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58-791: Bełz Voivodeship was formed in 1462 from the territories of the Duchy of Belz , after the Duchy was annexed by the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland . Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland gives a detailed description of the voivodeship: “Belz, on the Zaloka river, was one of the oldest gords of the Czerwien Land. In 981, the province was seized by Vladimir

116-495: A coalition of Rus' princes and attacked Galicia-Volhynia, but Roman defeated them and captured Kiev in 1200. However, because the old capital of Kievan Rus' was no longer a strong power centre by that time, Roman kept the prosperous Halych as his capital and appointed subordinates to administer Kiev in his name. He then mounted two successful campaigns against the Cumans, in 1201–2 and 1203–4. In 1203 Roman also extended his rule to

174-614: A compromise agreement was concluded in 1214 between Hungary and Poland, who partitioned the Galician lands. The throne of Galicia–Volhynia was given to Andrew's son, Coloman of Lodomeria , who had married Leszek the White's daughter, Salomea. In 1221, Mstislav Mstislavich , son of Mstislav Rostislavich (descendant of the princes of Novgorod), liberated Galicia–Volhynia from the Hungarians and Poles. During Mstislav's 1221–1228 reign,

232-537: A dynastic union. Galicia–Volhynia was created following the death in 1198 or 1199 (and without a recognized heir in the paternal line) of the last Prince of Galicia, Vladimir II Yaroslavich . Roman acquired the Principality of Galicia and united his lands into one state. He did so upon the invitation of the boyars of Galician boyars, who expected that Roman would be an " absentee " Volhynian prince ruling from afar so that they could increase their own power. On

290-485: A prince of the city of Volodymyr . Igor Yaroslavich reportedly briefly reigned as the prince of Volodymyr in the 1050s. Iaroslav Sviatopolkovich ( r.  1100–1118 ) was the only prince in Kievan Rus' to oppose Vladimir II Monomakh 's reign on the grounds of agnatic seniority , but after Vladimir ousted him in 1118, his Monomakhovichi descendants established a local dynastic branch. Roman Mstislavich ,

348-686: A quarter century. In March 1238, he defeated the Teutonic Knights of the Order of Dobrzyń in the Battle of Dorohychyn  [ uk ] . Daniel captured Kiev in 1239, just before the Mongols besieged, conquered and sacked the city in late 1240 . On 17 August 1245, Daniel and his brother Vasylko defeated the Polish and Hungarian forces (weakened by the first Mongol invasion of Poland and

406-646: A remarkable economic development in the 12th century due to their commercial advantages. In part, this was because land trade routes in Asia Minor were severely disrupted due to the Byzantine–Seljuk wars (1046–1243), diverting numerous merchants coming from the east heading for Constantinople via Alexandria in Egypt, while others circumvented Anatolia via the port of Sudak (Sougdaia) in Crimea. The flourishing of

464-517: A successful invasion, capturing and annexing Galicia in 1349. The Romanovichi (branch of the Rurikid) dynasty of Daniel of Galicia attempted to gain support from Pope Benedict XII and broader European powers for an alliance against the Mongols, but ultimately proved unable to compete with the rising powers of the centralised Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Only in 1349, after

522-939: The Brodnici on the Black Sea . After Daniel's death in 1264, he was succeeded by his son Leo , who moved the capital from Chełm to Lviv in 1272 and for a time maintained the strength of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. Unlike his father, who pursued a Western political course, Leo worked closely with the Mongols, in particular cultivating a close alliance with the Tatar Khan Nogai . Together with his Mongol allies, he invaded Poland. However, although his troops plundered territory as far west as Racibórz , sending many captives and much booty back to Galicia, Leo did not ultimately gain much territory from Poland. Leo also attempted, unsuccessfully, to establish his family's rule over Lithuania . Soon after his brother Shvarn ascended to

580-575: The Galicia–Volhynia Wars ; Belz was besieged several times (in 1351, 1352 and 1355). From 1378 to 1387 it fell into the sphere of influence of the Kingdom of Hungary , as in 1377 Belz was captured by Louis I of Hungary ; for several years, the duchy was governed in Louis's name by prince Władysław Opolczyk . At that time, Poland was in a brief union with Hungary , but in 1387, after the end of

638-713: The Kingdom of Poland , Moldavia and the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights . The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle reflected the political programme of the Romanovich dynasty ruling Galicia–Volhynia. Galicia–Volhynia competed with other successor states of Kievan Rus' (notably Vladimir-Suzdal ) to claim the Kievan inheritance. According to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle , King Daniel

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696-626: The Principality of Peremyshl for the Crown of Poland , while the rest of the territory belonged to a member of the Gediminid dynasty of Liubartas . Eventually by the mid-14th century, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania divided up the region between them: King Casimir III took Galicia and Western Volhynia, while the sister state of Eastern Volhynia together with Kiev came under Lithuanian control, 1352–66. Following

754-643: The Principality of Pereyaslavl . During his absence, Rurik II retook and heavily sacked Kiev in 1203 with the help of Polovtsians and Chernihivians. In 1204 Roman recaptured Kiev once more, marking the height of his reign: he briefly became the most powerful of the Rus' princes. He married the niece of the Byzantine emperor Alexios III , for whom Galicia was the main military ally against the Cumans . The relation with Byzantium helped to stabilize Galicia's relations with

812-643: The Rus' population of the Lower Dniester and the Lower Danube. In 1205, Roman's alliance with the Poles broke down, leading to a conflict with Leszek the White and Konrad of Masovia . Roman was subsequently killed by Polish forces in the Battle of Zawichost (1205), triggering a war of succession , while his dominion entered a period of rebellion and chaos that lasted almost 40 years. In this time,

870-415: The first Mongol invasion of Hungary in early 1241 ) in the Battle of Yaroslav  [ uk ; pl ; ru ] ( Jarosław ), taking full control of Galicia–Volhynia. The brothers also crushed their ally Rostislav Mikhailovich , son of the prince of Chernigov . Daniel strengthened his relations with Batu Khan by traveling to his capital Sarai and acknowledging, at least nominally, the supremacy of

928-664: The Galician and Volhynian armies participated in the Battle of the Kalka River (1223) against the Mongols, but in 1228 the boyars expelled him and transferred the Principality of Galicia to the king of Hungary. It was Daniel of Galicia , son of Roman, who formed a real union of Volhynia and Galicia. Daniel first established himself in Volhynia. After failing to retake his father's other throne in 1230–1232 and 1233–1235, Daniel succeeded upon his third attempt and conquered Galicia in 1238, reunited Galician and Volhynia, and ruled for

986-466: The Galician boyars made efforts to prevent the establishment of a hereditary princely dynasty, especially by Roman's son Daniel, and instead put all sorts of puppets on the throne which they could easily control. Thus weakened by war between Galician boyars and some appanage princes, Galicia–Volhynia also became an arena of rivalry between Poland and Hungary, which intervened in the region several times. Roman's successors would mostly use Halych (Galicia) as

1044-727: The Great . Recovered by Bolesław Chrobry in 1018, it again became part of Rus’ after Chrobry’s death (...) In the early 14th century, the Land of Belz was inherited by Boleslaw Jerzy II of Mazovia , who in 1331 married Eufemia, the daughter of Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas and sister of Aldona of Lithuania , wife of Casimir III the Great . Boleslaw Jerzy died on April 7, 1340, and after his death, King Casimir seized Red Ruthenia together with Land of Belz (...) In 1387, King Wladyslaw Jagiello allowed his sister Alexandra of Lithuania to marry Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia , giving her as dowry

1102-588: The Kievan inheritance, Galicia's rulers were not concerned by religious succession. This differentiated them from their rivals in Vladimir-Suzdal , who sought to, and attained, control over the Kievan Church. Rather than contest Vladimir-Suzdal's dominance of the Kievan Church, the Ruthenian rulers merely asked for and obtained a separate Church from Byzantium. Galicia–Volhynia also differed from

1160-513: The Land of Belz. The province remained in the hands of sons and grandsons of Siemowit IV. The grandsons died childless in early 1462, and the Land of Belz became property of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland , during the reign of King Kazimierz Jagiellonczyk . The newly created Belz Voivodeship was slightly smaller than Lublin Voivodeship at approximately the same size as the Chełm Land . It

1218-649: The Lithuanian throne in 1267, he had the former Lithuanian ruler Vaišvilkas killed. Following Shvarn's loss of the throne in 1269, Leo entered into conflict with Lithuania. From 1274 to 1276 he fought a war with the new Lithuanian ruler Traidenis but was defeated, and Lithuania annexed the territory of Black Ruthenia with its city Navahrudak . In 1279, Leo allied himself with king Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and invaded Poland, although his attempt to capture Kraków in 1280 ended in failure. That same year, Leo defeated Hungary and annexed part of Transcarpathia , including

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1276-518: The Mongol Golden Horde . After meeting with Batu Khan in 1246, Daniel reorganized his army along Mongol lines and equipped it with Mongolian weapons, although Daniel himself maintained the traditional attire of a Rus' prince. According to Vernadsky (1970), Daniel's alliance with the Mongols was merely tactical; he pursued a long-term strategy of resistance to the Mongols. On the other hand, Magocsi (2010) argued that Daniel submitted to

1334-689: The Mongol suzerainty . The Mongol influence waned in the following decades, because of the decline of the Mongol Empire and Pax Mongolica . Early in the 14th century, after the death of Boleslaw-Yuri II of Galicia , the King of Rus, there started a war for its succession. Eventually the Duchy was inherited by a prince Yuri, son of Narimantas (Jerzy Narymuntowicz) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The period of Yuri's rule of Belz (1340-1377) saw

1392-553: The Mongolian general Boroldai in 1260; however, Daniel was forced to accept their authority and to raze the fortifications he had built against them. Under Daniel's reign, the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia was one of the most powerful states in east central Europe, and it has been described as a 'golden age' for Galicia–Volhynia. Literature flourished, producing the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle . Demographic growth

1450-569: The Mongols, and left no heirs. After the extinction of the Rurikid dynasty in Galicia–Volhynia in 1323, Volhynia passed into the control of the Lithuanian prince Liubartas , while the boyars took control over Galicia. They invited the Polish prince Yuri II Boleslav , a grandson of Yuri I, to assume the Galician throne. Boleslaw converted to Orthodoxy and assumed the name Yuri II. His encouragement of foreign colonization led to conflicts with

1508-439: The Mongols, citing the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle , which decried Daniel 'is now on his knees and is called a slave' and called this event 'the greatest disgrace'. Magocsi stated that, 'although he never acknowledged it', Daniel was a Mongol vassal, who collected the Mongol tribute, and generally helped 'establishing Mongol administrative control over eastern Europe in cooperation with those Rus' princes who could be made to see

1566-522: The Volhynia region (centered at Volodymyr ) was passed to Mstislav II of Kiev who later split it between his sons. Mstislav was married to Agnes of Poland and in a fierce opposition to Yuri Dolgoruki . Being exiled to Poland for a short period of time Mstislav was able to drive the Suzdal's Prince out of Volhynia . With time the city of Belz with its surrounded territories was passed to Vsevolod Mstislavich who in turn passed it to his son Alexander. In

1624-522: The advantages of the new Pax Mongolica .' According to Magocsi, Daniel's submission to the Mongols ensured the strength and prosperity of Galicia–Volhynia. He did renew his alliances with Hungary, Poland and Lithuania, making plans to forge an anti-Mongol coalition with them to wage a crusade against the Khan; although these were never carried out, it would eventually lead to Daniel's royal coronation by papal legate in 1253. This brought Galicia–Volhynia into

1682-435: The boyars, who then poisoned him in 1340 and offered the throne to Liubartas, within the same year Casimir III of Poland attacked Lviv . In winter 1341 Tatars, Ruthenians led by Detko, and Lithuanians led by Liubartas were able to defeat the Poles, although they were not so successful in summer 1341. Finally, Detko was forced to accept Polish overlordship, as a starost of Galicia. After Detko's death, Casimir III mounted

1740-434: The city of Mukachevo . In 1292, he defeated fragmented Poland and added Lublin with surrounding areas to the territory of his kingdom. After Leo's death in 1301, a period of decline ensued. Leo was succeeded by his son Yuri I , who ruled for only seven years. Although his reign was largely peaceful and the Galicia–Volhynia flourished economically, Yuri I lost Lublin to the Poles in 1302. From 1308 to 1323, Galicia–Volhynia

1798-485: The contrary, Roman curbed their power, expelled any boyar who opposed him, and increased the influence of the urban and rural populace. In Roman's time Galicia–Volhynia's principal cities were Halych and Volodymyr. Roman was allied with Poland, signed a peace treaty with Hungary and developed diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire . The grand prince of Kiev, Rurik Rostislavich (Rurik II), forged

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1856-440: The death of Casimir the Great in 1370, Galicia–Volhynia was ruled by Vladislaus II of Opole in 1372–1379 and 1385–1387, as Lord of Ruthenia ( Terre Russie Domin ), being a descendant of princes of Belz and a subject of King Louis I of Hungary . Vladislaus strongly contributed to the establishment of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv as part of Polish Catholicisation . Geographically, western Galicia–Volhynia extended between

1914-476: The designation of their combined kingdom. King Andrew II of Hungary styled himself rex Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ , Latin for "king of Galicia and Vladimir [in-Volhynia]", a title that was later adopted by the House of Habsburg . After Roman's death, the Galician boyars first drove Roman's widow Anna-Euphrosyne and two sons Daniel and Vasylko from the region. From 1206 to 1212, the Principality of Galicia

1972-426: The early 13th century, Alexander, a nephew of Roman the Great , was deposed in 1234 from Belz by Daniel of Galicia who incorporated Belz into the Duchy of Galicia–Volhynia (later the Kingdom of Rus) which would control Belz till 1340. Soon afterwards, in 1240 and 1241, it was ravaged by the Mongols , as were most other Rus principalities ; the town was burned, the local castle destroyed and locals had to recognize

2030-644: The first partition of Poland (1772), almost whole voivodeship was annexed by the Habsburg Empire , as part of Galicia . What remained in Poland were towns of Dubienka and Korytnica, together with some villages (...) In 1793 the voivodeship ceased to exist, as after the second partition of Poland, its remaining parts were annexed by the newly created Chełm Voivodeship and Włodzimierz Voivodeship ". The area received an influx of szlachta from Mazovia , Lesser Poland and Greater Poland . In 1570–1580, 79% of

2088-496: The great-great-grandson of Monomakh, inherited the throne of Volhynia in 1170. The Principality of Galicia was formed in the years 1124–1144 by Vladimirko Volodarovich 's unification of the principalities of Zvenyhorod , Peremyshl , and Terebovlia . Since the 1080s or 1090s, all three had been ruled by sons of prince Rostislav of Tmutarakan , who may or may not also have been a prince in Volhynia and Galicia c. 1054/1060 to 1067. Both Volhynia and Galicia had experienced

2146-510: The kingdom in 1349 led to it being fully absorbed by Catholic Poland. Upon annexing it in 1349, Polish king Casimir III the Great adopted the title of King of Poland and Ruthenia, and the territory was transformed into the Ruthenian Voivodeship ( Latin : Palatinatus Russiae ) in 1434. The Principality of Volhynia may have emerged as early as the late 10th century, with Vsevolod, a son of Vladimir I of Kiev , mentioned as

2204-582: The last of Siemowit's IV direct descendants, Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland attempted to incorporate the entire Duchy of Masovia to Poland; eventually he succeeded only in incorporating the Duchy of Belz into the administrative structure of Poland as the Bełz Voivodeship (palatinate) . Eventually, the Duchy of Masovia was incorporated in 1526. Belz remained part of Poland (later, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ) till its partitions in

2262-501: The late 12th century. Trade and salt mining in particular empowered the boyar class of Galicia, who were able to challenge and undermine the authority of the Rostislavichi princes. Galicia and Volhynia merged around 1198 or 1199 into the principality of Galicia–Volhynia. This happened when the local Galician branch of the Rostislavichi clan died out, and Roman Mstislavich of Volhynia also took possession of Galicia, establishing

2320-636: The late 18th century. The duchy's capital was in Belz . Kingdom of Rus The Principality or, from 1253, Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia or Kingdom of Rus , was a medieval state in Eastern Europe which existed from 1199 to 1349. Its territory was predominantly located in modern-day Ukraine , with parts in Belarus , Poland , Moldova , and Lithuania . Along with Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal , it

2378-440: The latter commercial hub soon attracted Kievan Rus' traders, who rerouted some of the would-be Byzantine goods (occasionally through itinerant Jewish merchants) to Poland, Hungary, Bohemia and Germany, via the towns of Volhynia and Galicia. Their new status as transit hubs for commerce between the northern Black Sea ports and central Europe brought Galicia and Volodimer-in-Volhynia tremendous wealth and increasing political power in

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2436-603: The local noble families (among those of known provenance) was of Polish origin, while the percentage of Ruthenian and Wallachian noble families amounted to 15% and 4% respectively. Peasant strata of the population remained the least affected by migrations from the west. Voivodeship Governor ( Wojewoda ) seat: Regional council ( sejmik generalny ) for all Ruthenian lands: Regional council ( sejmik ) seats: 50°22′48″N 24°00′41″E  /  50.380133°N 24.011330°E  / 50.380133; 24.011330 Duchy of Belz Duchy of Belz or Principality of Belz

2494-408: The northern and eastern principalities of the former Kievan Rus' in terms of its relationship with its western neighbors. King Danylo was alternatively an ally or a rival with neighboring Slavic Poland and partially Slavic Hungary. According to historian George Vernadsky (1970), the kingdoms of Ruthenia, Poland and Hungary belonged to the same psychological and cultural world. The Roman Catholic Church

2552-471: The occupation of Galicia–Volhynia by an allied Polish-Hungarian force, was Galicia–Volhynia finally conquered and incorporated into Poland. This ended the vassalage of Galicia–Volhynia to the Golden Horde. From 1340 to 1392, the civil war in the region transitioned into a power struggle between Lithuania, Poland, and Hungary. The first stage of conflict led to the signing of a treaty in 1344 that secured

2610-533: The orbit of the western European feudal order, and the Roman Catholic Church. In 1245, Pope Innocent IV allowed Daniel to be crowned king. Daniel wanted more than recognition, commenting bitterly that he expected an army when he received the crown. Although Daniel promised to promote recognition of the Pope to his people, his realm continued to be ecclesiastically independent from Rome. Thus, Daniel

2668-598: The rivers San and Wieprz in what is now south-eastern Poland , while its eastern territories covered the Pripet Marshes (now in Belarus ) and the upper reaches of the Southern Bug river in modern-day Ukraine . During its history, Galicia-Volhynia was bordered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Principality of Turov-Pinsk , the Principality of Kiev , the Golden Horde , the Kingdom of Hungary ,

2726-436: The union, Belz was taken by Queen Jadwiga of Kingdom of Poland . At first it was part of another Polish fiefdom , the Duchy of Masovia , as in 1388 the king of Poland, Władysław Jagiełło , granted Belz to Siemowit IV , Duke of Masovia, for his recognition of Masovia as a fiefdom of Poland and as a dowry for Siemowit's marriage with Jagiełło's sister, Alexandra . In 1462, after the death of Władysław II of Płock ,

2784-434: The western and southern branches of East Slavs and consolidating their identity, and becoming a new center of political and economic life after the decline of Kiev. The principality was divided into several appanage duchies and lands: Notes: The senior branch of Rurikid dynasty, in the 14th century Galician rulers came in close relations with Mazovian Piasts ( Duke of Mazovia ) and rising Gediminids which established

2842-421: Was a duchy , formed in the late 12th century in Kievan Rus . During its history the duchy was a constituent part of some other political entities such as the Kingdom of Rus , the Kingdom of Hungary , Duchy of Masovia when eventually in the late 14th century was incorporated into Poland becoming later the Bełz Voivodeship . The duchy formed in 1170 because of the feudal fragmentation of Kievan Rus' when

2900-472: Was controlled by the three sons of the Novgorod-Seversk prince Igor Svyatoslavich : Vladimir III Igorevich , Svyatoslav III Igorevich , and Roman II Igorevich . They were defeated by Galician boyars, and the boyar Volodyslav Kormylchych  [ uk ] assumed the throne of Galicia in 1213 or 1214, the only non-Rurikid ever to rule any of the Rus' principalities. After he was removed,

2958-512: Was enhanced by immigration from the west and the south, including Germans and Armenians . Commerce developed due to trade routes linking the Black Sea with Poland, Germany , and the Baltic basin. Major cities, which served as important economic and cultural centers, included Lviv (where the royal seat would later be moved by Daniel's son), Volodymyr, Halych, Kholm (Daniel's capital ), Peremyshl , Dorohychyn , and Terebovlya . Galicia–Volhynia

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3016-566: Was important enough that in 1252, Daniel was able to marry his son Roman to Gertrude of Babenberg , heiress of the Duchy of Austria , in the vain hope of securing the latter for his family. Another son, Shvarn , married a daughter of Mindaugas , Lithuania's first king , and briefly ruled that land from 1267 to 1269. At the peak of its expansion, the Galician–Volhynian state contained not only south-western Rus lands, including Red Ruthenia and Black Ruthenia , but also briefly controlled

3074-585: Was jointly ruled by Yuri I's sons Andrew and Leo II , who proclaimed themselves to be the kings of Galicia–Volhynia. The brothers forged alliances with King Władysław I of Poland and the Teutonic Order against the Lithuanians and the Mongols , but the Kingdom was still tributary to the Mongols and joined the Mongol military expeditions of Uzbeg Khan and his successor, Janibeg Khan . The brothers died together in 1323, in battle, fighting against

3132-558: Was made of three counties: Lubaczów, Horodło and Szewlock, and in 1767, it was divided into the counties of Bełz, Grabowiec, Horodło, Lubaczów, and the Land of Busk. At local sejmiks in Belz, five deputies to the Sejm were elected, and the voivodeship had four starostas : Belz, Busk, Grabowiec and Horodlo (...) In the 17th century, the voivodeship, which was the smaller of all Lesser Poland voivodeships, had 483 villages and 33 towns (...) After

3190-479: Was one of the three most important powers to emerge from the collapse of Kievan Rus' . Roman the Great united the principalities of Galicia and Volhynia at the turn of the 13th century. Following the destruction wreaked by the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1239–1241), Prince Daniel of Galicia and the other princes of Rus' pledged allegiance to Batu Khan of the Golden Horde in 1246. The Polish conquest of

3248-541: Was seen as a neighbor and there was much intermarriage between the princely houses of Galicia and those of neighboring Catholic countries. In contrast, the Westerners faced by Alexander, prince of Novgorod, were the Teutonic Knights , and the northeastern Rus experience of the West was that of hostile crusaders rather than peers. In Ukrainian historiography, the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia played an important role, uniting

3306-455: Was the last ruler of Kiev preceding the Mongolian invasion and thus Galicia–Volhynia's rulers were the only legitimate successors to the Kievan throne. Until the end of Galician-Volhynian state, its rulers advanced claims upon "all the land of Rus'." The seal of King Yuri I contained the Latin inscription domini georgi regis rusie. In contrast to their consistent secular or political claims to

3364-519: Was the only member of the Rurik dynasty to have been crowned king. Daniel was crowned by the papal legate Opizo de Mezzano in Dorohochyn 1253 as the first King of Ruthenia ( Rex Russiae ; 1253–1264). In 1256, Daniel succeeded in driving the Mongols out of Volhynia, and a year later he defeated their attempts to capture the cities of Lutsk and Volodymyr . Upon the approach of a large army under

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