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54-657: Administratively, the modern version, Betuwe, is a part of the modern province of Gelderland and although the rivers and provinces have changed over history it is roughly the same. Today it has the Waal river on the south and the Lek and Nederrijn in the north (all rivers which start in the delta itself and are branches of the Rhine or Maas). Historically, the former municipality of Rijnwaarden belonged to Betuwe, now in Zevenaar , which

108-731: A new name: The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was €78.3 billion in 2018, accounting for 10.1% of the Netherlands' economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €33,000 or 110% of the EU27 average in the same year. Religion in Gelderland (2015) In 2015, 23.2% of the population belonged to the Protestant Church in the Netherlands , while 21.6% were Roman Catholic , 3.6% were Muslim , and 5.3% adhered to other churches or faiths. Close to half of

162-651: A northern area around the river Meuse in what is now Belgium and the southern Netherlands. In Gaul, a fusion of Roman and Germanic societies was occurring. During the period of Merovingian rule, the Franks began to adopt Christianity following the baptism of Clovis I in 496, an event that inaugurated the alliance between the Frankish kingdom and the Roman Catholic Church . Unlike their Gothic , Burgundic and Lombardic counterparts, who adopted Arianism ,

216-708: A pre-Roman and pre-Germanic population, apparently already called the Batavians. Caesar indeed had not only implied the existence of pre-Roman Batavians, but also mentioned that the Belgic Menapii of the Flemish coast had settlements stretching as far as the beginning of the delta, near the modern border with Germany. During the Roman Empire there was a civitas of the Batavians , a Germanic tribe. It

270-638: A region the Franks later called Neustria , was called the Salic law . Their dynasty, the Merovingians , were named after Childeric's father Merovech , whose birth was associated with supernatural elements. Childeric and Clovis were described as Kings of the Franks, and rulers of the Roman province of Belgica Secunda . Clovis became the absolute ruler of a Germanic kingdom of mixed Galloroman-Germanic population in 486. He consolidated his rule with victories over

324-540: A short-lived Batavian Republic . The name Batavia was also taken to the colonies such as the Dutch East Indies , where they renamed the city of Jayakarta to become Batavia from 1619 until about 1942, when its name was changed to Djakarta (short for the former name Jayakarta, later respelt Jakarta; see: History of Jakarta ). The name was also used in Suriname , where they founded Batavia, Suriname , and in

378-578: Is characterised by its many orchards, and is for centuries known as the fruit garden of the Netherlands. The "Batavian island" in the Rhine river was mentioned by Julius Caesar in his commentary Commentarii de Bello Gallico . The island's easternmost point is at a split in the Rhine, one arm being the Waal and the other the Lower Rhine / Old Rhine (hence the Latin name Insula Batavorum , "Island of

432-641: Is not clear.) In 358, the Salians came to some form of agreement with the Romans, which allowed them to keep settlements south of the delta in Toxandria, between the rivers Scheldt , Meuse , and Demer , roughly the area of the Campine , which contains the modern Dutch province of North Brabant , and adjacent parts of the two bordering Belgian Limburg and Antwerp Provinces . The first mention of Franks in

486-617: Is the most famous island of the Batavi and the Canninefates". Its later Roman history is attested by Ammianus Marcellinus who mentions the Frankish Salians as a people living there. Zosimus is the only classical author who claims that they had first crossed the Rhine during the Roman upheavals and subsequent Germanic breakthrough in 260 AD. Both authors agree that from Batavia they were pushed south, into Toxandria . In

540-524: Is unrelated to the name for the dancing priests of Mars, who were also called Salii . In line with theories that the Salians already existed as a tribe outside the Roman Empire, the name may have derived from the name of the IJssel river, formerly called Hisloa or Hisla , and in ancient times, Sala , which may be the Salians' original residence. Today this area is called Salland . Alternatively,

594-516: The Betuwe in the southwest, the Achterhoek (literally meaning the "back corner") or Graafschap (which originally means earldom or county) in the east and the city-region of Arnhem and Nijmegen in the centre-south. In 2020, the 51 municipalities in Gelderland were divided into four COROPs : These municipalities were merged with neighbouring ones: These municipalities were merged and given

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648-583: The Carolingian and Ottonian periods in the early Middle Ages , Batavia, called Batua by the Franks , was an example of a Frankish gau that was based on much older Roman pagi . Several counts are recorded as having their counties there, and it is mentioned in the treaties such as the Treaty of Meerssen , that divided up Europe among the different Frankish kingdoms. Later, it was mainly absorbed into

702-912: The French Empire (1810–13), Gelderland became a province of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. During the Second World War , it saw heavy fighting between Allied Paratroopers, British XXX Corps and the German II SS Panzer Corps , at the Battle of Arnhem . In Gelderland there are many museums, like the Netherlands Open Air Museum and Museum Arnhem in Arnhem, Valkhof Museum in Nijmegen,

756-774: The Gallo-Romans and all the other Frankish tribes and established his capital in Paris . After he had defeated the Visigoths and the Alemanni , his sons drove the Visigoths to Spain and subdued the Burgundians , Alemanni and Thuringians . After 250 years of this dynasty, marked by internecine struggles, a gradual decline occurred. The position in society of the Merovingians was taken over by Carolingians , who came from

810-793: The GelreDome stadium in Arnhem. Every year the municipality Renkum and Overbetuwe receive a large amount of tourist visiting because of the Battle of Arnhem . Often historical locations are visited, like the John Frost Bridge and the Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery in Oosterbeek . Gelderland can roughly be divided into four geographical regions: the Veluwe in the north, the Rivierenland including

864-466: The German state of North Rhine-Westphalia . The capital is Arnhem (pop. 159,265 ); however, Nijmegen (pop. 176,731) and Apeldoorn (pop. 162,445) are both larger municipalities. Other major regional centres in Gelderland are Ede , Doetinchem , Zutphen , Harderwijk , Tiel , Wageningen , Zevenaar , and Winterswijk . Gelderland had a population of about 2,134,000 as of January 2023. It contains

918-865: The Het Loo Palace in Apeldoorn and in Otterlo the Kröller-Müller Museum . There are several large theatres in Gelderland such as the Stadsschouwburg in Nijmegen, Stadstheater in Arnhem and Orpheus (theater) in Apeldoorn. Some cities are also equipped with large concert halls like MUSIS (formerly: Musis sacrum) in Arnhem and Concertgebouw de Vereeniging in Nijmegen. The known by a larger public pop-music venues are Luxor Live in Arnhem, Doornroosje in Nijmegen, Gigant in Apeldoorn and

972-462: The Netherlands , located in the centre-east of the country. With a total area of 5,136 km (1,983 sq mi) of which 176 km (68 sq mi) is water, it is the largest province of the Netherlands by land area, and second by total area. Gelderland shares borders with six other provinces ( Flevoland , Limburg , North Brabant , Overijssel , South Holland and Utrecht ) and

1026-531: The Rhine and the IJssel in the modern day Dutch region of the Veluwe , Gelderland , and they may have given their name to the region of Salland . It has also been proposed that the Salii might have been one of the peoples making up the large nation of the Chauci during the Roman Empire, most of whom apparently became Saxons . (The difference between Saxons and Franks in the earliest records which mention them

1080-681: The Salii iuniores Gallicani based in Hispania , the Salii seniores based in Gaul. There is also record of a numerus Saliorum . While their relationship to Chlodio is uncertain, Childeric I and his son Clovis I , who gained control over Roman Gaul were said to be related, and the legal code they published for the Romance speaking country between the Loire and the Silva Carbonaria ,

1134-607: The Union of Utrecht (1579). After the deposition of Philip II, its sovereignty was vested in the States of Gelderland , and the princes of Orange were stadtholders . In 1672, the province was temporarily occupied by Louis XIV and, in 1713, the southeastern part, including the ducal capital of Geldern, fell to Prussia . Part of the Batavian Republic (1795–1806), of Louis Bonaparte 's Kingdom of Holland (1806–10), and of

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1188-593: The Western Roman Empire , called upon his Germanic allies on Roman soil to help fight off an invasion by Attila 's Huns . Franks answered the call and fought in the battle of the Catalaunian Fields in a temporary alliance with Romans and Visigoths , which temporarily ended the Hunnic threat to Western Europe. The Notitia dignitatum listing Roman military units in the 5th century mentions

1242-521: The Batavi"). Much later Tacitus wrote that the Batavians who lived there had originally been a part of the Chatti , a tribe in Germany never mentioned by Caesar, who were forced by internal dissension to move to their new home. Tacitus also reports that before their arrival the area had been "an uninhabited district on the extremity of the coast of Gaul , and also of a neighbouring island, surrounded by

1296-697: The Batavian territory begins, into two rivers, retaining its name and the rapidity of its course in the stream which washes Germany, till it mingles with the ocean. On the Gallic bank, its flow is broader and gentler; it is called by an altered name, the Vahal , by the inhabitants of its shore. Soon that name too is changed for the Mosa river, through whose vast mouth it empties itself into the same ocean. Modern archaeologists disagree with Tacitus, noting that that island had

1350-575: The Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV . After 1379, the duchy was ruled from Jülich and by the counts of Egmond and Cleves . The duchy resisted Burgundian domination, but William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg was forced to cede it to Charles V in 1543, after which it formed part of the Burgundian-Habsburg hereditary lands. The duchy revolted with the rest of the Netherlands against Philip II of Spain and joined

1404-595: The Netherlands's largest forest region (the Veluwe ), the Rhine and other major rivers, and a significant amount of orchards in the south ( Betuwe ). Historically, the province dates from states of the Holy Roman Empire and takes its name from the nearby German city of Geldern . According to the Wichard saga , the Lords of Pont fought and killed a dragon in 878 AD, and named the town they founded after

1458-551: The Rhine delta in the modern Netherlands. Although often treated as a tribe it has also been argued by Matthias Springer that this might represent a misunderstanding. All of the classical mentions of them seem to derive from one mention by Ammianus Marcellinus of "Franks, those namely whom custom calls the Salii ". Ammianus, who served in the Roman military, reported that the Salii were pushed from their home in Batavia (the civitas of Nijmegen ), into Toxandria (both within

1512-606: The Rhineland or Ripuarian Franks. The Lex Ripuaria originated about 630 and has been described as a later development of the Frankish laws known from Lex Salica . On the other hand, following the interpretation of Springer the Lex Salica may simply have meant something like "Common Law". Apart from some isolated fragments, there is no record of the Salian Frankish language but it is presumed to be ancestral to

1566-531: The Roman frontier, and into the Roman river delta. The emperor Julian the Apostate took the opportunity to allow the Salii to settle in Toxandria, south of Batavia, where they had previously been expelled: "[Julian] commanded his army to attack them briskly; but not to kill any of the Salii, or prevent them from entering the Roman territories, because they came not as enemies, but were forced there [...] As soon as

1620-466: The Romans. Whatever their origins, Zosimus says they were being pushed out of Batavia by a Saxon group known as the "Kouadoi", a Greek spelling of " Quadi " which some authors believe might be a misunderstanding for the Frankish Chamavi, who were mentioned by Ammianus. According to Zosimus, these Saxons had used boats on the Rhine to get around other Frankish tribes who effectively protected

1674-536: The Salians adopted Catholic Christianity early on; giving them a relationship with the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and their subjects in conquered territories. The division of the Frankish kingdom among Clovis’s four sons (511) was an event that would repeat in Frankish history over more than four centuries. By then, the Salic Law had established the exclusive right to succession of male descendants. This principle turned out to be an exercise in interpretation, rather than

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1728-401: The Salii heard of the kindness of emperor Julian the Apostate, some of them went with their king into the Roman territory, and others fled to the extremity of their country, but all humbly committed their lives and fortunes to Caesar's gracious protection." The Salians were then brought into Roman units defending the empire from other Frankish raiders. Ammianus Marcellinus (late 4th century), on

1782-783: The Sygambrian beats his straight sword into a curved sickle". (The Sugambri had apparently long ago been defeated and moved by the Romans.) From the first half of the fifth century onwards, a group of Franks pushed south west through the boundary of the Roman inhabited Silva Carbonaria and expanded their territory to the Somme in northern France . These Franks, headed by a certain Chlodio , conquered an area which included Turnacum (the modern Belgian city of Tournai ) and Cameracum (the modern French city of Cambrai ). According to Lanting & van der Plicht (2010), this probably happened in

1836-406: The United States where the Holland Land Company founded the city and the town of Batavia, New York . This name spread further west in the United States to such places as Batavia, Illinois , near Chicago , and Batavia, Ohio . When the Pannerdens Kanaal was dug between 1701 and 1709, the easternmost tip of the Betuwe (including the towns of Pannerden and Lobith ) was cut off from the rest of

1890-449: The area was about 286 AD, during the reign of emperor Probus (276–282), when Carausius was put in charge of defending the coasts of the Straits of Dover against Saxon and Frankish pirates. In the time of Probus there is also record of a large group who decided to hijack some Roman ships and return with them from the Black Sea – reaching the Atlantic after causing chaos through Greece, Sicily and Gibraltar. It has been proposed that

1944-441: The death-rattle of the dragon: " Gelre! " The County of Guelders arose out of the Frankish pagus Hamaland in the 11th century around castles near Roermond and Geldern . The counts of Gelre acquired the Betuwe and Veluwe regions and, through marriage, the County of Zutphen . Thus the counts of Guelders laid the foundation for a territorial power that, through control of the Rhine , Waal , Meuse and IJssel rivers,

1998-465: The empire), by the non-Roman Chamavi . The account implies that they entered into the civitas of Tongeren . The first historian to say that the Salians had been pushed into the empire from outside was Zosimus , but his description of events seems to be confused and derived from others. The account of Zosimus, that the Salians had been pushed into the empire as a single tribe, is still often accepted. In this case, their homeland may have been between

2052-449: The family bond was made clear by the Salic Law , which ordained that an individual had no right to protection if not part of a family. While the Goths or the Vandals had been at least partly converted to Christianity since the mid-4th century, polytheistic beliefs are thought to have flourished among the Salian Franks until the conversion of Clovis to Catholicism shortly before or after 500, after which paganism diminished gradually. On

2106-438: The historical record in the fourth and fifth centuries. They lived west of the Lower Rhine in what was then the Roman Empire and today the Netherlands and Belgium . The traditional historiography sees the Salians as one of the main divisions of the Franks alongside the Ripuarians . Recent scholarship, however, has often questioned the ethnic significance of both these terms. Various etymologies are proposed. The ethnonym

2160-400: The meaning of the term Frank changed over time and that these pirate Franks were actually Frisii , or some other coastal people. Centuries before the Vikings , the term "Saxon" came to refer to coastal Germanic groups specialised in raiding Roman territories by boat, whereas the Franks were strongly associated with the inland Rhine region. In the later period when the Salians first appear in

2214-426: The modern family of Low Franconian dialects, which are represented today by Dutch and Flemish dialects, and Afrikaans . Before the Merovingian takeover, the Salian tribes apparently constituted a loose confederacy that only occasionally banded together, for example to negotiate with Roman authority. Each tribe consisted of extended family groups centered on a particularly renowned or noble family. The importance of

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2268-403: The name may derive from a proposed Germanic word * saljon meaning friend or comrade, indicating that the term initially implied an alliance. In that case, the name may have originated in the empire itself, or the river and/or region might be named after the inhabitants (rather than the reverse). The Salians, unlike other Franks, first appear living inside the Roman Empire, living in

2322-400: The newer county of Guelders which had become established to the southeast. In the Renaissance , the Dutch wanted to rediscover their pre-medieval Batavi culture and history. This common history raised Batavi to the status of cultural ancestors to all Dutch people (see The Batavian revival ). They occasionally called themselves, or their things ( Batavia ), Batavians, resulting even in

2376-430: The ocean in front, and by the river Rhine in the rear and on either side". In a more detailed description he writes: The island of the Batavi was the appointed rendezvous because of its easy landing-places, and its convenience for receiving the army and carrying the war across the river. For the Rhine after flowing continuously in a single channel or encircling merely insignificant islands, divides itself, so to say, where

2430-426: The other hand, mentions the Chamavi, normally considered Frankish, as the Germanic tribe who had entered the empire in this area at this time. Unlike the Salii, these Chamavi were expelled from Roman lands. Their grain was disappointingly unready for Roman use. In a poem from 400, Claudian celebrates Stilicho 's pacification of the Germani using names of people which may only be poetic: "Salian now tills his fields,

2484-429: The period 445–450. Chlodio is never referred to as Salian, only Frankish, and his origins unclear. He is said by Gregory of Tours (II.9) to have launched his attack on Tournai through the Carbonaria Silva from a fort named Dispargum , which was in "Thuringia". The most common interpretations of these names are neither in Salian Batavia nor in Toxandria. In 451, Chlodio's opponent Flavius Aëtius , de facto ruler of

2538-407: The population (46.3%) identified as non-religious. In the 2001 movie A Knight's Tale , the protagonist, William Thatcher (played by Heath Ledger ) pretends to be a knight known as "Ulrich von Lichtenstein from Gelderland". Salians The Salian Franks , also called the Salians ( Latin : Salii ; Greek : Σάλιοι, Salioi ), were a northwestern subgroup of the early Franks who appear in

2592-424: The record, the term Frank was not associated with seafaring or coastal tribes. Their origins before they lived in Batavia are uncertain. Much later, it was only Zosimus, and not Ammianus Marcellinus whose work he possibly partly followed, who claimed that the Salians had once lived under the same name outside the Roman Empire, saying that they had been forced away by Saxons, and had come to share control of Batavia with

2646-442: The region. In the aftermath of the failed allied Operation Market Garden , the Germans attempted to retake the Allied gains during the Battle of the Nijmegen salient but were unsuccessful. In the period 1940-1990, land consolidation took place throughout the area. This made further economies of scale and departmentalisation in the fruit production possible. In 1995, a large part of this area had to be evacuated because

2700-410: The rivers threatened to overflow. This did not happen, but it raised the debate again about whether to reinforce the dikes . [REDACTED] Media related to Betuwe at Wikimedia Commons Gelderland Gelderland ( / ˈ ɡ ɛ l d ər l ə n d / , Dutch: [ˈɣɛldərlɑnt] ), also known as Guelders ( / ˈ ɡ ɛ l d ər z / ) in English, is a province of

2754-477: The simple implementation of a new model of succession. No trace of an established practice of territorial division can be discovered among Germanic peoples other than the Franks. The later Merovingian kings responsible for the conquest of Gaul are thought to have had Salian ancestry, because they applied so-called Salian law ( Lex Salica ) in their Roman-populated territories between the Loire and Silva Carbonaria , although they also clearly had connections with

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2808-400: Was cut off by the building of the Pannerdens Kanaal . A major freight railroad, the Betuweroute , passes through the Betuwe. It was opened in 2007 after many years of controversy. The Betuwe region is divided into nine municipalities : Lingewaard , Arnhem (southern part), Nijmegen (northern part), Overbetuwe , Neder-Betuwe , Buren , Tiel , Culemborg and West Betuwe . The region

2862-448: Was described as a large island between rivers in the Rhine-Meuse delta , the modern equivalent of Betuwe. The Batavians shared the island with the Canninefates , to their west near the coast. Their Roman city was Nijmegen . The name was also mentioned by Pliny the Elder , and it played a role in the account by Tacitus of the Germanic uprising of 68 . He said that "In the Rhine itself, nearly 100 miles [160 kilometres] in length, Batavia

2916-413: Was to play an important role in the later Middle Ages . The geographical position of their territory dictated the external policy of the counts during the following centuries; they were committed to the interests of the Holy Roman Empire and to expansion south and west. Further enlarged by the acquisition of the imperial city of Nijmegen in the 13th century, the countship was raised to a duchy in 1339 by

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