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105-415: It was conceived by owner Steve Wynn , and built by the design firm WET . Work began on the fountain show in 1995, and it opened with the resort on October 15, 1998. The attraction was built for $ 40 million, making it one of the most expensive fountains in the world. The Fountains of Bellagio have appeared in numerous films. It is a signature attraction for Las Vegas, and one of the most photographed places in

210-506: A "Captain of Capitalism" in 2007. Wynn was named to Institutional Investor's Best CEOs list in the All-America Executive Team Survey from 2008 through 2011. In March 2011, Barron's named Steve Wynn one of the 30 "World's Best CEOs." In November 2014, Wynn ranked 17th on Harvard Business Review 's list of 100 best-performing CEOs in the world. He also received an honorary doctorate degree from

315-491: A Nevada district attorney prosecuted Francis for writing a bad check to cover a $ 2 million gambling debt owed to Wynn, but the judge dismissed the case for falling outside the six-month statute of limitations. Wynn collected the debt in a separate civil case. In response to the collection, Francis stated that Wynn threatened to kill him, prompting Wynn to file suit for defamation against Francis. In February 2012, Clark County, Nevada , judge Mark Denton ruled that Francis damaged

420-440: A brownish ( rust -like) colour to the calcification, instead of white (the colour of most of the other compounds). Water hardness is often not expressed as a molar concentration, but rather in various units, such as degrees of general hardness ( dGH ), German degrees (°dH), parts per million (ppm, mg/L, or American degrees), grains per gallon (gpg), English degrees (°e, e, or °Clark ), or French degrees (°fH, °f or °HF; lowercase f

525-645: A ceremony at the Wynn Las Vegas. Wynn suffers from the degenerative eye disease retinitis pigmentosa , which he was diagnosed with in 1971. In 2010, Wynn switched to a vegan diet after watching the documentary Eating by Mike Anderson. In May 2006, Time magazine included Wynn as one of the World's 100 Most Influential People . Wynn was appointed to the Board of Trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center for

630-597: A controlling interest in the Golden Nugget Las Vegas , one of the oldest casinos in the city. His company stake increased so that, in 1973, he became the majority shareholder, and the youngest casino owner in Las Vegas. In 1977 he opened the Golden Nugget's first hotel tower, followed by several others. Frank Sinatra was a periodic headliner at the Golden Nugget, and Wynn has since maintained

735-447: A database of scale thickness measurements in municipal water systems to predict the effect of water chemistry. It was developed from empirical observations of corrosion rates and film formation in steel mains. This index is defined as: The Puckorius scaling index (PSI) uses slightly different parameters to quantify the relationship between the saturation state of the water and the amount of limescale deposited. Other indices include

840-502: A former Los Angeles police officer and investigator for the IRS, claimed he had a change of heart because he felt that Trump used his efforts "in an immoral and unethical manner to cause financial harm" to Wynn and Mirage and thus turned "whistleblower." Wynn settled the lawsuit in 2000 and befriended Trump, who attended Wynn's wedding in 2011. Beginning in 2008, Wynn engaged in a dispute with Girls Gone Wild producer Joe Francis . In 2011,

945-524: A level of hardness. Recommendations have been made for the minimum and maximum levels of calcium (40–80  ppm ) and magnesium (20–30 ppm) in drinking water, and a total hardness expressed as the sum of the calcium and magnesium concentrations of 2–4 mmol/L. Other studies have shown weak correlations between cardiovascular health and water hardness. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (eczema) in children may be increased by hard drinking water. Living in areas with hard water may also play

1050-615: A part in the development of AD in early life. However, when AD is already established, using water softeners at home does not reduce the severity of the symptoms. Hardness can be quantified by instrumental analysis . The total water hardness is the sum of the molar concentrations of Ca and Mg , in mol/L or mmol/L units. Although water hardness usually measures only the total concentrations of calcium and magnesium (the two most prevalent divalent metal ions), iron , aluminium , and manganese are also present at elevated levels in some locations. The presence of iron characteristically confers

1155-542: A pivotal role in the resurgence and expansion of the Las Vegas Strip in the 1990s. In 2000, Wynn sold his company, Mirage Resorts , to MGM Grand Inc., resulting in the formation of MGM Mirage (now MGM Resorts International ). Wynn later took his company Wynn Resorts public in an initial public offering and was Wynn Resorts' CEO and Chairman of the Board until February 6, 2018, when he announced his resignation. He

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1260-778: A private boys' school east of Syracuse , New York, in 1959. After high school, Wynn studied English literature at the University of Pennsylvania , where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Mu fraternity. Wynn graduated in 1963 with a Bachelor of Arts . Shortly before graduation, his father died during heart surgery, leaving $ 350,000 in gambling debts. Wynn, who had been accepted into Yale Law School , relinquished his admission and instead took over his family's bingo parlor in Waysons Corner, Maryland . In 1967, Wynn and his family moved to Las Vegas where he purchased

1365-624: A relationship with the Sinatra family, even naming a restaurant at Encore "Sinatra". In 1980, Wynn began construction on the Golden Nugget Atlantic City in Atlantic City , New Jersey . It was Atlantic City's first and only " locals casino " and the city's sixth casino after the city legalized gambling in 1976. Joel Bergman , who designed Wynn's other resorts, designed the Golden Nugget. Though at its opening it

1470-519: A small stake in the Frontier Hotel and Casino . That year he met E. Parry Thomas , the president of the Bank of Las Vegas, which was the only bank at the time willing to extend loans to Las Vegas casinos, and Thomas helped finance several of Wynn's early land deals. Starting in 1968, Wynn also spent four years operating a wine and liquor importing company he had purchased. In 1971, Wynn bought

1575-697: A water sample, or the capacity of precipitation of soap as a characteristic property of water that prevents the lathering of soap. Synthetic detergents do not form such scums. Because soft water has few calcium ions, there is no inhibition of the lathering action of soaps and no soap scum is formed in normal washing. Similarly, soft water produces no calcium deposits in water heating systems. Hard water also forms deposits that clog plumbing. These deposits, called " scale ", are composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ), and calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ). Calcium and magnesium carbonates tend to be deposited as off-white solids on

1680-427: A week to choreograph two minutes' worth of music. The choreography for each song is stored on computers. Each show uses different music, and a variety of genres are featured, including pop and rock. The most popular song is " Time to Say Goodbye " by Andrea Bocelli and Sarah Brightman . Other music includes " The Pink Panther Theme " by Henry Mancini and " Viva Las Vegas " by Elvis Presley . Some songs only play at

1785-488: Is dolomite (which also contains calcium). Rainwater and distilled water are soft , because they contain few of these ions . The following equilibrium reaction describes the dissolving and formation of calcium carbonate and calcium bicarbonate (on the right): The reaction can go in either direction. Rain containing dissolved carbon dioxide can react with calcium carbonate and carry calcium ions away with it. The calcium carbonate may be re-deposited as calcite as

1890-418: Is a calculated number used to predict the calcium carbonate stability of water. It indicates whether the water will precipitate, dissolve, or be in equilibrium with calcium carbonate. In 1936, Wilfred Langelier developed a method for predicting the pH at which water is saturated in calcium carbonate (called pH s ). The LSI is expressed as the difference between the actual system pH and the saturation pH: If

1995-767: Is a prominent donor to the Republican Party and was the finance chair of the Republican National Committee from January 2017 to January 2018, when he resigned amid sexual misconduct allegations. Through Wynn Resorts, he has overseen the construction and development of several luxury resorts, opening Wynn Las Vegas in 2005, Wynn Macau in 2006, Encore Las Vegas in 2008, Encore at Wynn Macau in 2010 and Wynn Palace in Macau in 2016, and Wynn Everett near Boston which opened in June 2019 under

2100-618: Is also considered noteworthy in that The Mirage was the first casino to use security cameras full-time on all table games. The hotel became the main venue for the Siegfried & Roy show in 1990, and in 1993 the hotel hosted the Cirque du Soleil show Nouvelle Expérience . Wynn's next project, Treasure Island Hotel and Casino , opened in the Mirage's old parking lot on October 27, 1993, at an overall cost of $ 450 million. The establishment

2205-635: Is an American real estate developer and art collector. He was known for his involvement in the luxury casino and hotel industry , prior to being forced to step down. Early in his career he oversaw the construction and operation of several notable Las Vegas and Atlantic City hotels, including the Golden Nugget , the Golden Nugget Atlantic City , The Mirage , Treasure Island , the Bellagio , and Beau Rivage in Mississippi , and he played

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2310-402: Is determined by the water's concentration of cations with charges greater than or equal to 2+. Usually, the cations have a charge of 2+, i.e., they are divalent . Common cations found in hard water include Ca and Mg , which frequently enter water supplies by leaching from minerals within aquifers . Common calcium -containing minerals are calcite and gypsum . A common magnesium mineral

2415-517: Is given, which sets out no limit for hardness. The handbook also gives no "Recommended or Mandatory Limit Values" for hardness. The handbook does indicate that above the midpoint of the ranges defined as "Moderately Hard", effects are seen increasingly: "The chief disadvantages of hard waters are that they neutralise the lathering power of soap   [...] and, more important, that they can cause blockage of pipes and severely reduced boiler efficiency because of scale formation. These effects will increase as

2520-481: Is in use, softened water does not substantially increase plumbo -solvency. In swimming pools, hard water is manifested by a turbid , or cloudy (milky), appearance to the water. Calcium and magnesium hydroxides are both soluble in water. The solubility of the hydroxides of the alkaline-earth metals to which calcium and magnesium belong ( group 2 of the periodic table ) increases moving down the column. Aqueous solutions of these metal hydroxides absorb carbon dioxide from

2625-544: Is known for amassing a large collection of fine art , often placing the pieces in his various casinos and hotels. In 2004, Wynn purchased Vermeer's A Young Woman Seated at the Virginals at a Sotheby's auction for $ 30 million. With the purchase, he became the first art collector to purchase a Vermeer painting in over 80 years. Wynn later sold the painting to the Leiden Collection owned by Thomas Kaplan for

2730-673: Is monitored to avoid costly breakdowns in boilers , cooling towers , and other equipment that handles water. In domestic settings, hard water is often indicated by a lack of foam formation when soap is agitated in water, and by the formation of limescale in kettles and water heaters. Wherever water hardness is a concern, water softening is commonly used to reduce hard water's adverse effects. Natural rainwater, snow and other forms of precipitation typically have low concentrations of divalent cations such as calcium and magnesium. They may have small concentrations of ions such as sodium , chloride and sulfate derived from wind action over

2835-429: Is softer upon cooling. With hard water, soap solutions form a white precipitate ( soap scum ) instead of producing lather , because the 2+ ions destroy the surfactant properties of the soap by forming a solid precipitate (the soap scum). A major component of such scum is calcium stearate , which arises from sodium stearate , the main component of soap : Hardness can thus be defined as the soap-consuming capacity of

2940-474: Is sometimes referred to as Lake Bellagio or Lake Como. It is loosely based on northern Italy's Lake Como , located near the village of Bellagio, Lombardy . The lake is 8.5 acres. It measures 1,200 feet by 600 feet, and its depth ranges from 4 to 13 feet. The lake contains 22 million gallons of water. It is partly filled with well water, which was previously used for the Dunes golf course. The lake uses two-thirds of

3045-623: Is temperature-sensitive. The LSI becomes more positive as the water temperature increases. This has particular implications in situations where well water is used. The temperature of the water when it first exits the well is often significantly lower than the temperature inside the building served by the well or at the laboratory where the LSI measurement is made. This increase in temperature can cause scaling, especially in cases such as water heaters. Conversely, systems that reduce water temperature will have less scaling. The Ryznar stability index (RSI) uses

3150-496: Is used for fog effects. The water is choreographed by WET to match accompanying music and songs, which are emitted by 183 speakers built into lampposts. Thirty additional speakers are used only for the bells of a bell tower. Upon its debut, the fountain show included music from composer Gerard Schurmann and choreography by Kenny Ortega . Choreography for the initial dozen songs took two months to complete, as each nozzle and light needed to be programmed individually. It can take up to

3255-405: Is used to prevent confusion with degrees Fahrenheit ). The table below shows conversion factors between the various units. The various alternative units represent an equivalent mass of calcium oxide (CaO) or calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) that, when dissolved in a unit volume of pure water, would result in the same total molar concentration of Mg and Ca . The different conversion factors arise from

Fountains of Bellagio - Misplaced Pages Continue

3360-599: The Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector , was eventually built, Le Jardin was cancelled after the company was acquired in 2000 by MGM Grand Inc. , which later built the Borgata , in a joint venture with Boyd Gaming , on the site. On October 15, 1998, Wynn opened the even more opulent Bellagio , a $ 1.6 billion resort considered among the world's most spectacular hotels. The architect was Jon Jerde of The Jerde Partnerships, and construction

3465-725: The Department of Justice ordered Wynn to register as a foreign agent of China, and filed a civil lawsuit. He denied acting as a foreign agent and lobbying on China's behalf. The case was dismissed in October 2022. The court did not determine whether Wynn actually acted as a foreign agent but ruled that he could not be retroactively compelled to register after his alleged relationship with the Chinese government had ended. Together with his spouse, Wynn contributed $ 1.5   million to Donald Trump 's 2020 presidential campaign . Wynn

3570-903: The Drinking Water Inspectorate shows that drinking water in England is generally considered to be 'very hard', with most areas of England, particularly east of a line between the Severn and Tees estuaries, exhibiting above 200 ppm for the calcium carbonate equivalent. Water in London, for example, is mostly obtained from the River Thames and River Lea , both of which derive a significant proportion of their dry weather flow from springs in limestone and chalk aquifers. Wales , Devon , Cornwall , and parts of northwest England are softer water areas and range from 0 to 200 ppm. In

3675-902: The Lake District to the north. There is no exposure to limestone or chalk in their headwaters and consequently the water in Manchester is rated as 'very soft'. Similarly, tap water in Birmingham is also soft as it is sourced from the Elan Valley Reservoirs in Wales, even though groundwater in the area is hard. The EPA has published a standards handbook for the interpretation of water quality in Ireland in which definitions of water hardness are given. Section 36 discusses hardness. Reference to original EU documentation

3780-743: The Republican Governors Association and also donated $ 411,000 to the National Republican Senatorial Committee , $ 248,000 to the Republican National Committee , and $ 100,000 to the National Republican Congressional Committee . In 2016, Wynn donated $ 833,000 to Republican Party joint fundraising committees. After Donald Trump won the 2016 U.S. presidential election , Wynn was named a vice-chairman of Trump's inauguration committee. After

3885-516: The United States National Research Council has found that hard water serves as a dietary supplement for calcium and magnesium. Some studies have shown a weak inverse relationship between water hardness and cardiovascular disease in men, up to a level of 170 mg calcium carbonate per litre of water. The World Health Organization has reviewed the evidence and concluded the data was inadequate to recommend

3990-615: The University of Macau Development Foundation. Wynn later accused Okada's company, Aruze, of violating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act , leading to a Department of Justice probe into Aruze's gifts of hotel rooms and other expenses to Philippine, South Korean, and Japanese gaming officials. In a March 2013 U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filing, Wynn noted that while the Okada dispute could cut into Wynn's profits, beyond an "informal" SEC inquiry into

4095-484: The University of Pennsylvania in 2006, which was rescinded following Wynn's sexual misconduct allegations in 2018. In 1991, Dennis Gomes, president of Wynn's Golden Nugget , left his position to join Donald Trump 's Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City, New Jersey , receiving a $ 1 million bonus in lieu of equity . Wynn filed suit against Trump and Gomes for breach of contract, as Gomes was contracted to work at

4200-700: The brewing industry in England and Wales, water is often deliberately hardened with gypsum in the process of Burtonisation . Generally, water is mostly hard in urban areas of England where soft water sources are unavailable. Several cities built water supply sources in the 18th century as the Industrial Revolution and urban population burgeoned. Manchester was a notable such city in North West England and its wealthy corporation built several reservoirs at Thirlmere and Haweswater in

4305-597: The 1,835-room Beau Rivage . Themed to blend Mediterranean beauty with Southern hospitality, the resort was part of a building boom that established Biloxi as a regional tourism center along the Mississippi Gulf Coast . Beau Rivage was originally the name Wynn wanted to give the Bellagio, though he had decided on Bellagio after vacationing in the Italian region of the same name . Beau Rivage opened as

Fountains of Bellagio - Misplaced Pages Continue

4410-540: The 2008 film Monet's Palate with Meryl Streep and distributed by American Public Television . Many of the collection's pieces were on display at the Bellagio. The collection was on display at the Nevada Museum of Art in Reno while the Wynn Las Vegas was being constructed and was installed in the resort shortly before it was opened. The Wynn Las Vegas gallery, which had charged an entrance fee, closed shortly after

4515-430: The Bellagio in 2000, Wynn would later include a water show at his Wynn Macau and Wynn Palace resorts. More than 240,000 fountain shows had been performed at the Bellagio as of October 2018. A new edition of the show, promoting the final season of Game of Thrones , was unveiled in 2019 and ran for two weeks. Scenes from the television show were projected onto a wall of water formed by the fountains, and new technology

4620-522: The Fountains of Bellagio, including What Planet Are You From? (2000), Ocean's Eleven (2001), Lucky You (2007), Bolt (2008), The Hangover Part III (2013), Jason Bourne (2016), and Sharknado: The 4th Awakens (2016). The Fountains of Bellagio also appear in the music video for " 24K Magic ", in which singer Bruno Mars rides a jet ski across the lake while the fountains dance. In 2019, Celine Dion and James Corden performed on

4725-568: The January 2017 inauguration of Donald Trump , Wynn was named finance chairman of the Republican National Committee . In October 2017 The Wall Street Journal reported that Wynn, who has financial interests in China, lobbied President Trump on behalf of the Chinese government to return a Chinese dissident, Guo Wengui , to China. On January 28, 2018, Wynn resigned from the finance chairman position amid sexual misconduct allegations. In May 2021,

4830-949: The Larson-Skold Index, the Stiff-Davis Index, and the Oddo-Tomson Index. The hardness of local water supplies depends on the source of water. Water in streams flowing over volcanic (igneous) rocks will be soft, while water from boreholes drilled into porous rock is normally very hard. Analysis of water hardness in major Australian cities by the Australian Water Association shows a range from very soft (Melbourne) to hard (Adelaide). Total hardness levels of calcium carbonate in ppm are: Prairie provinces (mainly Saskatchewan and Manitoba ) contain high quantities of calcium and magnesium, often as dolomite , which are readily soluble in

4935-551: The Macau donation, there was no formal investigation underway. In July 2013, the SEC announced that its investigation into the Macau donations was concluded and it would not pursue any enforcement action against Wynn or Wynn Resorts. In 2014, Wynn sued hedge fund manager James Chanos for slander after Chanos, at a Berkeley event, allegedly said Wynn violated the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Wynn's lawsuit

5040-476: The Nugget until 1992. Gomes settled in 1994. Also in 1991, Gomes alleged in a countersuit that Wynn used harsh language against Gomes, but Wynn's representatives denied the allegations. In 1997, Wynn sued Barricade Books for defamation over the catalog description of an unauthorized biography Running Scared by John L. Smith. Wynn was initially awarded $ 3.2 million, forcing Barricade into bankruptcy. In 2001

5145-628: The Performing Arts by President George W. Bush on October 30, 2006. In November 2006, Wynn was inducted into the American Gaming Association Hall of Fame . He has also received honorary doctoral degrees from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas ; Sierra Nevada College ; The Culinary Institute of America ; and Johnson & Wales University in Providence, Rhode Island . Forbes magazine named him

5250-535: The United States. It was the largest fountain show in the world until The Dubai Fountain opened in 2009. The Fountains of Bellagio opened on October 15, 1998, along with the Bellagio resort, both built on the former site of the Dunes hotel-casino. The shows take place in a man-made lake in front of the resort. The Bellagio and its fountain attraction were conceived by casino owner Steve Wynn . The attraction

5355-776: The Wynn Palace in Cotai , Macao, PRC. It was previously approved by the Macau government in 2012. In September 2014, Wynn was awarded the license to build the Wynn Boston Harbor casino in the eastern Massachusetts city of Everett , near downtown Boston . In 2018, the Wall Street Journal reported that dozens of people recounted a pattern of sexual misconduct by Wynn, including several former employees. On February 6, 2018, Wynn stepped down as CEO of Wynn Resorts, though he denied all allegations. In

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5460-656: The actual pH of the water is below the calculated saturation pH, the LSI is negative and the water has a very limited scaling potential. If the actual pH exceeds pHs, the LSI is positive, and being supersaturated with CaCO 3 , the water tends to form scale. At increasing positive index values, the scaling potential increases. In practice, water with an LSI between −0.5 and +0.5 will not display enhanced mineral dissolving or scale-forming properties. Water with an LSI below −0.5 tends to exhibit noticeably increased dissolving abilities while water with an LSI above +0.5 tends to exhibit noticeably increased scale-forming properties. The LSI

5565-471: The air, forming insoluble carbonates, and giving rise to turbidity. This often results from the pH being excessively high (pH > 7.6). Hence, a common solution to the problem is, while maintaining the chlorine concentration at the proper level, to lower the pH by the addition of hydrochloric acid , the optimum value is in the range of 7.2 to 7.6. In some cases it is desirable to soften hard water. Most detergents contain ingredients that counteract

5670-581: The allegations. Steve Wynn was born Stephen Alan Weinberg in New Haven , Connecticut , on January 27, 1942. His father, Michael, owned a chain of bingo parlors in the eastern United States. His mother Zelma (née Kutner), was from Maine. Wynn’s father changed the family's last name in 1946 from "Weinberg" to "Wynn" when Steve was 4 years old "to avoid anti-Jewish discrimination". Wynn was raised in Utica , New York , and graduated from The Manlius School ,

5775-402: The carbon dioxide is lost to the atmosphere, sometimes forming stalactites and stalagmites . Calcium and magnesium ions can sometimes be removed by water softeners. Permanent hardness (mineral content) is generally difficult to remove by boiling . If this occurs, it is usually caused by the presence of calcium sulfate / calcium chloride and/or magnesium sulfate / magnesium chloride in

5880-588: The deal was closed (April 27, 2000) Wynn purchased the Desert Inn for $ 270 million. He closed the Inn later that year. Wynn took Wynn Resorts Limited public in 2002. Wynn became a billionaire in 2004, when his net worth doubled to $ 1.3 billion. On April 28, 2005, he opened his most expensive resort at the time, the Wynn Las Vegas , on the site of the former Desert Inn. Built at a cost of $ 2.7 billion, it

5985-417: The effects of hard water on the surfactants. For this reason, water softening is often unnecessary. Where softening is practised, it is often recommended to soften only the water sent to domestic hot water systems to prevent or delay inefficiencies and damage due to scale formation in water heaters. A common method for water softening involves the use of ion-exchange resins , which replace ions like Ca by twice

6090-683: The end of the year for the Christmas holiday. New songs are occasionally introduced into the catalog. Three were added in 2011, including " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " by The Beatles , " Billie Jean " by Michael Jackson , and " In the Mood " by Glenn Miller . It was the first time in six years that new songs were added to the show. Electronic music was introduced in 2014, with three songs by Tiësto . Other new songs have included Cher 's " Believe " in 2018, and Lady Gaga 's " Bad Romance " in 2019. In 2022,

6195-511: The fact that equivalent masses of calcium oxide and calcium carbonates differ and that different mass and volume units are used. The units are as follows: As it is the precise mixture of minerals dissolved in the water, together with water's pH and temperature, that determine the behaviour of the hardness, a single-number scale does not adequately describe hardness. However, the United States Geological Survey uses

6300-507: The floating stage concept on the Bellagio lake. The fountains were also incorporated into the 2022 NHL All-Star Skills Competition , which took place on the lake. The Bellagio Fountain Club, a temporary facility consisting of bar, restaurant and nightclub space, was built in front of the lake to accompany the inaugural Las Vegas Grand Prix in 2023. The club is set to return each year in conjunction with future Grand Prix events. The fountain show

6405-494: The following classification for hard and soft water: Seawater is considered to be very hard due to various dissolved salts. Typically seawater's hardness is in the area of 6,570 ppm (6.57 grams per litre). In contrast, fresh water has a hardness in the range of 15 to 375 ppm, generally around 600 mg/L. Several indices are used to describe the behaviour of calcium carbonate in water, oil, or gas mixtures. The Langelier saturation index (sometimes Langelier stability index)

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6510-569: The gaming authority's findings that former company executives covered up sexual misconduct allegations against Steve Wynn. Soft water Hard water is water that has a high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water"). Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone , chalk or gypsum , which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates , bicarbonates and sulfates . Drinking hard water may have moderate health benefits. It can pose critical problems in industrial settings, where water hardness

6615-435: The groundwater that contains high concentrations of trapped carbon dioxide from the last glaciation . In these parts of Canada, the total hardness in ppm of calcium carbonate equivalent frequently exceeds 200 ppm, if groundwater is the only source of potable water. The west coast, by contrast, has unusually soft water, derived mainly from mountain lakes fed by glaciers and snowmelt. Some typical values are: Information from

6720-422: The hardness rises to and beyond 200 mg/L CaCO 3 ." A collection of data from the United States found that about half the water stations tested had hardness over 120 mg per litre of calcium carbonate equivalent, placing them in the categories "hard" or "very hard". The other half were classified as soft or moderately hard. More than 85% of American homes have hard water. The softest waters occur in parts of

6825-639: The highest price paid for any piece of art. However, Wynn put his elbow through the canvas while showing it to a group of guests. This canceled the sale, and after a $ 90,000 repair, the painting was estimated to be worth $ 85 million. Wynn sued his insurance company over the $ 54 million difference with the virtual selling price. The case was settled out of court in April 2007. In 2013, Wynn sold Le Rêve to Steven A. Cohen for $ 155 million. Wynn married Elaine Farrell Pascal in 1963. They divorced in 1986, remarried in 1991, and divorced again in 2010. Elaine Wynn

6930-430: The inside surfaces of pipes and heat exchangers . This precipitation (formation of an insoluble solid) is principally caused by thermal decomposition of bicarbonate ions but also happens in cases where the carbonate ion is at saturation concentration. The resulting build-up of scale restricts the flow of water in pipes. In boilers, the deposits impair the flow of heat into water, reducing the heating efficiency and allowing

7035-542: The issue. Wynn has dealt with several legal issues related to sexual misconduct allegations that were covered by The Wall Street Journal in 2018. One accusation came from a manicurist whom Wynn later paid a $ 7.5 million settlement. In February 2018, Nevada regulators fined Wynn's company $ 20 million for failing to respond to sexual misconduct claims. In April 2019, the Massachusetts Gaming Commission fined Wynn Resorts $ 35 million due to

7140-406: The lake from a tower, and is staffed by an engineer who pushes a button to commence the fountain show. Water can be shot as high as 460 feet, up from 240 feet when the show debuted. Water is shot up using compressed air at a pressure of up to 500 pounds per square inch. Ten compressors are used to power the fountains. Wind is taken into consideration and the fountains are adjusted if necessary, to keep

7245-512: The lake from bystanders, including food, keys, cellphones, lingerie, casino chips, military coins , foreign coinage, and wedding rings. The lake's filtration system is capable of cleaning five million gallons per day. Every few weeks, a barge resembling an ice resurfacer is used to clean the lake's bottom and retrieve foreign objects. Coins recovered from the lake are donated to charities. Approximately two tons of coins are recovered each year. There have been several instances of people jumping into

7350-420: The lake, including a homeless man who drowned in 2020. In 2004, to promote a Victoria's Secret model tour, the lake was temporarily turned pink with the use of gels on the lenses of the underwater lights. Stages are sometimes set up on the lake for events or musical performances that incorporate the dancing fountains. Britney Spears performed on the lake for the 2001 Billboard Music Awards , and Drake did

7455-446: The lake, singing " My Heart Will Go On " while riding on a boat past the dancing fountains. The performance, reenacting a scene from the film Titanic (1997), was part of Corden's Carpool Karaoke segment on The Late Late Show . 36°06′46″N 115°10′26″W  /  36.112904°N 115.173866°W  / 36.112904; -115.173866 Steve Wynn Stephen Alan Wynn ( né Weinberg ; born January 27, 1942)

7560-399: The largest hotel-casino to be built outside Nevada. The casino was initially located on a series of floating barges, as local law confined all casinos to mobile marine vessels at the time. The hotel, restaurants, and associated facilities were constructed on land. Mirage Resorts was sold to MGM Grand Inc. for $ 6.6 billion ($ 21 per share) in June 2000 to form MGM Mirage . Five weeks before

7665-622: The metal boiler components to overheat. In a pressurized system, this overheating can lead to the failure of the boiler. The damage caused by calcium carbonate deposits varies according to the crystalline form, for example, calcite or aragonite . The presence of ions in an electrolyte , in this case, hard water, can also lead to galvanic corrosion , in which one metal will preferentially corrode when in contact with another type of metal when both are in contact with an electrolyte. The softening of hard water by ion exchange does not increase its corrosivity per se . Similarly, where lead plumbing

7770-422: The metal cations makes the water hard. However, unlike the permanent hardness caused by sulfate and chloride compounds, this "temporary" hardness can be reduced either by boiling the water or by the addition of lime ( calcium hydroxide ) through the process of lime softening . Boiling promotes the formation of carbonate from the bicarbonate and precipitates calcium carbonate out of solution, leaving water that

7875-504: The name Encore Boston Harbor . In 2006, Wynn was inducted into the American Gaming Association Hall of Fame . As of September 2015, Wynn's net worth was estimated by Forbes at $ 2.4 billion, making him the 279th wealthiest American. Steve Wynn collects fine art , including pieces by artists such as Picasso and Claude Monet . On February 6, 2018, Wynn stepped down as CEO of Wynn Resorts amid accusations of sexual misconduct including harassment, assault, and coercion. Wynn has denied

7980-627: The number of mono cations such as sodium or potassium ions. Washing soda ( sodium carbonate , Na 2 CO 3 ) is easily obtained and has long been used as a water softener for domestic laundry, in conjunction with the usual soap or detergent. Water that has been treated by a water softening may be termed softened water . In these cases, the water may also contain elevated levels of sodium or potassium and bicarbonate or chloride ions. The World Health Organization says that "there does not appear to be any convincing evidence that water hardness causes adverse health effects in humans". In fact,

8085-572: The oarsmen and sandblasted them before applying powder coating. The lake also contains 798 mini-shooters, 192 super-shooters and 16 extreme-shooters, respectively capable of shooting water 100, 240 and 460 feet high. The extreme-shooters were added in 2005. Regular maintenance takes place on the equipment. For instance, barnacles are routinely sandblasted off of the fountain mechanisms. The attraction has 4,792 fountain lights. Wynn considered using colored fountain lights, before settling on white ones, which he found more elegant. Soft water , stored in tanks,

8190-573: The past, Wynn has financially supported both the Democratic and the Republican Party , for example contributing $ 200,000 to the Republican Governors Association in 2013. In 2011 he spoke in support of Nevada Senator Harry Reid . Though he supported Barack Obama in the 2008 election , in 2011 he expressed disappointment with Obama's policies relating to economic issues. In December 2010, Prince Albert II of Monaco bestowed Monegasque citizenship to Wynn, an unusual act since Wynn did not meet

8295-665: The prerequisites. According to the Las Vegas Sun , Wynn was given citizenship when he agreed to be an outside director in Monaco QD International Hotels and Resorts Management, which is a joint venture between the governments of Monaco and Qatar. The organization buys and manages hotels in Europe, the Middle East and North America. Between 2012 and 2018, Wynn contributed more than $ 2.5 million to

8400-526: The reputation of Wynn and awarded Wynn $ 7.5 million in damages. In September 2012, after Francis repeated the alleged threat on television and Wynn added a second defamation claim, a jury awarded Wynn $ 40 million in compensatory and punitive damages. The judgment was amended to $ 19 million, after Wynn failed to prove that Francis could pay the original amount. In January 2012, Wynn's former business partner Kazuo Okada filed suit to gain access to company documents related to Wynn's pledge to donate $ 135 million to

8505-418: The resort unveiled another new fountain show set to the music of boy band BTS . More than 160,000 people had seen the show within four days of its opening. In 2023, to mark its 25th anniversary, the resort debuted a new show featuring " Perfect Symphony ", by Ed Sheeran and Bocelli. The following year, a guest won the opportunity to choreograph his own show, which is set to " Beautiful Day " by U2 . The lake

8610-552: The ruling was thrown out by the Supreme Court of Nevada . A retrial was scheduled for 2004. The issue was settled between Wynn and New York publisher Lyle Stuart in a confidential agreement, and the case dismissed. In a legal battle over an attempt by Wynn-controlled Mirage to build a casino in Atlantic City , Donald Trump claimed in a lawsuit that Wynn used a private investigator as a double agent to secretly record conversations with Trump. The investigator, Louis Rodriguez,

8715-442: The same "property" though they are separate hotels. After having started construction in 2006, the overall cost of the project equaled $ 2.3 billion. Encore opened on December 22, 2008. As of December 31, 2012, Wynn and Encore Las Vegas employed approximately 9,000 full-time employees. Encore at Wynn Macau , an expansion of Wynn Macau similar to the expansion of the Las Vegas property, opened on April 21, 2010. In 2016, Wynn opened

8820-457: The same during the 2017 Billboard Music Awards . Panic! at the Disco performed in 2018. In a 2010 publicity stunt to promote his airline, Richard Branson rode a jet ski across the lake to reach a floating platform, where he served as conductor to the dancing fountains. A kabuki show by Shochiku was performed on the lake for several days during 2015. It used the largest stage ever built on

8925-647: The same price. In 2006, Wynn acquired J. M. W. Turner 's Giudecca, La Donna Della Salute and San Giorgio for $ 35.8 million via an anonymous telephone auction. Although Wynn did not officially identify himself as the buyer, his identity was confirmed by two people acquainted with the transaction. Wynn purchased the painting from the St. Francis of Assisi Foundation, a White Plains -based nonprofit organization that supports Capuchin priests on their missionary trips. Steve Wynn's private art collection with specific commentary about his paintings by Claude Monet are highlighted in

9030-539: The sea. Where precipitation falls in drainage basins formed of hard, impervious and calcium-poor rocks, only very low concentrations of divalent cations are found and the water is termed soft water . Examples include Snowdonia in Wales and the Western Highlands in Scotland. Areas with complex geology can produce varying degrees of hardness of water over short distances. The permanent hardness of water

9135-436: The show synchronized and prevent pedestrians from getting wet. The show uses 1,214 water nozzles, which are divided into four types: oarsmen, mini-shooters, super-shooters, and extreme-shooters. Oarsmen shoot water 77 feet in the air. The lake contains 208 oarsmen, each one capable of moving 140 gallons a minute. To meet the resort's opening deadline, WET subcontracted some of the work. The oarsmen were created by Sarcos , which

9240-503: The start of 2006. The artwork from the former gallery was then scattered around the resort. In 2009, he spent $ 33.2 million on Rembrandt 's Man with His Arms Akimbo , the auction record for the artist. Under the direction of Steve Wynn, Wynn Resorts acquired Jeff Koons 's Tulips at auction in November 2012 for approximately $ 33.6 million. In May 2014, Wynn acquired Popeye from the same artist for over $ 28.165 million, putting

9345-547: The summer. It is frequented by ducks, some of which have made it their permanent home. The operating and maintenance team works in a hidden cavern known as the Batcave , located within a fake rock formation beside the lake. The Batcave contains four equipment rooms. The team consists of 30 people, including computer technicians, electricians, and welders. Due to the amount of time spent in the water, all team members are trained scuba divers. Various items are thrown or dropped into

9450-403: The water previously used for the course. Water from the resort's aquatic show, O , also drains into the lake. Approximately 12 million gallons are used each year for the fountain shows, and the lake uses roughly 500 pounds of chlorine per day. Several restaurants at the Bellagio resort are situated to overlook the lake. The water temperature ranges from 50 degrees in the winter to 85 degrees in

9555-406: The water, measuring 165 feet. The lake was scheduled to host a portion of the 2020 NFL draft . A floating red-carpet stage was to be constructed on the lake, with players transported there by boat. However, these plans were canceled due to the pandemic, with the draft being held through videoconferencing instead. Las Vegas was subsequently awarded the 2022 NFL draft , which featured the return of

9660-503: The water, which do not precipitate out as the temperature increases. Ions causing the permanent hardness of water can be removed using a water softener, or ion-exchange column. Temporary hardness is caused by the presence of dissolved bicarbonate minerals ( calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate ). When dissolved, these types of minerals yield calcium and magnesium cations (Ca , Mg ) and carbonate and bicarbonate anions ( CO 3 and HCO 3 ). The presence of

9765-535: The work on display at Wynn Las Vegas. In February 2020, Wynn bought two Picasso paintings from Donald Marron 's collection for $ 105 million: Woman with Beret and Collar and Jacqueline . Le Rêve is the Picasso portrait that was the working name of Wynn's resort project. Wynn purchased the painting from an anonymous collector in a private sale in 2001. In 2006, he reportedly was to sell it to Steven A. Cohen for $ 139 million, which would at that time have been

9870-482: Was a director of the company's board for 13 years, ending in 2015. They have two daughters, Kevyn and Gillian. Kevyn was kidnapped in 1993 and Wynn paid $ 1.45 million in ransom for her safe return. The kidnappers were apprehended when one attempted to buy a Ferrari in Newport Beach, California , with cash. Kevyn was found unharmed several hours later. On April 30, 2011, Wynn married Andrea Danenza Hissom in

9975-430: Was created by the design firm WET , which had never created such a large project before. Work began on the attraction in 1995, and it was completed at a cost of $ 40 million. It was one of the most expensive fountains in the world. The fountains are among the most photographed places in the United States. It was the largest fountain show in the world until The Dubai Fountain , also by WET, was opened in 2009. After leaving

10080-488: Was dismissed, with U.S. District Judge William Orrick III ruling that Chanos's remark was constitutionally protected speech. Wynn was also ordered to pay Chanos' legal fees. Wynn's subsequent appeal was rejected by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . Wynn has sought to weaken Nevada's anti- strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP) legislation. He has publicly clashed with Yelp over

10185-415: Was installed to shoot flames up from the surface of the water. Music from the series was also incorporated into the fountain show. The Fountains of Bellagio have been closed on several occasions, for instance during a three-day power outage at the resort in 2004. Shows are also canceled if winds reach 25 miles per hour. As of 2005, only five shows had ever been canceled because of technical problems. The show

10290-494: Was one of 16 attractions featured on the list. In TripAdvisor's 2013 Travelers' Choice awards, the fountains were ranked the number-one tourist attraction in the U.S. and number 12 worldwide. In 2020, Las Vegas Weekly named it the city's best attraction, writing, "Today, it's impossible to imagine the Strip without it". Emerald Pellot of Yahoo! also considered it one of Las Vegas' top attractions. Numerous films have featured

10395-500: Was originally accompanied by more than 40 trees along the Strip sidewalk, providing shade to pedestrian spectators. The trees were removed to accommodate the Bellagio Fountain Club, and approximately 12 were returned following the facility's initial dismantling. In 2012, the Fountains of Bellagio were included on TripAdvisor 's list of "most talked about attractions" from around the world, based on tourist reviews. It

10500-615: Was temporarily closed in March 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic . It returned two and a half months later. The shows are widely visible and are typically viewed from the sidewalk along the Las Vegas Strip . Shows are free and usually performed every half-hour from the afternoon until midnight. A terrace overlooking the fountains has become a popular wedding spot, with the show coordinated to begin as couples kiss. The fountains are controlled through computer programming. A control room overlooks

10605-470: Was the home of the first permanent Cirque du Soleil show in Las Vegas. In 1995, Wynn's company proposed to build the Le Jardin hotel-casino in the marina area if the state of New Jersey built a road that connected to the hotel-casino. The company had also agreed to allow Circus Circus Enterprises and Boyd Gaming to build casinos on the site, but later reneged on the agreement. While the road, called

10710-524: Was the largest privately funded construction project in the nation as of 2005. Wynn successfully bid for one of three gaming concessions opened for tender in Macau . This property, known as Wynn Macau , opened on September 5, 2006. In the summer of 2008, hiring began for Encore Las Vegas , the newest in Wynn's collection of resorts. The tower of Encore is modeled after the Wynn Las Vegas tower, and they share

10815-551: Was the second smallest casino in the city, by 1983 it was the city's top earning casino. Wynn sold the Atlantic City Golden Nugget in 1987 for $ 440 million. Wynn's first major casino on the Las Vegas Strip was The Mirage , which opened on November 22, 1989. It was the first time Wynn was involved with the design and construction of a casino, and he financed the $ 630 million project largely with high-yield bonds issued by Michael Milken . Its construction

10920-424: Was to manufacture them at a cost of $ 12,000 each. However, the cost more than doubled, due to unexpected challenges in their design and engineering. The oarsmen were designed to last five years, but were still in use as of 2017, thanks to maintenance and improvements made by the show's team. The oarsmen were mostly made of mild steel , and a tar-based coating of paint wore off after the first year. The team removed all

11025-600: Was undertaken by Wynn's company Mirage Resorts, Inc. When built, the Bellagio was the most expensive hotel in the world. In front of the hotel are the Fountains of Bellagio—shooting fountains choreographed to music that "dance" on the hotel's 8.5-acre man-made lake—which are now considered Las Vegas landmarks. The Bellagio is credited with starting a new spree of luxurious developments in Las Vegas. Among these developments include The Venetian , Mandalay Bay , and Paris Las Vegas . Wynn brought Mirage Resorts' style to Biloxi , Mississippi , in 1999, where he oversaw development of

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