The Citarum River (more correctly called the Tarum River, as the prefix "Ci" simply means "river") ( Sundanese : Walungan Citarum ) is the longest and largest river in West Java , Indonesia . It is the third longest river in Java , after Bengawan Solo and Brantas . It plays an important role in the life of the people of West Java. It has been noted for being considered one of the most polluted rivers in the world.
146-541: In Indonesian history , the Citarum is linked with the 4th-century Tarumanagara kingdom, as the kingdom and the river shared the same etymology, derived from the word "tarum" ( Sundanese for indigo plant ). The earlier 4th-century BCE prehistoric Buni clay pottery-making culture flourished near the river's mouth. Stone inscriptions, Chinese sources, and archaeological sites such as Batujaya and Cibuaya suggest that human habitation and civilization flourished in and around
292-501: A big tent government, and by former Singaporean foreign minister George Yeo as "democracy with Javanese characteristics". Following his reelection in 2019, a number of prominent politicians began floating the idea of amending the constitution to permit Jokowi to run for a third term in 2024. Key cabinet members voicing their support for a term limit extension included Coordinating Ministers Airlangga Hartarto and Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan . The proposal became more prominent following
438-589: A bitter armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure the Dutch formally recognised Indonesian independence. An attempted coup in 1965 led to a violent army-led anti-communist purge in which over half a million people were killed. General Suharto politically outmanoeuvred President Sukarno, and became president in March 1968. His New Order administration garnered
584-549: A 7-km city walk with a 3-meter wide pedestrian walkway along Surakarta's main street, revitalising the Balekambang and Sriwedari parks, employing stricter regulations on cutting down trees along the city's main streets, rebranding the city as a centre of Javanese culture and tourism under the tagline "The Spirit of Java", promoting the city as a centre for meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions (MICE), launching healthcare and education insurance program for all residents,
730-570: A Constitutional Court lawsuit but was rejected in its entirety. Despite vowing not to give government positions simply to political allies during the 2014 campaign, many members of political parties received ministerial positions in Jokowi's first cabinet. The first year of Jokowi's administration saw him controlling a minority government until Golkar , the second-largest party in the People's Representative Council (DPR), switched from opposition to
876-408: A billion was allocated. Between 2015 and 2018, IDR 187 trillion (US$ 14 billion) had been reallocated through the program. The administration has targeted to streamline land certification across the country, aiming to distribute certificates of land ownership across the country completely. It involved increasing the issuing rate of certificates from around 500,000 to several million annually. In 2016,
1022-687: A canal that changed the course of the Cakung River, and drained a coastal area for agriculture and settlement purpose. In his stone inscriptions, Purnawarman associated himself with Vishnu , and Brahmins ritually secured the hydraulic project. Around the same period, in the 6th to 7th centuries (501–700 CE), the Kalingga Kingdom was established in Central Java northern coast, mentioned in Chinese account. The name of this kingdom
1168-527: A diversity of cultures , ethnicities , and languages . The archipelago's landforms and climate significantly influenced agriculture and trade, and the formation of states. The boundaries of the state of Indonesia match the 20th-century borders of the Dutch East Indies . Fossilised remains of Homo erectus , popularly known as " Java Man ", and their tools suggest the Indonesian archipelago
1314-592: A former defence minister and chief justice of the Constitutional Court . In a surprise move, Jokowi announced that Ma'ruf Amin would be his running mate. Mahfud had reportedly been preparing for the vice-presidential candidacy. Ma'ruf was selected instead following a push by several constituent parties of Jokowi's governing coalition and influential Islamic figures. Explaining his decision, Jokowi referred to Ma'ruf's extensive experience in government and religious affairs. The KPU officially announced that
1460-747: A kingdom with a capital called Nagapuram. The earliest archaeological relic discovered in Indonesia is from the Ujung Kulon National Park, West Java, where an early Hindu statue of Ganesha estimated from the 1st century CE was found on the summit of Mount Raksa in Panaitan island. There is also archaeological evidence of Sunda Kingdom in West Java dating from the 2nd-century, and Jiwa Temple in Batujaya , Karawang, West Java
1606-569: A larger share of the commercial trade that passed through the archipelago. About the time Majapahit was founded, Muslim traders and proselytisers began entering the area. After its peak in the 14th century, Majapahit power began to decline and was unable to control the rising power of the Sultanate of Malacca . Dates for the end of the Majapahit Empire range from 1478 to 1520. A large number of courtiers, artisans, priests, and members of
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#17327762489631752-434: A legislator-issued bill which arranged for indirect elections). Jokowi supported the direct regional elections and opposed attempts to revoke the regulation, stating that "direct regional elections was, in principle, non-negotiable". Within the first three years of his administration, Jokowi issued four such Perppu . Jokowi's government, including parties which opposed him during presidential elections, have been described as
1898-492: A local bus rapid transit system named Batik Solo Trans and a Solo Techno Park, which helped support the Esemka Indonesian car project. It was during his tenure as mayor that he conducted the blusukan , an impromptu visit to specific areas to listen to people's issues, which proved popular later in his political career. He also prohibited his family members from bidding for city projects, therefore suppressing
2044-411: A merger of old ministries, in addition to renaming and reorganisation of other ministries. He conducted a total of three cabinet reshuffles until 2018, removing ministers such as Rizal Ramli and Bambang Brodjonegoro while including ministers such as Luhut and World Bank Director Sri Mulyani Indrawati . Another reshuffle occurred in December 2020, replacing six ministers including two apprehended by
2190-469: A minimum age of 45,500 years old, which makes it the earliest known representational work of art in the world. On July 3, 2024, the journal Nature published research findings indicating that the cave paintings which depict anthropomorphic figures interacting with a pig and measure 36 by 15 inches (91 by 38 cm) in Leang Karampuang are approximately 51,200 years old, establishing them as
2336-486: A move aimed to cut imports, oil companies operating in Indonesia were ordered to sell their crude oil to state-owned Pertamina . A ban was also enforced on the exports of raw nickel ore, intended to help promote the development of local nickel-related industries such as smelters and battery factories. The policy was further extended, with export bans of unprocessed copper, tin, bauxite and gold ores expected to come into force in mid 2023. Infrastructure development has been
2482-662: A nation with over 270 million people, is known for its diversity and multiculturalism, rooted in its rich history. Despite facing challenges such as political instability and economic crises, Indonesia has continued to develop its economy and plays a significant role in the Southeast Asian region. The country has also made notable contributions to global art, music, and cuisine. In 2007, an analysis of cut marks on two bovid bones found in Sangiran , showed them to have been made 1.5 to 1.6 million years ago by clamshell tools. This
2628-590: A number of Indonesian words which reflect Portuguese's role as the lingua franca of the archipelago alongside Malay ; and many family names in eastern Indonesia such as da Costa, Dias, de Fretes, Gonsalves, etc. The most significant impacts of the Portuguese arrival were the disruption and disorganisation of the trade network mostly as a result of their conquest of Malacca , and the first significant plantings of Christianity in Indonesia. There have continued to be Christian communities in eastern Indonesia through to
2774-523: A plan to regulate health charges for treatment for over 20,000 services and procedures. The program was criticised for confusion over details of the implementation and long queues, though Jokowi defended it and counselled patience. In education, Jokowi launched the 'Smart Jakarta Card' ( Kartu Jakarta Pintar , KJP) on 1 December 2012 to help needy students. It gives an allowance that can be withdrawn from ATMs for buying school needs such as books and uniforms. His administration's other notable policies include
2920-459: A regional autonomy program, the secession of East Timor , and the first direct presidential election in 2004 . Political instability, social unrest, corruption, natural disasters, and terrorism remained problems in the 2000s, but the economy has performed strongly since 2007. Although relations between different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problems in some areas. Today, Indonesia,
3066-548: A ruling which created a loophole for the minimum age requirement of presidential and vice-presidential candidates, hence allowing Jokowi's son Gibran Rakabuming Raka to run as Prabowo's running mate in 2024. Usman was later reprimanded by a judicial panel for the decision and was made to step down as Chief Justice. On 12 February 2024, investigative journalist Dandhy Laksono released a documentary on YouTube directed by him, titled Dirty Vote , alleging that Jokowi used state funds to support Prabowo's campaign. Prabowo ultimately won
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#17327762489633212-515: A series of human migrations and contacts, wars and conquests, as well as by trade, economics and politics. Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17,000 to 18,000 islands stretching along the equator in Southeast Asia . The country's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade; trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history. The area of Indonesia is populated by peoples of various migrations, creating
3358-473: A significant feature of the Jokowi administration, focusing on road and railway expansion, seaports and airports development, and irrigation. In 2016, the state budget allocated Rp 290 trillion (US$ 22 billion) for infrastructure, the biggest in Indonesian history. In total, his administration planned 265 infrastructure projects starting in 2016. In September 2015, Indonesia awarded a $ 5.5 billion high-speed rail project to China, to Japan's disappointment, which
3504-560: A smear campaign after declaring his intention to run for the governorship of Jakarta . A group calling itself Save Solo, Save Jakarta and Save Indonesia Team (TS3) reported him to the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) for allegedly having facilitated misuse of education funds by his subordinates in Surakarta in 2010. The KPK investigated the allegation, found it was based on false data and said there
3650-462: A system of bureaucratic recruitment called lelang jabatan (literally 'auction of office position'), giving every civil servant the same opportunity to achieve a certain position by fulfilling the required qualifications, regulation of the chaotic agglomeration of street vendors in Pasar Minggu and Pasar Tanah Abang, the dredging and reservoir normalisation projects to reduce flooding, and
3796-619: A way to Asia to cut out Muslim merchants who, with their Venetian outlet in the Mediterranean , monopolised spice imports to Europe. Astronomically priced at the time, spices were highly coveted not only to preserve and make poorly preserved meat palatable, but also as medicines and magic potions. The arrival of Europeans in South East Asia is often regarded as the watershed moment in its history. Other scholars consider this view untenable, arguing that European influence during
3942-518: Is heavily polluted by human activity ; about five million people live in its basin (the drainage area covers 6,929 km). Textile factories in Bandung and Cimahi were major toxic waste contributors. More than 2,000 industries contaminate 5,020 sq miles of the river with lead , mercury , arsenic , and other toxins . According to the documentary Green Warriors Indonesia by Martin Boudot , some of
4088-651: Is January, with an average of 668 mm of rainfall, and the driest month is September, with 14 mm of rainfall. Three hydroelectric powerplant dams are installed along the Citarum: Saguling , Cirata , and Ir. H. Djuanda ( Jatiluhur ), all supplying the electricity for the Bandung and Greater Jakarta areas. The waters from these dams are also used to irrigate vast rice paddies in Karawang and Bekasi areas, making northern West Java lowlands one of
4234-488: Is also vying for the project. Indonesia's transportation ministry laid out a litany of shortcomings in plans for the project, casting doubt on the project and spotlighting Jokowi's limits in turning mega-projects into reality as he tries to draw foreign investors. Other significant projects include the completion of the 4,325-kilometre Trans Papua road and the Trans-Java Toll Road , initial construction of
4380-487: Is an Indonesian politician and businessman who served as the seventh president of Indonesia from 2014 to 2024. Previously a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), he was the country's first president to not emerge from the country's political or military elite. He previously served as governor of Jakarta from 2012 to 2014 and mayor of Surakarta from 2005 to 2012. Jokowi
4526-476: Is currently considered the earliest figurative artwork in the world. It portrays several figures hunting wild pigs and dwarf bovids. This rock art was dated to at least 43,900 years ago on the basis of uranium-series analysis of overlying speleothems . A painted hand stencil from Leang Timpuseng, which has a minimum age of 39,900 years, is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world. Discoveries in 2021 revealed that another cave, Leang Tedongnge, has cave art with
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4672-474: Is mentioned. Srivijaya ceased to exist by 1414, when Parameswara , the kingdom's last prince, fled to Temasik, then to Malacca. Later his son converted to Islam and founded the Sultanate of Malacca on the Malay peninsula. Majapahit was the most dominant of Indonesia's pre-Islamic states. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under Gajah Mada it experienced what
4818-477: Is occurring from Mount Wayang through eight regencies and three cities for a distance of 180 kilometers. The target for the first three years is to collect 10.5 million cubic meters of sedimentation. In February 2018, the President of Indonesia Joko Widodo launched a seven-year plan to clean up the whole river to achieve clean drinking-water status, ordering 7,000 regular soldiers to clean up allocated sections of
4964-523: Is often referred to as a golden age in Indonesian history, when its influence extended to much of southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali from about 1293 to around 1500. The founder of the Majapahit Empire, Kertarajasa , was the son-in-law of the ruler of the Singhasari kingdom, also based in Java. After Singhasari drove Srivijaya out of Java in 1290, the rising power of Singhasari came to
5110-435: Is the oldest evidence for the presence of early humans in Indonesia. Fossilised remains of Homo erectus in Indonesia, popularly known as the " Java Man " were first discovered by the Dutch anatomist Eugène Dubois at Trinil in 1891, and are at least 700,000 years old. Other H. erectus fossils of a similar age were found at Sangiran in the 1930s by the anthropologist Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald , who in
5256-525: The 2024 presidential election . He also held meetings with leaders of political parties in his capacity as president. In September 2023, during a public rally, Jokowi stated that he was in possession of intelligence information collected by government agencies (naming BIN and BAIS ) on internal workings of political parties. In October 2023, Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia Anwar Usman (Jokowi's brother-in-law) made
5402-570: The Batak areas of Sumatra, Toraja in Sulawesi, and several islands in Nusa Tenggara . Early Indonesians were animists who honoured the spirits of the dead believing their souls or life force could still help the living. Ideal agricultural conditions, and the mastering of wet-field rice cultivation as early as the 8th century BCE, allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by
5548-933: The Buddhist and Shivaist dynasties. Civil war was unavoidable and the outcome was Mataram Empire divided into two powerful kingdom based on region and religion. The Shivaist dynasty of Mataram kingdom in Java led by Rakai Pikatan and the Buddhist dynasty of Srivijaya kingdom in Sumatra led by Balaputradewa . The hostility between them didn't end until in 1006 when the Sailendran based in Srivijaya kingdom incited rebellion by Wurawari, vassal of Mataram kingdom and sacked Shivaist dynasty's capital in Watugaluh , Java. Srivijaya kingdom rose into undisputed hegemonic Empire in
5694-477: The COVID-19 pandemic , due to disruptions to government programs in his second term. By April 2022, Jokowi explicitly announced that he would not be seeking a third term, and ordered his cabinet to refrain from publicly speaking about a term limit extension or an election delay. While not running for a third term, Jokowi explicitly stated to media outlets that he would not be a neutral actor, and will "meddle" in
5840-598: The Chola Empire of south India was friendly during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I but during the reign of Rajendra Chola I the Chola Empire attacked Srivijaya cities. A series of Chola raids in the 11th century weakened the Srivijayan hegemony and enabled the formation of regional kingdoms based, like Kediri, on intensive agriculture rather than coastal and long-distance trade. Srivijayan influence waned by
5986-399: The Constitutional Court of Indonesia . The law, which revised over 70 previous laws and contained some 1,200 clauses, had been put forward by Jokowi following his 2019 re-election. Several groups had criticised the opaqueness of the government during the deliberation of the law. In the same year, Indonesia hit the lowest inflation level in history and faced the first economic recession since
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6132-552: The Dutch East India Company (VOC) occurred under Krapyak. Dutch activities at the time were limited to trading from limited coastal settlements, so their interactions with the inland Mataram kingdom were limited, although they did form an alliance against Surabaya in 1613. Krapyak died that year. Krapyak was succeeded by his son, who is known simply as Sultan Agung ("Great Sultan ") in Javanese records. Agung
6278-518: The Dutch East Indies under government control. By the early 20th century, Dutch dominance extended to the current boundaries. The Japanese invasion and occupation in 1942–1945 during WWII ended Dutch rule, and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, nationalist leader Sukarno declared independence and became president. The Netherlands tried to reestablish its rule, but
6424-626: The EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products (EUDR), which aims to prevent products linked to deforestation from reaching the EU market. Early in his first term, the opposition coalition within the DPR attempted to revoke a regulation ( Perppu , Government Regulation in Lieu of Acts) issued by Jokowi's predecessor, which had guaranteed the holding of direct regional elections in Indonesia (and overrode
6570-516: The Javanese Mataram kingdom . In 1641, the Dutch captured Malacca from the Portuguese, thus weakened Portuguese position in Asia. The Dutch defeated the Sulawesi city of Makassar in 1667 thus bringing its trade under VOC control. Sumatran ports were also brought under VOC control and the last of the Portuguese were expelled in 1660. In return for monopoly control over the pepper trade and
6716-645: The Kutai Martadipura Kingdom located in present East Kalimantan Province, believed to be the oldest and first Hindu kingdom of Indonesia. One such early kingdom was Tarumanagara , which flourished between 358 and 669 CE. Located in West Java close to modern-day Jakarta , its 5th-century king, Purnawarman , established the earliest known inscriptions in Java , the Ciaruteun inscription located near Bogor . And other inscriptions called
6862-628: The Mahakam River known as the Yupa inscription or "Mulavarman Inscription" believed to be one of the earliest Sanskrit inscriptions of Indonesia , the plinths were written by Brahmins in the Sanskrit language using the Pallava script of India recalling of a generous king by the name of Mulavarman who donated a huge amount of alms to Brahmin priests in his kingdom, the kingdom was known as
7008-685: The Malay Peninsula . Dominating the Malacca and Sunda straits , the empire controlled both the Spice Route traffic and local trade. It remained a formidable sea power until the 13th century. This spread the ethnic Malay culture throughout Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and western Borneo . A stronghold of Mahayana Buddhism , Srivijaya attracted pilgrims and scholars from other parts of Asia. The relation between Srivijaya and
7154-599: The Pasir Awi inscription and the Muncul inscription . On this monument, King Purnawarman inscribed his name and made an imprint of his footprints, as well as his elephant's footprints. The accompanying inscription reads, "Here are the footprints of King Purnavarman, the heroic conqueror of the world". This inscription is written in Pallava script and in Sanskrit and is still clear after 1500 years. Purnawarman apparently built
7300-601: The Srivijaya Empire may have caused the move. The first king of Mataram , Sri Sanjaya , left inscriptions in stone . The monumental Hindu temple of Prambanan in the vicinity of Yogyakarta was built by Pikatan . Dharmawangsa ordered the translation of the Mahabharata into Old Javanese in 996. In the period 750 CE – 850 CE, the kingdom saw the blossoming of classical Javanese art and architecture. A rapid increase in temple construction occurred across
7446-590: The Trans-Sulawesi Railway and the Trans-Sumatra Toll Road , a US$ 50 billion plan to develop the maritime sector including 24 "strategic ports", and expansion of airport capacity in remote areas. The ports' development and modernisation program, dubbed the " Sea Toll Road " program, was aimed to reduce price inequality between the better developed western parts of the country and the less populated eastern parts. In addition to
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#17327762489637592-475: The mayoral race in Surakarta in 2005 with F. X. Hadi Rudyatmo as his running mate, with the support of PDI-P and the National Awakening Party . The pair won 36.62% of the vote against the incumbent Slamet Suryanto and two other candidates. During the campaign, many questioned his background as a property and furniture businessman. However, one academic paper claimed his leadership style
7738-473: The 11th century. The island was in frequent conflict with the Javanese kingdoms, first Singhasari and then Majapahit . Islam eventually made its way to the Aceh region of Sumatra, spreading its influence through contacts with Arabs and Indian traders. By the late 13th century, the kingdom of Pasai in northern Sumatra converted to Islam. The last inscription dates to 1374, where a crown prince, Ananggavarman,
7884-587: The 12th century, Indian culture spread across all of Southeast Asia. References to the Dvipantara or Yawadvipa , a Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra appear in Sanskrit writings from 200 BCE. In India 's earliest epic, the Ramayana , Sugriva , the chief of Rama 's army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa, the island of Java, in search of Sita . According to the ancient Tamil text Manimekalai Java had
8030-516: The 14th and 15th centuries (1301–1500 CE) is not well known due to the scarcity of evidence. By the 15th century (1401–1500 CE), two major states dominated this period; Majapahit in East Java, the greatest of the pre-Islamic Indonesian states, and Malacca on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula , arguably one of the greatest of the Muslim trading empires, this marked the rise of Muslim states in
8176-451: The 1997 Asian Financial crisis. In November 2021, Jokowi promised to end and reverse deforestation in Indonesia by 2030, in the COP26 climate summit 's first major agreement. The European Commission officially approved a measure to phase out palm oil -based biofuels by 2030. During a meeting with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen , Jokowi expressed concern about
8322-612: The 1st century CE. These kingdoms (little more than collections of villages subservient to petty chieftains) evolved with their own ethnic and tribal religions. Java's hot and even temperature, abundant rain and volcanic soil, was perfect for wet rice cultivation. Such agriculture required a well-organized society, in contrast to the society based on dry-field rice , which is a much simpler form of cultivation that does not require an elaborate social structure to support it. Buni culture clay pottery flourished in coastal northern West Java and Banten around 400 BCE to 100 CE. The Buni culture
8468-557: The Banjarsari Gardens without incident, a helpful move in revitalising the functions of the open green space; he emphasised the importance of business firms engaging in community activities; he improved communications with the local community by appearing regularly on local television. As a follow-up of the city's new branding, he applied for Surakarta to become a member of the Organization of World Heritage Cities , which
8614-658: The Constitutional Court rejection over all claims and disputes related to the 2024 presidential election, the PDI-P Honorary Council declared that both Jokowi and Gibran would no longer be PDI-P members, thus, confirming their separation from PDI-P. Despite that, in their termination, Jokowi and Gibran are still allowed to retain their membership card, because the PDI-P still honored them as the sitting/outgoing president and incoming vice president respectively. However, their cards now do not grant them any rights within
8760-416: The Dutch, would not have its greatest impact on Indonesia until the 18th and 19th centuries. Newfound Portuguese expertise in navigation, shipbuilding and weaponry allowed them to make daring expeditions of exploration and expansion. Starting with the first exploratory expeditions sent from newly conquered Malacca in 1512, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in Indonesia, and sought to dominate
8906-550: The Hindu Majapahit kingdom, flourished from the late 13th century, and its influence stretched over much of Indonesia. The earliest evidence of Islamised populations in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra ; other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam , which became the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences. Europeans such as
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#17327762489639052-647: The Indonesian archipelago. Mataram Empire , sometimes referred to as Mataram Kingdom, was an Indianized kingdom based in Central Java around modern-day Yogyakarta between the 8th and 10th centuries. The kingdom was ruled by the Sailendra dynasty, and later by the Sanjaya dynasty . The centre of the kingdom was moved from central Java to East Java by Mpu Sindok . An eruption of the volcano Mount Merapi in 929, and political pressure from Sailendrans based in
9198-401: The Islamic era, the spread of Islam among the inhabitants of the Indonesian archipelago dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra . Although it is known that the spread of Islam began in the west of the archipelago, the fragmentary evidence does not suggest a rolling wave of conversion through adjacent areas; rather, it suggests the process was complicated and slow. The spread of Islam
9344-400: The Joko Widodo-Ma'ruf Amin ticket had won the election in the early hours of 21 May 2019. The official vote tally was 85 million votes for Jokowi (55.50%) and 68 million votes for Prabowo (44.50%). Supporters of Prabowo protested in Jakarta against the result, and it turned into a riot which left eight people dead and over 600 injured. Following the protests, Prabowo's campaign team launched
9490-483: The KPK. He was criticised by PDI-P over perceived policy weaknesses, and PDI-P legislator Effendi Simbolon called for his impeachment. On 9 April 2015, during a PDI-P Congress, party leader Megawati Sukarnoputri referred to Jokowi as a functionary. She noted that presidential candidates are nominated by political parties, hinting that Jokowi owed his position to the party and should carry out its policy line. Several months prior, Megawati and Jokowi had disputed over
9636-421: The Portuguese arrived in Indonesia from the 16th century seeking to monopolise the sources of valuable nutmeg , cloves , and cubeb pepper in Maluku . In 1602, the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company ( Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) and became the dominant European power by 1610. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established
9782-424: The Portuguese presence in Indonesia was reduced to Solor, Flores and Timor in modern-day Nusa Tenggara, following defeat at the hands of indigenous Ternateans and the Dutch in Maluku, and a general failure to maintain control of trade in the region. In comparison with the original Portuguese ambition to dominate Asian trade, their influence on Indonesian culture was small: the romantic keroncong guitar ballads;
9928-510: The Singhasari kingdom was destroyed, turned and forced his Mongol allies to withdraw in confusion. Gajah Mada , a Majapahit prime minister and regent from 1331 to 1364, extended the empire's rule to the surrounding islands. A few years after Gajah Mada's death, the Majapahit navy captured Palembang, putting an end to the Sriwijaya kingdom. Although the Majapahit rulers extended their power over other islands and destroyed neighbouring kingdoms, their focus seems to have been on controlling and gaining
10074-413: The Sultanate of Pajang. According to Javanese records, Kyai Gedhe Pamanahan became the ruler of the Mataram area in the 1570s with the support of the kingdom of Pajang to the east, near the current site of Surakarta (Solo). Pamanahan was often referred to as Kyai Gedhe Mataram after his ascension. Pamanahan's son, Panembahan Senapati , replaced his father on the throne around 1584. Under Senapati
10220-428: The administration signed into law a tax amnesty bill following a lengthy public debate and push back, giving wealthy Indonesians a chance to declare their unreported assets before the government would strengthen rules and oversight around imports and exports. It became the most successful program of its kind in history, with over IDR 4,865 trillion (approximately US$ 366 billion) of previously unreported assets declared to
10366-443: The appointment of a new police chief, with Megawati supporting her former adjutant Budi Gunawan while Jokowi supported Badrodin Haiti . Following his re-election, Jokowi announced his second cabinet on 23 October 2019. He retained several ministers such as Sri Mulyani and Luhut but also included Gojek founder Nadiem Makarim and two-time presidential rival Prabowo Subianto as education and defence ministers, respectively. In
10512-615: The attention of Kublai Khan in China and he sent emissaries demanding tribute. Kertanagara , ruler of the Singhasari kingdom, refused to pay tribute and the Khan sent a punitive expedition which arrived off the coast of Java in 1293. By that time, a rebel from Kediri , Jayakatwang, had killed Kertanagara. The Majapahit founder allied himself with the Mongols against Jayakatwang and, once
10658-487: The authoritarian and corrupt New Order regime, he would have never expected someone with a lower-class background to become president. The New York Times reported him as saying, "now, it's quite similar to America, yeah? There is the American dream , and here we have the Indonesian dream". Jokowi was the first Indonesian president outside the military or the political elite, and the political commentator Salim Said gave
10804-411: The broad electorate. As mayor, he became personally involved in an incident just before Christmas 2011 when the Surakarta municipality had overdue bills of close to $ 1 million (IDR 8.9 billion) owed to the state-owned electricity company Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN). Following its policy of pursuing a more disciplined approach to collecting overdue bills, it imposed a blackout on street lights in
10950-515: The cave paintings is important within human cultural history, as it adds to the view that cave art was created simultaneously in Indonesia and Europe . Francesco d'Errico, an expert in prehistoric art at the University of Bordeaux , described the investigation as a "major archaeological discovery". On 11 December 2019, a team of researchers led by Dr. Maxime Aubert announced the discovery of
11096-504: The city just before Christmas. The city government quickly authorised payment, but in settling the bill, protested that the PLN should consider the public interest before taking such action. To reinforce the point, Jokowi made a highly publicised personal visit to the local PLN office to deliver the IDR 8.9 billion in cash in the form of hundreds of bundles of notes and even small coins. In 2010, he
11242-440: The city's bureaucracy, reducing corruption in the process. He also introduced a universal healthcare program, dredged the city's main river to reduce flooding, and inaugurated the construction of the city's subway system . In 2014, Jokowi was nominated as the PDI-P's candidate in that year's presidential election , choosing Jusuf Kalla as his running mate . Jokowi was elected over his opponent, Prabowo Subianto , who disputed
11388-564: The company began exporting its products, and they were successful in international markets. The firm first established a presence in the European market in France, and it was a French customer named Bernard who gave Joko Widodo the nickname "Jokowi". By 2002, Jokowi had become the chairman of Surakarta's furniture manufacturers association. Ultimately he decided to become a politician and promote reform in his home town, Surakarta, after seeing
11534-421: The decision to further increase fuel prices by further removing subsidies. Previous attempts by SBY to do so had resulted in civil unrest. On 1 January 2015, Jokowi took measures that, on the surface, appeared to reduce fuel subsidies. The policy stirred up some demonstrations, with Jokowi citing it as necessary to increase funding for the infrastructure, education and health sectors. However, since March 2015,
11680-655: The dissolution of the Batavian Republic , which was replaced by the Kingdom of Holland , a French puppet kingdom ruled by Napoleon's third brother Louis Bonaparte (Lodewijk Napoleon). The East Indies were treated as a proxy French colony, administered through a Dutch intermediary. Joko Widodo This is an accepted version of this page 7th President of Indonesia [REDACTED] Joko Widodo ( Indonesian: [ˈdʒoko wiˈdodo] ; born Mulyono on 21 June 1961), popularly known as Jokowi ,
11826-424: The entrance exam. Therefore, he enrolled in the newer State Senior High School 6 in that city. After graduating from university, Jokowi began working at PT Kertas Kraft Aceh (KKA), a state-owned firm in Aceh , Sumatra . He worked in the present-day Bener Meriah Regency between 1986 and 1988 as a supervisor of forestry and raw materials at a Sumatran pine plantation. However, Jokowi soon lost interest in
11972-596: The era as the result. Yet the Shivaist dynasty survived and successfully reclaimed the east Java in 1019 then descended to Kahuripan kingdom led by Airlangga son of Udayana of Bali . Srivijaya was a kingdom on Sumatra which influenced much of the Maritime Southeast Asia . From the 7th century, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism that were imported with it. Srivijaya
12118-548: The expulsion of the English, the Dutch helped the son of the ruler of Banten overthrow his father in 1680. By the 18th century, the VOC has established themselves firmly in Indonesian archipelago, controlling inter-island trade as part of their Asian business which includes India, Ceylon, Formosa, and Japan. VOC has established their important bases in some ports in Java, Maluku, and parts of Sulawesi, Sumatra, and Malay Peninsula. After
12264-740: The fall of the Netherlands to the First French Empire and the dissolution of the Dutch East India Company in 1800, there were profound changes in the European colonial administration of the East Indies. The company's assets in East Indies were nationalised as the Dutch colony, the Dutch East Indies . Meanwhile, Europe was devastated by the Napoleonic Wars . In the Netherlands, Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806 oversaw
12410-539: The favour of the West, whose investment in Indonesia was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth. In the late 1990s, however, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the East Asian financial crisis , which led to popular protests and Suharto's resignation on 21 May 1998. The Reformasi era following Suharto's resignation has led to a strengthening of democratic processes, including
12556-439: The firm and returned home. He worked in his grandfather's furniture factory for a year before establishing his own company, Rakabu, whose namesake is his first child. He obtained his initial capital from a Rp 15 million investment from his father and a bank loan. The company, which mainly focused on teak furniture, nearly went bankrupt at one point but survived following an IDR 500 million loan from Perusahaan Gas Negara . By 1991,
12702-477: The first year of his second presidential term, his approval rating fell to 45.2%, and the disapproval rating was 52%. His deputy, Ma'ruf Amin, had a 67% disapproval rating. The low ratings were attributed to unpopular policies. At the start of 2023, his approval ratings had reached an all-time high of 76.2%, following easing of COVID-19 restrictions. Before taking office, Jokowi sought for outgoing president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) to take responsibility for
12848-417: The form of diagonal etchings made with the use of a shark's tooth, was detected in 2014 on a 500,000-year-old fossil of a clam found in Java in the 1890s, associated with H. erectus . In 2003, on the island of Flores , fossils of a 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tall hominid dated between 74,000 and 13,000 years old were discovered, much to the surprise of the scientific community. This newly discovered hominid
12994-444: The government has set the price of Premium-branded petrol far below the market price, causing the fuel subsidy to be incurred by state-owned oil company Pertamina instead of the direct government account. Additionally, the government also implemented a single-price program, aiming to sell fuel through official channels at the same price nationally, including in isolated parts of Kalimantan and Papua . The government claimed that this
13140-455: The government. Jokowi denied accusations of interfering with Golkar's internal affairs, although he admitted that Luhut might have influenced the change. His cabinet's Minister of Industry Airlangga Hartarto was elected chairman of Golkar in 2018. The National Mandate Party (PAN) had also switched sides beforehand but later returned to being the opposition in 2018. Jokowi announced the 34 names in his cabinet on 26 October 2014. While it
13286-503: The inauguration of long-delayed Jakarta MRT and Jakarta LRT . As governor, Jokowi also appointed a non-Muslim 'lurah' (subdistrict chief) for the Muslim-majority subdistrict of Lenteng Agung despite protests by some residents. Former deputy governor Prijanto claimed that Jokowi had carried out maladministration when abusing government certificate asset of BMW Park by formalising another expired certificate. In 2013, Jokowi
13432-401: The internal politics of Java in this period, and fought in a number of wars involving the leaders of Mataram and Banten . The Dutch followed the Portuguese aspirations, courage, brutality, and strategies but brought better organisation, weapons, ships, and superior financial backing. Although they failed to gain complete control of the Indonesian spice trade, they had much more success than
13578-494: The kingdom grew substantially through regular military campaigns against Mataram's neighbours. Shortly after his accession, for example, he conquered his father's patrons in Pajang. The reign of Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak (Suhusunan Anyakrawati) ( c. 1601–1613), the son of Senapati, was dominated by further warfare, especially against powerful Surabaya , already a major centre in East Java. The first contact between Mataram and
13724-605: The landscape of its heartland in Mataram ( Kedu and Kewu Plain ). The most notable temples constructed in Mataram are Kalasan , Sewu , Borobudur and Prambanan . The Empire had become the supreme power not only in Java but also over Srivijayan Empire , Bali , southern Thailand , some Philippine kingdoms, and Khmer in Cambodia . Later in its history, the dynasty divided into two dynasties based on their own religion,
13870-590: The local population. At its peak in the first half of the 17th century, the Sultanate lasted from 1526 to 1813 AD. The Sultanate left many archaeological remains and historical records. Beginning in the 16th century, successive waves of Europeans—the Portuguese , Spanish, Dutch and English—sought to dominate the spice trade at its sources in India and the 'Spice Islands' ( Maluku ) of Indonesia. This meant finding
14016-514: The lower river. But with wider internet publicity, and now the top-down government enforcement, more foreign consultants are coming in to recommend necessary changes upstream, and local awareness and anti-plastics campaigns are beginning to take effect. 5°56′09″S 106°59′43″E / 5.935833°S 106.995278°E / -5.935833; 106.995278 History of Indonesia The history of Indonesia has been shaped by its geographic position, natural resources,
14162-530: The lowest level since the 1997 Asian financial crisis , and sank lower to 16,700 in 2020. The year-on-year inflation in June 2015 was 7.26%, higher than in May (7.15%) and June the year before (6.7%). Jokowi's administration continued the resource nationalism policy of its predecessor, nationalising some assets controlled by multinational companies such as Freeport McMoRan , TotalEnergies and Chevron . In 2018, in
14308-433: The major projects, the Jokowi administration also implemented a village fund program in which villages across the country received funding to allocate on basic infrastructures such as roads and water supply, tourism development and village enterprises to improve rural economies. The initial campaign promise was that IDR 1.4 billion (around US$ 100,000) would be allocated for every village annually, though as of 2019, less than
14454-433: The most productive rice farming areas. The Jatiluhur Dam with a 3 billion cubic metres storage capacity provides the largest reservoir in Indonesia. It forms a fresh-water lake with a surface area of 83 km. The river makes up around 80 percent of the surface water available to the people who use it. Pollution has affected agriculture so much that farmers have sold their rice paddies for half their normal price. The river
14600-495: The neat layouts of some European cities while promoting his furniture there. After becoming mayor, he also made a joint venture with politician and former lieutenant general Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan , when the two founded PT Rakabu Sejahtera (from Rakabu and Luhut's PT Toba Sejahtera). In 2018, Jokowi reported his net worth to be Rp 50.25 billion (US$ 3.5 million), mostly in the form of property holdings in Central Java and Jakarta. After first joining PDI-P in 2004, Jokowi ran in
14746-482: The oldest hunting scenes in prehistoric art in the world which is more than 44,000 years old from the limestone cave of Leang Bulu' Sipong 4. Archaeologists determined the age of the depiction of hunting a pig and buffalo thanks to the calcite 'popcorn', different isotope levels of radioactive uranium and thorium . An elaborate 4.5 m long rock art panel in a limestone cave at Leang Bulu' in Sulawesi
14892-809: The oldest known paintings in the world. Austronesian people form the majority of the modern population. They may have arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE and are thought to have originated in Taiwan. During this period, parts of Indonesia participated in the Maritime Jade Road , with outlets in Kalimantan which existed for 3,000 years between 2000 BCE to 1000 CE. Dong Son culture spread to Indonesia bringing with it techniques of wet-field rice cultivation , ritual buffalo sacrifice, bronze casting, megalithic practises, and ikat weaving methods. Some of these practices remain in areas including
15038-419: The other toxins include sulphites , nonylphenol , Phthalates , PCB 180 , paranitrophenol , tributylphosphate . The documentary also mentions that the most dangerous pollution comes from the Indonesian textile industry (with many textile factories being part of Asosiasi Pertekstilan Indonesia ). It is also mentioned that the textile factory effluents are only tested on a very select number of parameters. It
15184-456: The outcome of the election, and was inaugurated on 20 October 2014. Since taking office, Jokowi has focused on economic growth and infrastructure development as well as an ambitious health and education agenda. On foreign policy, his administration has emphasised "protecting Indonesia's sovereignty", with the sinking of illegal foreign fishing vessels and the prioritising and scheduling of capital punishment for drug smugglers. The latter
15330-470: The party. Jokowi was born Mulyono at Brayat Minulya General Hospital in Surakarta, on 21 June 1961. Jokowi is of Javanese heritage. He is the only son of Widjiatno Notomihardjo and Sudjiatmi and the eldest of four siblings. His father came from Karanganyar , while his grandparents came from a village in Boyolali . His three younger sisters are Iit Sriyantini, Idayati , and Titik Relawati. Jokowi
15476-477: The policy would increase unemployment rates. In 2020, the DPR passed the Omnibus Law on Job Creation . Though intended to boost investment and reduce red tape , it is also perceived as weakening labour and environmental protections, causing a series of protests in major cities. Jokowi defended the law by saying that it would be needed to create jobs and called for protesters to lodge a challenge instead to
15622-563: The popular view of the politician as "someone who is our neighbour, who decided to get into politics and run for president". In 2018, Jokowi announced that he would run for re-election next year . His vice president Jusuf Kalla was not eligible for another term because of the term limits set for president and vice president. Kalla had already served a five-year term as vice president during Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 's first term (2004–2009). Speculation surrounding Jokowi's choice of running mate focused on several candidates, including Mahfud MD ,
15768-421: The population. On 22 July, hours before the announcement of the election results, Prabowo withdrew. Jokowi's victory was expected and realised hours later. The General Elections Commission (KPU) gave him a close victory with 53.15% of the vote (almost 71 million votes), to Prabowo's 46.85% (62 million votes), though Prabowo's camp disputed these totals. After his victory, Jokowi stated that growing up under
15914-401: The predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java. Only Bali retained a Hindu majority. In the eastern archipelago, both Christian and Islamic missionaries were active in the 16th and 17th centuries, and, currently, there are large communities of both religions on these islands. The Sultanate of Mataram was the third Sultanate in Java, after the Sultanate of Demak Bintoro and
16060-557: The present, which has contributed to a sense of shared interest with Europeans, particularly among the Ambonese. In 1602, the Dutch parliament awarded the VOC a monopoly on trade and colonial activities in the region at a time before the company controlled any territory in Java. In 1619, the VOC conquered the West Javan city of Jayakarta, where they founded the city of Batavia (present-day Jakarta ). The VOC became deeply involved in
16206-616: The presidential candidate of her party. During the campaign, a social media volunteer team, JASMEV , once made a provocative statement by threatening that Islam would not be given a space in Indonesia if Jokowi won the 2014 election. The group was paid IDR 500 million to campaign for the Joko Widodo-Jusuf Kalla ticket during the 2014 election. Following the release of Quick Count results from many different polls, Jokowi declared victory on 9 July. However, his opponent Prabowo also declared victory, creating confusion among
16352-430: The previous Portuguese efforts. They exploited the factionalisation of the small kingdoms in Java that had replaced Majapahit, establishing a permanent foothold in Java, from which grew a land-based colonial empire which became one of the richest colonial possessions on earth. By the mid-17th century, Batavia, the headquarter of VOC in Asia, had become an important trade centre in the region. It had repelled attacks from
16498-455: The price of food, housing difficulties, flooding, and transportation. Polling and media coverage suggested that his hands-on style proved very popular both in Jakarta and elsewhere across Indonesia. After taking office, taxes and Jakarta's provincial budget increased significantly from IDR 41 trillion in 2012 to IDR 72 trillion in 2014. Both Jokowi and Ahok publicised their monthly salary and
16644-510: The provincial budget. They also initiated programs aimed towards transparency, such as online taxes, e-budgeting, e-purchasing, and a cash management system. Moreover, all meetings and activities that Jokowi and Ahok attended were recorded and uploaded on YouTube. In healthcare, Jokowi introduced a universal health care program, the 'Healthy Jakarta Card' ( Kartu Jakarta Sehat , KJS). It involved an insurance program provided through state-owned insurance company PT Askes Indonesia ( Persero ) and
16790-446: The risk of corruption. His policies brought him into conflict with then provincial governor Bibit Waluyo , who on one occasion called Jokowi a "fool" for the latter's opposition to a provincial construction project in Surakarta. His supporters pointed to rapid positive changes in Surakarta under his leadership and the city's branding with the motto 'Solo: The Spirit of Java '. While in office, he successfully relocated antique stalls in
16936-430: The river daily. A result of this pollution has been the elimination of a significant part of the river's fish population estimated at 60% since 2008. In 2011, the Indonesian government began a river revitalization project, aiming to return the whole river to clean drinking water status. In November 2011, the river revitalization began, with an expected cost of Rp35 trillion ($ 4 billion) over 15 years. The revitalization
17082-423: The river estuaries and river valleys as early as the 4th century and even earlier. The river flows in the northwest area of Java with a predominantly tropical monsoon climate . The annual average temperature in the area is 24 °C. The warmest month is April, when the average temperature is around 26 °C, and the coldest is January, at 22 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2646 mm. The wettest month
17228-400: The river regularly. They have the power to block up outlets conveying polluted wastewater from factories into the river and are installing rubbish treatment and water treatment facilities. Problems include lack of money for continuing action, lack of coordination at the local level, bribes paid by factories to avoid change, and upstream soil erosion from deforestation that enhances the silting of
17374-544: The royal family moved east to the island of Bali at the end of Majapahit power. The earliest accounts of the Indonesian archipelago date from the Abbasid Caliphate , according to those early accounts the Indonesian archipelago were famous among early Muslim sailors mainly due to its abundance of precious spice trade commodities such as nutmeg , cloves , galangal and many other spices. Although Muslim traders first travelled through South East Asia early in
17520-432: The same time period also uncovered fossils at Ngandong alongside more advanced tools, re-dated in 2011 to between 550,000 and 143,000 years old. In 1977 another H. erectus skull was discovered at Sambungmacan. In 2010, stone tools were discovered on Flores, dating from 1 million years ago. These are the earliest remains implying human seafaring technology. The earliest evidence of artistic activity ever found, in
17666-594: The skeletal remains were from archaeological horizons ranging from 50,000 to 190,000 years ago. The Indonesian archipelago was formed during the thaw after the Last Glacial Maximum . Early humans travelled by sea and spread from mainland Asia eastward to New Guinea and Australia . Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago. In 2011, evidence was uncovered in neighbouring East Timor , showing that 42,000 years ago, these early settlers had high-level maritime skills, and by implication
17812-487: The sources of valuable spices and to extend the Catholic Church's missionary efforts. The Portuguese turned east to Maluku and through both military conquest and alliance with local rulers, they established trading posts, forts, and missions on the islands of Ternate , Ambon , and Solor among others. The height of Portuguese missionary activities, however, came in the latter half of the 16th century. Ultimately,
17958-569: The tax office. The opposition criticised the aggressive spending on infrastructure as it increased Indonesia's national debt by 48% between 2014 and March 2018 to US$ 181 billion. They also pointed out that most of the debt was allocated for remunerations rather than infrastructure development. In April 2018, Jokowi also issued a new policy that allows foreign workers in Indonesia without Indonesian language skills requirement, reasoning that it would increase investments. The policy faced significant opposition from local labour unions, who claimed that
18104-439: The technology needed to make ocean crossings to reach Australia and other islands, as they were catching and consuming large numbers of big deep sea fish such as tuna. In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of Lubang Jeriji Saléh on the Indonesian island of Borneo . The discovery of
18250-578: The times of the early arrivals of the 16th and 17th centuries was limited in both area and depth. This is in part due to Europe not being the most advanced or dynamic area of the world in the early 15th century. Rather, the major expansionist force of this time was Islam; in 1453, for example, the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople , while Islam continued to spread through Indonesia and the Philippines . European influence, particularly that of
18396-504: Was re-elected for a second term , again running with Hadi. They won 90.09% of the vote, losing in only a single polling station. He was later chosen as the 'Tempo Leader of Choice' by Tempo news magazine (2008) and received a 'Changemakers Award' from Republika newspaper (2010); his name also started being considered in national polls for the governorship of Jakarta, long before PDI-P's nomination, including those by University of Indonesia and Cyrus Network (2011). In 2012, Jokowi faced
18542-446: Was achieved in 2017. In the first quarter of 2015, year-on-year GDP grew 4.92%, and in the second quarter, it grew 4.6%, the lowest figure since 2009. Since then, growth has remained above the 5% mark, which is still below what is considered a healthy economic growth mark of 6%. The Indonesian rupiah (IDR) has also weakened throughout Jokowi's administration, with its exchange rate per US dollar briefly passing IDR 15,000 in 2018,
18688-658: Was approved in 2006, and subsequently had the city chosen to host the organisation's conference in October 2008. In 2007, Surakarta had also hosted the World Music Festival (Festival Musik Dunia/FMD), held at the complex of Fort Vastenburg near the centre of the city. The following year, it was held in the Mangkunegaran Palace Complex. Part of Jokowi style was his populist 'can-do' ( punya gaye ) elements designed to build bonds with
18834-525: Was born and raised in a riverside slum in Surakarta. He graduated from Gadjah Mada University in 1985, and married his wife, Iriana , a year later. He worked as a carpenter and a furniture exporter before being elected mayor of Surakarta in 2005. He achieved national prominence as mayor and was elected governor of Jakarta in 2012 , with Basuki Tjahaja Purnama as vice governor. As governor, he reinvigorated local politics, introduced publicised blusukan visits (unannounced spot checks) and improved
18980-418: Was centred in the coastal trading centre of present-day Palembang . Srivijaya was not a "state" in the modern sense with defined boundaries and a centralised government to which the citizens own allegiance. Rather Srivijaya was a confederacy form of society centred on a royal heartland. It was a thalassocracy and did not extend its influence far beyond the coastal areas of the islands of Southeast Asia. Trade
19126-474: Was derived from ancient Indian kingdom of Kalinga , which suggest the ancient link between India and Indonesia. The political history of Indonesian archipelago during the 7th to 11th (601–1100 CE) around centuries was dominated by Srivijaya based in Sumatra and Sailendra that dominated southeast Asia based in Java and constructed Borobudur , the largest Buddhist monument in the world. The history prior of
19272-564: Was despite intense representations and diplomatic protests from foreign powers, including Australia and France. He was re-elected in 2019 for a second five-year term, again defeating Prabowo Subianto. Near the end of his second presidential term, however, his relationship with PDI-P deteriorated because he supported Prabowo for his 2024 presidential campaign , instead of his own party's presidential candidate, Ganjar Pranowo ; Jokowi's elder son, Gibran Rakabuming Raka , even ran as Prabowo's vice-presidential candidate. On 22 April 2024, after
19418-414: Was driven by increasing trade links outside of the archipelago; in general, traders and the royalty of major kingdoms were the first to adopt the new religion. Other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, making it the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 7th until 13th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped
19564-489: Was inhabited at least 1.5 million years ago. Austronesian people , who form the majority of the modern population, are thought to have originally been from Taiwan and arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE . From the 7th century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished, bringing Hindu and Buddhist influences with it. The agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties subsequently thrived in inland Java. The last significant non-Muslim kingdom,
19710-430: Was mayor of Surakarta, as well as Basuki Tjahaja Purnama ("Ahok"), his deputy as governor of Jakarta. Jokowi continued the blusukan practice he had adopted as mayor of Surakarta by regularly visiting population centers, especially slums. During these visits, he wore simple, informal clothes and stopped at markets or walked along narrow Jakarta alleys to listen and witness firsthand issues addressed by residents, such as
19856-413: Was named the " Flores Man ", or Homo floresiensis . A phylogenetic analysis published in 2017 suggests that H. floresiensis was descended from the same ancestor as Homo habilis . H. floresiensis would thus represent a previously unknown and very early migration out of Africa . The Homo floresiensis skeletal material is dated from 60,000 to 100,000 years ago; stone tools recovered alongside
20002-446: Was no indication Jokowi had misappropriated funds. Despite disappointment from some Surakarta residents that he would not complete his second term as mayor, Jokowi ran in the 2012 Jakarta gubernatorial election and defeated the incumbent Fauzi Bowo in a runoff round. His inner circle of advisers in Jakarta reportedly included people such as F. X. Hadi 'Rudy' Rudyatmo, Sumartono Hadinoto and Anggit Nugroho, who were colleagues while he
20148-865: Was often sick as a toddler, and his name was thus changed—a common practice in Javanese culture —to Joko Widodo, with widodo meaning "healthy" in Javanese . At the age of 12, he started working in his father's furniture workshop. Jokowi's family lived in three different rented homes (one of which the government declared condemned property ) during his youth, which greatly affected him. Later, he organized low income housing in Surakarta during his years as mayor of that city. Jokowi's education began at State Elementary School 111 Tirtoyoso, an ordinary public school. He continued his studies at State Junior High School 1 Surakarta. Later, he wanted to attend State Senior High School 1 Surakarta, but did not score high enough in
20294-404: Was praised for the inclusiveness of women, with Retno Marsudi becoming Indonesia's first female foreign minister, it received criticism for several perceived political inclusions, such as Puan Maharani (daughter of Megawati Sukarnoputri ). The Jokowi administration also saw the formation of two new ministries (Ministry of Public Works and Housing and Ministry of Environment and Forestry ) from
20440-513: Was probably built around this time. South Indian culture was spread to Southeast Asia by the south Indian Pallava dynasty in the 4th and 5th centuries. and by the 5th century, stone inscriptions written in Pallava scripts were found in Java and Borneo. A number of Hindu and Buddhist states flourished and then declined across Indonesia. Seven rough plinths dating from the beginning of the 4th century CE were found in Kutai , East Kalimantan , near
20586-534: Was probably the predecessor of the Tarumanagara kingdom, one of the earliest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia, producing numerous inscriptions and marking the beginning of the historical period in Java. Much of Indonesia, like much of Southeast Asia, were influenced by Indian culture . From the 2nd century, through the Indian dynasties like the Pallava , Gupta , Pala and Chola in the succeeding centuries up to
20732-521: Was reported to the National Commission on Human Rights over the eviction of the squatters near Pluit . In previous "political contracts", he had vowed not to evict residents to distant locations. Jokowi met with Pluit residents and Komnas HAM to explain the evictions were necessary for restoring water catchment to reduce flooding and that families were being relocated to low-cost apartments. Megawati Sukarnoputri nominated Jokowi to be
20878-471: Was responsible for the great expansion and lasting historical legacy of Mataram due to the extensive military conquests of his long reign from 1613 to 1646. In 1524–25, Sunan Gunung Jati from Cirebon, together with the armies of Demak Sultanate , seized the port of Banten from the Sunda kingdom , and established The Sultanate of Banten . This was accompanied by Muslim preachers and the adoption of Islam amongst
21024-415: Was successful because it established an interactive relationship with the people, through which he was able to induce people's strong faith in him. He adopted the development framework of European cities (which he frequently travelled to as a businessman) as a guide for changes in Surakarta. His notable policies as mayor include building new traditional markets and renovating existing markets, constructing
21170-518: Was the driving force of Srivijaya just as it is for most societies throughout history. The Srivijayan navy controlled the trade that made its way through the Strait of Malacca . By the 7th century, the harbours of various vassal states of Srivijaya lined both coasts of the Straits of Melaka. Around this time, Srivijaya had established suzerainty over large areas of Sumatra, western Java, and much of
21316-522: Was thus also proposed in the documentary that a revisal of the textile industry guidelines could include more parameters such as sulphites and heavy metals . On December 5, 2008, the Asian Development Bank approved a $ 500 million loan for cleaning up the river, calling it the world's dirtiest. Environmentalists have observed that over 20,000 tons of waste and 340,000 tons of wastewater from those textile factories are disposed of into
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