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89-662: Bass Strait ( / b æ s / ) is a strait separating the island state of Tasmania from the Australian mainland (more specifically the coast of Victoria , with the exception of the land border across Boundary Islet ). The strait provides the most direct waterway between the Great Australian Bight and the Tasman Sea , and is also the only maritime route into the economically prominent Port Phillip Bay . Formed 8,000 years ago by rising sea levels at

178-488: A Freemason sometime before 1769. In 1766, Banks was elected to the Royal Society, and in the same year, at 23, he went with Phipps aboard the frigate HMS  Niger to Newfoundland and Labrador with a view to studying their natural history. He made his name by publishing the first Linnean descriptions of the plants and animals of Newfoundland and Labrador. Banks also documented 34 species of birds, including

267-508: A Laser sailing dinghy . In March 2009 two young dinghy sailors sailed a B14 (dinghy) from Stanley in north west Tasmania to Walkerville South in Victoria. The purpose of the voyage was to raise funds for the treatment of the endangered Tasmanian Devil , an animal species suffering from a facial tumour disease and, if possible, break the dinghy sailing time record for the crossing. The sailors Adrian Beswick and Josh Philips accompanied by

356-589: A gentleman-commoner at the University of Oxford . At Oxford, he matriculated at Christ Church , where his studies were largely focussed on natural history rather than the classical curriculum. Determined to receive botanical instruction, he paid the Cambridge botanist Israel Lyons to deliver a series of lectures at Oxford in 1764. Banks left Oxford for Chelsea in December 1763. He continued to attend

445-400: A bomb. The plane crashed into Bass Strait in the middle of the night and many character's lives were put at risk, with some drowning. Bass Strait is regularly crossed by sailing vessels, including during the annual Melbourne to Hobart Yacht Race . The Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race passes generally east of the strait but is affected by its weather conditions. The first windsurfer crossing

534-485: A garden in which rare plants can be viewed and purchased. At the 2011 Chelsea Flower Show , an exhibition garden celebrated the historic link between Banks and the botanical discoveries of flora and fauna on his journey through South America, Tahiti, New Zealand, and eventually Australia on Captain Cook's ship Endeavour . The competition garden was the entry of Melbourne's Royal Botanic Gardens with an Australian theme. It

623-514: A large part of the output of Hazelwood Power Station , which was closed in early 2017. The fastest and often the cheapest method of travel across Bass Strait is by air . The major airports in Tasmania are Hobart Airport and Launceston Airport , where the main airlines are Jetstar and Virgin Australia . Qantas also operates services. The smaller airports in the north of the state and on

712-797: A part of high seas or an exclusive economic zone with the territorial sea of a coastal nation ( Straits of Tiran , Strait of Juan de Fuca , Strait of Baltiysk ) and (2) in straits formed by an island of a state bordering the strait and its mainland if there exists seaward of the island a route through the high seas or through an exclusive economic zone of similar convenience with respect to navigational and hydrographical characteristics ( Strait of Messina , Pentland Firth ). There may be no suspension of innocent passage through such straits. [REDACTED] Media related to Straits at Wikimedia Commons Joseph Banks Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet , GCB , FRS (24 February [ O.S. 13 February] 1743 – 19 June 1820 )

801-635: A place for the reception of convicts , and advised the British government on all Australian matters. He is credited with introducing the eucalyptus , acacia , and the genus named after him, Banksia , to the Western world . Around 80 species of plants bear his name. He was the leading founder of the African Association and a member of the Society of Dilettanti , which helped to establish

890-409: A safer and less boisterous passage for ships on the route from Europe or India to Sydney in the early 19th century. The strait also saved 1,300 km (700 nmi) on the voyage. Bass Strait is approximately 250 km (160 mi) wide and 500 km (310 mi) long, with an average depth of 60 m (200 ft). The widest opening is about 350 km (220 mi) between Cape Portland on

979-400: A support vessel successfully completed the crossing in 14 hours 53 minutes. Kitesurfers have also completed the crossing with Natalie Clark in 2010 become the first female to do the crossing. In 1971 lone rower David Bowen from Mount Martha crossed Bass Strait in a 6.1 m (20 ft) dory , leaving from Devonport he landed on Wilson's Promontory. The first crossing by paddleboard

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1068-520: A trace, or left scant evidence of their passing. Despite myths and legends of piracy , wrecking and alleged supernatural phenomena akin to those of the Bermuda Triangle , such disappearances can be invariably ascribed to treacherous combinations of wind and sea conditions, and the numerous semi-submerged rocks and reefs within the Straits. Despite the strait's difficult waters, it provided

1157-540: Is a major character in Martin Davies' 2005 novel The Conjuror's Bird . Banks's life and influence were explored in a documentary five-part television series The Lost World of Joseph Banks in 2016. Banks's account of the Endeavour's approach to Botany Bay might have been the basis for the invisible ships myth. Herbarium specimens collected by Banks and Solander are cared for in herbaria, including at

1246-861: Is instead associated with the Great Australian Bight; the Bight is numbered 62, while the Bass Strait is designated 62-A. The Australian Hydrographic Service does not consider it to be part of its expanded definition of the Southern Ocean , but rather states that it lies with the Tasman Sea. The strait between the Furneaux Islands and Tasmania is Banks Strait , a subdivision of Bass Strait. Aboriginal Tasmanians arrived in Tasmania approximately 40,000 years ago during

1335-742: Is now hanging in the Council Chamber of the Guildhall Museum . The Sir Joseph Banks Centre is located in Horncastle, Lincolnshire , housed in a Grade II listed building , which was recently restored by the Heritage Trust of Lincolnshire to celebrate Banks's life. Horncastle is located a few miles from Banks's Revesby estate and the naturalist was the town's lord of the manor. The centre is located on Bridge Street. It boasts research facilities, historic links to Australia, and

1424-562: Is sometimes differentiated with varying senses. In Scotland, firth or Kyle are also sometimes used as synonyms for strait. Many straits are economically important. Straits can be important shipping routes and wars have been fought for control of them. Numerous artificial channels, called canals , have been constructed to connect two oceans or seas over land, such as the Suez Canal . Although rivers and canals often provide passage between two large lakes, and these seem to suit

1513-516: The Bassian Rise and King Island Rise located on the eastern and western margins of Bass Strait, respectively, are composed of a basement of Paleozoic granite . These features form sills separating Bass Basin from the adjacent ocean basins. Associated with the less than 50 m (160 ft)-deep Bassian Rise is the Furneaux Islands , the largest of which is Flinders Island (maximum elevation 760 m [2,490 ft]). The surface of

1602-769: The Isle of Wight , the Hebrides, Iceland , and the Orkney Islands , aboard Sir Lawrence . In Iceland, they ascended Mt. Hekla and visited the Great Geyser , and were the first scientific visitors to Staffa in the Inner Hebrides. They returned to London in November, with many botanical specimens, via Edinburgh, where Banks and Solander were interviewed by James Boswell . In 1773, he toured south Wales in

1691-644: The Linnean Society . Banks appears in the historical novel Mutiny on the Bounty , by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall . He appears briefly as a contact with British naval intelligence in the historical novel Post Captain , from the Aubrey–Maturin series by Patrick O'Brian . He is also featured in Elizabeth Gilbert 's 2013 best-selling novel, The Signature of All Things , and

1780-1006: The Napoleonic Wars , and in introducing the British people to the wonders of the wider world. He was honoured with many place names in the South Pacific: Banks Peninsula on the South Island , New Zealand; the Banks Islands in modern-day Vanuatu ; the Banks Strait between Tasmania and the Furneaux Islands ; Banks Island in the Northwest Territories , Canada; and the Sir Joseph Banks Group in South Australia. The Canberra suburb of Banks ,

1869-538: The National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL), Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria Following Banks's death in 1820 a "treasure-trove of letters and papers" was passed to Sir Edward Knatchbull, his wife's nephew. In 1828 the latter passed bound volumes of foreign correspondence to the British Library but retained the rest of the papers in the expectation that an official biography would be written. After

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1958-599: The Royal Academy . Banks was born in Argyll Street , Soho , London , the son of William Banks , a wealthy Lincolnshire country squire and member of the House of Commons , and his wife Sarah, daughter of William Bate. He was baptised at St James's Church, Piccadilly , on 20 February 1743, Old Style . He had a younger sister, Sarah Sophia Banks , born in 1744. Banks was educated at Harrow School from

2047-551: The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , and by sending botanists around the world to collect plants , he made Kew the world's leading botanical garden. He is credited for bringing 30,000 plant specimens home with him; amongst them, he was the first European to document 1,400. Banks advocated British settlement in New South Wales and the colonisation of Australia, as well as the establishment of Botany Bay as

2136-817: The State Library of New South Wales 's Brabourne Collection. The "large quantities of papers" which remained were then auctioned off at Sotheby's in London in March and April 1886. One of the successful bidders was E. A. Petherick . Many of those are now in the Petherick Collection at the National Library of Australia . During the twentieth century the National Library continued to purchase Banks's letters and papers when they came on

2225-585: The Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander , the Finnish naturalist Herman Spöring (who also served as Banks's personal secretary and as a draughtsman), artists Sydney Parkinson and Alexander Buchan , and four servants from his estate: James Roberts, Peter Briscoe, Thomas Richmond, and George Dorlton. In 1771, he was travelling with James Cook and docked in Simon's Town in what is now South Africa. There, he met

2314-646: The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries and the British Museum , where he met the Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander . He began to make friends among the scientific men of his day and to correspond with Carl Linnaeus , whom he came to know through Solander. As Banks's influence increased, he became an adviser to King George III and urged the monarch to support voyages of discovery to new lands, hoping to indulge his own interest in botany. He became

2403-679: The great auk , which became extinct in 1844. On 7 May, he noted a large number of "penguins" swimming around the ship on the Grand Banks , and a specimen he collected in Chateau Bay, Labrador , was later identified as the great auk. Banks was appointed to a joint Royal Navy /Royal Society scientific expedition to the South Pacific Ocean on HMS Endeavour , 1768–1771. This was the first of James Cook's voyages of discovery in that region. Banks funded eight others to join him:

2492-536: The last glacial period , across a broad prehistoric land bridge called the Bassian Plain between the nowaday southern Victoria coastline (from Wilsons Promontory to Cape Otway ) and the northern Tasmanian shores (from Cape Portland to Cape Grim ). After the glacial period ended, sea levels rose and flooded the Bassian Plain to form Bass Strait at around 8,000 years ago, leaving them isolated from

2581-486: The transit of Venus was observed, the overt purpose of the mission), then to New Zealand. From there, it proceeded to the east coast of Australia, where Cook mapped the coastline and made landfall at Botany Bay. The ship then landed at Round Hill (23-25 May 1770), which is now known as Seventeen Seventy and at Endeavour River (near modern Cooktown ) in Queensland , where they spent almost seven weeks ashore while

2670-637: The 100 km (60 mi) leg between Cape Wickam and Apollo Bay. Andrew McAuley was the first person to cross Bass Strait non-stop in a sea kayak in 2003. He made two more crossings of Bass Strait before he died attempting to cross the Tasman Sea in February 2007. Tammy van Wisse swam part of the strait in 1996, from King Island to Apollo Bay in Victoria, a distance of about 100 km (60 mi) in 17 hours and 46 minutes. Strait The terms channel , pass , or passage can be synonymous and used interchangeably with strait , although each

2759-487: The 19th century and he suffered from gout every winter. After 1805, he practically lost the use of his legs and had to be wheeled to his meetings in a chair, but his mind remained as vigorous as ever. He had been a member of the Society of Antiquaries nearly all his life, and he developed an interest in archaeology in his later years. In 1807, William Kerr named the Lady Banks climbing rose after Banks's wife. Banks

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2848-716: The Australian government's 2020 Oil and Gas acreage release as this opened up new areas of Tasmania's oceans for exploration. The western field, known as the Otway Basin , was discovered in the 1990s offshore near Port Campbell . Its exploitation began in 2005. The oil and gas is sent via pipeline to gas processing facilities and oil refineries at Longford ( Longford gas plant ), Western Port ( Westernport Refinery closed 1985), Altona ( Altona Refinery scheduled to close in 2021) and Geelong ( Geelong Oil Refinery ), as well as by tanker to New South Wales . Pipelines from

2937-462: The Australian mainland. Aboriginal people lived on Flinders Island until around 4,000 years ago. Based on the recorded language groups, there were at least three successive waves of aboriginal colonisation. The strait was possibly detected by Captain Abel Tasman when he charted Tasmania's coast in 1642. On 5 December, Tasman was following the east coast northward to see how far it went. When

3026-662: The Bass Strait area. The smaller islands of Bass Strait typically have some form of protection status. Most notably the Kent Group National Park covers the Kent Group islands of Tasmania, as well as the surrounding state waters which is a dedicated marine reserve. The national park is wholly contained by the Beagle Commonwealth Marine Reserve. Victoria has several marine national parks in Bass Strait, and are all adjacent to

3115-468: The King Island Rise also occurs in water depths of less than 50 m (160 ft), and includes the shallow (40 m [130 ft]) Tail Bank at its northern margin as well as King Island itself. Subaqueous dunes (sandwaves) and tidal current ridges cover approximately 6,000 km (2,300 sq mi) of the seabed in Bass Strait. During Pleistocene , low sea level stands

3204-1161: The Kingfish Field, the Mackerel Field, and the Fortescue Field discovered in 1978. Large gas fields include the Whiptail field, the Barracouta Field, the Snapper Field, and the Marlin Field. Oil and gas are produced from the Cretaceous - Eocene clastic rocks of the Latrobe Group, deposited with the break-up of Australia and Antarctica. In 2020 activist group No Gas Across the Bass was set up after American company ConocoPhillips put in an application to seismic blast 27km from King Island . Further environmental campaigning followed

3293-622: The Otway Basin gas fields lead to several processing facilities in the vicinity of Port Campbell ( Iona Gas Plant and Otway Gas Plant ). In June 2017, the Government of Victoria announced a three-year feasibility study for Australia's first offshore wind farm . The project, which could have 250 wind turbines within a 574 km (222 sq mi) area, is projected to deliver around 8,000  GWh of electricity, representing some 18 per cent of Victoria's power usage and replacing

3382-529: The Russians with books and charts for their expedition. He died on 19 June 1820 in Spring Grove House, Isleworth, London, and was buried at St Leonard's Church, Heston . Lady Banks survived him, but they had no children. Banks was a major supporter of the internationalist nature of science, being actively involved both in keeping open the lines of communication with continental scientists during

3471-542: The South Seas. The surrounding district became known as Spring Grove . The house was substantially extended and rebuilt by later owners and is now part of West Thames College . Banks was made a baronet in 1781, three years after being elected president of the Royal Society. During much of this time, he was an informal adviser to King George III on the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, a position that

3560-531: The Tasmanian mainland at Stanley Head , and then continued on to George Town . However it started failing within a few weeks of completion, and by 1861 it failed completely. Tasmania is currently connected to the mainland via two Telstra -operated fibre optic cables; since 2006, dark fibre capacity has also been available on the Basslink HVDC cable. Other submarine cables include: In 1978, one of

3649-406: The age of nine and then at Eton College from 1756; the boys with whom he attended the school included his future shipmate Constantine Phipps . As a boy, Banks enjoyed exploring the Lincolnshire countryside and developed a keen interest in nature, history, and botany. When he was 17, he was inoculated with smallpox , but he became ill and did not return to school. In late 1760, he was enrolled as

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3738-441: The capacity to carry up to 630 megawatts of electrical power across the strait. Alinta owns a submarine gas pipeline , delivering natural gas to large industrial customers near George Town , as well as the Powerco gas network in Tasmania. The first submarine communications cable across Bass Strait was laid in 1859. Starting at Cape Otway , Victoria , it went via King Island and Three Hummock Island , made contact with

3827-423: The central basin of Bass Strait was enclosed by raised sills forming a large shallow lake. This occurred during the last glacial maximum (18,000  BP ) when the basin was completely isolated. Sea level rise during the marine transgression flooded the basin, forming a westward embayment from 11,800 BP to 8700 BP, and the basin rim was completely flooded by about 8000 BP, at which point Bass Strait

3916-573: The colony, Arthur Phillip , John Hunter , and Philip Gidley King , were in continual correspondence with him. Banks produced a significant body of papers, including one of the earliest Aboriginal Australian words lists compiled by a European. Bligh was also appointed governor of New South Wales on Banks's recommendation. Banks followed the explorations of Matthew Flinders , George Bass , and Lieutenant James Grant , and among his paid helpers were George Caley , Robert Brown, and Allan Cunningham. However, Banks backed William Bligh to be installed as

4005-408: The company of artist Paul Sandby . When he settled in London, he began work on his Florilegium . He kept in touch with most of the scientists of his time, was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1773, and added a fresh interest when he was elected to the Dilettante Society in 1774. He was afterwards secretary of this society from 1778 to 1797. On 30 November 1778, he

4094-523: The converse of isthmuses . That is, while a strait lies between two land masses and connects two large areas of ocean, an isthmus lies between two areas of ocean and connects two large land masses. Some straits have the potential to generate significant tidal power using tidal stream turbines . Tides are more predictable than wave power or wind power . The Pentland Firth (a strait) may be capable of generating 10  GW . Cook Strait in New Zealand may be capable of generating 5.6 GW even though

4183-407: The cow pastures, which was later granted by Lord Camden. The next governor, Lachlan Macquarie , was asked to arrest Macarthur and Johnston, only to realise that they had left Sydney for London to defend themselves. He was humiliated that Macarthur and Johnston were acquitted from all charges in London and both later returned to Sydney. Banks met the young Alexander von Humboldt in 1790, when Banks

4272-424: The death of Knatchbull and his wife, the letters and papers were passed on to their son Edward Knatchbull Hugesson, 1st Baron Brabourne, who offered to sell them to the British Museum . However, in 1884 it declined to purchase them. Following that "notorious" decision the Agent General of New South Wales, Sir Saul Samuel , issued instructions for the purchase of a large portion of the papers, which now form part of

4361-431: The electoral Division of Banks , and the Sydney suburbs of Bankstown , Banksia , and Banksmeadow are all named after him, as is the northern headland of Botany Bay , Cape Banks. A number of schools and colleges are also named after him, including the Sir Joseph Banks High School in the Sydney suburb of Revesby , and the Joseph Banks Secondary College opened in Perth , Western Australia in 2015. An image of Banks

4450-425: The end of the last glacial period , the strait was named after English explorer and physician George Bass (1771–1803) by European colonists . The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of Bass Strait as follows: Some authorities consider the strait to be part of the Pacific Ocean as in the never-approved 2002 IHO Limits of Oceans and Seas draft. In the currently in-force IHO 1953 draft, it

4539-475: The formal definition of strait, they are not usually referred to as such. Rivers and often canals, generally have a directional flow tied to changes in elevation, whereas straits often are free flowing in either direction or switch direction, maintaining the same elevation. The term strait is typically reserved for much larger, wider features of the marine environment. There are exceptions, with straits being called canals; Pearse Canal , for example. Straits are

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4628-515: The government on all Australian matters for twenty years. He arranged that a large number of useful trees and plants should be sent out in the supply ship HMS  Guardian , which was unfortunately wrecked, as well as other ships; many of these were supplied by Hugh Ronalds from his nursery in Brentford . Every vessel that came from New South Wales brought to Banks plants or animals or geological and other specimens and, on at least one occasion, human remains. Governor Philip Gidley King sent Banks

4717-446: The great German scientist. Both men believed in the internationalism of science. Banks was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1787 and a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1788. Among other activities, Banks found time to serve as a trustee of the British Museum for 42 years. He was high sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1794. He worked with Sir George Staunton in producing

4806-417: The house with Banks and his wife. He had as librarian and curator of his collections Solander, Jonas Carlsson Dryander , and Robert Brown in succession. Also in 1779, Banks took a lease on an estate called Spring Grove, the former residence of Elisha Biscoe (1705–1776), which he eventually bought outright from Biscoe's son, also Elisha , in 1808. The picture shows the house in 1815. Its 34 acres ran along

4895-458: The island to establish a garrison at Hobart. Strong currents between the Antarctic-driven southeast portions of the Indian Ocean and the Tasman Sea 's Pacific Ocean waters provide a strait of powerful, wild storm waves. The shipwrecks on the Tasmanian and Victorian coastlines number in the hundreds, although stronger metal ships and modern marine navigation have greatly reduced the danger. Many vessels, some quite large, have disappeared without

4984-471: The islands in the strait are served either by Rex Airlines , QantasLink or King Island Airlines . The domestic sea route is serviced by two Spirit of Tasmania passenger vehicle ferries , based in Devonport , Tasmania. The ships travel daily between Devonport and Spirit of Tasmania Quay in Geelong as overnight trips, with additional daytime trips during the peak summer season. The Basslink HVDC electrical cable has been in service since 2006. It has

5073-481: The land veered to the north-west at Eddystone Point , he tried to keep in with it but his ships were suddenly hit by the Roaring Forties howling through Bass Strait. Tasman was on a mission to find the Southern Continent, not more islands, so he abruptly turned away to the east and continued his continent hunting. The next European to approach the strait was Captain James Cook in the HMS Endeavour in April 1770. However, after sailing for two hours westward towards

5162-427: The mainland coastline: A number of oil and gas fields exist in the eastern portion of Bass Strait, in what is known as the Gippsland Basin. Most large fields were discovered in the 1960s, and are located about 50 to 65 km (30 to 40 mi) off the coast of Gippsland in water depths of about 70 m (230 ft). These oil fields include the Halibut Field discovered in 1967, the Cobia Field discovered in 1972,

5251-562: The most famous UFO incidents in Australian history occurred over Bass Strait. Frederick Valentich was flying a small aeroplane over the strait when he reported to personnel at a local airport that a strange object was buzzing his plane. He then claimed that the object had moved directly in front of his plane; the airport personnel then heard a metallic "scraping" sound, followed by silence. Valentich and his plane subsequently vanished and neither Valentich nor his plane were ever seen again. The issue of planes, ships and people having been lost in

5340-561: The new governor of New South Wales and to crack down on the New South Wales Corps (or Rum Corps), which made a fortune on the trading of rum. This brought him in direct confrontation with post-Rum Rebellion de facto leaders such as John Macarthur and George Johnston . This backing led to the Rum Rebellion in Sydney, whereby the governor was overthrown by the two men. This became an embarrassment for Sir Joseph Banks, also, because years earlier, he campaigned that John Macarthur not be granted 4,000 hectares (10,000 acres) of land near Sydney in

5429-423: The north and northwest coasts of Australia to collect specimens. Banks's own time in Australia, however, led to his interest in the British colonisation of that continent. He was to be the greatest proponent of settlement in New South Wales. A genus of the Proteaceae was named in his honour as Banksia . In 1779, Banks, giving evidence before a committee of the House of Commons, had stated that in his opinion

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5518-441: The northeastern Pacific ( Pacific Northwest ), and William Bligh 's voyages (one entailing the infamous mutiny on the Bounty ) to transplant breadfruit from the South Pacific to the Caribbean islands. Banks was also a major financial supporter of William Smith in his decade-long efforts to create a geological map of England, the first geological map of an entire country. He also chose Allan Cunningham for voyages to Brazil and

5607-545: The northeastern tip of Tasmania and Point Hicks on the Australian mainland. Jennings' study of the submarine topography of Bass Strait described the bathymetric Bass Basin, a shallow depression approximately 120 km (70 mi) wide and 400 km (250 mi) long (over 65,000 km [25,000 sq mi] in area) in the centre of Bass Strait, a maximum depth is the channel between Inner Sister Island and Flinders Island , which navigation charts indicate reaches 155 m (510 ft). Two underwater plateaus ,

5696-407: The northern side of the London Road, Isleworth , and contained a natural spring, which was an important attraction to him. Banks spent much time and effort on this secondary home. He steadily created a renowned botanical masterpiece on the estate, achieved primarily with many of the great variety of foreign plants he had collected on his extensive travels around the world, particularly to Australia and

5785-422: The official account of the British mission to the Chinese Imperial court . This diplomatic and trade mission was headed by George, Earl Macartney . Although the Macartney Embassy returned to London without obtaining any concession from China, the mission could have been termed a success because it brought back detailed observations. This multivolume work was taken chiefly from the papers of Lord Macartney and from

5874-483: The papers of Sir Erasmus Gower , who was commander of the expedition. Banks was responsible for selecting and arranging engraving of the illustrations in this official record. Banks was invested as a Knight of the Order of the Bath (KB) on 1 July 1795, which became Knight Grand Cross (GCB) when the order was restructured in 1815. Banks was a large landowner and activist encloser, drainer and ‘improver’ in Fens at Revesby . Banks's health began to fail early in

5963-412: The place most eligible for the reception of convicts "was Botany Bay, on the coast of New Holland ", on the general grounds that, "it was not to be doubted that a Tract of Land such as New Holland, which was larger than the whole of Europe, would furnish Matter of advantageous Return". Although Banks remained uninvolved in these colonies in a hands on manner, he was, nonetheless, the general adviser to

6052-406: The severed head of an Aboriginal man named Pemulwuy that Banks had seemingly listed as among his "desiderata." He was continually called on for help in developing the agriculture and trade of the colony, and his influence was used in connection with the sending out of early free settlers, one of whom, a young gardener George Suttor , later wrote a memoir of Banks. The three earliest governors of

6141-441: The ship was repaired after becoming holed on the Great Barrier Reef . While they were in Australia, Banks, Daniel Solander, and Finnish botanist Dr Herman Spöring Jr. made the first major collection of Australian flora, describing many species new to science. Almost 800 specimens were illustrated by the artist Sydney Parkinson and appear in Banks' Florilegium , finally published in 35 volumes between 1980 and 1990. Notable also

6230-451: The strait against the wind, he turned back east and noted in his journal that he was "doubtful whether they [i.e. Van Diemen's Land and New Holland] are one land or no". The strait was named after George Bass , after he and Matthew Flinders sailed across it while circumnavigating Van Diemen's Land (now named Tasmania ) in the Norfolk in 1798–99. At Flinders' recommendation, the Governor of New South Wales, John Hunter , in 1800 named

6319-408: The strait over time has spawned a number of theories. Perhaps the most thorough list of losses and disappearances has been the oft reprinted book of Jack Loney though it is possible that most losses can be adequately explained by extreme weather events. On the popular Australian soap Neighbours , one of its most dramatic storylines unfolded when a 1940s themed joy flight to Tasmania was sabotaged by

6408-416: The stretch of water between the mainland and Van Diemen's Land "Bass's Straits". In 1798 it became known as Bass Strait. The existence of the strait had been suggested in 1797 by the master of Sydney Cove when he reached Sydney after deliberately grounding his foundering ship and being stranded on Preservation Island (at the eastern end of the strait). He reported that the strong south westerly swell and

6497-596: The tides and currents suggested that the island was in a channel linking the Pacific and southern Indian Ocean. Governor Hunter thus wrote to Joseph Banks in August 1797 that it seemed certain a strait existed. When news of the 1798 discovery of Bass Strait reached Europe, the French government despatched a reconnaissance expedition commanded by Nicolas Baudin . This prompted Governor King to send two vessels from Sydney to

6586-477: The total energy available in the flow is 15 GW. Straits used for international navigation through the territorial sea between one part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone and another part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone are subject to the legal regime of transit passage ( Strait of Gibraltar , Dover Strait , Strait of Hormuz ). The regime of innocent passage applies in straits used for international navigation (1) that connect

6675-405: The trader Christoffel Brand and a friendship started. He was the godfather of Brand's grandson Christoffel Brand . The voyage went to Brazil , where Banks made the first scientific description of a now common garden plant, Bougainvillea (named after Cook's French counterpart, Louis Antoine de Bougainville ), and to other parts of South America. The voyage then progressed to Tahiti (where

6764-606: The university until 1764, but left that year without taking a degree. His father had died in 1761, so when Banks reached the age of 21, he inherited the large estate of Revesby Abbey , in Lincolnshire, becoming the local squire and magistrate , and dividing his time between Lincolnshire and London. From his mother's house in Chelsea, he kept up his interest in science by attending the Chelsea Physic Garden of

6853-624: The world, including Australia. The conservatory was moved to Woodside Wildlife Park in 2016 and has been named 'Endeavour'. A plaque was installed in Lincoln Cathedral in his honour. In Boston, Lincolnshire , Banks was recorder for the town. His portrait, painted in 1814 by Thomas Phillips , was commissioned by the Corporation of Boston, as a tribute to one whose 'judicious and active exertions improved and enriched this borough and neighbourhood'. It cost them 100 guineas. The portrait

6942-562: Was already the president of the Royal Society. Before Humboldt and his scientific travel companion and collaborator Aimé Bonpland left for what became a five-year journal of exploration and discovery, Humboldt requested a British passport for Bonpland, should the two encounter British warships. On their travels, Humboldt arranged for specimens be sent to Banks, should they be seized by the British. Banks and Humboldt remained in touch until Banks's death, aiding Humboldt by mobilising his wide network of scientific contacts to forward information to

7031-644: Was an English naturalist , botanist, and patron of the natural sciences . Banks made his name on the 1766 natural-history expedition to Newfoundland and Labrador . He took part in Captain James Cook 's first great voyage (1768–1771), visiting Brazil, Tahiti, and after 6 months in New Zealand, Australia, returning to immediate fame. He held the position of president of the Royal Society for over 41 years. He advised King George III on

7120-425: Was based on the metaphorical journey of water through the continent, related to the award-winning Australian Garden at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Cranbourne . The design won a gold medal. In 1911, London County Council marked Banks's house at 32 Soho Square with a blue plaque . This was replaced in 1938 with a rectangular stone plaque commemorating Banks and botanists David Don and Robert Brown and meetings of

7209-470: Was elected president of the Royal Society , a position he was to hold with great distinction for over 41 years. In March 1779, Banks married Dorothea Hugessen , daughter of W. W. Hugessen, and settled in a large house at 32 Soho Square . It continued to be his London residence for the remainder of his life. There, he welcomed the scientists, students, and authors of his period, and many distinguished foreign visitors. His sister Sarah Sophia Banks lived in

7298-534: Was featured on the paper $ 5 Australian banknote from its introduction in 1967 before it was replaced by the later polymer currency. In 1986, Banks was honoured by his portrait being depicted on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post . In Lincoln , England, the Sir Joseph Banks Conservatory was constructed in 1989 at The Lawn, Lincoln ; its tropical hot house had numerous plants related to Banks's voyages, with samples from across

7387-497: Was first lit in 1848, followed by another at Cape Wickham at the northern end of King Island in 1861. There are over 50 islands in Bass Strait. Major islands include: Western section: South eastern section: North eastern section: Within Bass Strait there are several Commonwealth marine reserves , which are all part of the South-east Network. The two larger reserves, Flinders and Zeehan, extend mostly outside of

7476-416: Was formalised in 1797. Banks dispatched explorers and botanists to many parts of the world, and through these efforts, Kew Gardens became arguably the pre-eminent botanical gardens in the world, with many species being introduced to Europe through them and through Chelsea Physic Garden and their head gardener John Fairbairn. He directly fostered several famous voyages, including that of George Vancouver to

7565-498: Was formed and Tasmania became an isolated island. Like the rest of the waters surrounding Tasmania, and particularly because of its limited depth, it is notoriously rough, with many ships lost there during the 19th century. A lighthouse was erected on Deal Island in 1848 to assist ships navigating in the eastern part of the Straits, but there were no guides to the western entrance until the Cape Otway Lighthouse

7654-406: Was in 1982 by Mark Paul and Les Tokolyi. In 1998 Australian offshore sailor Nick Moloney took on a different challenge by being the first person to windsurf unaided across the Bass Strait in a time of 22 hours. In terms of dinghy sailing many crossings have been made but in March 2005 Australian Olympic medallist Michael Blackburn set a record when he crossed the strait in just over 13 hours in

7743-855: Was made an honorary founding member of the Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh in 1808. In 1809, he became associated member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands . In 1809, his friend Alexander Henry dedicated his travel book to him. In May 1820, he forwarded his resignation as president of the Royal Society, but withdrew it at the request of the council. In 1819, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen , on his First Russian Antarctic Expedition , briefly stopped in England and met Joseph Banks. Banks had sailed with James Cook 50 years earlier and supplied

7832-445: Was made by Jack Bark, Brad Gaul and Zeb Walsh, leaving Wilsons Promontory in Victoria on 25 February 2014 and arriving at Cape Portland in northeastern Tasmania on 4 March 2014. Rod Harris, Ian and Peter Richards are credited with the first kayak crossing in 1971. Many sea kayakers have since made the crossing, usually by island hopping on the eastern side of the strait. Fewer sea kayak crossings have been made via King Island, due to

7921-702: Was that during the period when the Endeavour was being repaired, Banks observed a kangaroo , first recorded as "kanguru" on 12 July 1770 in an entry in his diary. Banks arrived back in England on 12 July 1771 and immediately became famous. He intended to go with Cook on his second voyage , which began on 13 May 1772, but difficulties arose about Banks's scientific requirements on board Cook's new ship, HMS Resolution . The Admiralty regarded Banks's demands as unacceptable and without prior warning, withdrew his permission to sail. Banks immediately arranged an alternative expedition, and in July 1772, Daniel Solander and he visited

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