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85-405: Since the 2011 local government reform it has been part of the municipality of Argos-Mykines , of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 138.138 km. It is 11 kilometres (7 miles) from Nafplion , which was its historic harbour. A settlement of great antiquity, Argos has been continuously inhabited as at least a substantial village for the past 7,000 years. A resident of

170-703: A close distance from the Lacedaemonians . The Argives had lost their high ground advantage. Ultimately, Sparta won the Battle of Sepeia through deception. Reluctant to engage in battle, the Argives had been mimicking the Spartan Herald's call for meal time breaks. This ensured the Spartans did not attack the Argives when the hoplites were not prepared. When Cleomenes became aware of this strategy, he

255-519: A contemporaneous source for the description of the battle is, as for many events in this time period, the Histories of Herodotus (written approximately fifty years later, c. 440 BC). Herodotus provides context of the political, military and economic landscape of the Peloponnese before, during and after the Battle of Sepeia. During the 5th century Sparta was one of the largest military powers in

340-522: A great deal of expropriation would have to take place. On the contrary, Argos did not face a similar problem, having large available areas for this purpose. In the end, the proposition of the Greek capital being moved to Argos was rejected by the father of king Otto , Ludwig , who insisted in making Athens the capital, something which eventually happened in 1834. During the German occupation, Argos airfield

425-491: A minor role in the Corinthian Wars against Sparta, and for a short period of time considered uniting with Corinth to form an expanded Argolid state. For a brief period of time, the two poleis combined, but Corinth quickly rebelled against Argive domination, and Argos returned to its traditional boundaries. After this, Argos continued to remain a minor power in Greek affairs. Argos escaped occupation by Macedon during

510-510: A rise of its prestige among other Greek cities, and Argos used this political capital to organize and lead an alliance against Sparta and Athens in 421 BC. This alliance included Mantinea , Corinth , Elis , Thebes , Argos, and eventually Athens. This alliance fell apart, however, after the allied loss at the Battle of Mantinea in 418 BC. This defeat, combined with the raiding of the Argolid by

595-425: A situation in which a general plunders the fields at night, because the truce had been made for days and not nights. Cicero does not mention a specific date of the attack nor does he explicitly name Cleomenes or the Argives. Consequently, due to the large differences between Cicero’s and Plutarch’s account, and Cicero’s inability to name Cleomenes I, it is improbable that Cicero’s account would be used as evidence for

680-419: A theory further reinforced with the unearthing of six "spits" of iron in an Argive Heraion, possibly remainders of a dedication from Pheidon. In 494 BC, Argos suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of its regional rival, Sparta, at the Battle of Sepeia . Following this defeat, Herodotus tells us the city suffered a form of stasis . The political chaos is thought to have resulted in a democratic transition in

765-502: A village about 7,000 years ago in the late Neolithic , located on the foot of Aspida hill. Since that time, Argos has been continually inhabited at the same geographical location. And while the name Argos is generally accepted to have a Hellenic Indo-European etymology, Larissa is generally held to derive from a Pre-Greek substrate . The city is located at a rather propitious area, among Nemea , Corinth and Arcadia . It also benefitted from its proximity to lake Lerna , which, at

850-423: Is Ioannis Maltezos, who won the election for the first time in 2023. The municipality Argos-Mykines was formed at the 2011 local government reform (known as Kallikratis) by the merger of the following 8 former municipalities, that became municipal units: The province of Argos ( Greek : Επαρχία Άργους ) was one of the provinces of Argolis. It had the same territory as the present municipality Argos-Mykines. It

935-589: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Battle of Sepeia At the Battle of Sepeia ( Ancient Greek : Σήπεια ; c. 494 BC ), the Spartan forces of Cleomenes I defeated the Argives , fully establishing Spartan dominance in the Peloponnese . The Battle of Sepeia is infamous for having the highest number of casualties within a battle during the classical Greek period. The closest thing to

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1020-402: Is also important local production of dairy products, factories for fruits processing. Considerable remains of the ancient and medieval city survive and are a popular tourist attraction. Most of Argos' historical and archaeological monuments are currently unused, abandoned, or only partially renovated: A great number of archaeological findings, dating from the prehistoric ages, can be found at

1105-529: Is an essential green space of the city. Currently, the most commercially active streets of the city are those surrounding the Agios Petros square (Kapodistriou, Danaou, Vassileos Konstantinou streets) as well as Korinthou street. The Pezodromi (Pedestrian Streets), i.e. the paved Michael Stamou, Tsaldari and Venizelou streets, are the most popular meeting point, encompassing a wide variety of shops and cafeterias. The neighborhood of Gouva, which extends around

1190-603: Is delimited to the north by dry river Xerias , to the east by Inachos river and Panitsa stream (which emanates from the latter), to the west by the Larissa hill (site of homonymous castle and of a monastery called Panagia Katakekrymeni-Portokalousa ) and the Aspida Hill (unofficially Prophetes Elias hill), and to the south by the Notios Periferiakos road. The Agios Petros (Saint Peter) square, along with

1275-947: Is known as the Farnese Hercules , and it is exhibited in Naples, Italy. In March 2022 the construction of the fountain in St. Peter's square was completed. In the base of the marble fountain there are four lions. Above the visitor can see four members of the Danaids. The fountain has a width of 7 meters and a height of 5 meters, while the fountain was designed in collaboration with the Supreme School of Fine Arts in Athens. The city has three monasteries that are located in Larissa hill. In 700 BC there were at least 5,000 people living in

1360-488: Is sometimes between Criasus and Iasus in some sources), Iasus , Agenor , ( Crotopus and Sthenelus was between Agenor and Gelanor in some sources), Gelanor AKA Pelasgus , Danaus , Lynceus , Abas , Proetus , Acrisius , Perseus , Megapenthes , ( Argeus and Anaxagoras comes after in some sources). An alternative version supplied by Tatian of the original 17 consecutive kings of Argos includes Apis , Argios, Kriasos and Phorbas between Argus and Triopas, explaining

1445-443: Is the mainstay of the local economy. There are several proposed etyma. The name is associated with the legendary Argus , the third king of the city in ancient times, who renamed it after himself, thus replacing its older name Phoronikon Asty ( Φορωνικόν Άστυ , "Citadel of Phoroneus "). Both the personal name and placename are linked to the word argós ( αργός ), which meant "white" or "shining"; possibly, this had to do with

1530-602: Is today the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Argolis . Under 'Frankish' Crusader rule , Argos became a Latin Church bishopric in 1212, which lasted as a residential see until Argos was taken by the Ottoman Empire in 1463 but would be revived under the second Venetian rule in 1686. Today the diocese is a Catholic titular see . The former municipality and current municipal unit, is subdivided into

1615-447: The Battle of Sepeia in 494. So many Argives were killed in the battle that a revolution ensued, in which previously disenfranchised outsiders were included in the state for the first time. Argive democracy included an Assembly (called the aliaia ), a Council (the bola ), and another body called 'The Eighty,' whose precise responsibilities are obscure. Magistrates served six-month terms of office, with few exceptions, and were audited at

1700-643: The Peloponnesian Senate . It had a single head of state, Stamatellos Antonopoulos, styled " Consul ", between 28 March and 26 May 1821. Later, Argos accepted the authority of the unified Provisional Government of the First National Assembly at Epidaurus , and eventually became part of the Kingdom of Greece . With the coming of governor Ioannis Kapodistrias , the city underwent efforts of modernisation. Being an agricultural village,

1785-559: The Agios Petros as well as the Laiki Agora square. A good road network ensures the connection of the city with the surrounding towns, villages and the rest of Peloponnese and the country. Argos-Mykines Argos-Mykines ( Greek : Άργος-Μυκήνες ) is a municipality in the Argolis regional unit, Peloponnese , Greece . The seat of the municipality is the city of Argos . The municipality has an area of 1002.508 km . The mayor

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1870-533: The Argive political system. The doûloι experienced an elevated social status, due to the loss of noble Argive men The fertile plain of Thyrea was a long-disputed territory that lay between the two city states of Sparta and Argos. During the Battle of the 300 Champions (546 BC) Sparta gained control over this region. Nearly two generations had since passed when Argos reclaimed Thyrea. The events that occurred after this held significant religious undertones. Once

1955-399: The Argives realised what was occurring, they stopped responding to the ransom calls. Consequently, Cleomenes set the grove on fire forcing the remaining hoplites out of the grove’s protection. The Battle of Sepeia resulted in approximately 6000 deaths, accounting for an estimated fifty per cent of the Argive population. The significance of this Battle is illustrated through the revolution of

2040-656: The Argos museum, housed at the old building of Dimitrios Kallergis at Saint Peter's square. The Argos airfield , located in the homonymous area (Aerodromio) in the northwest outskirts of the city, is also worth mentioning. The area it covers was created in 1916–1917 and was heavily used during the Greco-Italian War and for the training of new Kaberos school aviators for the Hellenic Air Force Academy . It also constituted an important benchmark in

2125-627: The Battle of Sepeia began, the foretold predictions by the Oracle of Delphi, dictated the stratagems employed by the Spartans and the Argives respectively. The Argives, cautious of the Spartan’s predicted victory, decided to listen to the Spartan Herald’s commands to his troops and copy what the Herald said. This allowed for the Argives to take their meal breaks at the same time as the Spartans, ensuring

2210-487: The Battle of Sepeia was one of the most decisive battles during Ancient Greek history. The Battle of Sepeia severely depleted Argos’ military power. The Argives were unable to engage in battle for a generation. The next time Sparta and Argos fought would be in the Peloponnesian wars . Additionally, this Battle holds profound political consequences, provoking an upheaval of the Argive administrative system. Due to

2295-555: The Battle of Sepeia, the doûloι were slaves and belonged in the bottom echelons of society. The Battle of Sepeia essentially allowed for a political revolution, elevating the status of the doûloι, until Argive born noble men reached maturity. Consequently, based on the Agrarian economy and serf labour, women of the Dorian ruling class enjoyed greater political, social and economic freedoms (compared to women from Sparta and Crete) during

2380-483: The Battle. After the initial onslaught, many Argive hoplites sought refuge in the ‘Sacred Grove of Apollo’. The Argive men hoped the religious value of the grove would prevent the Spartan forces pursuing further action. However, Cleomenes I was by reputation ruthless, and deceived the Argives to their death. Cleomenes announced that the hoplites who’d been ransomed for the standard fee were free to leave. The names of

2465-612: The Black Sea in 267 A.D. and devastated the Greek coastline and interior. Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes and Argos were all sacked. Gallienus finally cut off their retreat north and destroyed them with great slaughter at Naissus in Moesia. With the death of the last emperor over a unified Empire, Theodosius I , the Visigoths under their leader Alaric I descended into Greece in 396–397 A.D., sacking and pillaging as they went. Neither

2550-525: The Epidaurians, resulted in political instability and an eventual oligarchic coup in 417 BC. Although democracy was restored within a year, Argos was left permanently weakened by this coup. This weakening led to a loss of power, which in turn led to the shift of commercial focus from the Ancient Agora to the eastern side of the city, delimited by Danaou and Agiou Konstadinou streets. Argos played

2635-590: The Erasinos River, on the border of the Argolid, before reporting that the omen’s were not favourable there to set up camp. Interpretations of Cleomenes retreat, suggests the Argives had gained the higher ground on the opposite side of the stream. Cleomenes reconvened his army on the border of Tiryns. The Argive forces were caught off guard by the Agiad King’s repositioning; rushing to set up camp in Sepeia at

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2720-600: The God of the River for refusing to betray his countrymen. But the Argives will not get away that easily” and left. Cleomenes then retreated South and marched his Spartan forces East of Thyrea to Sicyon. In Thyrea, Cleomenes made another sacrifice to the sea to access the river via a different route. This time the omens appeared favourable. Consequently, Cleomenes made arrangements with the Aeginetans and Sicyonians, to transport

2805-580: The Great . As a strategic location on the fertile plain of Argolis, Argos was a major stronghold during the Mycenaean era. In classical times , Argos was a powerful rival of Sparta for dominance over the Peloponnese, but was eventually shunned by other Greek city-states after remaining neutral during the Greco-Persian Wars . There is evidence of continuous settlement in the area starting with

2890-461: The Oracle of Delphi had foretold the success of Sparta against Argos, Cleomenes led his armies to the Erasinos River on the border of the Argolid. Herodotus believes Cleomenes intended to camp his forces there, however when the king presented a sacrifice to the Erasinos River he received bad omens. Rather uncharacteristically, Cleomenes obeyed the signs of the River God proclaiming: “I admire

2975-505: The Oracle of Delphi predicted Sparta’s triumph over Argive forces in a future battle. Thus, Cleomenes had gained the religious approval necessary to enlist the support of the Spartan people to wage war on Argos. The Argive forces also sought the advice of the Oracle of Delphi. However, the Oracle foretold the Argives of their looming defeat in a future battle. Thus, the Argives were cautious of their Spartan enemies, and reluctant to engage in battle if not forced to do so. Ultimately, when

3060-604: The Peloponnese to continue their military service under the Republic of Venice or the Kingdom of Naples . At the end of the Ottoman–Venetian wars, a large number of Albanians had fled from the Peloponnese to Sicily. Some historians consider the French military term "argoulet" to derive from the Greek "argetes", or inhabitant of Argos, as a large number of French stratioti came from the plain of Argos. During Ottoman rule, Argos

3145-410: The Peloponnese. This is evident through the Spartans' victory over Argos in the Battle of the 300 Champions (546 BC) to gain control over the highly disputed territory of Thyrea . However, the Argives sought revenge on Sparta, seizing back control of Thyrea approximately fifty years after the Battle of the 300 Champions. Ultimately, this reignited tensions between the Spartans and the Argives, driving

3230-488: The Spartan forces to the district of Tiryns and Nauplia (on the coast of the Argolid). The transportation route Cleomenes arranged was a challenging maritime task to fulfil, involving the transportation of the Spartan forces across the díolkos at Corinth. Whilst Herodotus has been used as the primary source for the Battle of Sepeia, other historians have contested the date of this battle. Herodotus fails to explicitly date

3315-453: The Spartans would not attack the Argives when not prepared for battle. When Cleomenes became aware that the Argives were paying close attention to the Herald’s orders, he instructed his forces to ignore the next mealtime call and attack at this call instead. When the Herald made his call for a mealtime break, the Spartans attacked an unsuspecting Argive force. Many Argives were slaughtered, with

3400-749: The Visigoths north of Epirus. Sites said to have been destroyed in Argos include the Hypostyle hall, parts of the agora, the odeion, and the Aphrodision. In the late 7th century, it became part of the Theme of Hellas , and later of the Theme of the Peloponnese . In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade , the Crusaders captured the castle built on Larisa Hill, the site of the ancient acropolis, and

3485-564: The alliance at the Battle of Oenoe and Tanagra . For example, only 1,000 Argive hoplites are thought to have fought alongside the Athenians at the Battle of Tanagra . Following the allies' defeat at Tanagra in 457 BC, the alliance began to fall apart, resulting in its dissolution in 451 BC. Argos remained neutral or the ineffective ally of Athens during the Archidamian War between Sparta and Athens. Argos' neutrality resulted in

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3570-430: The apparent unrelation of Triopas to Argus. The city of Argos was believed to be the birthplace of the mythological character Perseus , the son of the god Zeus and Danaë , who was the daughter of the king of Argos, Acrisius . After the original 17 kings of Argos, there were three kings ruling Argos at the same time (see Anaxagoras ), one descended from Bias , one from Melampus , and one from Anaxagoras . Melampus

3655-672: The area became part of the lordship of Argos and Nauplia . In 1388, it was sold to the Republic of Venice , but was taken by the Despot of the Morea Theodore I Palaiologos before the Venetians could take control of the city; he sold it anyway to them in 1394. The Crusaders established a Latin bishopric. Venetian rule lasted until 1463, when the Ottomans captured the city. In 1397, the Ottomans plundered Argos, carrying off part of

3740-438: The battle, recording the event as part of the whole Spartan expedition against Argos. The only mentioning of a date occurs in his book Pausnias III, where Herodotus suggests the battle occurred at the beginning of the reign of Cleomenes I i.e. 520 BC. Modern historians have attempted to calculate a date for the battle based on other passages from Herodotus. When the Argives visited the Oracle of Delphi, two predictions were told;

3825-504: The cities of the Argolid and challenged Sparta 's dominance of the Peloponnese. Spartan dominance is thought to have been interrupted following the Battle of Hyssiae in 669–668 BC, in which Argive troops defeated the Spartans in a hoplite battle. During the time of its greatest power, the city boasted a pottery and bronze sculpturing school, pottery workshops, tanneries and clothes producers. Moreover, at least 25 celebrations took place in

3910-535: The city of Argos is known as an Argive ( / ˈ ɑːr ɡ aɪ v / AR -ghyve , /- dʒ aɪ v / -⁠jyve ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἀργεῖος ). However, this term is also used to refer to those ancient Greeks generally who assaulted the city of Troy during the Trojan War ; the term is more widely applied by the Homeric bards. Numerous ancient monuments can be found in the city today. Agriculture

3995-517: The city, in addition to a regular local products exhibition. A sanctuary dedicated to Hera was also found at the same spot where the monastery of Panagia Katekrymeni is located today. Pheidon also extended Argive influence throughout Greece, taking control of the Olympic Games away from the citizens of Elis and appointing himself organizer during his reign. Pheidon is also thought to have introduced reforms for standard weight and measures in Argos,

4080-567: The city. Argos did not participate in the Hellenic Alliance against the Persian Invasion of 480 BC. This resulted in a period of diplomatic isolation, although there is evidence of an Argive alliance with Tegea prior to 462 BC. In 462 BC, Argos joined a tripartite alliance with Athens and Thessaly. This alliance was somewhat dysfunctional, however, and the Argives are only thought to have provided marginal contributions to

4165-507: The city. In the fourth century BC, the city was home to as many as 30,000 people. Today, according to the 2021 Greek census, the city has a population of 21,891. It is the largest city in Argolis, larger than the capital Nafplio. The primary economic activity in the area is agriculture. Citrus fruits are the predominant crop, followed by olives and apricots. The area is also famous for its local melon variety, Argos melons (or Argitiko). There

4250-534: The demise of Argos and that of the Milesians, both of which are foretold to occur at the same time. The part of the prophecy concerning the Milesians was fulfilled at the end of the Ionian Revolt (494BC). Thus, the estimated date for the Battle of Sepeia is 494BC. The strategic and tactical deliberations of the Battle of Sepeia begin with Spartan’s march to Argos. Initially, Cleomenes led the Spartans to

4335-557: The disastrous war of the Seven against Thebes . Adrastus bequeathed the kingdom to his son, Aegialeus , who was subsequently killed in the war of the Epigoni . Diomedes , grandson of Adrastus through his son-in-law Tydeus and daughter Deipyle , replaced Aegialeus and was King of Argos during the Trojan war. This house lasted longer than those of Anaxagoras and Melampus , and eventually

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4420-418: The eastern or western Roman warlords, Rufinus (consul) or Stilicho , made an effective stand against them due to the political situation between them. Athens and Corinth were both sacked. While the exact level of destruction for Argos is disputed due to the conflicting nature of the ancient sources, the level of damage to the city and people was considerable. Stilicho finally landed in western Greece and forced

4505-607: The end of their terms. There is some evidence that ostracism was practiced. Under Roman rule, Argos was part of the province of Achaea . While prosperous during the early principate, Argos along with much of Greece and the Balkans experienced disasters during the Crisis of the 3rd Century when external threats and internal revolts left the Empire in turmoil. During Gallienus' reign, marauding bands of Goths and Heruli sailed down from

4590-460: The eponymous cathedral (dedicated to saint Peter the Wonderworker ), make up the town centre, whereas some other characteristic town squares are the Laiki Agora (Open Market) square, officially Dimokratias (Republic) square, where, as implied by its name, an open market takes place twice a week, Staragora (Wheat Market), officially Dervenakia square, and Dikastirion (Court) square. Bonis Park

4675-548: The exception of a period of Venetian domination in 1687–1715, Argos remained in Ottoman hands until the beginning of the Greek War of Independence in 1821, when wealthy Ottoman families moved to nearby Nafplio due to its stronger walling. At that time, as part of the general uprising, many local governing bodies were formed in different parts of the country, and the "Consulate of Argos" was proclaimed on 28 March 1821, under

4760-519: The following communities and their respective settlements: Argos has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ). It is one of the hottest places in Greece during summer. Argos has generally cold winters, although due to the local climate, some winter months may have little rainfall. The weather of Argos includes an abundant amount of sunny days throughout the year, even in the winter. Temperatures below zero degrees Celsius are recorded mostly in

4845-403: The high number of casualties during the Battle of Sepeia, Argos lost a majority of their young and middle-aged men. Consequently, the city was in need of men to fulfil the political and administrative roles of recently deceased noblemen. Ultimately, due to the high number of widowed women and shortage of noble Argive men, many doûloι married into political and administrative positions. Prior to

4930-424: The interior of each mahala, having a semi-public character, whereas the third type of streets referred to dead-end private alleys used specifically by families to access their homes. Remnants of this city layout can be witnessed even today, as Argos still preserves several elements of this Ottoman type style, particularly with its long and complicated streets, its narrow alleys and its densely constructed houses. With

5015-446: The intersection of Vassileos Konstantinou and Tsokri streets, is also considered a commercial point. In the center of the city, next to the St. Peter's church, there is an artificial lake that was constructed and filled during an extensive redevelopment works in the city, which lasted between February 2015 and April 2016. During the work for the redevelopment of the city's square the floor of the old (now demolished) church of St. Nicholas

5100-426: The kingdom was reunited under its last member, Cyanippus, son of Aegialeus, soon after the exile of Diomedes. After Christianity became established in Argos, the first bishop documented in extant written records is Genethlius, who in 448 AD took part in the synod called by Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople that deposed Eutyches from his priestly office and excommunicated him. The next bishop of Argos, Onesimus,

5185-483: The men whose ‘ransom’ had been paid were called out individually. However, when an Argive hoplite stepped out of the Sacred Grove, they were executed by the Spartans. According to Herodotus, at least fifty Argive men were deceived by this strategy, until one of the men inside the grove climbed a tree and witnessed what was happening. Thus, when the Argives became aware of the double cross, they stopped responding to

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5270-469: The most organised, having the best layout, while Bekir mahala and Karamoutza mahala were the most labyrinthine. However, all quarters shared the same type of streets; firstly, they all had main streets which were wide, busy and public roads meant to allow for communication between neighbourhoods (typical examples are, to a great extent, modern-day Korinthou, Nafpliou and Tripoleos streets). Secondary streets were also common in all four quarters since they lead to

5355-409: The need for urban planning was vital. For this reason, in 1828, Kapodistrias himself appointed mechanic Stamatis Voulgaris as the creator of a city plan which would offer Argos big streets, squares and public spaces. However, both Voulgaris and, later, French architect de Borroczun's plans were not well received by the locals, with the result that the former had to be revised by Zavos. Ultimately, none of

5440-399: The nightly hours during the winter months. Snowfalls are generally rare there, although not unheard of. The most recent significant snowfall in Argos occurred in early January 2017 during a large European cold wave . There is also a degree of variation in the annual rainfall volumes in Argos, as rainfall in Argos usually is between 300 and 800 millimeters depending the year. The city of Argos

5525-506: The organization of the Greek air forces in southern Greece . Furthermore, the airfield was used by the Germans for the release of their aerial troops during the Battle of Crete . It was last used as a landing/takeoff point for spray planes (for agricultural purposes in the olive tree cultivations) up until 1985. Argos is connected via regular bus services with neighbouring areas as well as Athens . In addition, taxi stands can be found at

5610-456: The plans were fully implemented. Still, the structural characteristics of de Borroczun's plan can be found in the city today, despite obvious proof of pre-revolutionary layout, such as the unorganised urban sprawl testified in the area from Inachou street to the point where the railway tracks can be found today. After talks concerning the intentions of the Greek government to move the Greek capital from Nafplio to Athens , discussions regarding

5695-616: The population, to sell as slaves. The Venetians repopulated the town and region with Albanian settlers, granting them long-term agrarian tax exemptions. Together with the Greeks of Argos, they supplied stratioti troops to the armies of Venice. Throughout the Ottoman–Venetian wars , many Albanians died or were captured in service to the Venetians; at Nafpaktos , Nafplio , Argos, Methoni , Koroni and Pylos . Furthermore, 8,000 Albanian stratioti , most of them along with their families, left

5780-414: The possibility of Argos also being a candidate as the potential new capital became more frequent, with supporters of the idea claiming that, unlike Athens, Argos was naturally protected by its position and benefited from a nearby port (Nafplio). Moreover, it was maintained that construction of public buildings would be difficult in Athens, given that most of the land was owned by the Greek church, meaning that

5865-411: The rabbits) was composed mostly of Albanian emigrants and well-reputed families. Karamoutza mahala was home to the most prominent Turks and boasted a mosque (modern-day church of Agios Konstadinos), a Turkish cemetery, Ali Nakin Bei's serail , Turkish baths and a Turkish school. It is also at this period when the open market of the city is first organised on the site north to Kapodistrias' barracks, at

5950-429: The ransom calls. Consequently, Cleomenes set fire to the grove, slaughtering any survivors who attempted to escape. The Battle of Sepeia and the sacrilege that ensued resulted in six thousand Argive casualties. Whilst Pausanias records a loss of five thousand Argive men, modern historians widely accept Herodotus’ higher figure. Due to the nature and ambiguity pertaining to historical sources and administration during

6035-399: The reigns of Philip II and Alexander the Great and remained unscathed during the Wars of the Diadochi , however in 272 it was attacked by Pyrrhus of Epirus at the Battle of Argos , in which Pyrrhus was killed. Argos was a democracy for most of the classical period, with only a brief hiatus between 418 and 416. Democracy was first established after a disastrous defeat by the Spartans at

6120-447: The same spot where it is held in modern times. A mosque would have existed there, too, according to the city planning most Ottoman cities followed. Argos grew exponentially during this time, with its sprawl being unregulated and without planning. As French explorer Pouqueville noted, "its houses are not aligned, without order, scattered all over the place, divided by home gardens and uncultivated areas". Liepur mahala appears to have been

6205-494: The surviving hoplites seeking refuge in a nearby grove named ‘The Sacred Grove of Apollo’. Cleomenes, unwilling to leave any Argive survivors, devised a strategy to trick the hoplites into leaving the Grove’s religious and physical protection Cleomenes deceived the Argive men into believing that a ransom had been granted and paid – allowing for their release. However, when an Argive man tried to walk free, they were executed. When

6290-481: The third night and attacked the unsuspecting Argives. When Cleomenes was questioned for his breach of the truce; the King argued the truce was made for seven days and didn’t include nights. Additionally, Cicero further contests the nature of the Battle in his treatise ‘ De Officiis ’. Cicero suggests a thirty-day truce was agreed upon between the Spartans and the Argives. However, similar to Plutarch, Cicero describes

6375-399: The time period, an accurate estimation of the Argive population is improbable. However, Aristotle in his fifth book ‘Politics’, recorded a Spartan population of ten thousand. If the assumption was made that we could assume a similar Argive population during the Battle of Sepeia, the losses of six thousand would have compromised a large majority of young and middle-aged Argive men. Ultimately,

6460-467: The time, was at a distance of one kilometre from the south end of Argos. Argos was a major stronghold of Mycenaean times, and along with the neighbouring acropolis of Mycenae and Tiryns became a very early settlement because of its commanding positions in the midst of the fertile plain of Argolis. Argos experienced its greatest period of expansion and power under the energetic 7th century BC ruler King Pheidon . Under Pheidon, Argos regained sway over

6545-585: The two forces to engage in what is now known as the Battle of Sepeia. The Spartan forces were led by the Agiad King Cleomenes I.  Cleomenes wished to take action against Argos. The King often used religion as a political tool of manipulation to enlist the support of the Spartan people. Thus, Cleomenes sent four Púthιoι to the Oracle of Delphi (also known as Pythia) seeking the oracles support and religious reassurance. Cleomenes proclaimed that

6630-523: The visual impression given of the Argolic plain during harvest time. According to Strabo , the name could have even originated from the word agrós ( αγρός ) 'field' by metathesis of the consonants. Herodotus first recorded the myth of the traditional story of Argos being the origin of the ancient Macedonian royal house of the Argead dynasty (Greek: Ἀργεάδαι, Argeádai) of Philip II and Alexander

6715-401: Was able to weaponize this against them. Cleomenes instructed his forces to ignore the Herald’s announcement and instead attack at this call. The Argive forces were caught off guard, and a slaughter ensued. However, other historical accounts suggest a seven-day truce had been agreed upon by the two forces. Contrary to Herodotus’ account, Plutarch suggests the Spartan forces broke the truce on

6800-403: Was abolished in 2006. To the west, Argos-Mykines borders to the former municipality of Mantineia , which integrated in 2011 with the municipality of Tripoli further west. To the north are the municipalities of Sikyona , Nemea and Corinth . To the east is the municipality of Nafplio . To the south, it borders with the municipality of North Kynouria . This Peloponnese location article

6885-634: Was at the 451 Council of Chalcedon . His successor, Thales, was a signatory of the letter that the bishops of the Roman province of Hellas sent in 458 to Byzantine Emperor Leo I the Thracian to protest the killing of Proterius of Alexandria . Bishop Ioannes was at the Third Council of Constantinople in 680, and Theotimus at the Photian Council of Constantinople (879) . The local see

6970-465: Was divided in four mahalas , or quarters; the Greek ( Rûm ) mahala, Liepur mahala, Bekir Efenti mahala and Karamoutza or Besikler mahala, respectively corresponding to what is now the northeastern, the northwestern, the southwestern and southeastern parts of the city. The Greek mahala was also called the "quarter of the unfaithful of Archos town" in Turkish documents, whereas Liepur mahala (the quarter of

7055-522: Was found, which was located north of the present-day church of St. Peter, that was built after 1865. Pursuant to a decision of the Central Archaeological Council, the floor and part of the sidewalls of the old church were covered with dirt in early March 2016. On 15 February 2022 a new statue of Heracles was unveiled. It is a replica of a statue made by Lysippus of Sicyon in the 4th century BC. The Roman copy of Lysippus' statue

7140-562: Was frequently attacked by Allied forces. One of the raids was so large that it resulted in the bombing of the city on October 14, 1943, with the casualties of about 100 dead Argives and several casualties, and 75 of the Germans. The bombing started from the airfield heading southeast, hitting the monastery of Katakrykmeni and several areas of the city, up to the railway station. The mythological kings of Argos are (in order): Inachus , Phoroneus , Apis , Argus , Criasus , ( Phorbas , Triopas

7225-413: Was succeeded by his son Mantius , then Oicles , and Amphiaraus , and his house of Melampus lasted down to the brothers Alcmaeon and Amphilochus . Anaxagoras was succeeded by his son Alector , and then Iphis . Iphis left his kingdom to his nephew Sthenelus , the son of his brother Capaneus . Bias was succeeded by his son Talaus , and then by his son Adrastus who, with Amphiaraus, commanded

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