81-410: The Bali myna ( Leucopsar rothschildi ), also known as Rothschild's mynah , Bali starling , or Bali mynah , locally known as jalak Bali , is a medium-sized (up to 25 cm (9.8 in) long), stocky myna , almost wholly white with a long, drooping crest, and black tips on the wings and tail. The bird has blue bare skin around the eyes, greyish legs and a yellow bill . Both sexes are similar. It
162-435: A group of birds in the starling family (Sturnidae). This is a group of passerine birds which are native to Iran and Southern Asia , especially Afghanistan , India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Nepal and Sri Lanka . Several species have been introduced to areas like North America , Australia , South Africa , Fiji and New Zealand , especially the common myna , which is often regarded as an invasive species . It
243-542: A mayor, who is elected by the citizens every five years, together with a vice-mayor; in the past, the mayor was appointed by the provincial administration. Diani Budiarto became the first directly elected mayor of Bogor on 25 October 2008 and assumed his position on 7 April 2009. Legislative power is provided by the Bogor City Regional House of Representatives which consists of 50 directly elected members serving 5-year terms. The Coat of arms of Bogor
324-833: A mountain resort. During the Middle Ages , the city served as the capital of the Sunda Kingdom ( Sundanese : Karajaan Sunda ) and was called Pakuan Pajajaran or Dayeuh Pakuan . During the Dutch colonial era , it was named Buitenzorg ( "without worries" in Dutch) and served as the summer residence of the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies . With several hundred thousand people living on an area of about 20 km (7.7 sq mi),
405-465: A significant increase in the number of traditional Indonesian rickshaw ( becak ) at more than 2,000 units as of 2009. The Bogor railway station was built in 1881, and currently serves about 50,000 passengers and has about 70 departures and 70 arrivals per day. The Bogor Paledang railway station opened in 2013 to serve trains to Sukabumi . Residential buildings occupy 26.46% of the city, or 71.11% of its built-up area; 5–14-storey buildings dominate
486-534: A similar species, has a shorter crest and a much larger area of black on wings and tail, plus a yellow eye-ring (without feathers) and legs. The Bali myna is restricted to the northwest Bali (and its offshore islands) in Indonesia , where it is the island's only endemic vertebrate species. In 1991, the bird was designated the faunal emblem of Bali. Featured on the Indonesian 200 rupiah coin, its local name
567-464: A small cemetery adjacent to churches. Some mosques also have small burial plots. Graves for the poor and nameless are mostly located at Kayumanis, and Gunung Gadung cemetery is restricted to Chinese residents. Bogor is one of the major scientific and educational centers in Indonesia. A significant part of academic and research base was laid in the period of Dutch colonization. In particular, since
648-424: A variety of sharp chattering calls and an emphatic tweet. The Bali myna's diet includes fruit, seeds, worms and insects. During the breeding season (the rainy season of Bali), males attract females by calling loudly and bobbing up and down. The birds nest in tree cavities, with the female laying and incubating two or three eggs. Both males and females bring food to the nest for chicks after hatching. The Bali myna
729-649: Is critically endangered and in 2020, fewer than 50 adults were assumed to exist in the wild. The Bali myna was formally described in 1912 by the German ornithologist Erwin Stresemann based on a female specimen collected on the island of Bali in Indonesia. He introduced a new genus Leucopsar and coined the binomial name Leucopsar rothschildi . The genus name combines the Ancient greek leukos meaning "white" with psar meaning "starling". The specific epithet
810-632: Is critically endangered , and the wild population has been close to extinction since at least 1994. As of 2015, less than 100 adults are assumed to exist in the wild, with about 1,000 believed to survive in captivity. The Bali myna is listed in Appendix I of CITES . Trade even in captive-bred specimens is strictly regulated and the species is not generally available legally to private individuals. However, experienced aviculturalists may become affiliated with captive-breeding programs, allowing them to legally keep this species. The number of captive birds bought on
891-444: Is jalak Bali ( Balinese script : ᬚᬮᬓ᭄ᬩᬮᬶ). In its natural habitat it is inconspicuous, using tree tops for cover and–unlike other starlings–usually coming to the ground only to drink or to find nesting materials; this would seem to be an adaptation to its noticeability to predators when out in the open. The Bali mynah often gathers in groups when it is young to better locate food and watch out for predators. The vocalizations are
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#1732772283614972-473: Is 22–25 km south-east of the city). The average elevation is 265 meters, maximum 330 m, and minimum 190 meters above sea level. The terrain is rather uneven: 17.64 km of its area has slopes of 0–2°, 80.9 km from 2° to 15°, 11 km between 15° and 25°, 7.65 km from 25° to 40° and 1.20 km over 40°; the northern part is relatively flat and the southern part is more hilly. The soils are dominated by volcanic sedimentary rocks. Given
1053-695: Is a rectangular heraldic shield with a pointed base and the side lengths ratio of 5:4, divided by a cross into four parts. The upper left quarter contains the National emblem of Indonesia – the mythical bird Garuda , in the upper right is the presidential palace, in the bottom left is the Salak volcano, and in the lower right is the national Sundanese dagger kujang . The inscription on top reads "KOTA BOGOR", which translates to "THE CITY OF BOGOR". Bogor has developed automotive , chemical , and food industries; its outlying areas are used for agriculture. During
1134-637: Is also envisaged that the community will be responsible for the safety of the Bali Starlings in the wild through serious monitoring and village traditional law enforcement. The Village officiated an "awik-awik" (local law) in November 2018, which has been signed by the Village Head as well as the Kelians (heads) of the banjars (village sections). The local law states that shooting/trapping/hunting
1215-491: Is an important industry sector, which yielded US$ 367,000 from 2008 export sales only, mostly to Japan and Middle East. A substantial part of other Bogor production, 144 billion IDR in 2008, is exported. Examples are clothes and footwear (to US, EU, ASEAN , Canada, Australia, Russia), textiles (US, New Zealand ), furniture (South Korea), car tires (ASEAN countries and South America), toys and souvenirs (Japan, Germany, Brazil), soft drinks (ASEAN countries and Middle East). Most of
1296-510: Is burned in five incinerators within the city. The seven cemeteries of Bogor are named by the city districts as Cilendek, Kayumanis, Situgede, Mulyaharja, Blender, Dreded and Gunung Gadung. The first six have the status of "public cemeteries" ( Indonesian : Tempat pemakaman umum ), and have no restrictions by religion or ethnicity. However, given the religious composition of Bogor, the cemeteries are predominantly Muslim, and Christian graves are located either in separate areas of cemeteries or in
1377-533: Is carried out in agriculture, soil science, dendrology , veterinary and ichthyology . More specific areas include natural pesticides and repellents , intercropping , industrial applications of essential oils and natural alkaloids , increasing yields of various kinds of pepper, improving preservation processes, etc. Bogor was the capital of the Sundanese kingdom in the Middle Ages. Sundanese culture
1458-541: Is derived from the Urdu language مینا ( mainā ) which itself is derived from Sanskrit madanā . Mynas are medium-sized passerines with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct, and they are gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit . Plumage is typically dark, often brown, although some species have yellow head ornaments. Most species nest in holes. Some species have become well known for their imitative skills;
1539-404: Is divided into six districts ( kecamatan ), which contain 68 urban villages ( kelurahan ). The districts are tabulated below with their populations at the 2010 and 2020 Censuses, together with the official estimates at the end of 2023. The table also includes the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan ) in each district, and their post codes. The city is headed by
1620-551: Is increasing, primarily due to the inflow of poor residents from the surrounding rural areas. In 2009, 17.45% of the population lived below the poverty level, almost twice as high than in 2006 (9.5%) Minimum wage is established by the West Java Governor at 2,658,155 IDR/month. In 2008 there were 3,208 officially registered industrial enterprises in Bogor employing 54,268 people, more than half (32,237) of whom worked at
1701-639: Is often known as "Selarang" and "Teck Meng" in Malay and Chinese respectively in Singapore, due to their high population there. Mynas are not a natural group; instead, the term myna is used for any starling in the Indian subcontinent, regardless of their relationships. This range was colonized twice during the evolution of starlings, first by rather ancestral starlings related to the coleto and Aplonis lineages, and millions of years later by birds related to
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#17327722836141782-470: Is related to urbanization as well as the influx of workforce from other parts of the country. The birth rate in 2009 was 563 children per 10,000 people, with the mortality value of 272. During the same year, 12,709 permanent resident moved in and 3,391 people left the city. Men constituted 51.06% and women 48.94% of the population; 28.39% of the inhabitants were under 15 years old, 67.42% were aged 15–65 years and 3.51% – over 65 years. The 2005 estimate of
1863-404: Is worth noting that "ci" in the river names merely means "river" in Sundanese, and the actual name begins after it, but the "ci" is nevertheless included in national and international maps. There are several small lakes within the city, including Situ Burung (lit. Bird Lake; "Situ" meaning "Lake") and Situ Gede (lit. Great Lake), each with an area of several hectares. Rivers and lakes occupy 2.89% of
1944-642: The Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference of 23 August – 2 November 1949. In February 1950, as a result of defeat of Pasundan in a quick military conflict with the Republic of Indonesia, the city became part of Indonesia, as formalized in August 1950, and its name was officially declared as Bogor. As part of independent modern Indonesia, Bogor has a significant role in the cultural, scientific, and economic development of
2025-832: The Organisation for the Preservation of Birds and their Habitat are also in Bogor. The literacy rate in Bogor (98.7%) is relatively high for Indonesia. IPB University ( Indonesian : Institut Pertanian Bogor ) is the main agricultural university of the country. It was founded in 1963 based on the agricultural college, which was established back in the 19th century by the Dutch colonial administration. The largest private universities are Pakuan, Juanda, Nusa Bangsa and Ibn Khaldun. In addition to regular schools, there are over 700 Muslim schools ( madrasah ) and several Christian schools and colleges. Most scientific research in Bogor
2106-454: The Pallava script , on rock steles called prasasti . The prasasti found in and around Bogor differ in shape and text style from other Indonesian prasasti and are among the main attractions of the city. From the 9th-15th centuries, the capital moved between Pakuan and other cities of the kingdom, and finally returned to Pakuan by King Siliwangi ( Sri Baduga Maharaja ) on 3 June 1482 –
2187-524: The black market is estimated to be twice the number of legally acquired individuals in the captive breeding programs. In 2018, there were three locations on Bali where the birds existed in the wild: the West Bali National Park ; Bali's small island of Nusa Penida and Begawan Foundation's breeding and release site at Melinggih Kelod, Payangan. A "breeding loan" involves 12 breeders who each received 15 male and 15 female myna birds from
2268-599: The common hill myna is one of these. The following are species of mynas. The coleto and the two Saroglossa starlings are included because of their position in the taxonomic list. The following species are often included in the Acridotheres mynas: Bogor Bogor City ( Indonesian : Kota Bogor ) or Bogor ( Sundanese : ᮘᮧᮌᮧᮁ , Dutch : Buitenzorg ) is a city in the West Java province , Indonesia . Located around 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of
2349-479: The common starling and wattled starling 's ancestors. These two groups of mynas can be distinguished in the more terrestrial adaptions of the latter, which usually also have less glossy plumage, except on the heads, and longer tails. The Bali myna , which is critically endangered and nearly extinct in the wild, is highly distinctive. Some mynas are considered talking birds , for their ability to reproduce sounds, including human speech, when in captivity. Myna
2430-502: The life expectancy was 71.8 years, which is the highest figure for West Java and one of the highest in Indonesia. The majority of population (93%) are Muslims with about 6% Christians. However, there are many Christian churches in the city, as well as Buddhist (mostly in the Chinese community) and Hindu communities. Since 2008, a Christian church congregation in Bogor has been embroiled in conflict with Islamic fundamentalists over
2511-871: The 114 largest companies. The outskirts of the city contain about 3,466 hectares of agricultural area, including 111 hectares of water bodies used for fishery and fish farming. The main crops are rice (1165 hectares as of 2007, the annual harvest in 2003 was 9,953 tonnes), various vegetables (772 acres, 8,296 tonnes), corn (382 acres, 6,720 tonnes) and sweet potato (480 acres, 3,480 tonnes). The livestock sector has 25 registered companies (as of 2007) mostly breeding cows (more than 1000 animals yielding more than 2.61 million liters of milk), sheep (about 12,000), chickens (more than 642,000) and ducks (ca. 8,000). About 25–30 tonnes of various species of fish are produced per year by 4 registered companies. The fishes are mostly bred artificially, in ponds and paddy fields. Breeding aquarium fish and also catching them in their natural habitat
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2592-526: The Asia-Pacific institutions and the APEC summit of 15 November 1994. The city is situated in the western part of Java island, about 53 km south of the metropolis of Jakarta and 85 km northwest of the city of Bandung , the administrative center of West Java Province. Bogor spreads over a basin near the volcanoes of Salak (which peaks at about 12 km south) and Mount Gede (whose top
2673-757: The Association of Starling Conservationists in Bogor , West Java . As collateral every breeder must put up a cow in case all the birds died. The breeders are obliged to release 10 percent of the brood into West Bali National Park and the rest can be sold off privately. There is one pair of Bali Mynas at the National Aviary in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania that are part of the Species Survival Program. There were an estimated 350 birds in
2754-517: The Bali Starling or any other protected wildlife in the area is prohibited. Any person from the community that is caught doing any of the above will pay a penalty of Rp10,000,000. The Foundation also released a number of Starlings in late 2018, creating a wild flock of Bali Starlings in the Village, which is protected by the community. It is hoped that the soft releases will give the offspring
2835-619: The Bogor districts of Cimahpar and Cibilong. Whereas most of the houses (excluding some slum areas) are provided with electricity, street lighting covers only 35.38% of the city (4,193 light sources, as of 2007), however, the number of street lights is increasing at an annual rate of 10–15%. As of 2009, only 47% of Bogor is provided with clean tap water through a centralized water supply systems managed by state-owned Tirta Pakuan. The municipal system takes water from rivers Cisadane (1240 liters per second), and three natural sources: Kota Batu, Bentar-Kambing and Tangka (410 liters per second). Although
2916-605: The Buitenzorg Residency was downgraded from a full Residency to an Assistant Residency. By the end of the 19th century, Buitenzorg became one of the most developed and westernized cities in Indonesia. In 1904, Buitenzorg formally became the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies. However, real management remained in Batavia, which hosted most of the administrative offices and the main office of
2997-594: The Indonesian language. Alternative origins are the old-Javanese word bhagar (meaning cow), or simply the misspelling of "Buitenzorg" by the local residents. The city grew rapidly in the late 18th – early 19th centuries. This growth was partly stimulated by the temporary occupation of the Dutch East Indies by the United Kingdom in 1811–1815 – the British landed on Java and other Sunda Islands to prevent their capture by Napoleonic France which then conquered
3078-611: The Netherlands. The head of the British administration Stamford Raffles moved the administrative center from Batavia to Buitenzorg and implemented new and more efficient management techniques. After Buitenzorg was returned to the Dutch, it fell under the rule of the Kingdom of the Netherlands rather than VOC. The Buitenzorg Palace was reinstated as the summer residence of the Governor-General. The surrounding territory
3159-557: The Palace, a nearby Dutch settlement and nine native settlements were merged into an administrative division named Buitenzorg (Dutch for "beyond (or outside) concerns", meaning "without worries" or "carefree", cf. Frederick the Great of Prussia's summer palace outside Potsdam, Sanssouci, with the same meaning in French). Around the same time, the first reference to Bogor as the local name of
3240-664: The Sultanate of Banten, gradually passed under the control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). The formal transition occurred on 17 April 1684 with a signed agreement between the Crown Prince of Banten and the VOC. The first, and temporal, colonial settlement at Pakuan was a camp of lieutenant Tanoejiwa, a Sundanese employed by the VOC who was sent in 1687 to develop the area. It was seriously damaged by
3321-546: The VOC employees. The area attracted the Dutch by a favorable geographical position and mild climate, preferred over the hot Batavia which was then the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies. In 1744–1745, the residence of the Governor-General was built in Pakuan which was hosting the government during the summer. In 1746, by the order of the Governor-General Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff ,
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3402-576: The West Bali National Park in the 1980s. During the 1990s over 400 cage-bred birds were released into the park to increase their numbers. But by 2005, the park authorities estimated the number to have fallen to less than 10. This decline was caused primarily by poachers responding to the lucrative demand for rare birds in the caged bird market . A population of Bali mynas now exists on the island of Nusa Penida and its sister islands of Nusa Ceningan, Nusa Lembongan, which are 14 km off
3483-511: The aim to research new release sites close by. During 2011, a total of 23 Bali starlings were donated to BF's breeding program. Three birds were donated by Jurong Bird Park, and 20 came from a variety of zoos across Europe, members of the European Endangered Species Program, whose contributions of birds meant that new genetic lines would be introduced when the imported birds were paired with the local birds held at
3564-530: The area was part of Tarumanagara , one of the earliest states in Indonesian history . After a series of defeats by the neighboring Srivijaya , Tarumanagara was transformed into the Sunda Kingdom , and in 669, the capital of Sunda was built between two parallel rivers, the Ciliwung and Cisadane . It was named Pakuan Pajajaran , in old Sundanese meaning "a place between the parallel [rivers]", and became
3645-583: The beginning of the 19th century, there were established laboratories and professional schools focused primarily on improving the efficiency of colonial agriculture. In the late 19th – early 20th centuries major scientific institutions were established – the Research Institute and Rubber Research Institute of Forest. The prevailing profile of research and academic activity was retained in Bogor Indonesia after gaining independence. As in
3726-687: The breeding centre in Bali. In November 2012, Begawan Foundation released four pairs of Bali starlings at its breeding site in Sibang. These birds were observed and their daily habits recorded by staff of the Foundation and students of the adjacent Green School. A program of conservation was undertaken with the local villages prior to the release and has the full support of the King of Sibang. Each bird has been ringed in order to identify it as it adapts to life in
3807-623: The building permit for their new church. According to 2000 Census, most of the population are Sundanese (76%) as native, with the largest immigrant minorities being Betawi , Javanese , Chinese, and other, often mixed ethnicities. Table based on Ethnicities in the 2000 Indonesian Population Census below; Bogor City is surrounded by the Bogor Regency ( kabupaten ) but in itself is a separate municipality ( kota ), making Bogor City an enclave within Bogor Regency. The city
3888-433: The central part and the outlying areas are mostly built up with single-storeyed houses. The population rise in the 1990s–2000s due to the inflow of external workforce sharply increased the number of substandard housing, mainly on the outskirts of the city. More than half of the slums (1,242,490 m ) are located in northern Bogor, whereas their area is only 89,780 m in the southern part of the city. To improve this situation,
3969-418: The central part of Bogor is one of the world's most densely populated areas. The city has a presidential palace and a botanical garden ( Indonesian : Kebun Raya Bogor ) – one of the oldest and largest in the world. It bears the nickname "Rainy City" ( Kota Hujan ), because of frequent rain showers, even during the dry season. The first mention of a settlement at present Bogor dates to the 5th century when
4050-635: The chance to reproduce in the wild and that a program of eco-tourism can be developed to provide income for the village. Along with the community-based conservation program in Melinggih Kelod Village, the Foundation's Breeding and Release Centre has been relocated and is now centred in Banjar Begawan, one of the districts in the Village. This centre is open to the local community and the general public. Myna The mynas ( / ˈ m aɪ n ə / ; also spelled mynah ) are
4131-498: The city administration launched a program of construction of cheap housing types (light prefabricated houses) in western Bogor. These houses combine reasonable rent ($ 22 per year ) at acceptable living conditions. Electricity to Bogor is supplied by the Indonesian state company Perusahaan Listrik Negara, which serves the provinces of West Java and Banten . Electricity is provided by more than ten regional thermal and hydroelectric power plants via two local transformer stations located in
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#17327722836144212-454: The city area. Bogor has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) according to the Köppen climate classification , and more humid and rainy than in many other areas of West Java – the average relative humidity is 70%, the average annual precipitation is about 1700 mm, but more than 3500 mm in some areas. Most rain falls between December and February. Because of this weather, Bogor has
4293-466: The city was documented; it was mentioned in the administration report from 7 April 1752 with respect to the part of Buitenzorg adjacent to the Palace. Later this name became used for the whole city as the local alternative to Buitenzorg. This name is believed to originate from the Javanese word bogor meaning sugar palm ( Arenga pinnata ) or bokor (a large bowl made from metal), which is still used in
4374-575: The city with the nearest metropolitan area (4,612 buses) and 40 with other cities of West Java (330 buses). There are two major bus terminals, Baranangsiang and Bubulak. The former has an area of 22,100 m and is dedicated to long-distance and freight traffic while the latter (area 11,850 m ) serves urban passenger routes. A separate station is dedicated to tourist coaches and buses to the nearest Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, located about 55 kilometers from Bogor. Recent years have seen
4455-403: The colonization, Bogor was mostly producing coffee, rubber and high-quality timber. Chemical industry was introduced to the city at the end of the 19th century, and car and metal production in the 1950s, during the industrialization of independent Indonesia. The fast economic development of the 1980s was slowed down by the crisis of the 1990s and recovered in the early 2000s; so the growth rate of
4536-464: The country and West Java in particular – in part due to the legacy of infrastructure built during the colonial period. Its special position was further reinforced by the transformation of the former summer residence of the governor-general into the summer palace of the President of Indonesia. In the 1990s–2000s, the city regularly hosted various international events, such as ministry-level meetings of
4617-555: The day of his coronation. Since 1973, this date is celebrated in Bogor as an official city holiday. In 1579, Pakuan was captured and almost completely destroyed by the army of the Sultanate of Banten , causing the existence of the State of Sunda to cease. The city was abandoned and remained uninhabited for decades. In the second half of the 17th century, the abandoned Pakuan as with most of West Java, while formally remaining under
4698-474: The economy in Bogor was 5.78% in 2002, 6.07% in 2003 and 6.02% in 2009. At the end of 2009, the Gross Regional Product (GRP) was 12.249 trillion IDR (approximately US$ 1.287 billion ) and the investments amounted to 932.295 billion IDR. Despite the economic growth, the number of citizens living below the poverty level (defined by not only income, but also access to basic social services )
4779-567: The efforts by the Japanese to promote nationalist (and thus anti-Dutch) sentiments among the local population the city was given the Indonesian name Bogor. The city had one of the major training centres of the Indonesian militia PETA (Pembela Tanah Air – " Defenders of the Motherland "). On 17 August 1945, Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed independence, but the Dutch regained control of the town and adjoining areas. In February 1948, Buitenzorg
4860-477: The eruption on 4–5 January 1699 of the Mount Salak volcano ( Indonesian : Gunung Salak ). However, the concomitant forest fires removed much forest, leaving much area for the planned rice and coffee plantations. In a short time, several agricultural settlements appeared around Pakuan, the largest being Kampung Baru (lit. "new village"). In 1701, they were combined into an administrative district; Tanoejiwa
4941-493: The eruption. The Governor's decree of 1845 prescribed separate settlements of European, Chinese and Arab migrants within the city. In 1860–1880, the largest agricultural school in the colony was established in Buitenzorg. Other scientific institutions including a city library, natural science museum, biology, chemistry, and veterinary medicine laboratories were also constructed during this period. During this time, in 1867,
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#17327722836145022-636: The genetic diversity of the growing wild population on Nusa Penida. Begawan Foundation field staff have monitored the released birds on a daily basis since their release and have a dedicated Field Officer since 2010. Findings are regularly reported to the Forestry Department, with photos and films taken of the birds' activities. However, according to an audit undertaken by Begawan Foundation on both Nusa Penida and Nusa Lembongan in February and March 2015, less than 15 birds were seen to be flying in
5103-409: The governor. This status was revoked in the administrative reform of 1924, which divided the colony into provinces and made Buitenzorg seat of the new Buitenzorg Residency and center of West Java Province. During World War II , Buitenzorg and the entire territory of the Dutch East Indies were occupied by Japanese forces; the occupation lasted from 6 March 1942 until the summer of 1945. As part of
5184-853: The island of Nusa Penida, including many Bali mynas supplied from multiple breeders. The Begawan Foundation began its Bali Starling Breeding Program in Begawan Giri in 1999 with two pairs, which had grown to a population of 97 in 2005. A release program was started on Nusa Penida, where 64 individuals were released in 2006 and 2007. Monitoring of the released birds suggests that their numbers had increased to +100 by 2009, and had spread across Penida, with small numbers also breeding on Ceningan and Lembongan. A number of further captive-bred individuals have since been rewilded, including 6 individuals on neighboring Nusa Lembongan. The foundation expects to release approximately 10 Bali mynas each year. The birds will continue to be sourced from different breeders to increase
5265-551: The local community. In June, Dr. Jane Goodall , during her visit to Bali, assisted in the release of two Bali starlings. In late 2017, Begawan Foundation decided to concentrate its programs in Melinggih Kelod, Payangan, north of Ubud. A community-based conservation program began in the village in late 2017, providing local residents with the opportunity to breed Bali Starlings, and to be able to release F2 generation offspring within two years, and again in subsequent years. It
5346-436: The local sells are carried out via the eight major shopping centers, nine supermarkets and seven major markets. Bogor is a major transport center of Java. It contains 599.2 kilometers of roads (as of 2008) which cover 5.31% of the city area; 30.2 kilometers of the roads are of national and 26.8 km of prefectural importance. The 22 transport lines are operated by 3,506 buses and minibuses. In addition, 10 bus routes connect
5427-466: The national capital of Jakarta , Bogor is the 6th largest city in the Jakarta metropolitan area and the 14th overall nationwide. The city covers an area of 111.39 km , and it had a population of 950,334 in the 2010 Census and 1,043,070 in the 2020 Census. The official estimate as at the end of 2023 was 1,127,408. Bogor is an important economic, scientific, cultural, and tourist center, as well as
5508-527: The national census held in May–August 2010, 949,066 people were registered in Bogor. The average population density was about 8,000 people per km ; it reached 12,571 persons per km in the centre and drops to 5,866 people per km in the southern part. Based on official figures from Dukcapil Kemendagri, the city's population at the end of 2023 was 1,127,408 people, giving a population density of 10,121 people per km . The rapid population growth in Bogor after 1960
5589-596: The nickname "Rain City" ( Indonesian : Kota hujan ). The temperatures are lower than in coastal Java: the average maximum is 25.9 °C (cf. 32.2 °C in Jakarta). Daily fluctuations (9–10 °C) are rather high for Indonesia. The absolute maximum temperature was recorded at 38 °C and the minimum at 3 °C. The New American Cyclopaedia of 1867 reported Buitenzorg's population as being 320,756, including 9,530 Chinese, 650 Europeans, and 23 Arabs. According to
5670-489: The predecessor of the modern Bogor. Over the next several centuries, Pakuan Pajajaran became one of the largest cities in medieval Indonesia with a population reaching 48,000. The name Pajajaran was then used from the 16th century for the entire kingdom, and the capital was simply called Pakuan. The chronicles of that time were written in Sanskrit , which was the language used for official and religious purposes, using
5751-568: The proximity of large active volcanoes, the area is considered highly seismic. The total area of green space is 205,000 m , of which 87,000 m are Bogor Botanical Gardens , 19,400 m are taken by 35 parks, 17,200 m by 24 groves and 81,400 m are covered with grass. Several rivers flow through the city toward the Java Sea . The largest ones, Ciliwung and Cisadane, flank the historic city center. Smaller rivers, Cipakancilan, Cidepit, Ciparigi and Cibalok, are guided by cement tubes in many places. It
5832-585: The second half of the 20th century, in the 2000s the strongest areas were agricultural, biology , and veterinary sciences. The main educational and scientific center with the utmost national importance is IPB University , which in addition to educational facilities, includes dozens of research centers and laboratories. Bogor hosts the global headquarters of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), an international organization conducting research on forestry and human development. The headquarters of
5913-488: The south east coast of Bali. The islands have been transformed into an unofficial bird sanctuary by Friends of National Parks Foundation (FNPF), an Indonesian NGO based in Bali. This was achieved by FNPF working for many years with the 40+ villages on the islands and persuading every village to pass a traditional Balinese village regulation to protect birds, and effectively removing the threat of poachers. Since then, FNPF has rehabilitated and released several endangered birds onto
5994-434: The water network has a total length of 741 kilometers and covers about 70% of the city, connection to it is often problematic for financial and technical reasons. More than half of residents use water wells or natural reservoirs. Garbage collection service covers 67% of the urban area. From about 800,000 m of waste per year, about 90% is buried at an external landfill at Galuga, about 7% is recycled for compost and about 3%
6075-527: The wild. As this was a soft release, the birds often take the opportunity to return to the breeding site to find food and water. However, it is evident that new sources of fruit and a variety of insects are available in the immediate vicinity that provide a full and healthy diet for these birds and their offspring. In 2014, there were three releases by Begawan Foundation at their site in Sibang. Three male birds and one female were released in April, with support from
6156-454: The wild. Calculations undertaken suggest that by 2015, even taking natural predation and death of older birds into account, there should be at least 200 birds flying on Nusa Penida today, indicating that illegal wildlife trade is heavily impacting the population. In 2010, Begawan Foundation made a decision to move all its captive breeding Bali starlings from Nusa Penida to a new site at Sibang, near Ubud. The breeding program then recommenced with
6237-564: Was also organized into a new Residency , the Buitenzorg Residency . A botanical garden was set up nearby in 1817, which was one of the world's largest gardens in the 19th century. On 10 October 1834, Buitenzorg was seriously damaged by another eruption of the Salak volcanoes caused by an earthquake. Taking into account the seismic activity of the region, the governor's palace and office buildings constructed in 1840–1850 were built shorter but sturdier than those built prior to
6318-646: Was chosen as the head of the district and is regarded as the founder of the modern Bogor Regency . The district was further developed during the 1703 Dutch mission headed by the Inspector General of the VOC Abraham van Riebeeck (the son of the founder of Cape Town Jan van Riebeeck and later Governor of Dutch East Indies). The expedition of van Riebeeck performed a detailed study of the Pakuan ruins, discovered and described many archaeological artifacts, including prasasti, and erected buildings for
6399-511: Was chosen to honour Walter Rothschild who had allowed Stresemann to examine birds at his museum in Tring , Hertfordshire, England. The Bali myna remains the only species placed in the genus Leucopsar . It appears to be most closely related to Sturnia and the brahminy starling which was initially placed in Sturnus then later moved by a study in 2008 to Sturnia , as Sturnus as delimited
6480-408: Was highly paraphyletic . The Bali myna is a medium-large starling around 25 centimetres (9.8 in) in length. It is almost wholly white with a long, drooping crest, black wing-tips and tail tip. It has a yellow bill with blue bare skin around the eyes and legs. The sexes are similar in appearance but the male has a longer crest than the female. The black-winged myna ( Acridotheres melanopterus ),
6561-655: Was included in the quasi-independent state of West Java,( Indonesian : Negara Jawa Barat ) which was renamed Pasundan in April 1948 ( Indonesian : Negara Pasundan ). This state was established by the Netherlands as a step to transform their former colonial possessions in the East Indies into a dependent federation. In December 1949, Pasundan joined the Republic of the United States of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia Serikat , RIS) established at
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