Misplaced Pages

#632367

51-732: (Redirected from Monastic State ) Monastic state may refer to: Monastic community of Mount Athos Monastic State of the Teutonic Order Monastic State of the Livonian Order Monastic State of the Knights Hospitaller See also [ edit ] Abbatial states of the Holy Roman Empire State (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

102-548: A history of opposing ecumenism , or movements towards reconciliation between the Orthodox Church of Constantinople and the Catholic Church . The Esphigmenou monastery is particularly outspoken in this respect, having raised black flags to protest against the meeting of Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople and Pope Paul VI in 1972. Esphigmenou was subsequently expelled from the representative bodies of

153-568: A monastic life in the monastic community receive Greek citizenship upon admission as novices or monks. Laymen can visit the monastic community, but they need a special permit known as a diamonitirion ( διαμονητήριον ). In 17 of the monasteries, the monks are predominantly ethnic Greek. The Helandariou Monastery is Serbian and Montenegrin, the Zografou Monastery is Bulgarian and the Agiou Panteleimonos monastery

204-447: A number of troops to Mount Athos to intervene in the theological controversy over imiaslavie (a Russian Orthodox movement). Maryse Choisy entered the monastic community in the 1920s disguised as a sailor. She later wrote about her escapade in Un mois chez les hommes ("A Month with Men"). In the 1930s, Aliki Diplarakou dressed as a man and snuck into the monastic community. Her stunt

255-520: A rich collection of well-preserved artifacts, rare books, ancient documents, and artworks of immense historical value, and Mount Athos has been listed as a World Heritage Site since 1988. Although Mount Athos is legally part of the European Union like the rest of Greece, the Monastic community institutions have a special jurisdiction, which was reaffirmed during the admission of Greece to

306-497: Is Russian. Most of the sketes are also predominantly ethnic Greek; however, two sketes are Romanian. They are the coenobitic " Skētē Timiou Prodromou " (under Megistis Lavras Monastery ) and the idiorrhythmic "Skētē Agiou Dēmētriou tou Lakkou", also called " Lakkoskētē " (under to the Agiou Pavlou monastery ). A third skete is Russian, " Skētē Bogoroditsa " (under the Agiou Panteleimonos monastery ). The Greek language

357-903: Is commonly used in all the Greek monasteries, but in some monasteries there are other languages in use: in Agiou Panteleimonos, Russian (67 monks in 2011); in Hilandar Monastery , Serbian (58); in Zographou Monastery and Skiti Bogoroditsa , Bulgarian (32); and in Timiou Prodromou and Lakkoskiti , Romanian (64). Today, many of the Greek monks also speak foreign languages. Since there are monks from many nations in Athos, they naturally also speak their own native languages. The chroniclers Theophanes

408-413: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Monastic community of Mount Athos In modern Greek, the community is commonly referred to as Agio Oros ( Άγιο Όρος ) translating to 'Holy Mountain', while Oros Athos ( Greek : Όρος Άθως ) is used to denote the physical mountain and Hersonissos tou Atho ( Χερσόνησος του Άθω ) in respect to

459-627: Is of Coptic origin and in its original form is a placename of a location in the Egyptian desert known today as Scetis . The sovereign monasteries, in the order of their place in the Athonite hierarchy: Karyes (Athos) Karyes ( Greek : Καρυές ) is a settlement in Mount Athos of the Athonite monastic community . The 2021 Greek census reported a population of 135 inhabitants. It

510-624: Is the largest settlement in Mount Athos. The major church at Karyes is the Protaton , which is the church of the Protos , or president of the monastic community. The famed Axion Estin icon is kept at the Protaton . Each of the twenty monasteries of Mount Athos also has a konaki , or representative's residence, at Karyes. Koutloumousiou Monastery is located just a few hundred meters to

561-572: The Dormition . A cell is a house with a small church where 1–3 monks live under the supervision of a monastery. Usually, each cell possesses a piece of land for agricultural or other use. Each cell has to organize some activities for income. Small communities of neighbouring cells have developed since the beginning of monastic life in the monastic community, some of which using the word "skete" (σκήτη) meaning "monastic settlement" or " lavra " (λαύρα) meaning "monastic congregation". The word "skete"

SECTION 10

#1732766199633

612-860: The First and Second Agreed Statements published by the Joint Commission of the Theological Dialogue between the Orthodox Church and the Oriental Orthodox Churches in 1989 and 1990 respectively, and the subsequent Proposals for Lifting Anathemas in 1993, a committee formed by the monasteries published a responding memorandum expressing their condemnation of what they perceived to be an imminent false union with "the Non-Chalcedonians". After

663-723: The Protos of Karyes was directly appointed by the Byzantine Emperor. The first charter of Mount Athos, signed in 972 by Emperor John Tzimiskes , Athanasius the Athonite , and 46 hegumenoi , is currently kept at the Protaton in Karyes . It is also known as the Tragos ('goat'), since it was written on goatskin parchment. The second charter or typikon of Mount Athos was written in September 1045 and signed by 180 hegumenoi . Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos ratified

714-559: The 14th century in the so-called Catalan vengeance due to which the entry of people of Catalan origin was prohibited until 2005. The 14th century also saw the theological conflict over the hesychasm practised on Mount Athos and defended by Gregory Palamas (Άγιος Γρηγόριος ο Παλαμάς). In late 1371 or early 1372 the Byzantines defeated an Ottoman attack on Athos. Serbian lords of the Nemanjić dynasty offered financial support to

765-547: The Athonite Community. The conflict escalated in 2002 with Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople declaring the monks of Esphigmenou an illegal brotherhood and ordering their eviction; the monks refused to be evicted, and the Patriarch ordered a new brotherhood to replace them. The monasteries also have opposed ecumenism between the Orthodox Church of Constantinople and Oriental Orthodox Churches . Following

816-565: The Confessor (end of 8th century) and Georgios Kedrenos (11th century) wrote that the 726 eruption of the Thera volcano was visible from Mount Athos, indicating that it was inhabited at the time. The historian Genesios recorded that monks from Athos participated at the seventh Ecumenical Council of Nicaea of 787. Following the Battle of Thasos in 829, Athos was deserted for some time due to

867-593: The Emperor Stefan Dušan , was among the very few women allowed to visit and stay in Mount Athos, to protect her from the plague . She avoided breaking the ban by not touching the ground for her entire visit, being constantly carried in a hand carriage . Thanks to the donations by Dušan, the Serbian monastery of Hilandar was enlarged to more than 10,000 hectares, thus having the largest possessions on Mount Athos among other monasteries, and occupying 1/3 of

918-606: The European Community (precursor to the EU). This empowers the monastic community's authorities to restrict the free movement of people and goods in its territory; in particular, only males are allowed to enter, while women and most female animals are banned from Mount Athos by religious tradition of the community that lives there. A territory of Greece, the monastic community enjoys autonomous self-government. The Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs manages relations between

969-480: The Greek State, whose sovereignty thereon shall remain intact". The constitution also states that "[a]ll persons leading a monastic life thereon acquire Greek citizenship without further formalities, upon admission as novices or monks". The constitution further states that " heterodox or schismatic persons" are forbidden to stay on the territory. The community consists of 20 main monasteries which constitute

1020-605: The Holy Community. Karyes is home to a civil administrator as the representative of the Greek state. The governor is an executive appointee. The monastic community is under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Bartholomew I . Civil authorities are represented by the civil administrator , appointed by the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He supervises

1071-654: The Iberian , a Georgian and the founder of the Iviron Monastery , and is thought to have influenced Latin Christian monasticism and piety. The Fourth Crusade in the 13th century brought new Roman Catholic overlords, which forced the monks to complain and ask for the intervention of Pope Innocent III until the restoration of the Byzantine Empire. The peninsula was raided by Catalan mercenaries in

SECTION 20

#1732766199633

1122-911: The Monastery of Hilandar the Emperor gave to the monastery Hilandar direct rule over many villages and churches, including the church of Svetog Nikole u Dobrušti in Prizren , the church of Svetih Arhanđela in Štip , the Church of Svetog Nikole in Vranje and surrounding lands and possessions. He also gave large possessions and donations to the Karyes Hermitage of St. Sabas and the Holy Archangels in Jerusalem. Empress Helena , wife of

1173-410: The area was forbidden to females. In 2008 a group of Greek women contravened the 1,000-year ban on females on the mount during a protest after five monasteries laid claim to 8,100 hectares (20,000 acres) of land on the nearby Chalkidiki peninsula. About 10 women jumped over the border fence spent about 20 minutes on the monastery territory, being joined by MP Litsa Ammanatidou-Paschalidou . In 2018,

1224-464: The area. Serbian nobleman Antonije Bagaš , together with Nikola Radonja , bought and restored the ruined Agiou Pavlou monastery between 1355 and 1365, becoming its abbot. The time of the Serbian Empire was a prosperous period for Hilandar and of other monasteries in Mount Athos and many of them were restored and rebuilt and significantly enlarged. Serbian princess Mara Branković was

1275-566: The cataloging and restoration of the Mountain's vast repository of manuscripts , vestments, icons, liturgical objects and other works of art, most of which remain unknown to the public because of their sheer volume. Projected to take several decades to complete, this restorative and archival work is funded by UNESCO and the EU , and aided by many academic institutions. The history of the modern revival of monastic life on Mount Athos and its entry into

1326-485: The central church that were completed between the years 1533 and 1541. This new way of monastic organization was an emergency measure taken by the monastic communities to counter their harsh economic environment. Contrary to the cenobitic system, monks in idiorrhythmic communities have private property and work for themselves, bearing sole responsibility for acquiring food and other necessities; they dine separately in their cells, only meeting with other monks at church. At

1377-524: The destructive raids of the Cretan Saracens . Around 860, the monk Euthymios the Younger came to Athos from Bithynia . In 958, the monk Athanasios the Athonite ( Άγιος Αθανάσιος ο Αθωνίτης ) arrived on Mount Athos. In 962 he built the large central church of the Protaton in Karyes . In the next year, with the support of his friend Emperor Nicephorus Phocas , the monastery of Great Lavra

1428-657: The dissolution of the Yugoslav Communist regime and Socialist Yugoslavia many presidents and prime ministers of Serbia visited Mount Athos. A 2003 resolution of the European Parliament requested the lifting of the ban for violating "the universally recognised principle of gender equality". On 26 May 2008, five Moldovans illegally entered Greece by way of Turkey, ending up in the monastic community. Four of these migrants were women. The monks forgave them for trespassing and informed them that

1479-667: The duties of each monk) and rest. During religious celebrations, long vigils are typically held and the daily program is dramatically altered. The gate of the monastery closes by sunset and opens again by sunrise. Many of the monasteries are dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Vatopedi and Philotheou are dedicated to the Annunciation , Agiou Pavlou to the Purification , Hilandar to the Presentation , and Iviron to

1530-666: The end of Ottoman rule new Serbian kings from the Obrenović dynasty and Karađorđević dynasty and the new bourgeois class resumed their support of Mount Athos. In November 1912, during the First Balkan War , the Ottomans were forced out by the Greek Navy . In June 1913, a small Russian fleet, consisting of the gunboat Donets and the transport ships Tsar and Kherson , delivered the archbishop of Vologda , and

1581-677: The end of the 15th century, monasteries in Mount Athos represented monastic communities from large and diverse parts of the Balkans. Other monasteries listed by him bear no such designations; in particular, Docheiariou , Grigoriou , Ayiou Pavlou , Ayiou Dionysiou , and Chilandariou were Serbian; Karakalou and Philotheou were Albanian; Panteleïmon was Russian; Simonopetra was Bulgarian; Great Lavra , Vatopedi , Pantokratoros and Stavronikita were Greek; and Zographou , Kastamonitou, Xeropotamou, Koutloumousiou, Xenophontos, Iviron and Protaton did not bear any designation. Sultan Selim I

Monastic state - Misplaced Pages Continue

1632-459: The function of the institutions and the public order. Each of the 20 monasteries is administered by an archimandrite elected by the monks for life. The Convention of the brotherhood (Γεροντία, Gerontía ) is the legislative body. Each of the other establishments ( sketes , cells, huts, retreats, and hermitages ) is a dependency of one of the 20 monasteries and is assigned to the monks by a document called omologon (ομόλογον). All persons leading

1683-488: The monasteries of Mount Athos, while some of them also made pilgrimages and became monks there. Stefan Nemanja helped build the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos together with his son Archbishop Saint Sava in 1198. From 1342 until 1372 Mount Athos was under Serbian administration. Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan helped Mount Athos with many large donations to all monasteries. In the charter of emperor Stefan Dušan to

1734-529: The monastic community and the Government of Greece. The territory of the monastic community is contiguous with Aristotelis , separated by a fence about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) in length. Karyes is the administrative center and the seat of the synod and of the Civil Administrator of Mount Athos with his staff of lay people in the service of the monastic community. The monasteries of

1785-478: The monastic community are stauropegic , i.e. they are exempt from the authority of the local bishop and only report to the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople . According to the Constitution of Greece , the territory of the monastic community which is "[t]he Athos peninsula extending beyond Megali Vigla and constituting the region of Agio Oros" is, "following ancient privilege", "a self-governed part of

1836-841: The monastic community became an issue in Greece-Russia relations when the Greek government denied entry to Russian clerics headed for the monastic community. The media reported allegations that the Russian Federation was using the monastic community as a base for intelligence operations in Greece. In October 2018, the Moscow Patriarchate broke communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate and banned its adherents from visiting sites controlled by Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople , including

1887-661: The monastic community, "The Stukas swooped across the Aegean skies like dark, dreadful birds, but they dropped no bombs on the monks of Mount Athos". During the German occupation of Greece, the Epistassia formally asked Adolf Hitler to place the monastic community under his personal protection. Hitler agreed and received the title "High Protector of the Holy Mountain" ( German : Hoher Protektor des heiligen Berges ) from

1938-500: The monastic community, in retaliation for his decision to grant autocephaly to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine . In the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and related sanctions , in 2022 the money-laundering authority of Greece launched an investigation into the suspicious transfer of large funds from Russia to Russia-friendly monasteries and monks at Mount Athos. Several senior Russian officials had visited Mount Athos in

1989-504: The monks. The monastic community was able to avoid significant damage during the war. After the war, a Special Double Assembly passed the constitutional charter of the monastic community, which was then ratified by the Greek Parliament . In 1953, Cora Miller, an American Fulbright Program teacher, landed briefly along with two other women, stirring up a controversy among the local monks. The monasteries of Mount Athos have

2040-437: The peninsula. The community includes 20 monasteries and the settlements on which they depend. The monasteries house around 2,000 Eastern Orthodox monks from Greece and many other countries, including Eastern Orthodox countries such as Romania , Moldova , Georgia , Bulgaria , Montenegro , Serbia and Russia , who claim to live an ascetic life at Athos, isolated from the rest of the world. The Athonite monasteries feature

2091-482: The preceding months. After reaching a low point of just 1,145 mainly elderly monks in 1971, the monasteries have been undergoing a steady and sustained renewal. By the year 2000, the monastic population had reached 1,610, with all 20 monasteries and their associated sketes receiving an infusion of mainly young, well-educated monks. In 2009, the population stood at nearly 2,000. Many younger monks possess university education and advanced skills that allow them to work on

Monastic state - Misplaced Pages Continue

2142-425: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Monastic state . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monastic_state&oldid=1066069764 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2193-634: The same time, the monasteries' abbots were replaced by committees and at Karyes the Protos was replaced by a four-member committee. In 1749, with the establishment of the Athonite Academy near Vatopedi monastery, the local monastic community took a leading role in the modern Greek Enlightenment movement of the 18th century. This institution offered high level education, especially under Eugenios Voulgaris , where ancient philosophy and modern physical science were taught. In modern times after

2244-607: The second Serbian woman that was granted permissions to visit the area. At the end of the 15th century five monasteries on Mount Athos had Serbian monks and were under the Serbian Prior: Docheiariou, Grigoriou, Ayiou Pavlou, Ayiou Dionysiou and Hilandar The Byzantine Empire ceased to exist in the 15th century and the Ottoman Empire took its place. From the account of the Russian pilgrim Isaiah, by

2295-402: The south of the town center of Karyes. Serbian Bishop Saint Sava built a church and cell at Karyes, where he stayed for some years, becoming a Hieromonk , then an Archimandrite in 1201. He wrote the Karyes Typicon during his stay there, and a marble inscription of his work still exists. In 1219 Sava becomes the first Archbishop of Serbia . In the year 1283, Latin Crusaders during

2346-449: The technological world of the twenty-first century has been chronicled in Graham Speake 's book, now in its second edition, Mount Athos. Renewal in Paradise . A pilgrim/visitor to a monastery who is accommodated in the archontariki  [ ru ] (αρχονταρίκι) or guesthouse can have a taste of the monastic life in it by following its daily schedule: praying (services in church or in private), common dining, working (according to

2397-401: The typikon with an imperial chrysobull in June 1046. This charter was also the first official document that referred to Mount Athos as the "Holy Mountain". From 985 to 1287, there was a Benedictine monastery on Mount Athos (between Magisti Lavra and Philotheou Karakallou ) known as Amalphion after the people of Amalfi who founded it. The monastery was founded with support of John

2448-414: Was a substantial benefactor of the Xeropotamou monastery . In 1517, he issued a fatwa and a Hatt-i Sharif ("noble edict") that "the place, where the Holy Gospel is preached, whenever it is burned or even damaged, shall be erected again". He also endowed privileges to the Abbey and financed the construction of the dining area and underground of the Abbey as well as the renovation of the wall paintings in

2499-411: Was brought up in the monastery by the monks. His 1938 death was again mentioned in January 7, 1949, edition of Raleigh Register in an Nixon Furniture Company advertisement, saying he lived a secluded life in the monastery, suggesting he may have never left the monastery. Following the outbreak of World War II, Time magazine described during the German invasion of Greece in 1941 a bombing attack near

2550-444: Was discussed in a 13 July 1953 Time magazine article entitled "The Climax of Sin". A monk named Mihailo Tolotos is claimed to have lived in the monastic community from c. 1855–1856 to 1938. On October 29, 1938, the American community newspaper Edinburg Daily Courier of Edinburg, Indiana reported that Tolotos had died at the age of 82. Reportedly, Tolotos had never seen a woman in his life, his mother having died in childbirth and he

2601-448: Was founded, still the largest and most prominent of the twenty monasteries existing today. It enjoyed the protection of the Byzantine emperors during the following centuries, and its wealth and possessions grew considerably. Alexios I Komnenos , emperor from 1081 to 1118, gave Mount Athos complete autonomy from the Ecumenical Patriarch and the Bishop of Ierissos , and also exempted the monasteries from taxation. Furthermore, until 1312,

SECTION 50

#1732766199633
#632367