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68-679: Formerly, there was also a Statistics Canada designated census division named Inuvik Region, Northwest Territories , which was abolished in the 2011 Canadian Census . The territorial extent of this census division was somewhat larger than the administrative region of the same name. The Inuvik Region administrative entity includes the following communities: Download coordinates as: 68°21′42″N 133°43′50″W  /  68.36167°N 133.73056°W  / 68.36167; -133.73056  ( Inuvik Region centred on Inuvik ) Statistics Canada Statistics Canada ( StatCan ; French : Statistique Canada ), formed in 1971,

136-686: A peer-reviewed statistics journal , Survey Methodology . Statistics Canada provides free access to numerous aggregate data tables on various subjects of relevance to Canadian life. Many tables used to be published as the Canadian Socio-economic Information Management System, or CANSIM, which has since been replaced by new, more easily manipulated data tables. The Daily is Statistics Canada's free online bulletin that provides current information from StatCan, updated daily, on current social and economic conditions. Statistics Canada also provides

204-472: A collaborative project in the municipal Government to create and organize culture for Open Data or Open government data. Additionally, other levels of government have established open data websites. There are many government entities pursuing Open Data in Canada . Data.gov lists the sites of a total of 40 US states and 46 US cities and counties with websites to provide open data, e.g., the state of Maryland ,

272-411: A data commons strategy that better enables open data in businesses and research organizations. Such a strategy should address the need for: Beyond individual businesses and research centers, and at a more macro level, countries like Germany have launched their own official nationwide open data strategies, detailing how data management systems and data commons should be developed, used, and maintained for

340-399: A duty to conduct a country-wide census of population every five years and a census of agriculture every ten years. It has regularly been considered the best statistical organization in the world by The Economist , such as in the 1991 and 1993 "Good Statistics" surveys. The Public Policy Forum and others have also recognized successes of the agency. The head of Statistics Canada

408-546: A future date which has yet to be determined. On June 17, 2010 an Order in Council was created by the minister of industry defining the questions for the 2011 Census as including only the short-form questions; this was published in the Canada Gazette on June 26, 2010, however a news release was not issued by Minister of Industry Tony Clement until July 13, 2010. This release stated in part "The government will retain

476-399: A large variety of actors. Both commons and Open Data can be defined by the features of the resources that fit under these concepts, but they can be defined by the characteristics of the systems their advocates push for. Governance is a focus for both Open Data and commons scholars. The key elements that outline commons and Open Data peculiarities are the differences (and maybe opposition) to

544-400: A minimal chain of events necessary for open data to lead to accountability: Some make the case that opening up official information can support technological innovation and economic growth by enabling third parties to develop new kinds of digital applications and services. Several national governments have created websites to distribute a portion of the data they collect. It is a concept for

612-697: A new level of public scrutiny." Governments that enable public viewing of data can help citizens engage within the governmental sectors and "add value to that data." Open data experts have nuanced the impact that opening government data may have on government transparency and accountability. In a widely cited paper, scholars David Robinson and Harlan Yu contend that governments may project a veneer of transparency by publishing machine-readable data that does not actually make government more transparent or accountable. Drawing from earlier studies on transparency and anticorruption, World Bank political scientist Tiago C. Peixoto extended Yu and Robinson's argument by highlighting

680-408: A range of different arguments for government open data. Some advocates say that making government information available to the public as machine readable open data can facilitate government transparency, accountability and public participation. "Open data can be a powerful force for public accountability—it can make existing information easier to analyze, process, and combine than ever before, allowing

748-523: A reinstatement of the mandatory long form. Edmonton's chief economist preferred the long form and argues that the National Housing Survey is only useful at the aggregate city level and leaves "a dearth of data on long-term changes at the neighbourhood level and within demographic groups... making it difficult to make decisions such as "where to build a library, where to build a fire hall" without specific demographic information. Because it

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816-619: A small level, a business or research organization's policies and strategies towards open data will vary, sometimes greatly. One common strategy employed is the use of a data commons. A data commons is an interoperable software and hardware platform that aggregates (or collocates) data, data infrastructure, and data-producing and data-managing applications in order to better allow a community of users to manage, analyze, and share their data with others over both short- and long-term timelines. Ideally, this interoperable cyberinfrastructure should be robust enough "to facilitate transitions between stages in

884-421: A way that is accessible to everyone, regardless of age, disability, or gender. The paper also discusses the challenges of using open data for soft mobility optimization. One challenge is that open data is often incomplete or inaccurate. Another challenge is that it can be difficult to integrate open data from different sources. Despite these challenges, the paper argues that open data is a valuable tool for improving

952-579: A website offering open data of elections. CIAT offers open data to anybody who is willing to conduct big data analytics in order to enhance the benefit of international agricultural research. DBLP , which is owned by a non-profit organization Dagstuhl , offers its database of scientific publications from computer science as open data. Hospitality exchange services , including Bewelcome, Warm Showers , and CouchSurfing (before it became for-profit) have offered scientists access to their anonymized data for analysis, public research, and publication. At

1020-506: Is a valuable tool for improving the sustainability and equity of soft mobility in cities. The author argues that open data can be used to identify the needs of different areas of a city, develop algorithms that are fair and equitable, and justify the installation of soft mobility resources. The goals of the Open Data movement are similar to those of other "Open" movements. Formally both the definition of Open Data and commons revolve around

1088-433: Is also available via numerous third-party data vendors, including Haver Analytics, Macrobond Financial, and Thomson Reuters Datastream. The Canadian Research Data Centre Network (CRDCN) is a network of quantitative social sciences which includes 27 facilities across Canada that provide "access to a vast array of social, economic, and health data, primarily gathered" by Statistics Canada and disseminate "research findings to

1156-465: Is automatically covered by the Open License with the exception of Statistics Canada's postal products and Public Use Microdata Files (PUMFs)." Researchers using StatCan data are required to "give full credit for any Statistics Canada data, analysis and other content material used or referred to in their studies, articles, papers and other research works." The use of Public Use Microdata Files (PUMFs)

1224-698: Is called the Open Data Management Cycle and was adopted in several regions such as Veneto and Umbria . Main cities like Reggio Calabria and Genova have also adopted this model. In October 2015, the Open Government Partnership launched the International Open Data Charter , a set of principles and best practices for the release of governmental open data formally adopted by seventeen governments of countries, states and cities during

1292-823: Is governed by the Data Liberation Initiative (DLI) License signed by the universities and Statistics Canada. Aggregate data available through the Canadian Socio-economic Information Management System CANSIM, and the Census website is Open Data under the Statistics Canada Open License Agreement. By 24 April 2006, electronic publications on Statistics Canada's web site were free of charge with some exceptions. The historical time series data from CANSIM

1360-635: Is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it – subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and/or share-alike." Other definitions, including the Open Data Institute 's "open data is data that anyone can access, use or share," have an accessible short version of the definition but refer to the formal definition. Open data may include non-textual material such as maps , genomes , connectomes , chemical compounds , mathematical and scientific formulae, medical data, and practice, bioscience and biodiversity. A major barrier to

1428-586: Is the agency of the Government of Canada commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Canada, its population, resources, economy , society, and culture . It is headquartered in Ottawa . The agency is led by the Chief Statistician of Canada , currently André Loranger , who assumed the role on an interim basis on April 1, 2024. StatCan is accountable to Parliament through

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1496-472: Is the chief statistician of Canada. The heads of Statistics Canada and the previous organization, the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, are: Statistics Canada publishes numerous documents covering a range of statistical information about Canada, including census data , economic and health indicators, immigration economics , income distribution , and social and justice conditions. It also publishes

1564-491: Is the lack of barriers to the re-use of data(sets). Regardless of their origin, principles across types of Open Data hint at the key elements of the definition of commons. These are, for instance, accessibility, re-use, findability, non-proprietarily. Additionally, although to a lower extent, threats and opportunities associated with both Open Data and commons are similar. Synthesizing, they revolve around (risks and) benefits associated with (uncontrolled) use of common resources by

1632-580: The Canada Census form. In May 2006 , an Internet version of the census was made widely available for the first time. Another census was held in May 2011 , again with the internet being the primary method for statistical data collection. The most recent census was held in May 2021, with the resulting data expected to be published in seven separate data sets throughout 2022. Additional data will be published at

1700-578: The Department of Agriculture took up the burden. The duty of publication was transferred to the Dominion Bureau of Statistics upon its formation in 1918. On June 18, 2005, after years of study by expert panels, discussion, debate (privacy vs the interests of genealogists and historians), Bill S-18 An Act to Amend the Statistics Act was passed which released personal census records for censuses taken between 1911 and 2001, inclusive. Debate over

1768-537: The Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry , currently François-Philippe Champagne . Statistics Canada acts as the national statistical agency for Canada, and Statistics Canada produces statistics for all the provinces as well as the federal government. In addition to conducting about 350 active surveys on virtually all aspects of Canadian life, the Statistics Act mandates that Statistics Canada has

1836-476: The industry minister , that the new census will result in "useable (sic) and useful data that can meet the needs of many users." During the 2010 debates, the Freedom Party of Ontario , a small group based on Ayn Rand 's writings, whose 42 candidates received 12,381 votes (or 0.26% of the popular vote) in the 2014 election, opposed the long census. They also opposed bilingualism, political correctness and

1904-544: The 2016 Census of Population. In 2011, Statistics Canada released an audit acknowledging that from 2004 to 2011, their automated computer processes had "inadvertently made economic data available to data distributors before the official publication time." In November 2011, in response to the audit, StatCan stopped that process. Nearly half of Statistics Canada's 5000 employees were notified in April 2012 that their jobs might be eliminated as part of austerity measures imposed by

1972-614: The Canadian Income Survey (CIS)—a cross-sectional survey that assesses the income, income sources, and the economic status of individuals and families in Canada. Data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) is combined with data from the CIS. The February 24, 2020 reported statistics on the poverty based on the market basket measure (MBM). As of 1 February 2012, "information published by Statistics Canada

2040-461: The Conservative federal government in the 2012 Canadian federal budget . The 2,300 employees underwent a process to determine which ones were not impacted, which were eliminated and which were given early retirement or put in new positions. These budget cuts reduced the amount of information Statistics Canada was able to produce during that time period. By law, every household must complete

2108-600: The EU institutions, agencies and other bodies and the European Data Portal that provides datasets from local, regional and national public bodies across Europe. The two portals were consolidated to data.europa.eu on April 21, 2021. Italy is the first country to release standard processes and guidelines under a Creative Commons license for spread usage in the Public Administration. The open model

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2176-511: The Internet, the availability of fast, readily available networking has significantly changed the context of Open science data , as publishing or obtaining data has become much less expensive and time-consuming. The Human Genome Project was a major initiative that exemplified the power of open data. It was built upon the so-called Bermuda Principles , stipulating that: "All human genomic sequence information … should be freely available and in

2244-632: The Liberal government of Justin Trudeau reinstated the mandatory Census long form and it was used in the 2016 Census. Former industry minister Tony Clement recanted on his support for the elimination of the long form. He avowed that there were ways to protect both indispensable data and Canadians' privacy. Blaming his party for a "collective" decision to terminate the long form, he said, "I think I would have done it differently." He implied incorrectly that Statistics Canada head Munir Sheikh had agreed with

2312-571: The OGP Global Summit in Mexico . In July 2024, the OECD adopted Creative Commons CC-BY-4.0 licensing for its published data and reports. Many non-profit organizations offer open access to their data, as long it does not undermine their users', members' or third party's privacy rights . In comparison to for-profit corporations , they do not seek to monetize their data. OpenNWT launched

2380-654: The cancellation when it was done. Statistics Canada divided Canada into the following standard geographic units for statistical purposes in the 2016 Census. Open Data Open data is data that is openly accessible, exploitable, editable and shareable by anyone for any purpose. Open data is licensed under an open license . The goals of the open data movement are similar to those of other "open(-source)" movements such as open-source software, open-source hardware , open content , open specifications , open education , open educational resources , open government , open knowledge , open access , open science , and

2448-484: The census and their contents had periodically created changes in the Statistics Act such as a 2005 amendment making the privacy restrictions of the census information expire after more than a century. In addition, with Bill S-18, starting with the 2006 Census, Canadians can consent to the public release of their personal census information after 92 years. Census returns are in the custody of Statistics Canada and

2516-471: The census is being replaced with a database of information on each citizen rather than a voluntary poll and none of these systems are planned for the Canadian 2011 census. They also challenge the current system's ability to cope with rapid socio-demographic changes, though this would not be addressed without increasing the frequency of the survey. Some public opposition to the changes has been expressed through

2584-644: The change. The minister has since claimed that concerns over privacy and the threat of jail time are the reasons for the change and has refused to reverse his decision stating that the prime minister supports the legislation. The argument over privacy has subsequently been undermined by a privacy commissioner statement that she was "satisfied with the measures Statistics Canada had put into place to protect privacy". Other industry professionals have also come out in defence of Statistics Canada's record on privacy issues. The government has maintained its position, most recently expressed by Lynn Meahan, press secretary to

2652-408: The claim that a voluntary system will not provide a quality of data consistent with what Statistics Canada is known for while others feel that politically motivated changes to StatCan methodology taints the reputation of the whole organization in the international setting. Supporters of the change have offered models of European countries who are adopting alternate systems, although in these states

2720-471: The concept of shared resources with a low barrier to access. Substantially, digital commons include Open Data in that it includes resources maintained online, such as data. Overall, looking at operational principles of Open Data one could see the overlap between Open Data and (digital) commons in practice. Principles of Open Data are sometimes distinct depending on the type of data under scrutiny. Nonetheless, they are somewhat overlapping and their key rationale

2788-515: The dominant market logics as shaped by capitalism. Perhaps it is this feature that emerges in the recent surge of the concept of commons as related to a more social look at digital technologies in the specific forms of digital and, especially, data commons. Application of open data for societal good has been demonstrated in academic research works. The paper "Optimization of Soft Mobility Localization with Sustainable Policies and Open Data" uses open data in two ways. First, it uses open data to identify

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2856-424: The federal government. It was a yearly compendium of statistical lore and information on the nation's social and economic past, people, events and facts. The Canada Year Book was originally edited by a volunteer from the Department of Finance and published by a private company, which offset costs with advertisement sales. This method continued until 1879, at which time the record ceases, until 1885, at which time

2924-424: The following: It is generally held that factual data cannot be copyrighted. Publishers frequently add copyright statements (often forbidding re-use) to scientific data accompanying publications. It may be unclear whether the factual data embedded in full text are part of the copyright. While the human abstraction of facts from paper publications is normally accepted as legal there is often an implied restriction on

2992-442: The greater public good. Opening government data is only a waypoint on the road to improving education, improving government, and building tools to solve other real-world problems. While many arguments have been made categorically , the following discussion of arguments for and against open data highlights that these arguments often depend highly on the type of data and its potential uses. Arguments made on behalf of open data include

3060-510: The idea of making data into a commons. This project exemplifies the relationship between Open Data and commons, and how they can disrupt the market logic driving big data use in two ways. First, it shows how such projects, following the rationale of Open Data somewhat can trigger the creation of effective data commons. The project itself was offering different types of support to social network platform users to have contents removed. Second, opening data regarding online social networks interactions has

3128-436: The inclusion of a question on race on the 1996 Canadian census. FPO claimed that Canadian and British traditions had been dishonoured by multiculturalism. They are among a minority who argue that using statistical data to analyse resource allocation is not beneficial. Central to the debate on this issue is the effect on the quality of data which will be collected by Statistics Canada under the new system. Many groups have made

3196-417: The life cycle of a collection" of data and information resources while still being driven by common data models and workspace tools enabling and supporting robust data analysis. The policies and strategies underlying a data commons will ideally involve numerous stakeholders, including the data commons service provider, data contributors, and data users. Grossman et al suggests six major considerations for

3264-499: The machine extraction by robots. Unlike open access , where groups of publishers have stated their concerns, open data is normally challenged by individual institutions. Their arguments have been discussed less in public discourse and there are fewer quotes to rely on at this time. Arguments against making all data available as open data include the following: The paper entitled "Optimization of Soft Mobility Localization with Sustainable Policies and Open Data" argues that open data

3332-561: The mandatory short form that will collect basic demographic information. To meet the need for additional information, and to respect the privacy wishes of Canadians, the government has introduced the voluntary National Household Survey". On July 30, 2010 Statistics Canada published a description of the National Household Survey. The minister of industry, Tony Clement initially indicated that these changes were being made based on consultations with Statistics Canada but

3400-439: The most important forms of open data is open government data (OGD), which is a form of open data created by ruling government institutions. Open government data's importance is born from it being a part of citizens' everyday lives, down to the most routine/mundane tasks that are seemingly far removed from government. The abbreviation FAIR/O data is sometimes used to indicate that the dataset or database in question complies with

3468-418: The need to state the conditions of ownership, licensing and re-use; instead presuming that not asserting copyright enters the data into the public domain . For example, many scientists do not consider the data published with their work to be theirs to control and consider the act of publication in a journal to be an implicit release of data into the commons . The lack of a license makes it difficult to determine

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3536-450: The needs of different areas of a city. For example, it might use data on population density, traffic congestion, and air quality to determine where soft mobility resources, such as bike racks and charging stations for electric vehicles, are most needed. Second, it uses open data to develop algorithms that are fair and equitable. For example, it might use data on the demographics of a city to ensure that soft mobility resources are distributed in

3604-435: The open data movement is the commercial value of data. Access to, or re-use of, data is often controlled by public or private organizations. Control may be through access restrictions, licenses , copyright , patents and charges for access or re-use. Advocates of open data argue that these restrictions detract from the common good and that data should be available without restrictions or fees. Creators of data do not consider

3672-583: The open web. The growth of the open data movement is paralleled by a rise in intellectual property rights. The philosophy behind open data has been long established (for example in the Mertonian tradition of science ), but the term "open data" itself is recent, gaining popularity with the rise of the Internet and World Wide Web and, especially, with the launch of open-data government initiatives Data.gov , Data.gov.uk and Data.gov.in . Open data can be linked data - referred to as linked open data . One of

3740-481: The policy community and the Canadian public." Statistics Canada was formed by the Statistics Act, which came into force on May 1, 1971. It replaced the Dominion Bureau of Statistics , which was formed in 1918. Statistics Canada published a print copy of the yearly almanac entitled Canada Year Book from 1967 to 2012 when it ceased publication due to ebbing demand and deep budgetary cutbacks to StatCan by

3808-624: The potential to significantly reduce the monopolistic power of social network platforms on those data. Several funding bodies that mandate Open Access also mandate Open Data. A good expression of requirements (truncated in places) is given by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR): Other bodies promoting the deposition of data and full text include the Wellcome Trust . An academic paper published in 2013 advocated that Horizon 2020 (the science funding mechanism of

3876-492: The principles of FAIR data and carries an explicit data‑capable open license . The concept of open data is not new, but a formalized definition is relatively new. Open data as a phenomenon denotes that governmental data should be available to anyone with a possibility of redistribution in any form without any copyright restriction. One more definition is the Open Definition which can be summarized as "a piece of data

3944-662: The public domain in order to encourage research and development and to maximize its benefit to society". More recent initiatives such as the Structural Genomics Consortium have illustrated that the open data approach can be used productively within the context of industrial R&D. In 2004, the Science Ministers of all nations of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which includes most developed countries of

4012-402: The records are closed until 92 years after the taking of a census, when those records may be opened for public use and transferred to Library and Archives Canada subject to individual consent where applicable. The mandatory long census form was cancelled by the federal government in 2010 in favour of a voluntary household survey (NHS). The mandatory long form census was reinstated in time for

4080-620: The social media network Facebook . According to The Globe and Mail , by 2015 an increasing number of economists joined organizations such as the Canadian Chamber of Commerce, Canadian Federation of Independent Business , Canadian Economics Association , Martin Prosperity Institute , Toronto Region Board of Trade , Restaurants Canada and the Canadian Association of Business Economics to call for

4148-683: The state of California, US and New York City . At the international level, the United Nations has an open data website that publishes statistical data from member states and UN agencies, and the World Bank published a range of statistical data relating to developing countries. The European Commission has created two portals for the European Union : the EU Open Data Portal which gives access to open data from

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4216-455: The status of a data set and may restrict the use of data offered in an "Open" spirit. Because of this uncertainty it is possible for public or private organizations to aggregate said data, claim that it is protected by copyright, and then resell it. Open data can come from any source. This section lists some of the fields that publish (or at least discuss publishing) a large amount of open data. The concept of open access to scientific data

4284-568: The sustainability and equity of soft mobility in cities. An exemplification of how the relationship between Open Data and commons and how their governance can potentially disrupt the market logic otherwise dominating big data is a project conducted by Human Ecosystem Relazioni in Bologna (Italy). See: https://www.he-r.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/HUB-report-impaginato_v1_small.pdf . This project aimed at extrapolating and identifying online social relations surrounding “collaboration” in Bologna. Data

4352-523: The world, signed a declaration which states that all publicly funded archive data should be made publicly available. Following a request and an intense discussion with data-producing institutions in member states, the OECD published in 2007 the OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding as a soft-law recommendation. Examples of open data in science: There are

4420-443: Was collected from social networks and online platforms for citizens collaboration. Eventually data was analyzed for the content, meaning, location, timeframe, and other variables. Overall, online social relations for collaboration were analyzed based on network theory. The resulting dataset have been made available online as Open Data (aggregated and anonymized); nonetheless, individuals can reclaim all their data. This has been done with

4488-633: Was established with the formation of the World Data Center system, in preparation for the International Geophysical Year of 1957–1958. The International Council of Scientific Unions (now the International Council for Science ) oversees several World Data Centres with the mission to minimize the risk of data loss and to maximize data accessibility. While the open-science-data movement long predates

4556-499: Was forced to admit that the change from a mandatory to voluntary form was not one of the recommendations received from StatCan after the head of the organization Munir Sheikh resigned in protest. Information has since been uncovered that indicates attempts on the part of the government to distance themselves from the decision, instructing Statistics Canada officials to delete the phrase "as per government decision" from documents which were being written to inform Statistics Canada staff of

4624-461: Was not mandatory there was a lower response rate and therefore increased risk of under-representation of some vulnerable segments of society, for example aboriginal peoples, newly arrived immigrants. This makes it more difficult to "pinpoint trends such as income inequality, immigrant outcomes in the jobs market, labour shortages and demographic shifts." One day after his election in November 2015,

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