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43-476: The discussion became an acrimonious church intrigue, active approximately from 1598 to 1603. The English government saw advantage in its continuation and supported the appellants or opponents of the archpriest; the controversy is also widely known as the Appellant Controversy . It produced a rich pamphlet literature. Interpretations of its underlying substance have differed: one question to the fore

86-582: A "protestation of allegiance". Thirteen of the Appellants publicly asserted their loyalty to Elizabeth in this manner: they were Bishop, Colleton, Mush, Charnock with Roger Cadwallador and Robert Drury (future Catholic martyrs), Francis Barnaby , Anthony Champney , John Boseville, Richard Button, Anthony Hebourn, John Jackson, and Oswald Needham. A bitter pamphlet war followed from the inflammatory manuscript Adversus factiosos in ecclesia circulated in 1598 by Thomas Lister . The royal policy of helping

129-663: A cadetship in the military service of the East India Company . In 1855, however, under the influence of his father's friend, Frederick William Faber , he entered the Brompton Oratory , London, where he was ordained priest in 1860. He remained in the Oratory till 1878, when, owing to a loss of his faith in the teaching of the Catholic Church, he left its communion. In 1879 Law was appointed keeper of

172-469: A convert, was composer William Byrd . Some of Byrd's most popular motets were actually written as a type of correspondence to a friend and fellow composer, Philippe de Monte . De Monte wrote his own motets in response, such as the "Super Flumina Babylonis". These correspondence motets often featured themes of oppression or the hope of deliverance. Dorothy Lawson was a Catholic noblewoman who used her autonomy, financial independence and social status as

215-555: A poet and theological polemicist, was a prominent lay Catholic advocate for the appellant side. The approach taken in appealing against Blackwell changed over the space of about four years. The first appeal of 1598/9 was quite clumsy. In 1602 negotiations were backed by a decision of the French theologians of the Sorbonne , and had much greater success. As framed by Thomas Graves Law , the controversy turned on Blackwell's relationship to

258-584: A son attended a seminary in Douai . The Jacobean poet John Donne was another notable Englishman born into a recusant Catholic family. He later, however, authored two Protestant leaning writings and, at the behest of King James I , was ordained into the Church of England. Guy Fawkes , an Englishman and a Spanish soldier, along with other recusants or converts, including, among others, Sir Robert Catesby , Christopher Wright , John Wright and Thomas Percy ,

301-568: A widow to harbour priests in her household. She was a patroness of the Society of Jesus , who met yearly at her home to discuss the mission in England, employed Catholic servants, held religious services for the local community, and visited recusants who were imprisoned in jail for their beliefs. Her children were raised in the Catholic faith. Three daughters entered convents on the continent and

344-531: Is fewer than 40,000, and includes Anders Arborelius , a convert and the first Swedish bishop since the Reformation. In 2017, he was made a cardinal. Thomas Graves Law Thomas Graves Law (1836–1904) was an English Oratorian priest, and later in life a historian and bibliographer. He was a grandson of Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough . Born on 4 December 1836 at Yeovilton in Somerset , Law

387-599: The Catholic Church and refused to attend Church of England services after the English Reformation . The 1558 Recusancy Acts passed in the reign of Elizabeth I , and temporarily repealed in the Interregnum (1649–1660) , remained on the statute books until 1888. They imposed punishments such as fines, property confiscation and imprisonment on recusants. The suspension under Oliver Cromwell

430-854: The Dukes of Norfolk , the highest-ranking non-royal family in England and hereditary holders of the title of Earl Marshal , is considered the most prominent Catholic family in England. Other members of the Howard family, the Earls of Carlisle, Effingham and Suffolk are Anglican, including a cadet branch of the Carlisles who own Castle Howard in Yorkshire. Recusancy was historically focused in Northern England , particularly Cumberland , Lancashire , Yorkshire and Westmoreland . A geographical exception

473-595: The Regency and the reign of George IV (1811–30). The Nuttall Encyclopædia notes that Dissenters were largely forgiven by the Act of Toleration under William   III, while Catholics "were not entirely emancipated till 1829". Early recusants included Protestant dissenters , whose confessions derived from the Calvinistic Reformers or Radical Reformers . With the growth of these latter groups after

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516-612: The Restoration of Charles   II , they were distinguished from Catholic recusants by the terms "nonconformist" or "dissenter". The recusant period reaped an extensive harvest of saints and martyrs . Among the recusants were some high-profile Catholic aristocrats such as the Howards and, for a time, the Plantagenet -descended Beauforts . This patronage ensured that an organic and rooted English base continued to inform

559-876: The Signet Library in Edinburgh , and there he passed the remainder of his life. He was one of the founders, in 1886, of the Scottish History Society , and acted as its honorary secretary. In 1898 the University of Edinburgh made him hon. LL.D. After a long illness he died at his home at Duddingston, near Edinburgh, on 12 March 1904. Law was married on 15 April 1880 to Wilhelmina Frederica, daughter of Captain Allen of Errol, Perthshire , by his wife Lady Henrietta Dundas, and left one son, Duncan, and five daughters. Law's main historical interests lay in

602-594: The Appellants, and he rescinded the instruction that Blackwell was to consult with the Jesuits, instead forbidding such consultation. Relations between the two factions of seminary priests then improved; though there was an attempt to make out the fine print of the brief to disadvantage three appellant clergy (Bluet, Watson and William Clark ). Some Appellants went to the Queen, requesting religious toleration in return for their declaring allegiance to her and for her expelling

645-473: The Borromeo testament is a 17th-century artefact (at the earliest dating from 1638), was not printed for missionary work, and could never have been in the possession of John Shakespeare. John Shakespeare was listed as one who did not attend church services, but this was "for feare of processe for Debtte", according to the commissioners, not because he was a recusant. Another notable English Catholic, possibly

688-617: The Catholic Church as martyrs of the English Reformation . Today, recusant applies to the descendants of Roman Catholic families of the British gentry and aristocracy . It derives from the Latin word recūsant , meaning to demur or object. After the English Reformation , from the 16th to the 19th centuries those guilty of such nonconformity , termed "recusants", were subject to civil penalties and sometimes, especially in

731-539: The Grenadier guards, but in 1831 had taken orders in the Church of England, and at the time of his son's birth was rector of Yeovilton and chancellor of the diocese of Bath and Wells , of which his kinsman George Henry Law was bishop. On the death of his mother in 1844, Law was sent to school at Somerton , but in the following year, after his father had moved to the living of Harborne in Staffordshire , he

774-555: The Jesuits as laid down by Caetani, and this was the central thrust of the appeal of 1600. It was dated 17 November 1600 from Wisbech (where in Wisbech Castle around 30 priests were interned). In 1602, the Pope settled the quarrel by reaffirming Blackwell's authority in a brief of 11 October, but making concessions to the Appellants. He ordered that the next three vacancies among Blackwell's assistants were to be filled from among

817-469: The Jesuits from England. Seeing a chance to divide the Catholics, Elizabeth initially welcomed these approaches, and her government gave some of the Appellants access to printers during the pamphlet war. However, in 1602, disappointed at the Pope's settlement of the dispute, Elizabeth issued a proclamation accusing the Appellants of disloyalty, offering them mercy only if they gave themselves up and signed

860-419: The Pope excluded Bishop from both Rome and England. Some of the seminary priests supported Blackwell, with others continuing to appeal to Rome for his removal. The latter group came to be known as "Appellants". Their leaders included Christopher Bagshaw , Thomas Bluet, John Colleton , the layman Anthony Copley , John Mush and William Watson . Bagshaw and Parsons had been at odds since 1574. Henry Constable ,

903-889: The Protestant world around the same time beginning with the Revised Standard Version ). Various other translations were used by Catholics around the world for English-language liturgies, ranging from the New American Bible and the Jerusalem Bible to the Revised Standard Version Second Catholic Edition . There were dozens of recusant families, some no longer extant. For example, the Howard family , some of whose members are known as Fitzalan-Howard,

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946-513: The Roman Catholic Church in post-Reformation England. The Jesuits saw England as a missionary field, almost a clean slate, while many of the secular clergy saw their church's survival as a continuation of the institutions of the past. There were also suspicions in England that Jesuit missionaries supported Spanish foreign-policy aims, endangering English Catholics through their political entanglements In 1598, some four years after

989-591: The appellants print pamphlets was implemented by Richard Bancroft as bishop of London . Leading printers were used: Robert Barker , Thomas Creede , Richard Field , James Roberts and three others. The authors included the French writers against the Jesuits, Antoine Arnauld and Étienne Pasquier . Bancroft cultivated his contacts with individual appellant priests. He supported Thomas Bluet's wish to travel to Rome and see Pope Clement VIII, with permission and contacts in Parliament. In September 1601 William Watson

1032-667: The country's Catholicism. In the English-speaking world , the Douay-Rheims Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate by expatriate recusants in Rheims, France , in 1582 (New Testament) and in Douai, France in 1609 (Old Testament). It was revised by Bishop Richard Challoner in the years 1749–52. After Divino afflante Spiritu , translations multiplied in the Catholic world (just as they multiplied in

1075-580: The death of Cardinal William Allen in 1594, the Cardinal Protector of England appointed an archpriest to oversee the mission in England, with the permission of Pope Clement VIII. Enrico Caetani had taken on the role of Cardinal Protector, given that the obvious successor to Allen in terms of involvement in the English mission, Robert Parsons , was not broadly acceptable. There were early misgivings about Caetani's choice, however. The archpriest

1118-614: The earlier part of that period, to criminal penalties. Catholics formed a large proportion, if not a plurality, of recusants, and it was to Catholics that the term initially was applied. Non-Catholic groups composed of Reformed Christians or Protestant dissenters from the Church of England were later labelled "recusants" as well. Recusancy laws were in force from the reign of Elizabeth I to that of George III , but were not always enforced with equal intensity. The first statute to address sectarian dissent from England's official religion

1161-481: The end of the 18th century and freedom of religion was re-established in the mid-19th century (although there were individual cases of Catholic sympathies occurring even in the 17th and 18th centuries). Notable converts were Christina, Queen of Sweden , daughter of Gustavus Adolphus ; and Sigrid Undset , Nobel Prize-winning author of Kristin Lavransdatter . The number of ethnic Swedes who are Roman Catholic

1204-476: The established Church of England, Shakespeare's mother, Mary Arden , was a member of a particularly conspicuous and determinedly Catholic family in Warwickshire . Some scholars also believe there is evidence that several members of Shakespeare's family were secretly recusant Catholics. The strongest evidence is a tract professing secret Catholicism signed by John Shakespeare , father of the poet. The tract

1247-470: The kingdom, including the Arundells , Blundells , Cliffords , Erringtons , Gillows , Haydocks , Petres , Ropers , Shireburns , Smythes , Stourtons , Throckmortons , Vaughans and Vavasours . The Acton (also known as Dalberg-Acton and Lyon-Dalberg-Acton) family is another well-known recusant family. Although William Shakespeare (1564–1616) and his immediate family were conforming members of

1290-621: The reformed Church of Ireland and the dissenting churches, remaining loyal to the Roman Catholic Church, suffering the same penalties as recusants in Great Britain . The situation was exacerbated by land claims, paramilitary violence, and ethnic antagonisms on all sides. Recusancy in Scandinavia is not considered to have survived much past the period of the Liturgical Struggle until anti-Catholicism lessened towards

1333-539: The sixteenth century, and its religious and ecclesiastical aspects. His major work is ‘The Conflicts between Jesuits and Seculars in the reign of Queen Elizabeth’ (1889). He also wrote many reviews and articles, some of which are in ‘Collected Essays and Reviews of Thomas Graves Law, LL.D.’ (Edinburgh, 1904). To the Dictionary of National Biography he contributed sixteen articles, including those of David Laing , Edmund Law , Robert Parsons , and Nicholas Sanders . For

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1376-649: The training of English Catholic clergy on the European mainland. These priests came principally from two backgrounds: Jesuits and seminary priests . The seminary priests were trained at the English College, Douai in Northern France, an establishment set up by Cardinal Allen and associated to the University of Douai . The root of the controversy stemmed from two different views of the state of

1419-579: Was a branch of the Welds from Shropshire who migrated via London to Oxfordshire and Dorset . The three sons of Sir John Weld (1585–1622), founder of the Weld Chapel in Southgate , all married into recusant families and were technically "converts" in the 1640s. The eldest, Humphrey , began a lineage, referred to as the "Lulworth Welds". They became connected by marriage to Catholic families across

1462-515: Was arrested and charged with attempting to blow up Parliament on 5 November 1605. The plot was uncovered and most of the plotters, who were recusants or converts, were tried and executed. The term "recusancy" is primarily applied to English, Scottish, and Welsh Catholics, but there were other instances in Europe. The vast majority of native Irish , while subject to the British crown , rejected both

1505-716: Was enacted in 1593 under Elizabeth I and specifically targeted Catholics, under the title "An Act for restraining Popish recusants". It defined "Popish recusants" as those convicted for not repairing to some Church, Chapel, or usual place of Common Prayer to hear Divine Service there, but forbearing the same contrary to the tenor of the laws and statutes heretofore made and provided in that behalf. Other Acts targeted Catholic recusants, including statutes passed under James   I and Charles I , as well as laws defining other offences deemed to be acts of recusancy. Recusants were subject to various civil disabilities and penalties under English penal laws , most of which were repealed during

1548-608: Was found in the 18th century in the rafters of a house which had once been John Shakespeare's and was seen and described by the reputable scholar Edmond Malone . Malone later changed his mind and declared that he thought the tract was a forgery. Although the document has since been lost, Anthony Holden writes that Malone's reported wording of the tract is linked to a testament written by Charles Borromeo and circulated in England by Edmund Campion , copies of which still exist in Italian and English. Other research, however, suggests that

1591-641: Was given control of secular priests in the Spanish Netherlands other than those answerable to the nuncio there, and was told to co-operate with Blackwell, and to act against disruptive English priests. Affronted, and fearing their loss of independence, a vocal minority of seminary priests refused Blackwell's authority. William Bishop and Robert Charnock travelled to Rome to represent their views and appeal against Blackwell's appointment. They arrived in December 1598; but Parsons had them arrested; and

1634-421: Was mainly intended to give relief to nonconforming Protestants rather than to Catholics, to whom some restrictions applied into the 1920s, through the Act of Settlement 1701 , despite the 1828–1829 Catholic emancipation . In some cases those adhering to Catholicism faced capital punishment , and some English and Welsh Catholics who were executed in the 16th and 17th centuries have been canonised by

1677-541: Was resident at Fulham Palace , under the protection of Bancroft. Francis Barnaby was another appellant contact of Bancroft's, who communicated for him with Christopher Bagshaw, in Paris, and had worked with William Clark in writing a 1603 pamphlet against the English Jesuits. Recusant Recusancy (from Latin : recusare , lit.   'to refuse' ) was the state of those who remained loyal to

1720-495: Was successively sent to St. Edmund's School, Birmingham , and (as founder's kin) to Winchester College , then under George Moberly . In 1851 his father joined the Roman Catholic Church , so that Thomas left Winchester. In 1852 he studied at University College, London , where he had Augustus De Morgan and Francis Newman among his teachers, and in 1853 he entered Stonyhurst College . His father obtained for him

1763-546: Was the allegiance of recusants to the English crown, but it is now argued that internal church matters were central. Other factors were the role of the Jesuits in the English mission and tensions between Catholic clerics and laymen. At the time, under Queen Elizabeth I 's Protestant religious settlement, the Roman Catholic faith suffered legal disabilities. Foreign powers, most notably Spain and France , supported

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1806-428: Was third son and fourth of eight surviving children of William Towry Law (1809–1886), Lord Ellenborough's youngest son, by his first wife, Augusta Champagné (died 1844), fourth daughter of Thomas North Graves, 2nd Baron Graves . The eldest son Augustus Henry Law was a Jesuit missionary, and the second son, General Francis Towry Adeane Law , C.B. (1835–1901), saw much military service. The father originally served in

1849-464: Was to have authority over all secular clergy in England, and George Blackwell was chosen: he was close to the Jesuits, and his letter of appointment included instructions to co-operate with them. The new nuncio in Brussels was Ottavio Mirto Frangipani who had jurisdiction over the archpriest, and he believed the arrangement gave excessive control to the Jesuits. At the same time, Richard Barret

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