Audi S and RS models are a range of high performance versions of certain car models of the German automotive company Audi AG . These cars primarily focus on enhanced " sport " performance. Production of Audi "S" cars began in 1990 with the S2 Coupé , whilst the first "RS" car appeared four years later with the Audi RS 2 Avant .
121-728: Today's S and RS models are based on the A/e-tron GT/Q models with the same number (e.g. S4 / RS 4 is based on the A4 or the RS Q3 based on the Q3 ), but the "Ur-S4" from 1991 to 1994 was based on the Audi 100/200 later named A6 and the first S2 / RS2 generation from 1990 to 1995 was based on the Audi 80/90 platform later replaced by the A4. The history of road versions of Audi racing cars begins in
242-664: A B5 RS4 engine, and Alcon racing brake calipers (4 piston front and 2 piston rear calipers). Don Istook, with Istook's Motorsports, built and campaigned several B5 S4's in first the Motorola Cup, and then the Grand Am Cup. The S4's were even raced by Istook's Motorsports in the Rolex GT category for several races to help fill the field. Of note, one of the S4's, racing against true GT cars, even ran as high as second place (in
363-416: A " bias blind spot :" "Individuals believe (that negative) traits are inter-connected." due to a negative first impression. The Guardian wrote of the devil effect in relation to Hugo Chavez : "Some leaders can become so demonized that it's impossible to assess their achievements and failures in a balanced way." For those seen in a negative light, anything they do that is negative is exemplified, while
484-427: A "health halo", is used in food marketing to increase sales of a product; it can result in increased consumption of the product in the halo which may be unhealthy. The term "halo effect" has also been applied to human rights organizations that have used their status to move away from their stated goals. Political scientist Gerald Steinberg has claimed that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) take advantage of
605-411: A 'default' asymmetric 40:60 front-rear torque split on manual transmission models, along with the later Bosch ESP 8.0 Electronic Stability Programme and gloss black painted brake calipers . The 'Avus-III' wheels now became an option, and were replaced by a standard offering 8.0Jx18 inch 'S-design' 7-spoke forged alloy wheel. Bose sound system is now standard, whereas it was optional on
726-571: A 240 mm (9.4 in) single plate dry clutch , and Torsen T-2 quattro permanent four-wheel drive system. Final drive (parts code prefix: 01R, identification code: EXZ) ratios are 3.889, giving a top gear road speed to engine revs ratio of 24.4 miles per hour (39.3 km/h) per 1000 rpm. From July 2003, the ZF 6HP19 tiptronic automatic transmission (parts code prefix: 09L, identification codes: GUR, HHU) (ratios - 1st: 4.171, 2nd: 2.340, 3rd: 1.521, 4th: 1.143, 5th: 0.867, 6th: 0.691, with
847-628: A 7.5Jx16H2 ET35 six spoke "Avus", and an 8.0Jx17H2 ET40 ten-spoke. The second generation S4 ( Type 8D ), also known as the Audi S4 quattro debuted in 1997, with factory production commencing October 1997, as part of the facelifted B5 platform Audi A4 line-up, although it was not available in North America until late 1999. In addition to the saloon (sedan), an estate version (wagon)–the Audi S4 Avant–was introduced into
968-415: A beard and a young woman, and deciding which subject possessed more philosophical attributes. Additionally, when asked to list the happy, neutral, or negative times in their life, the halo effect was more evident in the perceptions of the participants who chose to write about happy prior experiences. Forgas's study suggests that when one is gauging the extent of the halo effect in a situation, one must consider
1089-505: A common 4.2-litre V8 engine , the first time that a V8 engine was placed in a compact executive car, placing it in direct competition with the BMW M3 (3.2 L inline 6 ) and Mercedes-Benz C32 AMG (3.2-litre supercharged V6). The B8 generation uses a supercharged 3.0-litre V6 TFSI engine and competed with the BMW 335i , BMW 335i/340i xDrive , and Mercedes-Benz C350 . The current B9 generation
1210-503: A conventionally mounted Lucas - Girling caliper in an external position over the disc. US models had smaller 276 mm (10.87 in) discs. The rear brakes, 269 mm (10.59 in) by 20 mm (0.787 in) and also radially ventilated - remained the same throughout C4 production; they used a Lucas-Girling single-piston sliding caliper with an integrated cable-actuated handbrake mechanism. A Bosch three-channel operation (four-channel sensing) Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) with
1331-650: A dual-rate tandem vacuum servo provided the brake actuation. Standard wheels were 'Avus-III' die-cast aluminium alloy, 8.0Jx18H2 ET45 in size, and fitted with 235/40 ZR18 95Y XL (eXtra Load) high performance tyres, with factory supplies being either Continental SportContact2 or Michelin PilotSport PS2. Discrete lower door trims, along with the now trademark Audi 'S' model vertical-emphasis line grille, and solid aluminium (later replaced with plastic covered by aluminium) exterior door mirrors , and S4 badging front and rear are all that visually distinguish
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#17327719027581452-564: A factor that contributes to attractiveness in women, with regards to men, attractive faces are perceived to be more intelligent, friendly, and funny by women and men. Officeholders who create what The New York Times called "a living legacy" benefit from a halo effect when their overall accomplishments are subsequently evaluated. Researchers have shown that perceived physical and vocal attractiveness (or their opposite) lead to bias in judgment. A 2010 study found that attractiveness and familiarity are strong predictors of decisions regarding who
1573-1202: A final drive (identification code: GDF) ratio of 3.539) was included as an option. An unusual sight in the engine compartment was the addition of water cooling for the 190 amp alternator , along with two additional thermostatically -controlled side-mounted radiators . The B6 S4 came equipped with electronically controlled, variable assisted ' servotronic ' rack and pinion power assisted steering (PAS) as standard. B6 S4 brakes consisted of radially ventilated disc brakes front and rear. The front discs are sized at 345 mm (13.58 in) in diameter by 30 mm (1.181 in) thick, and are clamped by Continental Teves-ATE FNRG-60 single-piston sliding brake calipers . The rears are 300 mm (11.81 in) by 22 mm (0.866 in), and again use single-piston sliding calipers, with an integrated cable-operated hand brake mechanism. A Bosch ESP 5.7 Electronic Stability Programme system, complete with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD), Emergency Brake Assist (EBA), Electronic Differential Lock (EDL) and Anti-Slip Regulation (ASR) - also known as traction control system , coupled with
1694-497: A five-speed manual was the only transmission available in North America; a four-speed automatic transmission (parts code prefix: 01F, identification code: CBF) was available as an option worldwide. Front and rear axle final drive ratio is either 4.111 or 3.889 (dependent on transmission type), and the rear axle (parts code prefix: 017, identification codes: AAT, AET) uses a driver-selectable electro-pneumatic-mechanical switchable diff lock . Audi's quattro four-wheel-drive system
1815-642: A greater degree of negative bias than the "emotionally disturbed" or "learning disabled" label. "In the classroom, teachers are subject to the halo effect rating error when evaluating their students. For example, a teacher who sees a well-behaved student might tend to assume this student is also bright, diligent, and engaged before that teacher has objectively evaluated the student's capacity in these areas. When these types of halo effects occur, they can affect students' approval ratings in certain areas of functioning and can even affect students' grades." (Rasmussen, Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology, Volume 1, 2008) "In
1936-404: A halo. In other words, observers tend to bend their judgement according to one patent characteristic of the person (the "halo") or a few of his traits, generalizing toward a judgement of that person's character (e.g., in the literal hagiologic case, "entirely good and worthy"). The effect works in both positive and negative directions (and is hence sometimes called the horns and halo effect ). If
2057-462: A higher-performance engine. Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH), AUDI AGs high performance private subsidiary, creates even higher performance versions , known by their " RS " badging. The "RS" initials are taken from the German : R enn S port — literally translated as "racing sport". The characteristics and cost of these cars are equated to cars belonging to the supercar class. RS
2178-451: A large number of studies dealing directly or indirectly with halo error in rating. Taken together, these studies suggest that all seven of the characteristics that have defined halo error for much of its history are problematic and that the assumptions that underlie some of them are demonstrably wrong." Their work claims that the assumption that the halo effect is always detrimental is incorrect, with some halo effects resulting in an increase in
2299-572: A limited edition run of 250 special edition S4 saloon cars, celebrating 25 years of quattro four wheel drive. This exclusive model was called the Audi S4 25quattro . Available only in the United States, the exterior has unique front and rear bumpers, a carbon fibre boot lip spoiler and lower front splitter, a rear functional red tow hook, and a high gloss Phantom Black painted grille with the "quattro" emblem. 15-spoke DTM alloy wheels, along with optional dealer-fitted 'Audi four-rings' decals for
2420-458: A low-intelligence composite face and those photographs that were scored highest in perceived intelligence were used to create a high-intelligence composite face. Both female and male faces of high- and low-perceived intelligence were created, resulting in four groups of composite faces. Participants for the study were recruited online; 164 female and 92 male heterosexual residents of the UK rated each of
2541-430: A manufacturer's racing, motorsports, or in-house modification teams, are sometimes referred to as " halo cars " for the effect they are intended to produce on selling other vehicles within the make. To contrast this with the automotive terminology "flagship model", see here . Advertising in one channel has been shown to have a halo effect on advertising in another channel. A halo effect with regard to health, dubbed
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#17327719027582662-403: A mechanical load sensing valve for the rear brakes was standard throughout production. For wheel options, the standard five-arm "Fuchs" forged alloy wheels were 8.0Jx16H2 ET40, and were fitted with 225/50 R16 sized tyres. Several other tyre and wheel designs were optionally available: a 7.5Jx15H2 ET40 six-spoke with 215/60 R15 tyres, an 8.0Jx16H2 ET40 five-double-spoke,
2783-576: A motive power output of 169 kW (230 PS; 227 bhp) at 5,900 revolutions per minute (rpm) and 350 newton-metres (258 lbf⋅ft) of torque 1,950 rpm. This powerplant made it rather powerful by contemporary standards, and the vehicle with five-speed manual transmission was able to accelerate from standstill to 100 kilometres per hour (62.1 mph) in 6.2 seconds. Both five- and six-speed manual transmissions (parts code prefix: 01E, identification codes: five-speed: CBD, CET, six-speed: CBL, CMG) were offered to European customers, but
2904-434: A normal child whom they were told was either "emotionally disturbed", possessing a learning disorder, " mentally retarded ", or "normal". The teachers then completed referral forms based on the child's behavior. The results showed that teachers held negative expectancies toward emotionally disturbed children, maintaining these expectancies even when presented with normal behavior. In addition, the "mentally retarded" label showed
3025-413: A particular item extend to a broader brand. A notable example is the manner in which the popularity of Apple 's iPod generated enthusiasm for the corporation's other products. Advertising often makes use of television shows, movies and those who star in them, to promote products via the halo effect. In the automotive industry, exotic, limited-production luxury models or low-volume sports cars made by
3146-422: A person making an initial assessment of another person, place, or thing will assume ambiguous information based upon concrete information. The halo effect is an evaluation by an individual and can affect the perception of a decision, action, idea, business, person, group, entity, or other whenever concrete data is generalized or influences ambiguous information. The halo effect can also be explained as
3267-469: A person, a product or a brand based on the sum of all objective circumstances at hand. The term was coined by Edward Thorndike . A simplified example of the halo effect is when a person, after noticing that an individual in a photograph is attractive, well groomed, and properly attired, then assumes, using a mental heuristic , that the person in the photograph is a good person based upon the rules of their own social concept. This constant error in judgment
3388-411: A person, such as whether a person is friendly or not based on his or her physical appearance. His goal was to see how the ratings of one characteristic affected other characteristics. Thorndike's study showed how there was too great a correlation in the commanding officers' responses. In his review, he stated, "The correlations are too high and too even. For example, for the three raters next studied[,]
3509-433: A positive and negative halo. Cognitive bias is a pattern in perception, interpretation, or judgment that consistently leads to an individual misunderstanding something about themselves or their social environment, leading to poor decision-making or irrational behavior. The halo effect is classified as a cognitive bias because the halo effect is a perception error that distorts the way a person sees someone, and cognitive bias
3630-406: A positive view of its entire operations. For example, if a hospital is known for its excellent open heart and cardiac program, then the community would expect it to excel in other areas as well. This can also be demonstrated in the positive perceptions of financial institutions that gained favorable coverage in the media due to meteoric growth but eventually failed afterward. The term "halo effect"
3751-430: A standstill to 60 mph (96.6 km/h) in less than 5 seconds, and make it to 200 km/h (124.3 mph) in slightly over 20 seconds, although doing this led to fuel consumption dipping into single digits. This was considerably worse than the earlier V6 models, leading to the addition of a $ 1,700 gas guzzler tax (combined 20.2 miles per US gallon (11.6 L/100 km; 24.3 mpg ‑imp )) for
Audi S and RS models - Misplaced Pages Continue
3872-602: A strengthened alloy crankshaft bedplate for the five main bearings , and a two-part baffled oil sump, and a light-alloy variable intake manifold (VIM), containing the fractionally sequentially actuated fuel injectors . This petrol engine, based on the unit from the Audi A8 , displaces 4,163 cubic centimetres (254.0 cu in), and it produces a motive power output of 344 PS (253 kW; 339 bhp) at 7,000 rpm, and generates torque of 410 N⋅m (302 lbf⋅ft) at 3,500 rpm, making it more powerful than
3993-487: A two-door four-seat Cabriolet ( convertible ), Type 8H , was included in the model range . Official performance figures for standard discipline of sprinting from standstill to 100 km/h (62.1 mph) in the saloon with manual transmission are 5.6 seconds (Avant 5.8 s, Cabriolet 5.9 s), however, a road test conducted by the American automotive magazine Motor Trend indicated that it could go from
4114-455: Is Audi's highest performance 'top-tier' trim level, positioned distinctly above the " S " ("Sport") specification level of Audi's regular model range. All "RS" cars pioneer some of Audi's latest and most advanced technology and engineering prowess, therefore, "RS" cars are considered by some as "halo vehicles" . Audi RS cars are some of the most powerful vehicles ever offered by Audi as well as R8 . Audi RS 6 (5.0 TFSI quattro) , for instance,
4235-411: Is a perception error that distorts the way that people see themselves. The term "halo" is used in analogy with the religious concept: a glowing circle crowning the heads of saints in countless medieval and Renaissance paintings, bathing the saint's face in heavenly light. The observer may be subject to overestimating the worth of the observed by the presence of a quality that adds light on the whole like
4356-433: Is also used in metal detecting to denote the enhanced detectability of a metal item or coin when it has been left undisturbed for some period of time in wet soil. The object can leach some metallic properties into the soil, making it more detectable. The area surrounding the object is called its "halo." The halo effect was originally identified in 1907 by the American psychologist Frederick L. Wells (1884–1964). However, it
4477-452: Is attributed to the halo effect, as employees, customers, and stakeholders are more likely to be involved in a charity that they recognize and trust, with a name and logo that are familiar. A brand's halo effect can protect its reputation in the event of a crisis. An event that is detrimental to a brand that is viewed favorably would not be as threatening or damaging to a brand that consumers view unfavorably. Non-psychology/business use of
4598-611: Is commonly referred to as the Ur-S4 , derived from the German : Ur sprünglich augmentive word (meaning: original). Audi mildly updated the C4-based model line in 1994 and dropped the 100 nomenclature; all variants of the former Audi 100 line were now re-badged as the Audi A6 . In line with the switch in model name, Audi temporarily discontinued the use of the S4 name and began selling an updated but fundamentally identical version of
4719-441: Is impossible in a real-world setting, because the different ratings are strongly influenced by the specific behaviors of the person observed by the raters. A study by Forgas (2011) states that one's mood can affect the degree of the halo effect's influence. When someone is in a favorable mood, the halo effect is more likely to be influential—this was demonstrated by study participants choosing between pictures of an elderly man with
4840-434: Is more powerful than the physically larger Audi S8 (5.2 FSI quattro) . However, the 2012 — 2015 Audi S8 shares the same engine as the 2013 — 2018 Audi RS 6 and Audi RS7 , albeit in a lower state of tune, while for the 2016 — 2017 model years, the facelifted Audi S8 plus is considered 'an "RS" in anything but name as it features an uprated engine with the same output as the smaller RS 6 and RS7 . The 2016-17 S8 Plus
4961-424: Is more readily blamed for a crime than someone attractive, it is sometimes referred to as the horn effect . The term halo effect is used in marketing to explain consumer bias toward certain products because of favorable experience with other products made by the same company. It is used in the part of brand marketing called " line extensions ". One common halo effect is when the perceived positive features of
Audi S and RS models - Misplaced Pages Continue
5082-571: Is now taken by the Audi S5 Cabriolet and new Coupe. Unlike previous generations of the S4, only the sedan was imported to the United States and Canada. Compared to the previous B6/B7 S4 which used a 4.2-litre V8 engine , the B8 S4 uses a smaller displacement 3.0-litre TFSI V6 engine , but now with the addition of forced induction via an Eaton mechanical supercharger . Halo effect#Marketing The halo effect (sometimes called
5203-504: Is perceived as attractive, due in part to physical traits, may be more likely to be perceived as kind or intelligent. The role of attractiveness in producing the halo effect has been illustrated through a number of studies. Recent research, for example, has revealed that attractiveness may affect perceptions tied to life success and personality. In this study, attractiveness was correlated with weight, indicating that attractiveness itself may be influenced by various specific traits. Included in
5324-526: Is powered by a turbocharged 3.0-litre V6 TFSI engine, with rivals including the BMW M340i xDrive and Mercedes-Benz C450 AMG/Mercedes-AMG C43 4MATIC . All versions of the S4 have been manufactured at Audi's plant in Ingolstadt , Germany; they are, or have been available as a four-door five-seat saloon and a five-door five-seat Avant (Audi's name for an estate car/station wagon ) body styles since
5445-490: Is put in a position of leadership. Judgments made following one-second exposures to side-by-side photos of two US congressional candidates were reasonably predictive of election outcomes. Similar studies ( Palmer & Peterson 2012 ) found that even when taking factual knowledge into account, candidates who were rated as more attractive were still perceived as more knowledgeable. Thus, beauty evaluations also emerge as major predictors of electoral success. Study results showing
5566-441: Is reflective of the individual's preferences, prejudices , ideology , aspirations, and social perception. The halo effect is a perception distortion (or cognitive bias) that affects the way people interpret the information about someone with whom they have formed a positive gestalt . An example of the halo effect is when a person finds out someone they have formed a positive gestalt with has cheated on their taxes. Because of
5687-609: Is still classified by the internal designation: Typ 8E (although with revised sub-designations - saloon: 8EC, Avant: 8ED, and Cabriolet: 8HE). It has the same 4.2-litre V8 engine (identification code: BBK ) as the B6 S4, producing a power output of 253 kW (344 PS; 339 bhp) at 7,000 rpm, and 410 N⋅m (302 lbf⋅ft) torque at 3,500 rpm. There are a few mechanical changes, such as revised springs and dampers and, from model year 2007, an updated Torsen T-3 automatically biasing centre differential, featuring
5808-513: Is the high performance variant of Audi 's compact executive car A4 . The original Audi S4, built from 1991 until 1994, was a performance-oriented version of Audi's 100 saloon/sedan . All subsequent S4s since 1997 have been based on the Audi A4 ; and as the A4 has evolved from one generation to the next, so has the S4. Like its regular A4 counterpart, all S4 variants have had longitudinally oriented , front-mounted engines. All versions of
5929-494: The B7 RS4 to be fitted with the latest Torsen T-3 asymmetric ATB centre differential for its quattro permanent four-wheel drive system. Under normal grip conditions, this is set with a default rearwards torque distribution bias of 40:60 front to rear, and a maximum of 100% torque can automatically be apportioned to the rear axle (and up to 80% to the front) as conditions warrant. The final drive ratios are 3.889. From November 2008,
6050-513: The RS2 Avant , and nearly as powerful as the B5 RS4 . Engine management was by way of a Bosch Motronic ME 7.1.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU), using a Bosch 'E-Gas' drive by wire electronic throttle, and powering eight individual spark coils with longlife quad-electrode Bosch spark plugs. Ignition timing is a mapped direct ignition, with cylinder-selective knock control with
6171-530: The general impression model states that global evaluation affects the rating of individual characteristics. The salient dimension model states that how people perceive an individual characteristic affects their evaluation of other characteristics. The inadequate discrimination model refers to the rater's failure to identify different behaviors of the person being evaluated. The reverse halo effect occurs when positive evaluations of an individual cause negative consequences. Rater errors pose special problems for
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#17327719027586292-418: The halo error ) is the proclivity for positive impressions of a person, company, country, brand, or product in one area to positively influence one's opinion or feelings. The halo effect is "the name given to the phenomenon whereby evaluators tend to be influenced by their previous judgments of performance or personality." The halo effect is a cognitive bias which can prevent someone from forming an image of
6413-557: The " Grand tourer " class. which received the name 100 Coupé S V3 and was equipped with a V8 engine with a power of 350 hp. Since 1994, the development of the Audi S and RS sports series was started directly from the Quattro. Numerous " S " models, from most of Audi's mainstream model ranges have been produced over the years. These cars are recognisable by their " S " badges, and unique emphasis lines on their front grilles and on
6534-416: The 1980s, from models Audi Quattro and Audi Sport Quattro made by concern Audi AG in the city of Ingolstadt . In 1983, the company Quattro GmbH was founded (since November 2016, " Audi Sport GmbH ") in the city of Neckarsulm responsible for the development of sports models of cars of Audi brand. In 1990, appeared based on the model Audi 80 sports model S2 as a receiver Audi Quattro but already under
6655-971: The 3.2 FSI V6, that makes the Audi S4's 3.0 TFSI V6 the performance option (the B8 Audi S4 3.0 TFSI positioned closer to the E90 BMW 335i than the BMW M3). The Audi A6 (C7) no longer has a V8 engine upgrade in the non "S" range, with the discontinuation of the C6 Audi A6 4.2 FSI that was offered from 2004 – 2011, one must go to the C7 Audi S6 4.0 TFSI. Audi 'S' models should not be confused with Audi 'A' and 'Q' series models equipped with an " S line " package, which features sport tuned suspension and cosmetic upgrades such as leather trim, S-line badging, and sports steering wheel, but are not equipped with
6776-840: The Audi "S" models have been positioned more as engine upgrade trims. Taking the 2012 model year for example, the Audi RS 5 competes directly with the BMW M3, M4 whereas the Audi S5 competes with the BMW 335i, while the Audi RS 6 competes with the BMW M5 and the Audi S6 competes with the BMW 550i. However the Audi RS 6 (C6) was never exported to the United States due to emissions regulations, leaving
6897-1633: The Audi S6 (C6) as the top performing trim to compete against the BMW M5 (E60) in that market 2013 Audi S7 . There used to be only one RS model in production at a time, but recently Audi has revised its policies and decided to make more than one RS model at a time, claiming that "customers want them, then why not give it to them". The following Audi "S" and "RS" high performance models are being, or have been produced , or are speculated to be in future production: (In model range order) 0-62 mph (0-100 km/h) 5 dr, 5 seat mid-size Avant (estate/wagon) 5 dr, 5 seat mid-size Avant (estate/wagon) 2,040 kg (4,497 lb) 5 dr, 4 seat Crossover (Sportback) 5 dr, 4 seat Crossover (Sportback) 1,775 kg (3,913 lb) 4 dr, 5 seat Saloon (sedan) 1,505 kg (3,318 lb) 4 dr, 5 seat Saloon (sedan) 1,575 kg (3,472 lb) 2,894 cc V6 TFSI 2,894 cc V6 TFSI 5.1 sec. (Avant) 5 dr, 5 seat Avant (estate/wagon) 2,095 kg (4,619 lb) (In chronological order of production end — oldest first) 0-62 mph (0-100 km/h) 5 dr, 5 seat Avant (estate/wagon) 4 dr, 5 seat Saloon (sedan) 213 kW (290 PS; 286 bhp) 5 dr, 5 seat Avant (estate/wagon) 5.7 sec. (avant) 5 dr, 5 seat Avant (estate/wagon) 6.6 — 5.4 sec. (1999) 5 dr, 5 seat Avant (estate/wagon) 6.8 — 5.8 sec. (Avant) 5 dr, 5 seat Avant (estate/wagon) 6.6 sec. (2001) 151 mph (243 km/h) (2001) Audi S4 The Audi S4
7018-478: The B6 S4, and an enhanced optional DVD-ROM -based RNS-E satellite navigation system replaces the previous CD-ROM -based RNS-D option. The new trapezoidal single-frame grille, Bi- Xenon high-intensity discharge lamp (HID) headlamps, L-shaped tail-lamps, quad exhaust tail pipes, and discrete V8 badging below the side repeater indicators help distinguish the B7 from the previous B6 model. In June 2005, Audi announced
7139-568: The C4 S4. All S4s' initially had 310 mm (12.20 in) diameter by 25 mm (0.984 in) thick, radially ventilated disc brakes up front, each with an ATE single-piston sliding caliper inside a 'UFO' styled bell-shaped disc. With the introduction of the V8 engine, a new front brake setup became standard; again the discs used radial ventilation, but these front discs were now sized at 314 mm (12.36 in) by 30 mm (1.181 in) - with
7260-759: The December 2007 issue of Sport Compact Car magazine, a heavily modified, Torque Factory tuned S4 won a comparison test against several other extreme performance cars. The powertrain details of the B5 S4 feature a 2.7-litre twin-turbo ('biturbo') 90° third-generation V6 engine (parts code prefix: 078, identification codes: AGB, AZB, APB ). Details of the powerplant include a cast iron cylinder block with two lightweight aluminium alloy cylinder heads . The valvetrain includes 30 valves (five valves per cylinder), twin hybrid-driven ( timing belt and roller chain) double overhead camshafts and variable valve timing for
7381-468: The Halo Effect, looking at male judgments of female intelligence and competence on academic tasks. Sixty male undergraduate students rated the quality of essays which included both well- and poorly-written samples. One third were presented with a photo of an attractive female as author, another third with that of an unattractive female as author, and the last third were shown neither. On average, most of
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#17327719027587502-512: The S4 from its related A4 brethren. In the interior, front and rear Recaro seats (fronts fully electric with the option of heated seats), as well as S4 logos in the instrument panel and door sills complete the detail. The Audi B7 platform Audi S4 quattro , based on the Audi B7 A4 , debuted in late 2004. Although Audi classifies it as a new car, the differences between it and the outgoing B6 S4 casually appear to be primarily cosmetic, and
7623-489: The S4 have their transmission mounted immediately at the rear of the engine in a longitudinal orientation, in the form of a transaxle , and like all Audi "S" cars , are only available as standard with Audi's quattro all-wheel drive (AWD) system, using a Torsen -based centre differential system. A more powerful internal combustion engine , larger upgraded brakes, firmer suspension , larger wheels, and distinctive sheetmetal, styling clues and badging have always been amongst
7744-450: The S4 model. Interior leather was available in Onyx or Silver. Available options included: The Sport Package replaced the wood-grain belt line trim with silver aluminum trim, and the wood grain finish around the shifter with black plastic. The Alcantara seat inserts were silver (on Onyx leather). With the black, white, or blue exteriors, the inserts were also available in blue Alcantara. On
7865-408: The accuracy of the rating, in their opinion. Additionally, they discuss the idea of "true halo"—the actual correlation between, for example, attractiveness and performance as an instructor—and "illusory halo" that refers to cognitive distortions, errors in observation and judgement, and the rating tendencies of the individual rater. They claim that any true differentiation between true and illusory halos
7986-418: The aid of four knock sensors. The exhaust system includes vacuum-operated valves in the twin rear silencers (mufflers), finished with chrome plated tail-pipes. Like its predecessors, the B6 S4 was standard with a Getrag six-speed (M6S) manual transmission (parts code prefix: 0A3, identification codes: FVD, HEP) ( gear ratios - 1st: 3.667, 2nd: 2.050, 3rd: 1.462, 4th: 1.133, 5th: 0.919, 6th: 0.778), with
8107-400: The attractiveness halo effect can be controlled for in women. Rating error effect, mistakes made by raters when they use a rating scale, reflect the task competence of the rater, as well as the rater's sex, social position, race, religion, and age. Researchers showed that halo effect is one component of this error. Fisicaro and Lance introduced three explanatory models. The first model named
8228-417: The attractiveness halo effect for the male composite photographs or that intelligence is an integral factor of attractiveness in high-intelligence male faces. The second part of the study found that the composites in the high-perceived intelligence group were rated highest in the factors of friendly and funny as markers of intelligence in both the female and male groups. While intelligence does not seem to be
8349-417: The average correlation for physique with intelligence is .31; for physique with leadership, .39; and for physique with character, .28". The ratings of one of the special qualities of an officer often started a trend in the rating results. The halo effect is not an indication of the existence of a correlation, but instead indicates that the correlation is too high. Thorndike used the halo effect to describe both
8470-491: The back side, instead of the letter "A" in the designation of numbers and also in use in the notation " S 3", and " S Q5". All Audi "S" models are equipped with Audi's 'trademark' quattro four-wheel drive system as standard. Unique internal combustion engines, along with larger, more powerful brakes, stiffer suspension systems, additional exterior body styling, and carbon fibre interior trims set them apart from their related "siblings" of their respective model range. In
8591-400: The behavior (usually unconscious) of using evaluations based on unrelated criteria, to make judgments about something or someone. The halo effect is sometimes used to refer specifically to when this behavior has a positive correlation, such as viewing someone who is attractive as likely to be successful and popular. When this judgment has a negative connotation, such as when someone unattractive
8712-474: The benefit of the doubt when performance is below standard than those not considered attractive. Research conducted by Moore, Filippou & Perrett (2011) sought residual cues to intelligence in female and male faces while attempting to control for the attractiveness halo effect. Over 300 photographs of Caucasian British college students were rated for perceived intelligence. The photographs that were scored lowest in perceived intelligence were used to create
8833-549: The car, based on the "new" A6 and badged as S6 . Despite the change in name, differences between the outgoing S4 and incoming S6 were cosmetic and very light. A more powerful, more expensive and more exclusive variant known first as the S4 Plus and later as the S6 Plus was available from October 1992 through to July 1994. Built in very small numbers, the "Plus" models featured numerous performance enhancing upgrades; including
8954-441: The composite faces for intelligence and attractiveness. Of the female composites, attractiveness seemed to be controlled as both the high- and low-perceived intelligence groups were rated as equally attractive. However, of the male face composites, the high-perceived intelligence group was rated as significantly more attractive than the low-perceived intelligence group, suggesting that either the authors could not adequately control for
9075-428: The designation of the series "S" in the name and having a capacity of 220 hp. And in 1994 there was even more powerful model Audi RS2 Avant based on Audi 80 model of joint development of Audi and Porsche having 315 hp. The model was equipped with components from Porsche. As in 1973, Audi, together with Porsche, also developed a prototype based on the Audi 100 Coupé S , produced in 1968, which has 112 hp.
9196-465: The differential housing. Shock absorbers , coil springs , and anti-roll bars are fitted front and rear. The B5 S4 brake system consisted of radially ventilated discs, 321 mm (12.64 in) in diameter by 30 mm (1.18 in) thick up front, and 256 mm (10.08 in) by 22 mm (0.87 in) at the rear. Two-piston Lucas HP2 brake calipers at the front (with four pads per caliper), with Lucas single-piston sliding brake calipers at
9317-581: The early 2000 models, the Alcantara inserts in the rear seats did not fully extend forward to the front edge of the seat. A motor racing version of the car achieved great success in the SpeedVision World Challenge with Michael Galati taking the 2001 SpeedVision GT title in a Champion Racing S4, winning four races, and helping Audi to its first Manufacturers' Championship. The Audi Sport specification Champion A4 chassis included
9438-520: The entire evaluation to be colored by how he or she judges the employee on that one characteristic. Even though the employee may lack the requisite knowledge or ability to perform the job successfully, if the employee's work shows enthusiasm, the supervisor may very well give him or her a higher performance rating than is justified by knowledge or ability." (Schneider, F.W., Gruman, J. A., & Coutts, L. M., Applied Social Psychology, 2012) Murphy, Jako & Anhalt (1993) argue: "Since 1980, there have been
9559-629: The feel of sport luxury, the interior of Audi " RS " models are often spartan by comparison as the emphasis is more on track performance than luxury. The 2008 Audi RS 4 sold in Europe had lightweight racing-style front seats and roll-up windows for the rear doors, although its counterpart sold in the United States has luxurious power-adjustable front seats and power windows for all doors 2008 BMW M3 vs. 2007 Audi RS 4, 2008 M-B C63 AMG . Audi "RS" models are considered direct competitors to similar sized hardcore sport models from BMW M and Mercedes-AMG , whereas
9680-545: The fourth generation of the 'Audi S4 quattro' ( Typ 8K ) entered factory production. It is based on the Audi B8 A4 , built on the Volkswagen Group MLB/MLP platform . Unlike the previous B6 and B7 models, the new B8 version was only available as a four-door five-seat saloon (sedan), or a five-door five-seat Avant (estate/wagon). The sport-performance two-door four-seat Cabriolet ( convertible ) mantle
9801-476: The frequency of hyperactive behaviors observed in the children. Teachers rated hyperactive behaviors accurately for children with ADHD; however, the ratings of hyperactivity were much higher for the children with ODD-like behaviors, showing a horn effect for children who appeared to have ODD. Foster & Ysseldyke (1976) also found the halo effect present in teachers' evaluations of children. Regular and special education elementary school teachers watched videos of
9922-470: The front doors complete the exterior makeover. Black and grey contrasting interior leathers, along with "quattro" embossed into the Recaro seats, together with a "1 of 250" exclusive quattro gear shift knob for the manual-only gearbox define the interior changes and act as a subtle reminder of the exclusivity that the limited numbers command. On the mechanical side, the S4 25quattro was the second Audi, after
10043-532: The halo effect and are "given the status of impartial moral watchdogs" by governments and the news media . The Ronald McDonald House , a widely known NGO, openly celebrates the positive outcomes it receives from the halo effect. The web page for the Ronald McDonald House in Durham, North Carolina, states that 95% of survey participants were aware of Ronald McDonald House Charities. This awareness
10164-422: The halo effect is the phenomenon called the attractiveness stereotype or when encountering individuals who are similar to others in some aspects, like personality or life history like the school they attended. People tend to assume that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be more healthy, successful, courteous, containing higher moral standards, and greater social competence than other people; on
10285-521: The influence of the halo effect in the judicial context exist: Kaplan (1978) found that some women were influenced by the halo effect on attractiveness only when presented with members of the opposite sex. Dermer & Thiel (1975) continued this line of research, going on to demonstrate that jealousy of an attractive individual has a slight effect in evaluation of that person. These works showed these halo effect more prevalent among females than males. Later research by Moore, Filippou & Perrett (2011)
10406-555: The information present about that individual is limited; therefore, people will use the information available to assume other characteristics about that person; for instance, observable behaviors such as eye contact, leaning forward, smiling and positive hand gestures (ex. steepling hands) are linked to positive emotions, while avoiding eye contact, leaning back, avoiding touch, and defensive hand gestures (ex. hands in pockets) or no gestures at all are linked to feelings of detachment. Besides that, another popular example used when referring to
10527-463: The inlet valves. The intake air is pressurized by two parallel water-cooled BorgWarner K03-series turbochargers; the charged air is cooled by two side-mounted air-to-air intercoolers (SMICs). It displaces 2,671 cubic centimetres (163.0 cu in), and is rated to produce a motive power output of 195 kW (265 PS; 261 bhp) at 5,800 rpm, and generates 400 N⋅m (295 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 1,850 rpm. Engine management
10648-583: The issues of "reliability and validity". Furthermore, ratings that differ in time may accurately reflect a change in behavior even though this difference would demonstrate an artificial lack of reliability. A follow-up study with both men and women participants supported this, as well as showing that attractive women were expected to be conceited and have a higher socioeconomic status. Eagly et al. (1991) also commented on this phenomenon, showing that more attractive individuals of both sexes were expected to be higher in vanity and possibly egotistic. Applied instances of
10769-506: The lineup from 1998. Production of the B5 S4 ceased in September 2001, although it was still sold together with the next B6 platform generation through 2002 in North America. Examples produced June 2001 to end of production are 2002 Model Year cars, the 10th digit of the VIN being the number "2". Several years after it was sold new, the B5 S4 remains a potent enthusiast car, and as featured in
10890-452: The many upgrades the S4 receives over its mainstream 100 and A4 siblings. In markets where the even higher-performance Audi RS 4 is not offered, the S4 is the top-of-the-line trim of the A4 family. A single turbocharged 2.2-litre inline five-cylinder powered the original C4 version, and a 2.7-litre twin turbocharged V6 engine was found in the B5 generation. The B6 and B7 versions shared
11011-605: The model's inception in 1991. A two-door four-seat Cabriolet ( convertible ) S4 variant was introduced as part of the B6 and B7 generation A4 lineups. The B8 Cabriolet has now been built off the A5 coupe body style and the "S" variant is marketed under the Audi S5 nameplate. Factory production of the original Audi S4 ( Typ 4A ), usually known as Audi 100 S4 , began in August 1991 to serve as
11132-646: The observer likes one aspect of something, they will have a positive predisposition toward everything about it. If the observer dislikes one aspect of something, they will have a negative predisposition toward everything about it. A person's attractiveness has also been found to produce a halo effect. Attractiveness provides a valuable aspect of the halo effect to consider because it can be influenced by several specific traits. These perceptions of attractiveness may affect judgments tied to personality traits. Physical attributes contribute to perceptions of attractiveness (e.g., physique, hair, eye color). For example, someone who
11253-483: The other hand, the attractiveness stereotype can also carry a negative connotation as some people may think of attractive people as less honest and more conceited than others. Dion, Berscheid & Walster (1972) conducted a study on the relationship between attractiveness and the halo effect. Sixty students, thirty males and thirty females from the University of Minnesota took part in the experiment. Each subject
11374-440: The overall happiness the photos' subjects would feel for the rest of their lives, including marital happiness (least likely to get divorced), parental happiness (most likely to be a good parent), social and professional happiness (most likely to experience life fulfillment), and overall happiness. Finally, participants were asked if the subjects would hold a job of high status, medium status, or low status. Results showed that most of
11495-494: The participants gave significantly better writing evaluations for the more attractive author. On a scale of 1 to 9, the well-written essay by the attractive author received an average of 6.7 while the unattractive author received a 5.9 (with a 6.6 as a control). The gap was larger on the poor essay: the attractive author received an average of 5.2, the control a 4.7, and the unattractive author a 2.7, suggesting male readers are generally more willing to give physically attractive females
11616-510: The participants overwhelmingly believed more attractive subjects have more socially desirable personality traits than either averagely attractive or unattractive subjects, would lead happier lives in general, have happier marriages, and have more career success, including holding more secure, prestigious jobs. Participants, however, believed that attractive individuals would be worse parents than both averagely-attractive and unattractive individuals. A study by Landy & Sigall (1974) demonstrated
11737-464: The past, some Audi S models competed directly with BMW M and Mercedes-AMG models, especially if Audi RS models are not offered, such as the B6 Audi S4 4.2 FSI versus the BMW M3 and Mercedes-Benz C32 AMG. Since 2010 however, Audi S models have been positioned more as optional engine trims. For instance the base Audi A4 (B8) engine is the 2.0 TFSI turbo four-cylinder, and with the discontinuation of
11858-454: The performance version of the newly updated, C4 platform, 100-series four-door, five-seat saloon. First shown to the public at the May 1991 Barcelona Show , it was designed to replace the outgoing C3 -based Audi 200 turbo quattro 20V and retained its five-cylinder engine. The 200, Audi's first true sports-saloon, had been discontinued at the end of 1990. Being the first S4 model from Audi, it
11979-470: The personality variables were trustworthiness and friendliness. People perceived as being more attractive were more likely to be perceived as trustworthy and friendly. What this suggests is that perceptions of attractiveness may influence a variety of other traits, which supports the concept of the halo effect. People's first impressions of others influence their later decision to either approach or avoid those individuals. When people first encounter someone,
12100-435: The positive gestalt, the person may dismiss the significance of this behavior. They may even think that the person simply made a mistake. The person would justify the behavior and connect it with the other person's positive gestalt. The halo effect refers to the tendency of evaluating an individual positively on many traits because of a shared belief. It is a type of immediate judgment discrepancy, or cognitive bias , in which
12221-521: The positive things they do are not seen, or are doubted. Abikoff et al. (1993) found the halo effect is also present in the classroom. In this study, both regular and special education elementary school teachers watched videotapes of what they believed to be children in regular 4th-grade classrooms. In reality, the children were actors, depicting behaviors present in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), or standard behavior. The teachers were asked to rate
12342-408: The quickest saloon/sedan in the Audi model line, and among the quickest saloon/sedans in the world at that time. The B5 S4 is fitted with 4-wheel independent suspension . The front suspension is a multi-link design with four individual control arms per wheel. The rear suspension is an unequal length double wishbone design; the lower control arms are mounted to a subframe which also carries
12463-551: The rain) at Barber Motorsports Park. These S4's were built using existing S4, not RS4 engines, but used the B5 Audi RS4 K04 turbochargers. The third generation Audi S4 quattro ( Type 8E — saloon: 8E2, Avant: 8E5, and Cabriolet: 8H7) debuted its saloon and Avant bodystyles in Europe in March 2003, and appeared in North America slightly later. This was based on the latest Volkswagen Group B6 (PL46) platform used by
12584-715: The rear. A Bosch ABS 5.3 four-channel Anti-lock Braking System (with Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD) and Electronic Differential Lock (EDL) - and later with ESP or Electronic Stability Programme ), coupled with a vacuum servo completed the system. Standard wheels were Audi's die-cast aluminium alloy six-arm 'Avus' 7.5Jx17H2 ET45 wheels, fitted with 225/45 ZR17 performance tyres. Available exterior colors included Brilliant Black, Laser Red, Light Silver, Cactus Green, Santorin Blue, Hibiscus Red, Casablanca White, Pearlescent White, Imola Yellow ( spicy mustard ), and Nogaro Blue. The last two colors were exclusive to
12705-430: The reverse halo effect include negative evaluations of criminals who use their attractiveness to their advantage and rating a philosophical essay lower when written by a young female than an old male. A negative form of the halo effect, called the horn effect, the devil effect, or the reverse halo effect, allows one a disliked trait or aspect of a person or product to negatively influence globally. Psychologists call it
12826-436: The six-speed manual gearbox, in either saloon or Avant body styles. All C4 S4s' came equipped as standard with a conventional fixed-assistance rack and pinion power assisted steering (PAS) system. An electronically controlled ' servotronic ' system, which varied the level of assistance in accordance with the road speed, was available as an option. There were two different types of high performance brake systems on offer for
12947-744: The six-speed manual sedan in the United States. Top speed is electronically limited to 250 km/h (155.3 mph). The B6 S4 saloon and Avant variants ceased factory production in December 2004, with the Cabriolet ending twelve months later at December 2005. Replacing the 2.7-litre ' biturbo ' V6 engine of the previous generation B5 S4, the new B6 S4 powertrain gained an all-aluminium alloy 4.2-litre, 40 valve (five valves per cylinder) V8 engine (parts code prefix: 079.C, identification code: BBK ), with flywheel-end chain-driven double overhead camshafts , roller-finger rocker arm cam followers , and included variable inlet camshaft timing . It also used
13068-510: The study of the psychology of learning. He gave the phenomenon its name in his 1920 article "A Constant Error in Psychological Ratings". In "Constant Error", Thorndike set out to replicate the study in hopes of pinning down the bias that he thought was present in these ratings. Subsequent researchers have studied it in relation to attractiveness and its bearing on the judicial and educational systems. Thorndike originally coined
13189-418: The term "halo effect" describes the monetary value of the spillover effect when an organization's marketing budget is subsequently reduced. This was first demonstrated to students via the 1966 version of a textbook and a software package named "The Marketing Game." The halo effect can also be used in the case of institutions as one's favorable perceptions regarding an aspect of an organization could determine
13310-768: The term referring only to people; however, its use has been greatly expanded, especially in the area of brand marketing. In Thorndike's words, "Ratings were apparently affected by a marked tendency to think of the person in general as rather good or rather inferior and to color the judgments of the qualities by this general feeling." In "A Constant Error in Psychological Ratings", Thorndike asked two commanding officers to evaluate their soldiers in terms of physical qualities (neatness, voice, physique , bearing, and energy), intellect, leadership skills, and personal qualities (including dependability, loyalty, responsibility, selflessness, and cooperation). In Thorndike's study, attractiveness plays an important role in how people tend to consider
13431-422: The then current Audi B6 A4 . Despite having moved to an entirely new platform, one of the S4's most publicised new features was its new engine - a 4.2-litre V8 engine . Following its initial launch of either a four-door five-seat saloon (sedan), or a five-door five-seat Avant (estate/wagon), it eventually became available in three bodystyles - and for the first time in the Audi 'S' car range , from February 2004,
13552-477: The use of Audi's 4.2-litre V8 engine in place of the then current inline-five engine . An all-new C5 -based Audi A6 debuted for 1997, after which the S4 and S6 became distinctly separate models based on very different platforms . The C4 variant S4 ended factory production after less than three years in July 1994. One of its most renowned owners was Ayrton Senna who owned a silver Avant, not least because he
13673-407: The work setting, the halo effect is most likely to show up in a supervisor's appraisal of a subordinate's job performance . In fact, the halo effect is probably the most common bias in performance appraisal . Think about what happens when a supervisor evaluates the performance of a subordinate. The supervisor may give prominence to a single characteristic of the employee, such as enthusiasm, and allow
13794-415: Was able to control for attractiveness in composite photographs of females who were perceived to be of high or low intelligence, while showing that the attractiveness halo effect was seen in high intelligent male composite faces by heterosexual residents of the UK. Either the halo effect is negated by feelings of jealousy in women or the halo effect is lessened when women are looking at same sex individuals or
13915-618: Was built by Quattro GmbH and has a VIN that starts with WUA to identify it, compared to previous versions of the S8 which were built by Audi on the regular assembly line alongside other A8 variants. Available for limited time and only in select markets, on a restricted model range, these " RS" (and " S " models) models are wholly designed, developed and produced in-house by Audi AG's high performance private subsidiary company, Audi Sport GmbH , at its Neckarsulm factory . Unlike Audi "S" models whose interiors are well-furnished in order to retain
14036-700: Was by way of a Bosch Motronic ME 7.1 (7.0 in North America) electronic engine control unit (ECU), and helped it meet the European EU-3D emissions standard. In all US-market cars, the engine was detuned to meet US emissions regulations; output was reduced to 184 kW (250 PS; 247 hp) and 350 N⋅m (258 lbf⋅ft) (identification code: APB). As in the previous S4, a six-speed C90 manual transmission (parts code prefix: 01E, identification code: DSY, gear ratios : 1st: 3.500, 2nd: 1.889, 3rd: 1.231, 4th: 0.967, 5th: 0.806, 6th: 0.684)
14157-439: Was given three different photos to examine: one of an attractive individual, one of an individual of average attractiveness, and one of an unattractive individual. The participants judged the photos' subjects along 27 different personality traits (including altruism, conventionality, self-assertiveness, stability, emotionality, trustworthiness, extraversion , kindness, and sexual promiscuity). Participants were then asked to predict
14278-419: Was only officially recognized in 1920 with empirical evidence provided by the psychologist Edward Thorndike (1874–1949). Edward Thorndike was the first to say the halo effect is a specific cognitive bias in which one aspect of the person, brand, product, or institution affects one's thoughts or judgment of the entity's other aspects or dimensions. Thorndike, an early behaviorist, was an important contributor to
14399-563: Was standard equipment, as was the Torsen T-2 quattro permanent all-wheel drive system. Final drive (parts code prefix: 01H, identification code: DQA) ratio is 4.111. A five-speed ZF 5HP19 tiptronic automatic transmission (parts code prefix: 01V) became available for the first time as an option. The B5 S4 claims acceleration from 0 to 100 km/h (0.0 to 62.1 mph) in 5.7 seconds, and has an electronically limited top speed of 250 km/h (155.3 mph), making it both
14520-609: Was standard on the C4 S4/S6; a first-generation Torsen -based system which used the "T-1" automatically biasing centre differential (ATB) was used on vehicles equipped with manual transmissions, while a transfer box based system was used on vehicles equipped with an automatic transmission . S4/S6 "Plus" models equipped with a 4.2-litre 206 kilowatts (280 PS; 276 bhp) all-aluminium alloy V8 engine (parts code prefix: 077, identification code: ABH ) became available to European customers as an option from October 1992, only with
14641-537: Was the Audi distributor for Brazil. In standard form, the powertrain detail of the C4-based S4 was available with only one engine, a single turbocharged and intercooled version of Audi's 2.2-litre 20-valve inline five-cylinder engine This displaced 2,226 cubic centimetres (135.8 cu in) and was equipped with an advanced Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU). This engine (parts code prefix: 034, identification code: AAN ), developed
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