92-539: Paldiski is a town and Baltic Sea port located on the Pakri Peninsula in northwestern Estonia . Originally established as a small Swedish port known as Rågervik, it evolved into an important ice-free port upon being incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 18th century. Following Estonia's independence in 1918, the port experienced a decline in significance, only to regain importance during
184-452: A general , Gustavus Adolphus employed mobile artillery on the battlefield, as well as very aggressive tactics, where attack was stressed over defense, and mobility and cavalry initiative were emphasized. Among other innovations, he installed an early form of combined arms in his formations, where the cavalry could attack from the safety of an infantry line reinforced by cannon, and retire again within to regroup after their foray. Inspired by
276-500: A cavalry charge on his wing. Lützen was a victory for the Protestants, but cost them their leader, which caused their campaign to lose direction and finally suffer a crushing defeat at Nördlingen . Towards 1:00 pm, in the thick mix of gun smoke and fog covering the field, the king was separated from his fellow riders and suffered multiple shots. A bullet crushed his left arm below the elbow. Almost simultaneously his horse suffered
368-539: A duchy from 1610. Upon his father's death in October 1611, a sixteen-year-old Gustavus inherited the throne, being declared of age and able to reign himself at seventeen as of 16 December. He also inherited an ongoing succession of occasionally belligerent dynastic disputes with his Polish cousin, Sigismund III, who persisted in his effort to regain the Swedish throne. He also briefly assumed the title of tsar of Russia in
460-455: A dynastic struggle with his first cousin, King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland . Of these, the Danish war was the most serious. During his reign, Sweden rose from the status of a Baltic Sea basin regional power to one of the great powers of Europe and a model of early modern era government. Gustavus Adolphus is known as the "father of modern warfare", or the first modern general. He taught
552-456: A monument to Gustavus Adolphus was agreed to, and it was suggested by Superintendent Grossmann that the best memorial to Gustavus Adolphus would be the formation of a union for propagating his ideas. It quickly gained popularity in Germany. The lack of political correctness received some criticism; however, the organization used GAW as its brand in the meanwhile. The Swedish royal family visited
644-538: A number of other military commanders, such as Lennart Torstensson , who would go on to expand the boundaries and power of the Swedish Empire after Gustavus Adolphus's death. Spoils meant he became a successful bookraider in Europe, targeting Jesuit library collections. His contributions to Sweden's rise in power included reformation of the administrative structure. For example, he began Parish Registration of
736-650: A quarrel between the Protestant and Catholic parties. The Brandenburg minister and diplomat baron Samuel von Winterfeld [ de ] influenced Gustavus Adolphus to support and protect the Protestant side in Germany. When Gustavus Adolphus began his push into northern Germany in June–July 1630, he had just 4,000 troops. He was soon able to consolidate the Protestant position in the north, however, using reinforcements from Sweden and money supplied by France at
828-567: A regular connection with Kapellskär in Sweden . Danish ferry operator DFDS is also operates a regular connection on the same route. Operation «Ämblik» (Spider) was conducted in Paldiski on 16 March 1993 by 33 Estonian police officers and 40 border guards to establish Estonian law in the area, including in the Russian military base . At the time in Paldiski, there was about 1,500 members of
920-503: A rule, had I not found myself obliged to it through God's bidding and nature. Now it was of my acquaintance, that inasmuch as God had let me be born a prince, such as I then am born, then my good and my destruction were knotted into one with the common good; for every reason then, it was now my promise that I should take great pains about their well-being and good governance and management, and thereabout bear close concern. Gustavus Adolphus inherited three wars from his father when he ascended
1012-412: A shot to the neck that made it hard to control. In the mix of fog and smoke from the burning town of Lützen the king rode astray behind enemy lines. There he sustained yet another shot in the back, was stabbed and fell from his horse. Lying on the ground, he received a final, fatal shot to the temple. His fate remained unknown for some time. However, when the gunnery paused and the smoke cleared, his horse
SECTION 10
#17327718515901104-546: A six-roundtrip operation to Kapellskär (Sweden) for passengers, and a Cargo and Navirail operation to and from Hanko (Finland). The old Soviet 'Pentagon' building has been demolished at some point between 2006 and 2009 to make way for a large and modern logistics park. The Pakri wind farm is located in Paldiski at the tip of the Pakri peninsula near the old lighthouse . It consists of eight wind turbines of type Nordex N-90, and generates 18.4 MW of clean electricity, when
1196-555: A survey of the coasts of the new territories to identify potential locations for building new ports. The survey determined that Rågervik Bay (modern Paldiski Bay) was the only suitable place on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland for constructing a new warship port, despite having major drawbacks. Due to this, it was decided to temporarily utilize the already existing port in Reval instead, which also had major drawbacks. Dissatisfied with
1288-520: A threat in the manifesto had never reached more than a quarter of the size of the Swedish fleet. Moreover, it was never maintained to challenge Sweden but to face the separatist Netherlands. So if ruling the Baltic Sea was a goal of Swedish strategy, the conquests in Germany were not a defensive war but an act of expansion. From Swedish Finland, Gustavus Adolphus advanced along the Baltic Sea coast and eventually to Augsburg and Munich and he even urged
1380-410: A valuable firearm could be kept in the firing line. His infantrymen and gunners were taught to ride, if needed. Napoleon thought highly of the achievement and copied the tactics. However, recent historians have challenged his reputation. B. H. Liddell Hart says it is an exaggeration to credit him with a uniquely disciplined conscript army, or call his the first military state to fight a protracted war on
1472-496: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gustavus Adolphus Gustavus Adolphus (9 December [ N.S 19 December] 1594 – 6 November [ N.S 16 November] 1632), also known in English as Gustav II Adolf or Gustav II Adolph , was King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632, and is credited with the rise of Sweden as a great European power ( Swedish : Stormaktstiden ). During his reign, Sweden became one of
1564-456: Is dedicated to St Nicholas. Although closed for some years, this church has now reopened, with services held every Sunday at lunchtime. There are also a Pentecostal church, a Methodist church, and an Orthodox church. Paldiski is served by Paldiski railway station , a terminus station on the Elron rail line between Tallinn and Paldiski, providing a convenient link to the capital city. As part of
1656-521: Is derived from the Swedish name for the Pakri islands , Rågöarna . A small port, also named Rågervik, was established on the southern coast of the Pakri Peninsula sometime during the 17th century. This port has also been referred to as Rudewa and Ragövik . When Estonia was conquered by Peter the Great of Russia in 1710s, a new port was built approximately one kilometer north of the old Swedish port, but
1748-535: Is my protector!" However, it is more likely that he simply wore a padded cuirass rather than going into battle wearing no battle protection whatsoever. In 1627, near Dirschau in Prussia, a Polish soldier shot him in the muscles above his shoulders. He survived, but the doctors could not remove the bullet, so from that point on, he could not wear iron armor and two fingers of his right hand were paralyzed. The plate cuirass normally worn by important officers at that time
1840-542: Is widely commemorated by Protestants in Europe as the main defender of their cause during the Thirty Years' War, with multiple churches, foundations and other undertakings named after him. He became a symbol of Swedish pride, and his name is attached to city squares in major Swedish cities like Stockholm , Gothenburg and Helsingborg . Gustavus Adolphus Day is celebrated in Sweden and Finland each year on 6 November,
1932-554: The Battle of Lützen in 1632. His involvement in the Thirty Years' War gave rise to the nickname "the Lion from the North". Historian Ronald S. Love wrote that in 1560–1660 there were "a few innovators, notably Maurice of Nassau and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, whom many scholars credit with revolutionary developments in warfare and with having laid the foundations of military practice for
SECTION 20
#17327718515902024-603: The Confessio Augustana , the core confession of faith of the Lutheran Church , and let himself be praised as its saviour. Yet Gustavus Adolphus's own "manifesto of war" does not mention any religious motivations at all but speaks of political and economic reasons. Sweden would have to maintain its integrity in the face of several provocations and aggressions by the Habsburg Empire. The manifesto
2116-649: The Crimean War , English ships were in Rogerwiek Bay between 23 June and 25 June in 1854, and threatened to bombard the town. By the end of the 18th century, after the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790 , the fortress and garrison had lost their importance and were abandoned, but the garrison was temporarily reestablished several times after that. The town's civilian population had grown significantly, reaching around 500 inhabitants The construction of
2208-760: The House of Vasa and his second wife, Christina of Holstein-Gottorp . At the time, his cousin Sigismund was both King of Sweden and Poland. The Protestant Duke Charles forced the Catholic Sigismund to abandon the throne of Sweden in 1599, part of the preliminary religious strife before the Thirty Years' War , and reigned as regent before taking the throne as Charles IX of Sweden in 1604. Crown Prince Gustav Adolph had Gagnef-Floda in Dalecarlia as
2300-592: The Rhine , making plans for the invasion of the rest of the Holy Roman Empire . In March 1632, Gustavus Adolphus invaded Bavaria , an ally of the Emperor. He forced the withdrawal of his Catholic opponents at the Battle of Rain , marking the high point of the campaign. In the summer of that year, he sought a political solution that would preserve the existing structure of states in Germany, while guaranteeing
2392-653: The Russian armed forces . The aim of the police operation was to contain illegal activities including weapons trade and to restrict the activities of thugs in Paldiski, who behaved like they ran the town. For example, on 9 March 1993, several Russian armed forces officers were detained by Estonian authorities in Tallinn due to an attempt to sell firearms. This operation was not agreed to with the Russian government beforehand and preparations were kept in secrecy. Confusion in Paldiski among Russian military personnel helped to achieve
2484-477: The Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790 , Swedish warships sailing under Dutch flags seized the port for a day and destroyed its artillery batteries. Rogerwiek Bay was blockaded by Swedish and English ships in the fall of 1808 as part of the Finnish War . When the blockade was lifted, Russian ships left for Kronstadt , leading to Baltiiski Port being bombarded by English ships, but little damage caused.As part of
2576-551: The St. Petersburg - Tallinn - Paldiski railway was finished in 1870, with the intent to utilize the ice-free port of Baltiiski to transport goods to St. Petersburg. Due to this, a passenger station, a depot, a water tower, a fire station, a naval school, and warehouses were built. By around 1914, the town had reached around 1300 inhabitants. On 22 June 1912, Russian emperor Nicholas II and German kaiser Wilhelm II met in Baltiiski for
2668-624: The Swiss Confederacy to join him. This was no longer about Baltic interests but the imperial capital of Vienna and the alpine passes that were now in close reach of the Swedish army. Burkhardt points out that the Gothic legacy of the Swedes, coalesced as a political program. The Swedish king was also " Rex Gotorum " ( Latin : King of the Goths ), and the list of kings was traced back to
2760-739: The Treaty of Bärwalde . After Swedish plundering in Brandenburg (1631) endangered the system of retrieving war contributions from occupied territories , "marauding and plundering" by Swedish soldiers was prohibited. Meanwhile, a Catholic army under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly was laying waste to Saxony . Gustavus Adolphus met Tilly's army and won a decisive victory at the First Battle of Breitenfeld in September 1631. He then marched across Germany, establishing his winter quarters near
2852-469: The breakwater between the mainland and Väike-Pakri Island. As part of the preparations, among other things, church, barracks and two piers were built, but relatively little work was actually done. Real work only started in 1723, when the Great Northern War had concluded. Many things were built, including bastions and central rampart for the fortress, an almost 300 meter long breakwater for
Paldiski - Misplaced Pages Continue
2944-432: The collapse of Soviet union , it became permanent, and nuclear material was transported back to Russia in 1994. The reactors were thereafter decommissioned. The reactors were protected with sarcophagus, finished by 2006, in Paldiski as they were potentially dangerous due to the radioactivity. Incidents, when Paldiski was a closed military town under Soviet/Russian jurisdiction, did happen rarely and if something happened, it
3036-452: The "good old Swedish times", which has been attributed to comparisons with the harder times that followed under the Russian rule. On 27 August 1617, his speech before his coronation included the following statement: I had carefully learned to understand, about that experience which I could have upon things of rule, how fortune is failing or great, subject to such rule in common, so that otherwise I would have had scant reason to desire such
3128-452: The Baltic Sea. The final inherited war, the war against Poland , ended in 1629 with the Truce of Altmark , which transferred the large province of Livonia to Sweden and freed the Swedish forces for the subsequent intervention in the Thirty Years' War in Germany, where Swedish forces had already established a bridgehead in 1628. The electorate of Brandenburg was especially torn apart by
3220-705: The GAW headquarters in Leipzig on the 400th birthday of Gustavus Adolphus, in 1994. The Columbia Encyclopedia sums up his record: The German Socialist Franz Mehring wrote a biography of Gustavus Adolphus with a Marxist perspective on the actions of the Swedish king during the Thirty Years' War. In it, he makes a case that the war was fought over economics and trade rather than religion. The Swedes discovered huge deposits of copper, which were used to build brass cannon. The cottage-industrial growth stimulated an armaments industry. In his book "Ofredsår" ("Years of Warfare"),
3312-622: The Gothic rulers to construct continuity. Prior to his embarkment to northern Germany, Gustavus urged the Swedish nobility to follow the example of conquests set by their Gothic ancestors. Had he lived longer, it would have been likely that Gustavus had reached out for the imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire. The Swedish composer Franz Berwald composed the choral work Gustaf Adolph den stores seger och död vid Lützen ( Gustav Adolf
3404-586: The Great was later going to establish his port by the same name. Peter the Great , on behalf of Russia , entered the Great Northern War against Sweden in 1700 with the aim of restoring Russia's access to the Baltic Sea , which it had previously lost. He began building a fleet on the Baltic Sea in 1702, established Saint Petersburg in 1703, and by 1710, he had gained full control over Estonia and Livonia . Upon assuming control, Peter ordered
3496-474: The Great", or Gustav Adolf den Store in Swedish , the only Swedish monarch to be so honoured. As those Vasa princes who descended from deposed monarchs were excluded from the throne and Gustavus Adolphus's younger brother had died ten years before, his young daughter Christina became his successor, with Maria Eleonora and other ministers governing on her behalf. He left one other known child, his illegitimate son Gustav, Count of Vasaborg . Gustavus Adolphus
3588-440: The Great's Victory and Death near Lützen ) in 1845. He is also the protagonist of Max Bruch 's 1898 choral work Gustav Adolf . He is also a significant supporting character in the best-selling alternate history book series, 1632 , written by American author Eric Flint (first published in 2000). The song "The Lion from the North" from the album Carolus Rex , released in 2012 by Swedish power metal band Sabaton ,
3680-618: The Soviet occupation. However, upon Estonia's restoration of independence, it subsequently diminished in significance once again. The town is home to the terminus of the Tallinn-Paldiski railway line and serves as the administrative center of Lääne-Harju Parish in Harju County . As of 1 January 2021, the town had a population of 3542. The first known name of Paldiski Bay is Rågervik, meaning "rye island bay" in Swedish, and
3772-401: The Swedish historian and author Peter Englund argues that there was probably no single all-important reason for the king's decision to go to war. Instead, it was likely a combination of religious, security, as well as economic considerations. This view is supported by German historian Johannes Burkhardt, who writes that Gustavus entered the 30 Years War exactly 100 years after the publication of
Paldiski - Misplaced Pages Continue
3864-494: The Thirty Years' War . Gustavus Adolphus intervened on the anti-Imperial side, which at the time was losing to the Holy Roman Empire and its Catholic allies; the Swedish forces would quickly reverse that situation. Gustavus Adolphus was married to Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg , the daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg , and chose the Prussian city of Elbing as the base for his operations in Germany. He died in
3956-650: The aid of other churches and commemorates Gustavus' legacy. It is responsible for taking care of the Diaspora work of the EKD and has separate branches internationally. The organization in Austria is called the Gustav-Adolf-Verein. The project of forming such a society was first broached in connection with the bicentennial celebration of the Battle of Lützen on 6 November 1832. A proposal to collect funds for
4048-533: The assassin was named as Prince Francis Albert of Saxe-Lauenburg [ de ] , who was next to the king on the occasion and was thought to be acting on behalf of the enemy. When King Charles XII of Sweden was shown purported evidence in 1707 he dismissed the theory out of doubt that "any prince could be so ungrateful" . In February 1633, the Riksdag of the Estates gave him the title "Gustavus Adolphus
4140-533: The beginning of his reign. In a round of this dynastic dispute, Gustavus Adolphus invaded Livonia when he was 31, beginning the Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) . In the course of it he won a victory at Wallhof , fought at Gniew , Dirschau , and suffered a defeat at Trzciana . His reign became known from his actions a few years later when, in June 1630, he landed in Germany, marking the Swedish intervention in
4232-568: The city had not enough Estonian citizens, and Paldiski was then subordinated to Keila until 30 October 1996. Located some 45 km west of Tallinn , Paldiski was then made a municipality within Harju County . Derelict Soviet-style apartment buildings made up much of the town, and the relics of military bases were widespread. The significant portion of the town's residents are ethnic Russians, originally from other parts of Soviet Union and were relocated to Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet policy . The ferry company Tallink operates
4324-626: The commoners. He also encouraged education, opening a school in Tallinn in 1631, today known as Gustav Adolf Grammar School ( Estonian : Gustav Adolfi Gümnaasium ). On 30 June 1632, Gustavus Adolphus signed the decree for the foundation of Academia Dorpatensis in Estonia, today known as the University of Tartu . Despite significant hardships for the common people, the period of Swedish rule over Estonia has been idealized in local folklore as
4416-447: The continent. He argues that he improved existing techniques and used them brilliantly. Richard Brzezinski says his legendary status was based on inaccurate myths created by later historians. Many of his innovations were developed by his senior staff. Gustavus Adolphus' politics also show progressive tendencies: for example, in 1631, in the conquered territory of Estonia he forced the local nobility into granting more individual rights to
4508-559: The day the king died at Lützen. One of the traditions on this day is the Gustavus Adolphus pastry . In Finland, the day is also celebrated as "Swedish heritage day". Gustavus Adolphus College , a Lutheran college in St. Peter, Minnesota , is also named for him. The Gustav-Adolf-Werk (GAW) of the Evangelical Church in Germany , founded on the bicentennial celebration of the Battle of Lützen , has as its object
4600-485: The early 1990s. Soviet naval base headquarters was located in Paldiski. During World War II , Germans occupied town 28 August 1941 and left 1944. During the retreat, most of the town was burnt down, only 20 buildings survived. In 1962, Paldiski became a Soviet Navy nuclear submarine training centre. The training center had whole soviet nuclear submarine constructed by complete sections for naval personnel training purposes. The training center, known by locals as Pentagon,
4692-533: The first time into the Renaissance battlefield. These were grouped in batteries supporting his more linearly deployed formations, replacing the cumbersome and unmaneuverable traditional deep squares (such as the Spanish tercios that were up to 50 ranks deep) used in other pike and shot armies of the day. In consequence, his forces could redeploy and reconfigure very rapidly, confounding his enemies. He created
SECTION 50
#17327718515904784-495: The goals of the operation. Operation had a shock effect on the criminal element as per Jüri Liim. On 21 April 1993, there were half a dozen Estonian police officers and Estonian border service personnel. The amenities in Paldiski include three grocery stores, a pizza place, a tavern, and a café. The housing blocks in the town do not all appear dilapidated and abandoned, and several have been refitted and re-painted in recent years. There are also several new apartment buildings, and
4876-489: The green areas along with children's parks have been restored. The Logistics Battalion of the Estonian Defense Forces is stationed in Paldiski. The Pakri Science and Industrial Park with its 60 hectare Pakri Smart Industrial City lies within the limits of the city. On 20 July 1718, Peter the Great of Russia ceremoniously initiated the construction of the breakwater between Väike-Pakri island and
4968-415: The lack of a suitable warship port on the southern shore of the gulf and near the open sea, Peter the Great personally began searching for the ideal location of the port. On July 23, 1715, he decided that the new port was going to be built on the shores of Rågervik Bay. Preparatory work finally started on 20 July 1718, when Peter the Great of Russia ceremoniously initiated the construction of the fortress and
5060-564: The lands of the Padise monastery, including Suur-Pakri Island, to Thomas von Ramm, the former bürgermeister of Riga . Additionally, Thomas von Ramm purchased Väike-Pakri Island from Keila Manor in 1628. Von Ramms kept the ownership of both islands and the Padise Manor until Estonia became independent. The Swedish port of Rågervik was established sometime during the 17th century, being located approximately one kilometer south of where Peter
5152-481: The last time before going to war with each other two years later, as part of World War I . Only one Russian warship was destroyed in the bay as part of the war. During one shelling by the Germans, 20 houses were destroyed and 10 people died. Germans also tried to bomb the town from a zeppelin but failed. Near the end of the war, Russia started building fortifications around the town and established artillery batteries at
5244-457: The long-lasting project of fortifying the port. Münnich presented his plan in 1763, but it was deemed too grandiose and also less important than the port in Kronstadt . Ultimately, no new construction works began, only existing projects were to be worked on. Münnich died in 1767. On 18 November 1768, Catherine the Great ordered for works to be stopped. At this time, the breakwater on the mainland
5336-441: The mainland during the Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743 . In 1746, Elizabeth of Russia ordered for works to be continued, but ultimately nothing came of it. Some works on the port and the breakwater continued in 1751 and 1753, respectively. On 20 August 1762, Catherine the Great of Russia gave orders to rename Rogerwiek to Baltiiski Port. She also tasked Burkhard Christoph von Münnich , a known fortification expert, with finishing
5428-431: The mainland, which was never fully completed. Nowadays, Paldiski commemorates this event by celebrating its birthday on July 20th. Paldiski received town rights on 3 July 1783. Paldiski has two schools: Paldiski Gümnaasium and Vene Gümnaasium (Russian Gymnasium). In addition, there is a private pre-school facility, called Paladski Beebi Maja. There are several churches in town. The Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church
5520-484: The modern Swedish Navy , which transported troops and supplies to the Continental battlefront. Carl von Clausewitz and Napoleon Bonaparte considered him one of the greatest generals of all time, an evaluation agreed with by George S. Patton and others. He was also renowned for his constancy of purpose and the equality of his troops—no one part of his armies was considered better or received preferred treatment, as
5612-481: The name of the Baltic Sea , on which the port resides. The name of the bay, however, remained unchanged as Рогэвикъ . The modern, phonetically spelled Estonian name Paldiski first appeared in literature during the first half of the 19th century. However, it only became the official name on 19 June 1933. Prior to that, the official name of the town in Estonian was Baltiski. The bay was also renamed Paldiski Bay around
SECTION 60
#17327718515905704-465: The name remained virtually unchanged, except for being transliterated into Russian as Ро́гервик . Additionally, it was known as Rogerwiek in German. On 20 August 1762, Catherine the Great of Russia gave orders to rename Rågervik to Baltiiski Port ( Russian : Балтійскій Порт , Estonian : Baltiski sadam German : Baltisch-Port , French : Port Baltique ). This name is directly derived from
5796-489: The next hundred years ( see Swedish Empire ). He is also the only Swedish monarch to be styled " the Great ". This decision was made by the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates in 1634, making him officially called Gustavus Adolphus the Great ( Gustavus Adolphus Magnus ). Gustavus Adolphus was the main figure responsible for the success of Swedish arms during the Thirty Years' War and led his nation to great prestige. As
5888-429: The next two centuries." Scholars consider him an extremely able military commander. His integration of infantry, cavalry, logistics, and particularly his use of artillery, earned him the title of the "Father of Modern Warfare". Future commanders who studied and admired Gustavus Adolphus include Napoleon I of France and Carl von Clausewitz . His advancements in warfare helped make Sweden the dominant Baltic power for
5980-443: The north-eastern coast of the peninsula, Leetse village was first mentioned in 1561, and the manor was established in 1677. Sometime during the 19th century, the village directly to the west of the manor, in the interior of the peninsula, that previously had been referred to as Perraste , Paresta and Pärast , was renamed Leetse village. Pallaste village was first mentioned in 1582, with the manor being established in 1802. The manor
6072-554: The population, so that the central government could more efficiently tax and conscript the people. He is also widely commemorated by Protestants in Europe as the main defender of their cause during the Thirty Years' War, with multiple churches, foundations and other undertakings named after him, including the Gustav-Adolf-Werk . Gustavus Adolphus was born in Stockholm on 9 December 1594, eldest son of Duke Charles of
6164-613: The port, and a lighthouse at the tip of the peninsula. There were also plans to build a fortress on the Väike-Pakri Island, right across the bay from the mainland fortress, but these plans were ultimately abandoned, when Peter the Great died in January 1725. Works on the mainland slowed down significantly, and were completely halted by 1731. Two artillery batteries were finished on the mainland in 1726 and at least one on Väike-Pakri in 1731. Two additional batteries being built on
6256-512: The primary military forces in Europe during the Thirty Years' War , helping to determine the political and religious balance of power in Europe. He was formally and posthumously given the name Gustavus Adolphus the Great (Swedish: Gustav Adolf den store ; Latin : Gustavus Adolphus Magnus ) by the Riksdag of the Estates in 1634. He is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in modern history, with use of an early form of combined arms . His most notable military victory
6348-465: The reform of Maurice of Nassau , he adopted much shallower infantry formations than were common in the pike and shot armies of the era, with formations typically fighting in 5 or 6 ranks, occasionally supported at some distance by another such formation—the gaps being the provinces of the artillery and cavalry as noted above. His artillery were themselves different—in addition to the usual complements of heavy cannon, he introduced light mobile guns for
6440-485: The same time. Laoküla village , situated just south-east of Paldiski, was first mentioned in the Danish Census Book in 1241 as Laiduscæ . It was a part of the ancient Keila parish and had a size of 18 oxgangs. The Pakri Islands , situated just off the coast of the current town, were first mentioned in 1283 as insula Rogoy , meaning "the rye island", but it is unknown if the islands had any inhabitants at
6532-543: The security of its Protestants. But achieving these objectives depended on his continued success on the battlefield. Some other military actions in the Thirty Years' War with Gustavus at the head were: the victorious battles of Frankfurt an der Oder and Werben , the botched Siege of Nuremberg , the Battle of Fürth , and the unfavourable Battle of the Alte Veste . Gustavus Adolphus is reported to have entered battle without wearing any armor, proclaiming, "The Lord God
6624-401: The target, the flight routes were often over Paldiski and this led to few incidents. Once a live bomb fell by accident to the local kindergartens cabbage field. Fortunately the bomb malfunctioned and caused no damage. On another occasion, a bomb fell by accident 15 meters from the working nuclear reactors. This bomb also malfunctioned and did not explode. After Estonia restored its independence,
6716-455: The territory of modern mainland Paldiski are about Pakri village from 1377, which was situated on the eastern edge of the modern administrative border of Paldiski, in the middle of the peninsula. In Estonian, Pakri Peninsula and Pakri Islands are named after this village. Väike-Pakri was first mentioned in 1425. The island was likely settled by Laoküla Swedes, as both were a part of Keila Manor. Pakri Peninsula also belonged to Keila Manor. On
6808-464: The throne: against Denmark–Norway , which had attacked Sweden earlier in 1611; against Russia, due to Sweden having tried to take advantage of the Russian Time of Troubles ; and against Poland-Lithuania , due to King Charles's having deposed King Sigismund III, his nephew, as King of Sweden. The war against Denmark–Norway ( Kalmar War ), during which Gustavus fought in minor military actions, —
6900-631: The time or which island was referred to. However, in 1345, Suur-Pakri Island, belonging to Padise Monastery, and some territories in Laoküla, belonging to Keila Manor, were sold to Swedish settlers. It is speculated that the sales happened as a result of the Saint George's Night Uprising of 1343, to shield the coast from rebellious Estonians . It is also speculated that some of the settlers were from Uusimaa , as Padise Monastery owned territories there. The first written records of human activity on
6992-414: The tip of the peninsula. After the war, Russian and German prisoners of war were exchanged through the port. As Estonia became independent in 1918, the importance of Baltiiski Port significantly decreased, with the main economic activities now being fishing and fish processing. In the 1930s, marble from Vasalemma began to be transported to Sweden through the port. On 19 June 1933, the official name of
7084-589: The town became Paldiski. Before that, Baltiski and Paldiski were used in parallel. In 1939, the Soviet Union built a naval base in Paldiski, under the Bases Treaty it forced on Estonia. In 1940, the whole population of Paldiski and the Pakri Islands were forcibly relocated and replaced by Soviet military personnel. Under the soviets, the settlement became a closed town and stayed that way until
7176-419: The town's redevelopment, this once near-derelict station has been renovated and painted in bright yellow and white colours. A great deal of investment has been put into the two ports and their facilities with a number of new berths having been created. From Paldiski Southern Port, Transfennica runs a number of ships to the port from Hanko (Finland) and Lübeck (Germany). From Paldiski Northern Port, DFDS runs
7268-673: The victorious for Sweden Storming of Kristianopel and the unsuccessful Battle of Vittsjö , — was concluded in 1613 with a peace that did not cost Sweden any territory except for Älvsborg Castle, which Sweden had to pay to get back , but it was forced to pay a heavy indemnity to Denmark–Norway ( Treaty of Knäred ). During this war, Gustavus Adolphus let his soldiers plunder towns and villages, and as he met little resistance from Danish forces in Scania , they pillaged and devastated twenty-four Scanian parishes. His memory in Scania has been negative because of that fear. The largest destroyed settlement
7360-941: The wind matches the parameters of the turbines. Since 2007 Pakri Smart Industrial City is developing a 75MW renewable power network, combined with its own Pakri Smart Grid. A 550 MW / 6 GWh (12-hour) pumped-storage hydroelectricity plant is scheduled for 2028. Populated places in Estonia Populated places in Estonia (officially: settlement units ), are cities or settlement units of rural municipalities , but only cities have administrative functions. Settlement units are divided into settlements and urban regions (subdivisions of cities). Officially there are four types of settlement unit in Estonia: As of 2024, there were 47 cities, 13 towns, 186 hamlets and 4457 villages in Estonia. This Estonia -related article
7452-506: Was 400 meters long, with the breakwater on Väike-Pakri being 100 meters long. The port was 447 meters by 1067 meters in size. Baltiiski Port received town rights on 3 July 1783 being the center of the Baltiiski Kreis that existed between 1783 and 1796. Between 1787 and 1820, Baltiiski Port also held the status of a county town, which resulted in a court and other governmental institutions being established. On 6 March 1790, during
7544-465: Was classified. At the time Jüri Liim , first member of Supreme council and later expert of Estonian Ministry of Defense and Estonian government special representative in Paldiski, had an undercover and secret access to the closed city. As per his testimony, the Pakri Islands just next to Paldiski were the practice bombing targets for Soviet air force, including the soviet nuclear bombers. There
7636-444: Was common in other armies where the cavalry were the elite, followed by the artillery, and both disdained the lowly infantry. In Gustavus Adolphus's' army the units were extensively cross-trained. Both cavalry and infantry could service the artillery, as his heavy cavalry did when turning captured artillery on the opposing Catholic tercios at First Breitenfeld . Pikemen could shoot—if not as accurately as those designated musketeers—so
7728-422: Was demolished largely by 2007 Employing some 16,000 people, and with two land-based nuclear reactors (at 70 MW and 90 MW power, respectively), it was the largest such facility in the Soviet Union . In total Soviet navy used the facilities 27 years. Because of its importance, the whole city was closed off with barbed wire until the Russian military base was finally closed on 31 August 1994. Paldiski nuclear centre
7820-486: Was handed by Russians to Estonian authorities on 30 September 1995. This followed the events of 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed and Estonia regained independence. To house the stationing troops and those in training, many barracks buildings were built, which have since been left in disrepair. Russia relinquished control of reactor facilities in September 1995; the nuclear reactors were shut down in 1989, first on temporary basis because of Chernobyl accident and due to
7912-466: Was located 1.5 kilometers north-east of the port. Ohtra village, just south of Pakri village, had existed since at least the end of the 17th century. There are reports of severe Russian raids and looting in the area from around 1576–1580, which were repeated by the Polish around the years 1601 and 1611. This led to a significant loss of population in the area. In 1622, Gustav II Adolf of Sweden granted
8004-411: Was no actual nuclear bombs used but bombs that were in similar weight and size category. Sometimes when the real combat bombs were used, the small earthquakes created from it could be felt in Paldiski and at the nuclear reactors. The personnel working at the site were concerned about potential cracks or other issues with the reactor due to this shaking. When approaching the Pakri Islands or leaving from
8096-481: Was replaced by a buff coat made of moose hide, which would have serious consequences later. On 6 November 1632, Gustavus Adolphus encountered the Imperial Army under Albrecht von Wallenstein at Lützen , in what would prove to be one of the most significant battles of the Thirty Years' War. Gustavus Adolphus was killed when, at a crucial point in the battle, he became separated from his troops while leading
8188-433: Was spotted between the two lines, Gustavus Adolphus himself not on it and nowhere to be seen. His disappearance stopped the initiative of the hitherto successful Swedish right wing, while a search was conducted. His partly stripped body was found an hour or two later, and evacuated from the field in a Swedish artillery wagon. As late as the 19th century several stories were retold about Gustav Adolphus's death. In most of them
8280-601: Was the Battle of Breitenfeld in 1631. With his resources, logistics, and support, Gustavus Adolphus was positioned to become a major European leader, but he was killed a year later at the Battle of Lützen . He was assisted in his efforts by Count Axel Oxenstierna , the Lord High Chancellor of Sweden , who also acted as regent after his death. Coming to the throne at the age of 16, Gustavus Adolphus inherited three wars from his father Charles IX of Sweden : border conflicts with Russia and Denmark–Norway , and
8372-564: Was the Town Væ , which two years later was replaced by Danish–Norwegian King Christian IV as the nearby Christiansted (after the Swedification process, spelled Kristianstad), the last Scanian town to be founded by a Danish king. The war against Russia ( Ingrian War ) marked Gustavus' involvement in the successful Siege of Gdov and the failed Siege of Pskov and ended in 1617 with the Treaty of Stolbovo , which excluded Russia from
8464-477: Was written by scholar Johann Adler Salvius in a style common of the time that promotes a "just war". Burkhardt argues that traditional Swedish historiography constructed a defensive interest in security out of that by taking the manifesto's text for granted. But to defend Stockholm, the occupation of the German Baltic territories would have been an extreme advance and the imperial Baltic Sea fleet mentioned as
#589410