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38-526: VDNKh is located in Ostankinsky District of Moscow, less than a kilometer from Ostankino Tower . It is served by VDNKh subway station , as well as by Moscow Monorail . Cosmonauts Alley and the Worker and Kolkhoz Woman statue are situated just outside the main entrance to VDNKh. It also borders Moscow Botanical Garden and a smaller Ostankino Park  [ ru ] , and in recent years

76-675: A populated place Ostankino has been known at least since the Russian Time of Troubles , but it is better associated with the Sheremetiev estate in the form of a park and palace complex. During the dissolution of the Soviet Union it gained even more fame with its television tower and television centre. Vera Mukhina Vera Ignatyevna Mukhina ( Russian : Ве́ра Игна́тьевна Му́хина ; French : Vera Moukhina ; 1 July [ O.S. 19 June] 1889 – 6 October 1953)

114-537: A government commission examined the construction and decided that it did not suit the ideological direction of the moment. The exhibition was considered too modest and too temporary. Oltarzhevsky was arrested, together with the Commissar for Agriculture and his staff, and eventually released in 1943. Later, he worked on the 1947-1953 Moscow skyscraper project . As a result, in August 1938 Nikita Khrushchev , addressing

152-545: A large square facing the central pavilion at the end of the avenue. A statue of Vladimir Lenin used to stand in the front of the pavilion. There is a fountain called " The Stone Flower Fountain " facing the Ukraine Pavilion . There is a smaller square facing the Space Pavilion in the centre of which stood a Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft, placed there in 1976 after the pavilion of Agricultural Machinery became

190-788: A leading figure of Socialist realism , both in style and ideology. In 1923 Mukhina together with Aleksandra Ekster designed the pavilion of the newspaper Izvestia at the first all-Russia agricultural and handicraft-industrial exhibition in Moscow. In 1925 Mukhina and Nadezhda Lamanova , the fashion designer, received the Grand Prix at the exhibition in Paris for the collection of elegant women's clothing made of cheap coarse materials — cloth, calico, canvas and flannel, hats-from matting, belts decorated with colored peas, and buttons carved from wood. Dresses were decorated with original ornaments, including

228-594: A masculine look with rough and strong-willed features. This accident had a tremendous effect on Mukhina’s life and her future career. She later moved to Moscow , where she studied at several private art schools, including those of Konstantin Yuon and Ilya Mashkov . In 1912 she traveled to Paris , where she attended the Académie de la Grande Chaumière , the Académie de La Palette under Henri Le Fauconnier and Jean Metzinger , and took lessons from Antoine Bourdelle at

266-506: Is greater than that of the Principality of Monaco and has approximately 400 buildings. Inadequate maintenance of Vera Mukhina's statue caused such disrepair that the statue was disassembled. It was slated to be refurbished and installed on the top of the new pavilion by 2008, but funding shortages lead to dragged-out restoration. It was finally reerected in 2009, now standing atop of a large constructivist pavilion, apparently recreating

304-552: Is named in honor of Mukhina. Mukhina's most celebrated work by far is the giant monument Worker and Kolkhoz Woman , which was the centerpiece of the Soviet pavilion at the 1937 International Exhibition in Paris . Mukhina's monument crowned the Soviet pavilion designed by the architect Boris Mikhailovich Iofan . According to her plan, the sun frontally illuminated the monument, creating an effect of radiance. Both figures, for all their massiveness, seemed to fly. The feeling of flight

342-804: The Atomic Energy Pavilion (1954), the People's Education Pavilion (1954), the Radioelectronics Pavilion (1958), the Soviet Culture Pavilion (1964). During Soviet times, each year VDNKh hosted more than 300 national and international exhibitions and many conferences, seminars and meetings of scientists and industry professionals. The most memorable feature of the exhibition site was the Worker and Kolkhoz Woman ( Rabochiy i kolkhoznitsa ) statue, featuring

380-818: The Belorussky Rail Terminal , the other was installed in 1952 in the city of Gorky . Another famous work by Mukhina is the monument to Tchaikovsky. It was installed in 1954 in the courtyard of the Moscow Conservatory on Bolshaya Nikitskaya Street . This sculptural composition is located in front of the main facade of the Conservatory and is the dominant feature of the entire architectural complex. Mukhina's work on official monuments and architectural sculpture on state commissions continued through to her death. She also experimented with glass, producing glass figural busts. Seeking to enrich

418-575: The Cosmos Pavilion . This aircraft was later scrapped in 2008. A large statue of Joseph Stalin stood in the square until 1948. This had previously stood on the banks of the Moskva River in the city centre. The square is called The Industrial Square . The Worker and Kolkhoz woman sculpture was originally created to crown the Soviet pavilion of the World's Fair. The organizers had placed

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456-528: The October Revolution in Russia the so-called " Lenin plan of monumental propaganda" was adopted. Sculptors received state orders to make city monuments. Mukhina in 1918 completed the project of the monument dedicated to the educator and publicist Nikolay Novikov . The project was approved by Narkompros , but the model of the monument made of clay and stored in an unheated workshop got cracked, and

494-805: The Patriotic War of 1812 . The family was well-to-do: in 1937 Mukhina inherited 4 million lats from her grandfather. She spent her childhood and youth (1892-1904) in Feodosia where her father took her considering his daughter's health (Vera was two years old when her mother died of tuberculosis ). In Feodosia the future artist received her first drawing and painting lessons. She lived there until 1904 when her father died. Mukhina and her older sister Maria were sheltered by uncles and aunts who lived in Kursk , where Mukhina went to high school which she graduated from with honors. On Christmas day of 1912 when Mukhina

532-625: The Russian space shuttle , the structural test article - TVA, which was an attraction and restaurant at Gorky Park in Moscow was to be moved to the VNDKh, to be displayed near the Vostok rocket in front of the Cosmos hall. It was moved 5–6 July 2014 and re-assembled by 21 July. In September 2018, Sergey Shogurov was appointed as CEO of VDNK. New museum and exhibition spaces were opened, a Landscape Park

570-500: The "cock pattern" invented by Mukhina. Mukhina taught at the state school Vkhutemas in 1926–1927, and in 1927–1930 she taught at the higher art and technical institute Vkhutein . In 1927 the sculpture Peasant woman created by Mukhina was awarded the first prize at the exhibition dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution . Later the sculpture was purchased by the Museum of Trieste , and after World War II it became

608-669: The National Economy ( Russian : Выставка достижений народного хозяйства , Vystavka dostizheniy narodnovo khozyaystva) or ВДНХ / VDNKh . By 1989 the exhibition had 82 pavilions with an exhibition area of 700,000 square metres. Each pavilion (including the 1939 "regions") had been dedicated to a particular industry or field: the Engineering Pavilion (1954), the Space Pavilion (1966), the Central Industrial Zones Pavilion (1955),

646-511: The Soviet and Nazi pavilions facing each other across the main pedestrian boulevard at the Trocadéro on the north bank of the Seine. Ostankinsky District Ostankinsky District , also called simply Ostankino , is an administrative district ( raion ) of North-Eastern Administrative Okrug , and one of the 125 raions of Moscow , Russia . VDNH exhibition center and Ostankino Tower ,

684-512: The State ordered the renewal of the Exhibition, starting with the 1950 season. Again, the opening was postponed more than once; the first post-war season opened in 1954 (still as Agricultural exhibition). In the 1956 season the planners set aside an Industrial area within the main territory; more restructuring and rebuilding followed. In 1959 the park was renamed Exhibition of Achievements of

722-531: The artistic vocabulary of Soviet art. She often presented her theories on sculpture, experimented with new materials, and developed a technique of polychromatic sculpture. She decorated exhibitions, made industrial drawings, and designed clothes, textiles, porcelain and theatrical costumes for the Vakhtangov Theater in Moscow. From 1941 to 1952, Mukhina won the Stalin Prize five times, and she

760-429: The assembled Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union , declared that the site was not ready, and the opening was postponed until August 1939. It finally opened on 1 August 1939, and was open to the public until 25 October. The 1940 and 1941 seasons followed but following German invasion in 1941 the exhibition was closed until the end of World War II . 1939 pavilions , as presented in 1950 album and today: In October 1948

798-601: The book A Sculptor's Thoughts . Mukhina died in Moscow on 6 October 1953 of angina . She is buried in Novodevichy Cemetery , Moscow. The Museum of Vera Mukhina dedicated to the sculptor's adolescence and work was established in Feodosiya , Ukrainian SSR in 1985. There is a Vera Mukhina Street in the town Klin , Moscow Oblast . In 2007, Mukhina's house and studio at 3a Prechistensky Lane in Moscow were slated for demolition. The crater on Venus

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836-403: The builders failed to complete their work, and regional authorities failed to select and deliver proper exhibits. Some pavilions and the 1937 entrance gates by Oltarzhevsky were torn down to be replaced with more appropriate structures (most pavilions were criticised for having no windows ). According to Oltarzhevsky's original plan, all of the pavilions were to be constructed from wood. In 1938,

874-473: The evacuation center in Kamensk-Uralsky . In 1945 Mukhina was invited to Riga as an expert to make a conclusion on the monument Freedom which was going to be demolished. She came out strongly in defense of the monument although her opinion contradicted that of the party and the monument was preserved. She is the creator of two monuments to Maxim Gorky : one of them was installed in 1943 in Moscow at

912-621: The gigantic figures of a man and woman holding together the " hammer and sickle ". The sculpture, which reaches 25 meters toward the sky, was designed by Vera Mukhina and originally crowned the 35-meter-tall Soviet pavilion at the Paris Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937) . In 1992, VDNKh was renamed, receiving the new acronym VVC, which remained in use until 2014. It occupies 2,375,000 square metres of which 266,000 square metres are used for indoor exhibits. The territory of VDNKh

950-460: The original exhibition pavilion from the 1937 World's Fair in Paris that it was designed for. The "VDNKh" (or VVTs) complex still operates including the name of a nearby subway station and some sights. During winter, VDNKh converts into a main Skating Rink. On 14 May 2014 the previous name VDNKh was restored, following an interactive poll. In addition, the mayor of Moscow announced that

988-539: The project remained unfulfilled. Within the framework of monumental propaganda Mukhina created sketches of the sculptures Liberated labor and Revolution (1919) as well as monuments to Vladimir Mikhailovich Zakorskiy (1921) and Yakov Sverdlov (also known as The Flame of the Revolution , 1923). In the 1920s Mukhina rose to become one of the Soviet Union's most prominent sculptors, and although she continued to produce Cubist sculpture as late as 1922, she became

1026-725: The property of the Vatican Museums in Rome . Mukhina came to the international attention with the 1937 Worker and Kolkhoz Woman . In 1938–1939 she worked on the sculptures for the Moskvoretsky Bridge , Hymn to the International , Flame of the Revolution , Sea , Land , Fertility , and Bread . Bread (1939) is the only composition made by Mukhina; the rest were recreated from sketches after her death. From October 1941 to April 1942 she lived and worked in

1064-596: The same time. She subsequently continued on to Italy to explore the painting and sculpture of the Renaissance period. Mukhina returned to Moscow in summer 1914 two weeks before World War I began. Having taken nursing courses, she began working in a military hospital. Here, also in 1914, she met the young military doctor Alexei Andrejewitsch Samkow  [ ru ] , whom she married in 1918. In 1915 and 1916, she served as assistant to Aleksandra Ekster at Alexander Tairov 's Chamber Theater in Moscow. After

1102-589: The tallest structure in Europe, are located in Ostankinsky. The district is served by Moscow Monorail . Ostankinsky district is named after Ostankino village, which existed on the site before urbanization. Its name literally means 'remains'; however, despite popular misconception, it was not built on a graveyard. 16th-century sources refer to the village as Ostashkovo , from the Christian name Eustachy . As

1140-529: The three parks served as a united park complex. The exhibition was established February 17, 1935 as the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) ( Russian : Всесоюзная сельско-хозяйственная выставка ; Vsesoyuznaya selsko-khozyaystvennaya vystavka). An existing site (then known as Ostankino Park, a country territory recently incorporated into the city limits), was approved in August 1935. The master plan by Vyacheslav Oltarzhevsky

1178-519: Was a Soviet sculptor and painter. She was nicknamed "the queen of Soviet sculpture". She was one of the members of the art association ‘ The Four Arts ’, which existed in Moscow and Leningrad from 1924 to 1931. Mukhina was born 1889 in Riga , Russian Empire into a wealthy merchant family, and lived at 23/25 Turgeneva Street, where a memorial plaque has now been placed. Mukhina's ancestors lived in Riga after

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1216-530: Was approved in April 1936, and the first show season was announced to begin in July 1937 and was designed as a "City of Exhibitions" with streets and public spaces, which was very common in the 1930s. However, plans did not materialise, and three weeks before the deadline Joseph Stalin personally postponed the exhibition by one year (to August 1938). It seemed that this time everything would be ready on time, but again

1254-437: Was created, and objects of cultural heritage were carried out, public electric transport was launched. In 2019, the restoration of the "Fraternity of peoples" and "Stone Flower" fountains was completed. The exhibition centre was built in the era of Joseph Stalin . The place selected was Moscow's northern suburb Ostankino . The main planner was Vyacheslav Oltarzhevsky who planned a central avenue with fountains, small roads and

1292-405: Was disassembled and taken back to Moscow. In 1939 it was installed near the north entrance of the all-Russia exhibition of national economy achievements VDNKH . However, Mukhina’s concept was altered: the monument was placed on a low pedestal and with its back to the sun and the feeling of flying was gone. Mukhina commented on it saying that "the monument creeps on the ground". Nevertheless, in 1947

1330-523: Was enhanced by a long fluttering scarf introduced by Mukhina into the composition. As a result, the sculpture group was distinguished by an unusual expression and energy, symbolizing the Soviet Union aspiring to new victories. The monument was called by the French press "the greatest work of sculpture of the XX century", and Pablo Picasso wrote: "How beautiful the Soviet giants are against the lilac Parisian sky". It

1368-578: Was named People's Artist of the USSR in 1943. Because of Mukhina's influence as a great Soviet artist, and as a former student of the Latvian sculptor Kārlis Zāle , she persuaded Soviet officials in the late 1940s that the Freedom Monument in Riga was of great artistic importance. Due to her efforts, the monument was not demolished to make way for a statue of Joseph Stalin . In 1953 she wrote

1406-510: Was staying at her uncle's place in the Smolensk province, she had an accident. While sledding down a hill, she crashed into a tree and her nose was severed by a twig. She had a surgery in hospital in Smolensk but the scars remained on her face for good. Moreover, her girlish delicate face looked very different after eight subsequent plastic surgeries carried out by French surgeons. It acquired

1444-459: Was the world's first welded sculpture . The 24-meter-tall, 75-ton monument was made of stainless steel plates on a wooden frame, the plates connected by an innovative method of spot welding . One hand of each figure holds respectively a hammer and a sickle , the two implements joining to form the hammer and sickle symbol of the Soviet Union . After the exhibition closed the monument

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