, and was deeply rooted in Indian culture. Gandhi's local style of leadership gained great popularity with

13950-764: The Gokal Das Tej Primary School there, later on studying at the Cathedral and John Connon School . In Karachi, he attended the Sindh Madressatul Islam and the Christian Missionary Society High School . He gained his matriculation from Bombay University at the high school. In his later years and especially after his death, a large number of stories about the boyhood of Pakistan's founder were circulated: that he spent all his spare time at

14136-640: The Imperial Legislative Council extended emergency wartime restrictions on civil liberties; Jinnah resigned from it when it did. There was unrest across India, which worsened after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar , in which British Indian Army troops fired upon a protest meeting, killing hundreds. In the wake of Amritsar, Gandhi, who had returned to India and become a widely respected leader and highly influential in

14322-454: The Indian people. Jinnah criticised Gandhi's Khilafat advocacy, which he saw as an endorsement of religious zealotry. Jinnah regarded Gandhi's proposed satyagraha campaign as political anarchy, and believed that self-government should be secured through constitutional means. He opposed Gandhi, but the tide of Indian opinion was against him. At the 1920 session of the Congress in Nagpur , Jinnah

14508-463: The Khilafat faction did not last long, and the campaign of resistance proved less effective than hoped, as India's institutions continued to function. Jinnah sought alternative political ideas, and contemplated organising a new political party as a rival to the Congress. In September 1923, Jinnah was elected as Muslim member for Bombay in the new Central Legislative Assembly . He showed much skill as

14694-662: The League failed to win a majority even of the Muslim seats in any of the provinces where members of that faith held a majority. It did win a majority of the Muslim seats in Delhi , but could not form a government anywhere, though it was part of the ruling coalition in Bengal . The Congress and its allies formed the government even in the North-West Frontier Province (N.W.F.P.), where the League won no seats despite

14880-557: The League meeting in December 1927 and January 1928 which confirmed him as the League's permanent president. At that session, Jinnah told the delegates that "A constitutional war has been declared on Great Britain. Negotiations for a settlement are not to come from our side ... By appointing an exclusively white Commission, [ Secretary of State for India ] Lord Birkenhead has declared our unfitness for self-government." Birkenhead in 1928 challenged Indians to come up with their own proposal for constitutional change for India; in response,

15066-463: The League, but declined to travel to India to preside over its 1933 session in April, writing that he could not possibly return there until the end of the year. Among those who met with Jinnah to seek his return was Liaquat Ali Khan , who would be a major political associate of Jinnah in the years to come and the first prime minister of Pakistan . At Jinnah's request, Liaquat discussed the return with

15252-504: The League, reducing the cost of membership to two annas ( 1 ⁄ 8 of a rupee), half of what it cost to join the Congress. He restructured the League along the lines of the Congress, putting most power in a Working Committee, which he appointed. By December 1939, Liaquat estimated that the League had three million two-anna members. Until the late 1930s, most Muslims of the British Raj expected, upon independence, to be part of

15438-455: The Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College by Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton , then viceroy of India and it was named after him as Lytton Library. The present seven-storied building was inaugurated by Jawaharlal Nehru , the first prime Minister of independent India, in 1960 and the library was named after Abul Kalam Azad , popularly known as Maulana Azad, the first education minister of the independent India. The social science cyber library

15624-515: The Muslim League can succeed only on account of Jinnah. Now none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims. Muhammad Iqbal , 1938 The well documented influence of Iqbal on Jinnah, with regard to taking the lead in creating Pakistan, has been described as "significant", "powerful" and even "unquestionable" by scholars. Iqbal has also been cited as an influential force in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London and re-enter

15810-566: The Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution , demanding a separate nation for Indian Muslims. During the Second World War , the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the provincial elections held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula that would allow

15996-406: The Muslim League. Indian question, as is now being solved, can be countered by our united front against both the Hindus and the English. Without it, our demands are not going to be accepted. People say our demands smack of communalism. This is sheer propaganda. These demands relate to the defence of our national existence.... The united front can be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League. And

16182-539: The Muslim community's representative, and it was ineffective in preventing the 1911 repeal of the partition of Bengal , an action seen as a blow to Muslim interests. Although Jinnah initially opposed separate electorates for Muslims, he used this means to gain his first elective office in 1909, as Bombay's Muslim representative on the Imperial Legislative Council . He was a compromise candidate when two older, better-known Muslims who were seeking

16368-536: The Nation "). His birthday is also observed as a national holiday in the country. According to his biographer, Stanley Wolpert , Jinnah remains Pakistan's greatest leader. Jinnah's given name at birth was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai, and he likely was born in 1876, to Jinnahbhai Poonja and his wife Mithibai, in a rented apartment on the second floor of Wazir Mansion near Karachi, now in Sindh , Pakistan, but then within

16554-754: The National Academy of Fine Arts in 1905 and, then in 1923, on the initiative of painter and academic Ernesto de la Cárcova, created as a department of arts extension education in the University of Buenos Aires , known as the Superior Art School of the Nation in Spanish "Escuela Nacional Superior de las Artes" . In Australia, many universities have residential college systems, often combining independent (frequently denominational) and university-owned colleges. Some universities also have non-collegiate residences. Collegiate universities include

16740-572: The Principal of the University of Edinburgh in 1870 divided them into three types: collegiate (Oxford, Cambridge and Durham), professorial (the Scottish universities – St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh – and the new colleges in Manchester and London) and non-teaching examination boards (London). However, even at that time drawing hard lines was difficult: Oxford had, until

16926-687: The Training and Placement Office, AMU. In another important step, the AMU Journal launched Monthly Newsletter on the occasion of 206th birth anniversary of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan that coincided with 17 October 2023. Every year the various clubs of the university organize their own cultural festivals. Two notable fests are the University Film Club's Filmsaaz and the Literary Club's AMU Literary Festival . Old Boys' Association

17112-514: The UK and the University of Pavia in Italy have a mix of independent and university-owned (or, in the case of Pavia, state-owned) colleges. In many collegiate universities, following the pattern of Oxford and Cambridge, membership of a college is obligatory for students, but in others it is either not necessary or only necessary for students in particular faculties, e.g. at the University of Toronto, where

17298-596: The US state systems started as single campuses but have evolved to become federal systems, and the University of the Philippines similarly started as one campus but is now a system of "constituent universities". There are around 80 universities around the world with residential college systems. In Argentina, the first educational institution to host this administrative format was IUNA Instituto Universitario Nacional de las Artes, since 2014 renamed UNA National University of

17484-455: The US were previously non-collegiate but have established residential colleges in the 20th or 21st century. There were around 30 universities with residential colleges in the US in 2010, examples include: Many state university systems consist of campuses that are legally part of a single corporation (e.g., the Regents of the University of California is the corporation that owns and operates

17670-494: The United Kingdom in the 1830s, and has been described as "a far better model for people at other institutions to look to, than are the independent colleges of Oxford and Cambridge". This has been widely followed in the US, where the colleges at universities such as Harvard, Yale and Princeton are entirely owned by the central university. Some universities, such as the University of Otago in New Zealand, Durham University in

17856-447: The University of London from 1900. The level of legal separation – e.g. whether the colleges are separate corporate bodies – varies between universities. As the colleges are primarily teaching institutions, they may not always be residential communities and many are effectively universities in their own right. Some colleges are part of loose federations that allow them to exercise nearly complete self-governance, and even (as in

18042-469: The University under the Seerat Committee which organizs various literary competitions and speeches on the life and teachings of Prophet Muhammad. Mawlid is traditional festival observed since the time of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. University building are lighted and decorated and students are served special fests on the occasion. special processions are brought to mark the day. The AMU Tarana or anthem

18228-511: The aftermath of the conflict, some Anglo-Indians, as well as Indians in Britain, called for greater self-government for the subcontinent, resulting in the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885. Most founding members had been educated in Britain, and were content with the minimal reform efforts being made by the government. Muslims were not enthusiastic about calls for democratic institutions in British India , as they constituted

18414-610: The apprenticeship in London was considered a great opportunity for Jinnah, one reason for sending him overseas was a legal proceeding against his father, which placed the family's property at risk of being sequestered by the court. In 1893, the Jinnahbhai family moved to Bombay. Soon after his arrival in London, Jinnah gave up the business apprenticeship in order to study law, enraging his father, who had, before his departure, given him enough money to live for three years. The aspiring barrister joined Lincoln's Inn , later stating that

18600-600: The best ambassador of Hindu–Muslim Unity". Jinnah led another delegation of the Congress to London in 1914, but due to the start of the First World War in August 1914, found officials little interested in Indian reforms. By coincidence, he was in Britain at the same time as a man who would become his great political rival, Mohandas Gandhi , a Hindu lawyer who had become well known for advocating satyagraha , non-violent non-co-operation, while in South Africa. Jinnah attended

18786-410: The case of S. Azeez Basha vs. Union of India. The 1967 ruling had stated that an institution established by a statute, such as the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), could not claim minority status. The Supreme Court verdict overturned this precedent, paving the way for AMU to potentially assert its rights as a minority institution. However, the final determination of AMU's minority status will be decided by

18972-442: The case of colleges of the University of London ) award their own degrees. Other colleges are not legally separate from their parent university, e.g. the University of the Arts, London (UAL) in the UK and many state university systems in the US. In some US state systems, a " flagship campus " may be identified – often the original campus of the system – which is considered (either officially or informally) to stand above

19158-526: The college stood at ₹ 1,53,920 and 8 annas . Maharaja Mahindra Singh Saab Bahadur of Patiala contributed ₹ 58,000 while Raja Shambhu Narayan of Benaras donated ₹ 60,000. Donations also came in from the Maharaja of Vizianagaram as well. The college was initially affiliated to the University of Calcutta for the matriculate examination but became an affiliate of Allahabad University in 1885. The seventh Nizam of Hyderabad , HEH Mir Osman Ali Khan made

19344-537: The college was based on his visit to Oxford University and Cambridge University , and he wanted to establish an education system similar to the British model. A committee was formed by the name of foundation of Muslim College and asked people to fund generously. Then Viceroy and Governor General of India, Thomas Baring gave a donation of ₹ 10,000 while the Lt. Governor of the North Western Provinces contributed ₹ 1,000, and by March 1874 funds for

19530-434: The colleges are all associated with the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Sometimes, as noted above, referred to as federal universities , these are universities where the teaching function is entirely carried out by constituent colleges, which will often have their own faculties and departments. This is represented by examples such as Oxford and Cambridge up to the mid 19th century, the University of Wales from 1893 to 2007, and

19716-412: The colleges of Oxford or Paris. Colleges evolved in different directions in different places, but many European universities lost their colleges in the early 18th century. At the University of Coimbra , for example, many colleges were established in the 16th century, although these were limited to the study of theology with the other faculties remaining non-collegiate. These colleges, joined by others in

19902-541: The colleges: Collegiate universities where all teaching is carried out in the colleges: Unitary universities with centralised teaching and associated colleges that carry out their own teaching: The US has a wide variety of systems. There are a number of universities with residential colleges , most of which are owned by the central university, which may be referred to as residential colleges or as houses. These do not normally participate in formal teaching, although there are exceptions to this. Most collegiate universities in

20088-487: The court. The court is the supreme governing body of the university and exercises all the powers of the university, not otherwise provided for by the Aligarh Muslim University Act, and the statutes, ordinances and regulations of the university. In 2018, Mufaddal Saifuddin was elected chancellor and Ibne Saeed Khan, the former Nawab of Chhatari was elected the pro-Chancellor. Syed Zillur Rahman

20274-427: The distinction as being one of governance and distribution of authority. A distinction is sometimes made between federal universities , collegiate universities (where the college is the primary academic unit, i.e. Oxford and Cambridge) and universities that have residential colleges but where these do not participate in teaching. One definition of a collegiate university states that "it's the sense of community within

20460-466: The education of women. On 19 October 1906, he successfully started a school for girls with five students and one teacher at a rented property in Aligarh. The foundation stone for the girls' hostel was laid by him and his wife, Waheed Jahan Begum ("Ala Bi") after struggles on 7 November 1911. Later, a high school was established in 1921, gaining the status of an intermediate college in 1922, finally becoming

20646-490: The entire University of California system), but are operationally independent. Examples of such institutions include the University of California , the State University of New York , the University of Michigan , the University of Texas System . Like UC Santa Cruz , UC San Diego also has a residential college system inspired by the British model. At both campuses, the academic resources are provided primarily by

20832-441: The entirety of British India to be united as a single state following independence, leading all parties to agree instead to the independence of a Hindu -majority India, and for a predominantly Muslim state of Pakistan. As the first governor-general of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and to aid the millions of Muslim migrants who had emigrated from neighbouring India to Pakistan after

21018-427: The fact that almost all residents were Muslim. According to Jaswant Singh , "the events of 1937 had a tremendous, almost a traumatic effect upon Jinnah". Despite his beliefs of twenty years that Muslims could protect their rights in a united India through separate electorates, provincial boundaries drawn to preserve Muslim majorities, and by other protections of minority rights, Muslim voters had failed to unite, with

21204-585: The federal University of New Zealand was established in 1874. A modification of the University of London plan was used for the Queen's University of Ireland , established in 1850. This took in three newly established colleges: the Queen's Colleges of Belfast , Cork and Galway . This was more federal than London, but proved inflexible and was replaced in 1880 by the Royal University of Ireland , which

21390-616: The first British Member of Parliament of Indian extraction shortly before Jinnah's arrival, triumphing with a majority of three votes in Finsbury Central . Jinnah listened to Naoroji's maiden speech in the House of Commons from the visitor's gallery. The Western world not only inspired Jinnah in his political life, but also greatly influenced his personal preferences, particularly when it came to dress. Jinnah abandoned local garb for Western-style clothing, and throughout his life he

21576-437: The five undergraduate colleges operate two intercollegiate athletic programs , with Claremont, Harvey Mudd, and Scripps forming one program and Pomona and Pitzer the other. Some universities that once featured collegiate systems have lost them to mergers or suppression, due to financial, political or other reasons, or (in the case of federal universities) the individual colleges becoming independent universities. Examples include

21762-425: The following year, although he remained a member of the Congress as well and stressed that League membership took second priority to the "greater national cause" of an independent India. In April 1913, he again went to Britain, with Gokhale, to meet with officials on behalf of the Congress. Gokhale, a Hindu, later stated that Jinnah "has true stuff in him, and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him

21948-426: The following: Muhammad Ali Jinnah Governor-General of Pakistan 14 August 1947 – 11 September 1948 Parties Properties Tributes [REDACTED] Muhammad Ali Jinnah (born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai ; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a barrister, politician, and the founder of Pakistan . Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until

22134-418: The fore in the final years of his life". Jinnah also increasingly adopted Muslim dress in the late 1930s. In the wake of the 1937 balloting, Jinnah demanded that the question of power sharing be settled on an all-India basis, and that he, as president of the League, be accepted as the sole spokesman for the Muslim community. There is only one way out. Muslims should strengthen Jinnah's hands. They should join

22320-431: The formal teaching from the central administration of the university. Any full-time undergraduate at the university may apply for affiliation to a college. The three original colleges were founded as separate institutions which federated to found the university in 1963, and over the first two and a half decades teaching departments were merged as the university became more centralised. The City University of Hong Kong has

22506-436: The formerly independent French universities as "academies" within a single university structure. Unlike Oxford and Cambridge, the affiliated colleges of London (which were spread across the country, not confined to London) were not constituent parts of the university and had no say in its running. Another major difference was that both UCL and King's were non-residential, providing teaching but not accommodation. This would provide

22692-399: The foundation of New College – also the first college there to take undergraduate students. In Bologna and other Italian universities, the colleges, as Rashdall put it, "remained to the last (what all Colleges were originally intended to be) eleemosynary institutions for the help of poor students, boarding-houses and not places of education" and never acquired the same importance as

22878-477: The idea of the examining university with affiliated colleges around the British Empire , in particular to Canada where the University of Toronto was refounded as an examining university, its teaching arm becoming University College, Toronto , which federated other colleges in the region, and to India, where the universities of Calcutta , Madras and Bombay were founded in 1857, and New Zealand, where

23064-445: The importance of education for Muslim women. The professional courses are run with co-educational system. Girls students are accommodated in well established six Halls of residence where they have all facilities of living and studies. The Hostels inside these Halls are equipped with reading rooms, common rooms, sports facilities, dining hall, etc. Aligarh Muslim University is considered to be an institution of national importance, under

23250-659: The inception of Pakistan on 14 August 1947 and then as the Republic of Pakistan 's first governor-general until his death. Born at Wazir Mansion in Karachi , Jinnah was trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in London , England . Upon his return to India , he enrolled at the Bombay High Court , and took an interest in national politics, which eventually replaced his legal practice. Jinnah rose to prominence in

23436-548: The issues Jinnah hoped to bring forward lost amid factional fighting. Singh notes the effect of the 1937 elections on Muslim political opinion, "when the Congress formed a government with almost all of the Muslim MLAs sitting on the Opposition benches, non-Congress Muslims were suddenly faced with this stark reality of near-total political powerlessness. It was brought home to them, like a bolt of lightning, that even if

23622-423: The killing of cows and making Hindi a national language. The failure of the Congress leadership to disavow Hindu communalists worried Congress-supporting Muslims. Nevertheless, the Congress enjoyed considerable Muslim support up to about 1937. Events which separated the communities included the failed attempt to form a coalition government including the Congress and the League in the United Provinces following

23808-513: The lung ailments which would eventually kill him. She lived and travelled with him, and became a close advisor. Muhammad Jinnah's daughter, Dina, was educated in England and India. Jinnah later became estranged from Dina after she decided to marry a Parsi , Neville Wadia from a prominent business family. When Jinnah urged Dina to marry a Muslim, she reminded him that he had married a woman not raised in his faith. Jinnah continued to correspond cordially with his daughter, but their personal relationship

23994-424: The medical school of the university, has been ranked 28th by National Institutional Ranking Framework in 2023. The Maulana Azad Library is the primary library of the university, consisting of a central library and over 100 departmental and college libraries. It houses royal decrees of Mughal emperors such as Babur, Akbar and Shah Jahan. The foundation of the library was laid in 1877 at the time of establishment of

24180-525: The minorities, the model he was now aspiring to was that of the Prophet Muhammad, rather than that of a secular politician. Ahmed further avers that those scholars who have painted the later Jinnah as secular have misread his speeches which, he argues, must be read in the context of Islamic history and culture. Accordingly, Jinnah's imagery of the Pakistan began to become clear that it was to have an Islamic nature. This change has been seen to last for

24366-446: The model for the civic colleges that were established in the major English cities, which later became the redbrick universities . After 1858 the requirement for colleges to be affiliated was dropped and London degrees were available to anyone who could pass the examinations. It was not until 1900 that London, after a period of sustained pressure from the teaching institutions in London, became a federal university. The London pattern spread

24552-468: The name Maryam Jinnah, resulting in a permanent estrangement from her family and Parsi society. The couple resided at South Court Mansion in Bombay, and frequently travelled across India and Europe. The couple's only child, daughter Dina , was born on 15 August 1919. The couple separated prior to Ruttie's death in 1929, and subsequently Jinnah's sister Fatima looked after him and his child. Relations between Indians and British were strained in 1919 when

24738-636: The necessary funds. The contributions were made by Muslims as well as non-Muslims. Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan and Aga Khan III had helped in realising the idea by collecting funds for building the Aligarh Muslim University. With the MAO College as a nucleus, the Aligarh Muslim University was then established by the Aligarh Muslim University Act , 1920. In 1927, the Ahmadi School for the Visually Challenged, Aligarh Muslim University

24924-430: The only Muslim barrister in the city. English had become his principal language and would remain so throughout his life. His first three years in the law, from 1897 to 1900, brought him few briefs. His first step towards a brighter career occurred when the acting Advocate General of Bombay, John Molesworth MacPherson, invited Jinnah to work from his chambers. In 1900, P. H. Dastoor, a Bombay presidency magistrate , left

25110-535: The original role of the college as a residential rather than educational institution (c.f. Rashdall 's comments on the Bologna colleges, above). It also pioneered the concept of residential colleges being owned by the university rather than being established as independent corporations, which provided a useful model for modern institutions looking to establish colleges. Unlike the earlier foundation of Trinity College Dublin , which had been established as "the mother of

25296-540: The other campuses in the system (e.g. University of Wisconsin–Madison , University of Colorado Boulder ). Some universities may have centralised teaching but also have colleges that do not access that centralised teaching. Historically, this was the case at Durham University for the medical school and Armstrong College in the late 19th and early 20th century (prior to the formation of a true federal university in 1908) and for University College Stockton from 1994 to 2001. The two colleges of Queen's University Belfast , which

25482-470: The police court, listening to the proceedings, and that he studied his books by the glow of street lights for lack of other illumination. His official biographer, Hector Bolitho , writing in 1954, interviewed surviving boyhood associates, and obtained a tale that the young Jinnah discouraged other children from playing marbles in the dust, urging them to rise up, keep their hands and clothes clean, and play cricket instead. In 1892, Sir Frederick Leigh Croft ,

25668-542: The political rights of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent . In 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of satyagraha , which he regarded as political anarchy . By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that the Muslims of the subcontinent should have their own state to avoid the possible marginalised status they might be reduced to in an independent Hindu–Muslim state. In that year,

25854-603: The politics of India. Initially, however, Iqbal and Jinnah were opponents, as Iqbal believed Jinnah did not care about the crises confronting the Muslim community during the British Raj. According to Akbar S. Ahmed , this began to change during Iqbal's final years prior to his death in 1938. Iqbal gradually succeeded in converting Jinnah over to his view, who eventually accepted Iqbal as his mentor. Ahmed comments that in his annotations to Iqbal's letters, Jinnah expressed solidarity with Iqbal's view: that Indian Muslims required

26040-499: The post deadlocked. The council, which had been expanded to 60 members as part of reforms enacted by Minto, recommended legislation to the Viceroy. Only officials could vote in the council; non-official members, such as Jinnah, had no vote. Throughout his legal career, Jinnah practised probate law (with many clients from India's nobility), and in 1911 introduced the Wakf Validation Act to place Muslim religious trusts on

26226-404: The post temporarily and Jinnah succeeded in getting the interim position. After his six-month appointment period, Jinnah was offered a permanent position on a 1,500 rupee per month salary. Jinnah politely declined the offer, stating that he planned to earn 1,500 rupees a day—a huge sum at that time—which he eventually did. Nevertheless, as Governor-General of Pakistan , he would refuse to accept

26412-511: The project on 28 October 2023. Sherwani is worn by male students of the university and is a traditional attire of the university. It is required to be worn during official programs The university provides sherwanis at a subsidized price. In early 2013, Zameer Uddin Shah , the then Vice Chancellor of the university, insisted that male students have to wear sherwani if they wanted to meet him. Eid Milad un Nabi Celebrations are conducted regularly by

26598-542: The provision of the act which accorded the university minority educational institution status. In April 2016, the Indian government stated that it would not appeal against the decision. In February 2019, the issue was referred by the Supreme Court of India to a constitution bench of seven judges. In November 2024, seven-judge bench of the Supreme Court, by a 4:3 majority, overruled a previous 1967 judgment in

26784-404: The reason he chose Lincoln's over the other Inns of Court was that over the main entrance to Lincoln's Inn were the names of the world's great lawgivers, including Muhammad . Jinnah's biographer Stanley Wolpert notes that there is no such inscription, but inside is a mural showing Muhammad and other lawgivers, and speculates that Jinnah may have edited the story in his own mind to avoid mentioning

26970-416: The rest of Jinnah's life. He continued to borrow ideas "directly from Iqbal—including his thoughts on Muslim unity, on Islamic ideals of liberty, justice and equality, on economics, and even on practices such as prayers". In a speech in 1940, two years after the death of Iqbal, Jinnah expressed his preference for implementing Iqbal's vision for an Islamic Pakistan even if it meant he himself would never lead

27156-494: The seventh schedule of the Constitution of India . In 1967, a constitution bench of the Supreme Court had held that the university is not a minority educational institution protected under the Indian constitution; the verdict had been given in case to which the university was not a party. In 1981, an amendment was made to the Aligarh Muslim University Act, following which in 2006 the Allahabad High Court struck down

27342-576: The teeth with dialectics , and insistent on the whole of his scheme". In 1918, Jinnah married his second wife Rattanbai Petit ("Ruttie"), 24 years his junior. She was the fashionable young daughter of his friend Sir Dinshaw Petit , and was part of an elite Parsi family of Bombay. There was great opposition to the marriage from Rattanbai's family and the Parsi community, as well as from some Muslim religious leaders. Rattanbai defied her family and nominally converted to Islam , adopting (though never using)

27528-479: The three colleges all becoming universities in their own right. The federal University of Wales was created in 1893 as a national university for Wales, taking in pre-existing colleges in Aberystwyth, Cardiff and Bangor that had been preparing students for London degrees. It lasted as a federal university until 2007, when it became a confederal non-membership degree-awarding body. The University of Durham became

27714-540: The two parties failed. He put forth proposals that he hoped might satisfy a broad range of Muslims and reunite the League, calling for mandatory representation for Muslims in legislatures and cabinets. These became known as his Fourteen Points . He could not secure adoption of the Fourteen Points, as the League meeting in Delhi at which he hoped to gain a vote instead dissolved into chaotic argument. After Baldwin

27900-444: The universities as the tutors had taken over the teaching from the professors. Royal Commissions in the 1850s led to Acts of Parliament in 1854 (for Oxford) and 1856 (for Cambridge) that, among other measures, limited the power of the colleges. Prior to these reforms, however, the first two new universities in England for over 600 years were established, both offering new versions of the collegiate university. The University of Durham

28086-410: The universities with only limited involvement in teaching. The American state university systems also developed federal-style universities with autonomous campuses (although normally not legally independent). As these systems often developed from a single original campus, this often became identified as the 'flagship' campus of the state system. An early typology of British university institutions by

28272-518: The university became collegiate in 2014, with 10 colleges in operation. In New Zealand the University of Otago has 15 residential colleges , of which one (Abbey College) is postgraduate-only, nine are undergraduate-only and five take both postgraduate and undergraduate students. Most of the colleges are owned and managed by the university, but there are five independent "affiliated colleges" ( City College , Knox College , St Margaret's College , Salmond College and Selwyn College ). Membership of

28458-464: The university college in Dundee , founded 1881, became a college of the University of St Andrews in 1897 before becoming an independent university in 1967. The idea of the residential college spread to America in the early 20th century, with Harvard and Yale both establishing colleges (called "houses" at Harvard) in the 1930s. Like the Durham colleges, these were colleges established and owned by

28644-724: The university is entrance based. Internationally, AMU was ranked 1001–1200 in the QS World University Rankings of 2023 and 271–280 in Asia. It was ranked 801–1000 in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2023, 201–250 in Asia in 2022 and 251–300 among emerging economies. AMU was also ranked 901–1000 in the Academic Ranking of World Universities of 2022. In India, AMU

28830-437: The university's teaching with their own tutorials, some universities have built colleges that do not provide teaching but still perform much of the housing and social duties. Such colleges are planned, built and funded entirely by the central administration and are thus dependent on it, however they still retain their own administrative structures and have a degree of independence. This system was pioneered at Durham University in

29016-592: The university, but each residential college follows its own educational philosophy and sets out its own degree requirements. The Claremont Colleges in California operate a hybrid federal-constituent system. All 7 colleges are independently governed: Pomona College , Scripps College , Claremont McKenna College , Harvey Mudd College , Pitzer College as undergraduate colleges as well as Claremont Graduate University and Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences as graduate universities. Their founding model

29202-600: The university. It is an elected body. The university has sports and cultural clubs functioning under its aegis. The Siddons Union Club is the debating club of the university. It was established in the year 1884 and was named after Henry George Impey Siddons , the first principal of the MAO college. It has hosted politicians, writers, Nobel laureates, players, and journalists, including the Dalai Lama , Mahatma Gandhi , Abul Kalam Azad , Jawahar Lal Nehru . Sporting clubs include

29388-504: Was 70,000. According to All Pakistan Labour Federation's publication Productive Role of Trade Unions and Industrial Relations , being a member of Legislative Assembly, Jinnah pleaded forcefully for rights of workers and struggled for getting a "living wage and fair conditions" for them. He also played an important role in enactment of Trade Union Act of 1926 which gave trade union movement legal cover to organise themselves. In 1857, many Indians had risen in revolt against British rule. In

29574-414: Was after his case that Jinnah posted a successful record, becoming well known for his advocacy and legal logic. In 1908, his factional foe in the Indian National Congress , Bal Gangadhar Tilak , was arrested for sedition. Before Tilak unsuccessfully represented himself at trial, he engaged Jinnah in an attempt to secure his release on bail. Jinnah did not succeed, but obtained an acquittal for Tilak when he

29760-402: Was again opposed. The Aga Khan later wrote that it was "freakishly ironic" that Jinnah, who would lead the League to independence, "came out in bitter hostility toward all that I and my friends had done ... He said that our principle of separate electorates was dividing the nation against itself." In its earliest years, however, the League was not influential; Minto refused to consider it as

29946-467: Was also established as a constituent of the university. Before 1939, faculty members and students supported an all-India nationalist movement but after 1939, political sentiment shifted towards support for a Muslim separatist movement. Students and faculty members supported Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the university came to be a center of the Pakistan Movement . Sheikh Abdullah ("Papa Mian")

30132-414: Was always impeccably dressed in public. He came to own over 200 suits, which he wore with heavily starched shirts with detachable collars, and as a barrister took pride in never wearing the same silk tie twice. Even when he was dying, he insisted on being formally dressed, "I will not travel in my pyjamas." In his later years he was usually seen wearing a Karakul hat which subsequently came to be known as

30318-638: Was an examining university based more directly on London. Also in 1880 another federal university, the Victoria University , was established in the north of England to solve the problem of Owen's College, Manchester, seeking university status. This originally just took in Owen's College, but grew to take in university colleges in Leeds and Liverpool. However, it unravelled in 1903-4 after Birmingham successfully became England's first unitary university, with

30504-526: Was based on that of the University of Oxford and they are linked through the Claremont University Consortium , though, unlike other constituent college systems, degrees are conferred separately by the seven constituent institutions and they exist as universities and liberal arts colleges in their own right. The colleges are spread over a square mile site and share certain departmental, library and research facilities. In addition,

30690-524: Was built to celebrate the centenary year of the university. The university's formal head is the chancellor , though this is a titular figure, and is not involved with the day-to-day running of the university. The chancellor is elected by the members of the University Court . The university's chief executive is the vice-chancellor , appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of

30876-527: Was charged with sedition again in 1916. One of Jinnah's fellow barristers from the Bombay High Court remembered that "Jinnah's faith in himself was incredible"; he recalled that on being admonished by a judge with "Mr. Jinnah, remember that you are not addressing a third-class magistrate", Jinnah shot back, "My Lord, allow me to warn you that you are not addressing a third-class pleader." Another of his fellow barristers described him, saying: He

31062-519: Was composed by poet and university student Majaz . It is an abridged version of Majaz's 1933 poem "Narz-e-Aligarh". In 1955, Khan Ishtiaq Mohammad, a university student, composed the song and it was adopted as the official anthem of the university. The song is played during every function at the university along with the National Anthem. Aligarh Muslim University Students' Union (AMUSU) is the university-wide representative body for students at

31248-418: Was defeated at the 1929 British parliamentary election , Ramsay MacDonald of the Labour Party became prime minister. MacDonald desired a conference of Indian and British leaders in London to discuss India's future, a course of action supported by Jinnah. Three Round Table Conferences followed over as many years, none of which resulted in a settlement. Jinnah was a delegate to the first two conferences, but

31434-484: Was elected honorary treasurer. On 17 May 2017, Tariq Mansoor assumed office as the 39th vice-chancellor of the university. Aligarh Muslim University's academic departments are divided into 13 faculties. Aligarh Muslim University maintains 7 colleges. In addition the university also maintains 15 Centres, 3 Institutes, 10 schools including Minto Circle and the Ahmadi School for the Visually Challenged The university's Faculty of Theology has two departments, one for

31620-428: Was established and in the following year, a medical school was attached to the university. The college of unani medicine , Ajmal Khan Tibbya College was established in 1927 with the Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College Hospital being established later in 1932. The Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College And Hospital was established later in 1962 as a part of the university. In 1935, the Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology

31806-483: Was established as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875 by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan . It began to function on 24 May 1875. The movement associated with Syed Ahmad Khan and the college came to be known as the Aligarh Movement , which pushed to realise the need for establishing a modern education system for the Indian Muslim populace. He considered competence in English and Western sciences necessary skills for maintaining Muslims' political influence and Khan's vision for

31992-520: Was established in 1992 by an Act of Parliament as an affiliating university of the country to impart graduate and post-graduate level education to the students through its affiliated colleges, schools and professional institutions throughout the country. It is the second largest university in the world according to enrollment. The headquarters is in Gazipur , on the outskirts of Dhaka . After its establishment, it affiliated association degree awarding colleges, where many of them were previously affiliated by

32178-411: Was ever founded, hence the curious position of Trinity College, Dublin (TCD), today. All of the teaching is provided by the college, with degrees being awarded by the university. Within the Republic of Ireland , the four constituent universities of the federal National University of Ireland (NUI) are, for all essential purposes, independent universities. The other truly collegiate university in Ireland

32364-430: Was founded in 1832, taking Oxford for its model, and University College, Durham was created at the same time. This college, unlike those of Oxford and Cambridge, was not legally distinct from the university and nor was it responsible for teaching, which was carried out by university professors rather than college tutors. This restored the teaching role of the central university that had been lost at Oxford and Cambridge and

32550-525: Was founded in 1912 and has its own charter. The university also established Robert Black College in 1967 as a university guesthouse. Over the past decade some of the new residential halls were named colleges, including the Lap-Chee College, the Shun Hing College and the Chi Sun College. Centennial College, a provider of post-secondary education, is affiliated with the university. The Chinese University of Hong Kong has 9 colleges which provide pastoral support and non-formal learning opportunities to supplement

32736-430: Was founded with an endowment by Walter de Merton in 1264. These original Oxford colleges were "merely endowed boardinghouses for impoverished scholars", and were limited to those who had already received their Bachelor of Arts degree and were reading for higher degrees (usually theology). It was not until 1305 that teaching started in the College of Navarre in Paris, an innovation that reached Oxford in 1379 with

32922-464: Was from a wealthy merchant background. His father was a merchant and was born to a family of textile weavers in the village of Paneli in the princely state of Gondal; his mother was from the nearby village of Dhaffa. They had moved to Karachi in 1875, having married before their departure. Karachi was then enjoying an economic boom: the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 meant it was 200 nautical miles closer to Europe for shipping than Bombay . Jinnah

33108-502: Was inaugurated by Pranab Mukherjee , then President of India, on 27 December 2013. In 2015, it was accredited with the International Organization for Standardization certification. The AMU Robo Club in November 2021 started working on the university's first satellite project. The project "SS AMU SAT" named after the university's founder Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, was submitted to Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) for its approval in January 2023. IN-SPACe approved

33294-444: Was influenced by 19th-century British liberalism , like many other future Indian independence leaders. His main intellectual references were peoples like Bentham , Mill , Spencer , and Comte . This political education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation, and progressive politics. He became an admirer of the Parsi British Indian political leaders Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Pherozeshah Mehta . Naoroji had become

33480-485: Was not invited to the last. He remained in Britain for most of the period 1930 through 1934, practising as a barrister before the Privy Council , where he dealt with a number of India-related cases. His biographers disagree over why he remained so long in Britain—Wolpert asserts that had Jinnah been made a Law Lord , he would have stayed for life, and that Jinnah alternatively sought a parliamentary seat. Early biographer Hector Bolitho denied that Jinnah sought to enter

33666-401: Was ranked 16th overall by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2024 and 8th among universities. Among government engineering colleges, the Zakir Hussain College of Engineering and Technology, the engineering college of the university, was ranked 33rd by the National Institutional Ranking Framework among engineering colleges in 2024. The Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College ,

33852-408: Was shouted down by the delegates, who passed Gandhi's proposal, pledging satyagraha until India was independent. Jinnah did not attend the subsequent League meeting, held in the same city, which passed a similar resolution. Because of the action of the Congress in endorsing Gandhi's campaign, Jinnah resigned from it, leaving all positions except in the Muslim League. The alliance between Gandhi and

34038-446: Was strained, and she did not come to Pakistan in his lifetime, but only for his funeral. The early 1930s saw a resurgence in Indian Muslim nationalism, which came to a head with the Pakistan Declaration . In 1933, Indian Muslims, especially from the United Provinces , began to urge Jinnah to return and take up again his leadership of the Muslim League, an organisation which had fallen into inactivity. He remained titular president of

34224-407: Was the colleges that came to dominate the universities. The Hebdomadal Board was established by William Laud at Oxford in 1631 with the intent of diluting the influence of Congregation (the assembly of regent masters) and Convocation (the assembly of all graduates). This led to criticism in the 19th century, with William Hamilton alleging that the colleges had unlawfully usurped the functions of

34410-451: Was the second child; he had three brothers and three sisters, including his younger sister Fatima Jinnah . Jinnah was not fluent in Gujarati, his mother-tongue, nor in Urdu; he was more fluent in English. Except for Fatima, little is known of his siblings, where they settled or if they met with their brother as he advanced in his legal and political careers. As a boy, Jinnah lived for a time in Bombay with an aunt and may have attended

34596-431: Was what God made him, a great pleader. He had a sixth sense: he could see around corners. That is where his talents lay ... he was a very clear thinker ... But he drove his points home—points chosen with exquisite selection—slow delivery, word by word. Jinnah was also a supporter of working class causes and an active trade unionist. He was elected President of All India Postal Staff Union in 1925 whose membership

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