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84-631: In the 18th century, Bwa lands were occupied by the Bamana empire who made the Bwa pay taxes. The places left unconquered were raided by the Bamana, which led to a weakening of the Bwa social and political systems. In the 19th century, the Bamana declined and the area was dominated by the Fulani who raided and enslaved the Bwa and stole their livestock . The end of the 19th century brought French mercenaries who used

168-593: A Mandé ethnic group native to much of West Africa , primarily southern Mali , Ghana , Guinea , Burkina Faso and Senegal . They have been associated with the historic Bambara Empire . Today, they make up the largest Mandé ethnic group in Mali, with 80% of the population speaking the Bambara language , regardless of ethnicity. According to the Encyclopedia of Africa , "Bambara" means "believer" or "infidel";

252-611: A heresiarch (Canto 28). This scene is frequently shown in illustrations of the Divine Comedy . Muhammad is represented in a 15th-century fresco Last Judgment by Giovanni da Modena and drawing on Dante, in the San Petronio Basilica in Bologna , as well as in artwork by Salvador Dalí , Auguste Rodin , William Blake , and Gustave Doré . The question of Islam was not on the agenda when Nostra aetate

336-591: A bush cow to symbolize strength. The most common depictions are of the double chameleon and the hornbill. The chameleon would be mostly used by women who want to have children but cannot. Flutes are used daily. They are usually played in sets of 5 to 9 pieces. By playing short diverse patterns in an interlocking form, the musicians tell a story. It is a form of communication—reproducing the speech of tonal languages. They are commonly accompanied by dances. Bambara people The Bambara ( Bambara : ߓߡߊߣߊ߲ , romanized:  Bamana or ߓߊ߲ߡߊߣߊ߲ Banmana ) are

420-575: A common attribute of the works. Plank Masks are the most known style of masks for this society. they are vertically shaped and attached to a disk-like base. Decoration is subject to change, but it mostly comes down to zigzags, squares, and circles. The Bwa also make horizontal and heterogenous masks. Heterogenous masks have an ovoid head with round and/or diamond eyes. Sometimes, the artist will choose to add on designs such as crescents or human figures. The Bwa are well known for their use of traditional tribal masks . There are several types of masks produced by

504-468: A council of male elders who make all the major decisions. The Bwa speak Bwa languages , a closely related group of Gur languages of the Niger–Congo family . Some speak Jula ( Dioula ) for trading and communication with outsiders, and French is also used. The creator deity of the Bwa is known as Wuro, a god who designed the earth with the intention of establishing balance. Wuro was said to be hurt by

588-594: A few years after Muhammad's death. As stories of the Arab prophet spread to Christian Syria , an old man who was asked about the "prophet who has appeared with the Saracens " responded: "He is false, for the prophets do not come armed with a sword." In Christianity, the most common name of God is Yahweh . In Islam, the most common name of God is Allah , similar to Eloah in the Old Testament. The vast majority of

672-461: A human, and in return, he decided to send his eldest son Dwo to act as the communication line between him and the people. Wuro had three sons: Dwo, the god of rebirth, Soxo, the god of the wilderness, and Kwere, the lightning god. Two and his significance is heavily depicted in the Boni Bwa's ceremonial leaf masks. Animism is the main religious belief practiced by the Bwa. In fact, the art work that

756-666: A knowledge of the entire Quran, including an extensive knowledge of Suras 2–18. Niketas' account from behind the Byzantine frontier apparently set a strong precedent for later writing both in tone and points of argument. Knowledge and depictions of Islam continued to be varied within the Christian West during the 11th century. For instance, the author(s) of the 11th century Song of Roland evidently had little actual knowledge of Islam. As depicted in this epic poem, Muslims erect statues of Mohammed and worship them, and Mohammed

840-580: A letter to the Hammadid emir an-Nasir that both Christians and Muslims "worship and confess the same God though in diverse forms and daily praise". In Dante Alighieri 's Divine Comedy , Muhammad is in the ninth ditch of Malebolge , the eighth realm, designed for those who have caused schism; specifically, he was placed among the Sowers of Religious Discord. Muhammad is portrayed as split in half, with his entrails hanging out, representing his status as

924-577: A negative way but would depict equally any other (ethnic) group that was opposed to the Norman rule such as Byzantine Greeks or Italian Lombards . Often the depictions would depend on context: when writing about neutral events, Muslims would be called according to geographical terms such as "Saracens" or "Sicilians, when reporting events where Muslims came into conflict with Normans, Muslims would be called "pagans" or "infidels". Similarities were occasionally acknowledged such as by Pope Gregory VII wrote in

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1008-767: A significant impact contributing the culture of the Middle East and North Africa and other areas. Eastern Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world (particularly Nestorian Christians ) contributed to the Arab Islamic civilization during the Ummayads and the Abbasids periods by translating works of Greek philosophers to Syriac and afterwards to Arabic . They also excelled in philosophy , science , theology and medicine . Byzantine science played an important and crucial role in

1092-484: A state structure which became the Bambara Empire and later Mali Empire. In stark contrast to their Muslim neighbors, the Bamana state practised and formalised traditional polytheistic religion, though Muslim communities remained locally powerful, if excluded from the central state at Ségou . The Bamana became the dominant cultural community in western Mali . The Bambara language , mutually intelligible with

1176-804: A wide range of views about Islam . The majority of Christians view Islam as a false religion due to the fact that its adherents reject the Trinity , the divinity of Christ , the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Christ . Like Christianity, Islam considers Jesus to be al-Masih (Arabic for the Messiah ) who was sent to guide the Banī Isrā'īl (Arabic for Children of Israel) with a new revelation: al-Injīl (Arabic for "the Gospel "). But while belief in Jesus

1260-626: Is patrilineal and patriarchal . Mandé culture is known for its strong fraternal orders and sororities ( Ton ) and the history of the Bambara Empire strengthened and preserved these orders. The first state was born as a refashioning of hunting and youth Ton s into a warrior caste. As conquests of their neighbors were successful, the state created the Jonton ( Jon = slave/kjell-slave), or slave warrior caste, replenished by warriors captured in battle. While slaves were excluded from inheritance,

1344-579: Is God, and the third member of the Trinity. In Islam, the Holy Spirit is generally believed to be the angel Gabriel . Most Christians believe that the Paraclete referred to in the Gospel of John , who was manifested on the day of Pentecost , is the Holy Spirit. On the other hand, some Islamic scholars believe that the reference to the Paraclete is a prophecy of the coming of Muhammad. One of

1428-596: Is a fundamental tenet of both, a critical distinction far more central to most Christian faiths is that Jesus is the incarnated God, specifically, one of the hypostases of the Triune God , God the Son . While Christianity and Islam hold their recollections of Jesus's teachings as gospel and share narratives from the first five books of the Old Testament (the Hebrew Bible), the sacred text of Christianity also includes

1512-774: Is entitled Heresies in Epitome: How They Began and Whence They Drew Their Origin . In this work, John makes extensive reference to the Quran and, in John's opinion, its failure to live up to even the most basic scrutiny. The work is not exclusively concerned with the Ismaelites (a name for the Muslims as they claimed to have descended from Ismael) but all heresy. The Fount of Knowledge references several suras directly often with apparent incredulity. From that time to

1596-453: Is integral to the Bwa's traditional ceremonies and rituals. While they do use drums, the Bwa are known to craft and play flutes carved from wood. Blacksmiths in the Bwa society work mostly with bronze to craft masks, figures, utensils, and jewelry. These works can be bought and sold, used for personal use, and/or are utilized during rituals. Bwa villages are autonomous and they do not recognise any outside political authority. They are led by

1680-628: Is necessary to believe. This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work, law or merit. Therefore, it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us ... Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered, even though heaven and earth and everything else falls (Mark 13:31)." Some modern Muslim scholars critique the doctrinal aspects of Christianity. For example, Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi , in his work Christian Ethics: A Historical and Systematic Analysis of Its Dominant Ideas , argues that Christianity has incorporated various influences that diverge from Jesus' original teachings. He emphasizes

1764-717: Is part of an "Unholy Trinity" together with the Classical Greek Apollyon and Termagant , a completely fictional deity. This view, evidently confusing Islam with the pre-Christian Graeco-Roman Religion, appears to reflect misconceptions prevalent in Western Christian society at the time. On the other hand, ecclesiastic writers such as Amatus of Montecassino or Geoffrey Malaterra in Norman Southern Italy , who occasionally lived among Muslims themselves, would depict at times Muslims in

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1848-412: Is the third of three." And there is no god except one God. And if they do not desist from what they are saying, there will surely afflict the disbelievers among them a painful punishment ." Islam has the concept of Tawhid which is the concept of a single, indivisible God, who has no partners. Christians and Muslims have differing views about the Holy Spirit. Most Christians believe that the Holy Spirit

1932-596: Is this: Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, died for our sins and was raised again for our justification (Romans 3:24–25). He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world (John 1:29), and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6). All have sinned and are justified freely, without their own works and merits, by His grace, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, in His blood (Romans 3:23–25). This

2016-474: Is written mostly in parabolically and not in form of a linear process of history. However, the stories often involve Biblical figures. By that, the Quran assumes that the audience is familiar with their associated narratives. Sometimes, stories featuring in the Bible are summarized, dwelled at length, and sometimes entirely different. Another difference in style is that the Bible offers a linear set of time, from

2100-485: The Green Dome . Muslims believe that Muhammad was a prophet who received revelations ( Quran ) by God through the angel Gabriel ( Jibril ), gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609, when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death. Muslims regard the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhammad, a proof of his prophethood. Muslims revere Muhammad as

2184-480: The Manding and Dyula languages, has become the principal inter-ethnic language in Mali and one of the official languages of the state alongside French . Traditionally, Mandé society is hierarchal or caste-based, with nobility and vassals . Bamana political order created a small free nobility, set in the midst of endogamous caste and ethnic variation. Both castes and ethnic groups performed vocational roles in

2268-528: The New Testament . The Old Testament was written over a period of two millennia prior to the birth of Christ. The New Testament was written in the decades following the death of Christ. Historically, Christians universally believed that the entire Bible was the divinely inspired Word of God. However, the rise of harsher criticism during the Enlightenment has led to a diversity of views concerning

2352-827: The Sahara in southern Mauritania ), where urban centers began to emerge by as early as 2500 BC. By 250 BC, a Mandé subgroup, the Bozo , founded the city of Djenne . Between 300 AD and 1100 AD, the Soninke Mandé dominated the Western Mali, leading the Ghana Empire . When the Nilo-Saharan Songhai Empire dissolved after 1600 AD, many Mandé-speaking groups along the upper Niger river basin turned inward. The Bamana appeared again in this milieu with

2436-560: The Sanhedrin and the Roman prefect Pontius Pilate , crucified , and after three days, resurrected. Islam teaches that Jesus was a human prophet who, like the other prophets, tried to bring his people to worship the one true God, termed Tawhid . Muslims also believe that Jesus was condemned to crucifixion and then miraculously saved from execution , and was raised to the heavens. In Islam, instead of Jesus being crucified, his lookalike

2520-533: The virgin birth of Jesus through Mary ; yet still, some Biblical and Quranic accounts of these events differ. In the Islamic tradition, Christians and Jews are believed to worship the same God that Muslims worship. However, to some, there are many different opinions in the discussion of whether Muslims and Christians worship the same God . The Christian Bible is made up of the Old Testament and

2604-524: The 7th century CE. It is founded on the teachings of Muhammad , as an expression of surrendering to the will of God . Those who follow it are called Muslims (meaning "submitters to God "). Muslims view Christians to be People of the Book , and also regard them as kafirs (unbelievers) committing shirk (polytheism) because of the Trinity , and thus, contend that they must be dhimmis (religious taxpayers) under Sharia law . Christians similarly possess

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2688-415: The Bamana state, and this differentiation increased with time. The Maraka merchants developed towns focused first on desert side trade, and latter on large-scale agricultural production using captured slaves. The Jula specialised in long-distance trade, as did Fula communities within the state, who added this to cattle herding. The Bozo ethnicity were created largely out of war captives, and turned by

2772-457: The Bwa are famous for their masks, it is the purpose behind the pieces that provides the real significance. Using these masks, along with scepters and diverse body adornments, the Bwa will dance and perform these items in representation of different spirits. Those Bwa members who have gone through initiation—a process of transitioning from a child to an adult member of society—are grouped together in age grades. During ceremonies, they adorn and praise

2856-530: The Bwa are known for is primarily used for animist practices—specifically that of Nuna origin. Nuna practices still hold firm in the Bwa culture. In relation, there is a group called the Cult of Do (or Dwo). They are led by the village's eldest male member, the Labie (also known as the earth priest.) With that being said, they have also adopted both Islam and Christianity as a result of their prior invasions. While

2940-461: The Bwa including Bobo Oule, or Eastern Bobo. In Jula, Bobo Oule means "Red Bobo". This distinguishes the Bwa from the Bobo who are called the "Black Bobo". The White Bobo, Bobo Gbe , are also Bwa. The southern Bwa became known by their neighbours as Nieniegue meaning "scarred Bwa" as a result of the tradition of scarification of their faces and bodies. This practice is no longer commonplace and so

3024-516: The Bwa that are used in traditional rituals. In particular the Southern Bwa are known for their tall plank masks, known as nwantantay , and tend to use wood to make their masks. [1] This is a result of their adoption of Nuna religion and their traditions of using wooden masks. The religion associated with wooden masks is focused on the spirit Lanle, whose power is manifested through the wooden masks. Nwantantay can also be made of polychrome by

3108-648: The Bwa turned to their neighboring people, the Nuna . Admiring what they believed to be continuous blessings, the Bwa wanted to adopt some Nuna customs in attempt to please the Nuna God. Obliging, the Nuna taught the Bwa some of their customs and practices. From this, the Bwa purchased the rights to use, wear, and carve wooden masks, their costumes, and the songs and dances that go with them. The Bwa live in central Burkina Faso and south-east Mali, between Mali's Bani River and

3192-602: The Fulani to help control the area. The Bwa traditions of storing crops for use in lean years were undermined by the crippling taxation systems of the French and they suffered further from famine from 1911–1913. The French demanded military recruits from the Bwa and in 1915, the Bwa revolted., starting the Volta-Bani War . This war lasted about a year and ended with the destruction of many Bwa villages. Due to these events,

3276-746: The Jonton leaders forged a strong corporate identity. Their raids fed the Segu economy with goods and slaves for trade, and bonded agricultural laborers who were resettled by the state. The Bamana have continued in many places their tradition of caste and age group inauguration societies, known as the Tons. While this is common to most Mandé societies, the Ton tradition is especially strong in Bamana history. Tons can be by sex (initiation rites for young men and women), age (the earlier young men's Soli ton living separately from

3360-544: The Law to Moses, with the people looking on and the mountain smoking, so that you, too, might have certainty?' – they answer that God does as He pleases. 'This,' we say, 'We know, but we are asking how the book came down to your prophet.' Then they reply that the book came down to him while he was asleep. Theophanes the Confessor (died c.822) wrote a series of chronicles (284 onwards and 602–813 AD) based initially on those of

3444-605: The Mouhoun River ( Black Volta ) in Burkina Faso. Their total population is approximately 300,000. The major towns occupied by the Bwa are Houndé , Boni , Bagassi , Dossi and Pa . Early European explorers to the area called the Bwa "Bobo", confusing them with their neighbours the Bobo people . Although the two groups share religion and culture, they are ethnically distinct. The confusion led to alternative names for

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3528-461: The Muslims should be made. Melkite patriarch Maximos IV was among those pushing for this latter position. Early in 1964, Cardinal Bea notified Cardinal Cicognani , President of the Council's Coordinating Commission, that the Council fathers wanted the Council to say something about the great monotheistic religions, and in particular about Islam. The subject, however, was deemed to be outside

3612-630: The Muslims. "The plan of salvation also includes those who acknowledge the Creator, in the first place amongst whom are the Muslims; these profess to hold the faith of Abraham, and together with us they adore the one, merciful God, mankind's judge on the last day." Protestant theology mostly emphasizes the necessity of faith in Jesus as a savior for salvation . Muslims may receive salvation in theologies relating to Universal reconciliation , but will not according to most Protestant theologies based on justification through faith : "The first and chief article

3696-416: The Quran to be the only revealed book that has been protected by God from distortion or corruption . Muslims and Christians both believe that Jesus was born to Mary , a virgin . They both also believe that Jesus is the Messiah . However, they differ on other key issues regarding Jesus. Almost all Christians believe that Jesus was the incarnated Son of God, divine, and sinless. Islam teaches that Jesus

3780-680: The Second Vatican Council declares that the plan of salvation also includes Muslims, due to their professed monotheism. Protestantism and Islam entered into contact during the 16th century, at a time when Protestant movements in northern Europe coincided with the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in southern Europe . As both were in conflict with the Catholic Holy Roman Empire , numerous exchanges occurred, exploring religious similarities and

3864-524: The arrival of Muhammad: Indeed, the believers, Jews, Christians, and Sabians—whoever ˹truly˺ believes in Allah and the Last Day and does good will have their reward with their Lord. And there will be no fear for them, nor will they grieve. The Quran also makes it clear that Christians will be nearest in love to those who follow the Quran and praises Christians for being humble and wise: You will surely find

3948-409: The authority and inerrancy of the Bible in different denominations. Christians consider the Quran to be a non-divine set of texts. The Quran dates from the early 7th century or decades thereafter. Muslims believe it was revealed to Muhammad, gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609, when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death. The Quran

4032-641: The beginning of the narrative to its end, while the Quran implies a cyclical pattern, in which the main narrative of the Quran unfolds repeatedly at the time of each prophet. Muslims believe that Jesus was given the Injil (Greek evangel , or Gospel ) by God, however that parts or the entirety of these teachings were lost or distorted ( tahrif ) to produce the Hebrew Bible and the Christian New Testament . The majority of Muslims consider

4116-546: The better known George Syncellus . Theophanes reports about Muhammad thus: At the beginning of his advent the misguided Jews thought he was the Messiah. ... But when they saw him eating camel meat, they realized that he was not the one they thought him to be, ... those wretched men taught him illicit things directed against us, Christians, and remained with him. Whenever he came to Palestine he consorted with Jews and Christians and sought from them certain scriptural matters. He

4200-430: The blacksmiths. Built in horizontal shapes, these masks can represent different animals and have specific designs. For example, a butterfly mask would have concentric circles, while a hawk mask would have a plain white surface. these masks are worn for female entertainment. The northern Bwa use leaf masks more than wooden ones. [2] These leaf masks frequently represent Dwo in religious ceremonies. The masks also represent

4284-406: The bush spirits including serpents , monkeys , buffalo and hawks . Mask performances generally take place in the dry season between February and May. Blacksmiths are also known to make utensils and body adornments for their people. These pieces, much like the masks, tend to represent animals and their attributes associated with them. For example, a blacksmith may use a hyena to show stupidity or

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4368-538: The change of pontiff from Pope John XXIII to Pope Paul VI , who had been a member of the circle (the Badaliya ) of the Islamologist Louis Massignon . Pope Paul VI chose to follow the path recommended by Maximos IV and he therefore established commissions to introduce what would become paragraphs on the Muslims in two different documents, one of them being Nostra aetate , paragraph three,

4452-462: The collapse of the Bamana state, these caste differences have eroded, though vocations have strong family and ethnic correlations. Most Bamana today adhere to Islam , but many still practise the traditional rituals, especially in honoring ancestors. This form of syncretic Islam remains rare, even allowing for conversions that in many cases happened in the mid to late 19th century. Bamana share many aspects of broader Mandé social structure. Society

4536-415: The coming of Christ and how Christ God (and incarnate Son of God) was to come and to be crucified and die and rise again, and how He was to be the judge of the living and dead. Then, when we say: 'How is it that this prophet of yours did not come in the same way, with others bearing witness to him? And how is it that God did not in your presence present this man with the book to which you refer, even as He gave

4620-520: The community and providing farm labor prior to taking wives), or vocation (the farming Chi Wara Ton or the hunters Donzo Ton ). While these societies continue as ways of socialising and passing on traditions, their power and importance faded in the 20th century. The Bamana people adapted many artistic traditions. Artworks were created both for religious use and to define cultural and religious difference. Bamana artistic traditions include pottery , sculpture , weaving , iron figures, and masks . While

4704-539: The competence of Bea's Secretariat for the Promotion of Christian Unity . Bea expressed willingness to "select some competent people and with them to draw up a draft" to be presented to the Coordinating Commission. At a meeting of the Coordinating Commission on 16–17 April Cicognani acknowledged that it would be necessary to speak of the Muslims. The period between the first and second sessions saw

4788-430: The embodiment of the perfect believer and take his actions and sayings as a model of ideal conduct. Unlike Jesus, who Christians believe was God's son, Muhammad was a mortal, albeit with extraordinary qualities. Today many Muslims believe that it is wrong to represent Muhammad, but this was not always the case. At various times and places pious Muslims represented Muhammad although they never worshiped these images. During

4872-414: The farmers association. Other Bamana statues include fertility statues, meant to be kept with the wife at all times to ensure fertility, and statues created for vocational groups such as hunters and farmers, often used as offering places by other groups after prosperous farming seasons or successful hunting parties. Christianity and Islam Christianity and Islam are the two largest religions in

4956-575: The founding prophet of Mormonism, was referred to as "the modern Mahomet " by the New York Herald , shortly after his murder in June 1844. This epithet repeated a comparison that had been made from Smith's earliest career, one that was not intended at the time to be complimentary. Comparison of the Mormon and Muslim prophets still occurs today, sometimes for derogatory or polemical reasons but also for more scholarly and neutral purposes. While Mormonism and Islam certainly have many similarities, there are also significant, fundamental differences between

5040-425: The group acquired the name because it resisted Islam after the religion was introduced in 1854 by Tukulor conqueror El Hadj Umar Tall . The Bamana originated as a royal section of the Mandinka people . Both Manding and Bambara are part of the Mandé ethno-linguistic group, whose divergence is dated to at least about 7,000 years ago, and branches of which are associated with sites near Tichitt (now subsumed by

5124-447: The interior of Africa perhaps from the upper Senegal-Niger region and transported to the Americas via ports on the Senegambian coast. As early as 1730 at the slave-trading post of Gorée, the term Bambara referred simply to slaves who were already in the service of the local elites or French. Growing from farming communities in Ouassoulou , between Sikasso and Ivory Coast , Bamana-age co-fraternities (called Ton s) began to develop

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5208-424: The key verses concerning the Paraclete is John 16:7: "Nevertheless I tell you the truth: It is expedient for you that I go away; for if I go not away, the Comforter[Paraclete] will not come unto you; but if I go, I will send him unto you." The Catechism of the Catholic Church , the official doctrine document released by the Roman Catholic Church , has this to say regarding Muslims: The Church's relationship with

5292-427: The later additions to the Bible while the primary sacred text of Islam instead is the Quran . Muslims believe that al-Injīl was distorted or altered to form the Christian New Testament. Christians, on the contrary, do not have a univocal understanding of the Quran, though most believe that it is fabricated or apocryphal work. There are similarities in both texts, such as accounts of the life and works of Jesus and

5376-422: The lifetime of Muhammad, he had many interactions with Christians . One of the first Christians who met Muhammad was Waraqah ibn Nawfal , a Christian priest of ancient Arabia. He was one of the first hanifs to believe in the prophecy of Muhammad. Muhammad also met the Najrani Christians and made peace with them . One of the earliest recorded comments of a Christian reaction to Muhammad can be dated to only

5460-620: The masks that are being performed as a group. It is also important to note that these mask performances are not gender specific. Women are very much a part of these events just as much as their male counterparts. The Bwa use various divination sculptures and carvings to carry out significant ceremonies and practices. While sculpted figures are a rare art of the Bwa's, the pieces would be used for events such as divination ceremonies, fertility rituals, and offered sacrifices. The Bwa masks are usually black and white; additional colors are subject to individual carvers and their styles. Animal depictions are

5544-404: The most bitter towards the believers to be the Jews and polytheists and the most gracious to be those who call themselves Christian. That is because there are priests and monks among them and because they are not arrogant. When they listen to what has been revealed to the Messenger, you see their eyes overflowing with tears for recognizing the truth. They say, “Our Lord! We believe, so count us among

5628-452: The need for what he considers a rational and coherent ethical framework, contrasting Christian concepts like peccatism (inherent human sinfulness) and saviorism (belief in Jesus as the redeemer) with Islamic views. This perspective includes a critique of Christian theological paradoxes and advocates for a rational and coherent ethical framework. The Quran explicitly promises salvation for all those righteous Christians who were there before

5712-415: The other being Lumen gentium , paragraph 16. The text of the final draft bore traces of Massignon's influence. The reference to Mary , for example, resulted from the intervention of Monsignor Descuffi, the Latin archbishop of Smyrna with whom Massignon collaborated in reviving the cult of Mary at Smyrna. The commendation of Muslim prayer may reflect the influence of the Badaliya. In Lumen gentium ,

5796-404: The possibility of trade and military alliances. Relations became more conflictual in the early modern and modern periods, although recent attempts have been made at rapprochement . Mormonism and Islam have been compared to one another ever since the earliest origins of the former in the nineteenth century, often by detractors of one religion or the other—or both. For instance, Joseph Smith ,

5880-601: The present a false prophet named Mohammed has appeared in their midst. This man, after having chanced upon the Old and New Testaments and likewise, it seems, having conversed with an Arian monk, devised his own heresy . Then, having insinuated himself into the good graces of the people by a show of seeming piety, he gave out that a certain book had been sent down to him from heaven. He had set down some ridiculous compositions in this book of his and he gave it to them as an object of veneration. ... There are many other extraordinary and quite ridiculous things in this book which he boasts

5964-493: The relevance of Niketas Byzantios who formulated replies to letters on behalf of Emperor Michael III (842-867). Goddard sums up Niketas' view: In short, Muhammad was an ignorant charlatan who succeeded by imposture in seducing the ignorant barbarian Arabs into accepting a gross, blaspheming, idolatrous, demoniac religion, which is full of futile errors, intellectual enormities, doctrinal errors and moral aberrations. Goddard further argues that Niketas demonstrates in his work

6048-513: The rise of a Bamana Empire in the 1740s, when the Mali Empire started to crumble around 1559. While there is little consensus among modern historians and ethnologists as to the origins or meaning of the ethno-linguistic term, references to the name Bambara can be found from the early 18th century. In addition to its general use as a reference to an ethno-linguistic group, Bambara was also used to identify captive Africans who originated in

6132-429: The state to fishing and ferrying communities. In addition to this, the Bamana maintained internal castes, like other Mandé peoples, with griots , priests, metalworkers, and other specialist vocations remaining endogamous and living in designated areas. Formerly, like most other African societies, they also held slaves (called "Jonw"/"Jong(o)"), often war prisoners from lands surrounding their territory. With time, and

6216-525: The term is also in decline. There are three professional castes within the Bwa society: the farmers, the musicians, and the blacksmiths. Farming has been a constant way of life for the Bwa. It is their primary source of income with their most successful crop being cotton. Besides cotton, though, the Bwa are known to harvest certain grains such as millet , rice , sorghum , yams , and peanuts . These crops along with other grains and various fruits are used for both nutritional and medicinal purposes. Music

6300-486: The tourist and art market is the main destination of modern Bamana artworks, most artistic traditions had been part of sacred vocations, created as a display of religious beliefs and used in ritual. Bamana forms of art include the n’tomo mask and the Tyi Warra . The n’tomo mask was used by dancers at male initiation ceremonies. The Tyi Warra (or ciwara ) headdress was used at harvest time by young men chosen from

6384-472: The two religions. Mormon – Muslim relations have historically been cordial; recent years have seen increasing dialogue between adherents of the two faiths, and cooperation in charitable endeavors , especially in the Middle and Far East . Scholars and intellectuals agree Christians have made significant contributions to Arab and Islamic civilization since the introduction of Islam , and they have had

6468-466: The witnesses. Why should we not believe in Allah and the truth that has come to us? And we long for our Lord to include us in the company of the righteous.” So Allah will reward them for what they said with Gardens under which rivers flow, to stay there forever. And that is the reward of the good-doers. In 746, John of Damascus (sometimes St. John of Damascus) wrote the Fount of Knowledge part two of which

6552-674: The world's Christians adhere to the doctrine of the Trinity, which in creedal formulations states that God is three hypostases ( the Father , the Son and the Spirit ) in one ousia (substance). In Islam, this concept is deemed to be a denial of monotheism , and thus a sin of shirk , which is considered to be a major 'al-Kaba'ir' sin. The Quran itself refers to Trinity in Al-Ma'ida 5:73 which says " They have certainly disbelieved who say, "Allah

6636-413: The world, with approximately 2.3 billion and 1.8 billion adherents, respectively. Both religions are Abrahamic and monotheistic , having originated in the Middle East . Christianity developed out of Second Temple Judaism in the 1st century CE. It is founded on the life, teachings, death , and resurrection of Jesus Christ , and those who follow it are called Christians . Islam developed in

6720-514: Was also afflicted with epilepsy. When his wife became aware of this, she was greatly distressed, inasmuch as she, a noblewoman, had married a man such as he, who was not only poor, but also an epileptic. He tried deceitfully to placate her by saying, 'I keep seeing a vision of a certain angel called Gabriel , and being unable to bear his sight, I faint and fall down.' In the work A History of Christian-Muslim Relations, Hugh Goddard mentions both John of Damascus and Theophanes and goes on to consider

6804-980: Was crucified. Both Christians and Muslims believe in the Second Coming of Jesus. Christianity does not state where will Jesus return, while the Hadith in Islam states that Jesus will return at a white minaret at the east of Damascus (believed to be the Minaret of Isa in the Umayyad Mosque ), and will pray behind Mahdi . Christians believe that Jesus will return to kill the Antichrist and similarly Muslims believe that Jesus will return to kill Dajjal . Many Christians believe that Jesus would then rule for 1,000 years, while Muslims believe Jesus will rule for forty years, marry, have children and will be buried at

6888-666: Was first drafted, or even at the opening of the Second Vatican Council . However, as in the case of the question of Judaism, several events came together again to prompt a consideration of Islam. By the time of the Second Session of the Council in 1963, reservations began to be raised by bishops of the Middle East about the inclusion of this question. The position was taken that either the question will not be raised at all, or if it were raised, some mention of

6972-469: Was sent down to him from God. But when we ask: 'And who is there to testify that God gave him the book? And which of the prophets foretold that such a prophet would rise up?' – they are at a loss. And we remark that Moses received the Law on Mount Sinai , with God appearing in the sight of all the people in cloud, and fire, and darkness, and storm. And we say that all the Prophets from Moses on down foretold

7056-409: Was the penultimate and one of the most important prophets of God , but not the Son of God, not divine, and not part of the Trinity . Rather, Muslims believe the creation of Jesus was similar to the creation of Adam ( Adem ). Christianity and Islam also differ in their fundamental views related to the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus . Christianity teaches that Jesus was condemned to death by

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