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41-641: The Benedictine Confederation is a union of monastic congregations that nevertheless retain their own autonomy, established by Pope Leo XIII in his brief "Summum semper" (12 July 1893), subsequently approved by his successors. Pope Pius XII explicitly ordered this union to be regulated by a "Lex Propria", which was later revised after the Second Vatican Council . Most Benedictine houses are loosely affiliated in 19 national or supra-national congregations. Each of these congregations elects its own abbot president. These presidents meet annually in

82-456: A blurring of the previously clear distinction between "orders" and "congregations", since institutes that were founded as "congregations" began to have some members who had all three solemn vows or had members that took a solemn vow of poverty and simple vows of chastity and obedience. The 1983 Code of Canon Law maintains the distinction between solemn and simple vows, but no longer makes any distinction between their juridical effects, including

123-614: A department of the Holy See began producing a different publication called Hierarchy of the Holy Roman Catholic Apostolic Church Worldwide ( Italian : Gerarchia della Santa Chiesa Cattolica Apostolica Romana in Tutto L'Orbe ), which took the title Annuario Pontificio in 1860 but ceased publication in 1870. This was the first yearbook published by the Holy See itself, but its compilation

164-464: A new way of living their religious life. Only at the very end of the 19th century were they officially reckoned as religious , when Pope Leo XIII recognized as religious all men and women who took simple vows in such congregations. The 1917 Code of Canon Law reserved the name "religious order " for institutes in which the vows were solemn, and used the term "religious congregation " or simply "congregation" for those with simple vows. The members of

205-415: A religious order for men were called "regulars", those belonging to a religious congregation were simply "religious", a term that applied also to regulars. For women, those with simple vows were simply "sisters", with the term " nun " reserved in canon law for those who belonged to an institute of solemn vows, even if in some localities they were allowed to take simple vows instead. However, it abolished

246-794: Is mostly in Italian. The 2015 edition had more than 2,400 pages and cost €78 . According to the Pontifical Yearbook of 2022 , the number of Catholics in the world increased to 1,359,612,000 at the end of 2020. A yearbook of the Catholic Church was published, with some interruptions, from 1716 to 1859 by the Cracas printing firm in Rome, under the title Information for the Year ... ( Italian : Notizie per l'Anno ... ) From 1851,

287-537: Is one of the distinguishing features of the Benedictine Confederation, and brings with it both strengths and weaknesses. One immediate consequence is that there is often great diversity of observance even between houses of the same Congregation: in liturgy, timetable, pastoral involvement and habit. The present Confederation of Congregations of Monasteries of the Order of Saint Benedict, officially,

328-580: Is the annual directory of the Holy See of the Catholic Church . It lists the popes in chronological order and all officials of the Holy See's departments . It also provides names and contact information for all cardinals and bishops , the dioceses (with statistics about each), the departments of the Roman Curia , the Holy See's diplomatic missions abroad, the embassies accredited to

369-570: The Abbey of Monte Cassino , where St Benedict wrote his Rule and was buried (although Fleury Abbey also claims to house the remains of the founder). Founded in 1872, the Congregation has its origin in the Congregation of the Abbey of Santa Giustina , founded in Padua in 1408 by Dom Ludovico Barbo . The Benedictines suffered badly in the anti-clerical atmosphere at the time of Napoleon and

410-617: The Bethlehem Brothers in 1673. By the constitution Inter cetera of 20 January 1521, Pope Leo X appointed a rule for tertiaries with simple vows. Under this rule, enclosure was optional, enabling non-enclosed followers of the rule to engage in various works of charity not allowed to enclosed religious. In 1566 and 1568, Pope Pius V rejected this class of institute, but they continued to exist and even increased in number. After at first being merely tolerated, they afterwards obtained approval. Their lives were oriented not to

451-531: The Protestant (especially Anglican ) traditions which maintain official friendly relations with the Benedictine Confederation, although they are not formally linked with it or its congregations. Throughout the Benedictine confederation and its subdivisions, independence and autonomy among communities are uniquely valued; too highly for Pope Pius XI , who complained that the largely nominal confederation

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492-503: The Roman Curia and on certain posts within the papal court , a practice to which it returned in 1940. For some years, beginning in 1898, the Maison de la Bonne Presse publishing house of Paris produced a similar yearbook in French called Annuaire Pontifical Catholique , not compiled by the Holy See. This contained much additional information, such as detailed historical articles on

533-793: The Swiss Guards and the Papal Palace at the Vatican . The Annuario Pontificio provides the Catholic Church's list of popes . As historical questions are reinterpreted by each successive pope, they are recognized in the Annuario Pontificio . For example, the 1942 Annuario Pontificio recognized the decisions of the Council of Pisa (1409), listing three popes for the period: Gregory XII (1406–1409), Alexander V (1409–1410), and John XXIII (1410–1415). The Western Schism

574-635: The " Pontifical Athenaeum of Saint Anselm " ( Italian : Pontificio Ateneo Sant’Anselmo ), the Church of Sant'Anselmo ( Italian : Chiesa Sant'Anselmo ), and serves as the curial headquarters of the Confederation ( Italian : Badia Sant'Anselmo ). The ecclesiastical residential College of Sant'Anselmo is juridically considered the successor of the homonymous college of the Cassinese Benedictine Congregation which

615-656: The "Benedictine Confederation" of monks, consists of the following congregations in the order given in the Catalogus Monasteriorum OSB (dates are those of the foundation of the congregations – Primacy of honour is given to the Cassinese Congregation, though the English Congregation is the oldest, because Monte Cassino was the original Abbey of St. Benedict himself. The older Camaldolese and Sylvestrine congregations joined

656-669: The Confederation only in the mid-20th century). The number of houses, monks, and priests is that found in the 2019 edition of the Annuario Pontificio . Sant'Anselmo on the Aventine ( Italian : Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino ) is complex located on the Aventine Hill in Rome 's Ripa rione and overseen by the Confederation. The complex comprises the " College of Sant'Anselmo " ( Italian : Collegio Sant'Anselmo ),

697-606: The Confederation, although they do not have full membership. In November 2001 after a consultation process with all monasteries of Benedictine women around the world, it was decided to use the name Communio Internationalis Benedictinarum (CIB) to designate all communities of Benedictine women recognized by the Abbot Primate as such and listed in the Catalogus Monasteriorum O.S.B . The first attempt to group Benedictine monasteries into national Congregations

738-626: The French Annuaire pontifical catholique in providing global statistics on the Roman Catholic Church and arranges such data by diocese; the Statistical Yearbook of the Church arranges the same data by country and continent. According to the Annuario Pontificio 2012 the statistical data given in the yearbook regarding archdioceses and dioceses are furnished by the diocesan curias concerned and reflect

779-539: The Holy See has erected or approved by formal decree. For the men, it gives what it calls the "Historical-Juridical List of Precedence". This list maintains to a large extent the distinction between orders and congregations, detailing 96 clerical religious congregations and 34 lay religious congregations. However, it does not distinguish between orders and congregations of Eastern Catholic Churches or female religious institutes. Annuario Pontificio The Annuario Pontificio ( Italian for Pontifical Yearbook )

820-404: The Holy See". After publication of the 1917 Code, many institutes with simple vows appealed to the Holy See for permission to make solemn vows. The Apostolic Constitution Sponsa Christi of 21 November 1950 made access to that permission easier for nuns (in the strict sense), though not for religious institutes dedicated to apostolic activity. Many of these institutes of women then petitioned for

861-484: The Holy See, the headquarters of religious institutes (again with statistics on each), certain academic institutions, and other similar information. The index includes, along with all the names in the body of the book, those of all priests who have been granted the title of " Monsignor ". The red-covered yearbook, compiled by the Central Office of Church Statistics and published by Libreria Editrice Vaticana ,

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902-650: The Pontifical Institute of Liturgy. It grants certificates and diplomas in various subjects, as well as Bachelor, Licentiate, and Doctoral degrees. Originally the university exclusively served only Benedictines , but now is open to external students. The present Rector of the Athenaeum is Rev. Bernhard A. Eckerstorfer, O.S.B. The church which was consecrated on November 11, 1900, and is constructed of three naves, divided by granite columns , and includes one main altar and two side altars. A large section on

943-632: The Synod of Presidents. Additionally, there is a meeting every four years of the Congress of Abbots, which is made up of all abbots and conventual priors, both of monasteries that are members of congregations, as well as of those unaffiliated with any particular congregation. The Congress of Abbots elects the Abbot Primate , who serves a four-year term as the Confederation's representative and administrative head, although without direct jurisdiction over

984-524: The ancient monastic way of life, but more to social service and to evangelization , both in Europe and in mission areas. Their number increased further in the upheavals brought by the French Revolution and subsequent Napoleonic invasions of other Catholic countries, depriving thousands of monks and nuns of the income that their communities held because of inheritances and forcing them to find

1025-635: The college is Rev. Mauritius Wilde , O.S.B. The Anselmianum , also known as the Pontifical Athenaeum of Saint Anselm ( Italian : Pontificio Ateneo Sant'Anselmo ; Latin : Pontificium Athenaeum Anselmianum ), is the pontifical university in Rome associated with the Benedictines . The institution includes faculties of Philosophy, Theology (Sacramental Theology, Monastic Studies), the Institute of Historical Theology, as well as

1066-453: The distinction according to which solemn vows, unlike simple vows, were indissoluble. It recognized no totally indispensable religious vows and thereby abrogated spiritually, though not altogether juridically, Latin-Rite religious orders. Solemn vows were originally considered indissoluble. Not even the Pope could dispense from them. If for a just cause a solemnly professed religious was expelled,

1107-512: The distinction between orders and congregations. It uses the single term religious institute to designate all such institutes of consecrated life alike. The word congregation ( Latin : congregation ) is instead used to refer to congregations of the Roman Curia or monastic congregations. The Annuario Pontificio lists for both men and women the institutes of consecrated life and the like that are of pontifical right, namely those that

1148-523: The east and west ends near the apse includes the traditional stalls for the monastic choir. The church serves as a place of worship for the Benedictine residential college community and the students of the Athenaeum. It is also known, especially to the Romans, for the performances of Gregorian chant offered by the monks during the Sunday liturgical celebrations of Vespers . Since 1962, the church has also been

1189-478: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life A religious congregation is a type of religious institute in the Catholic Church . They are legally distinguished from religious orders –

1230-566: The indication "official publication" from 1899 to 1904, but this ceased when, giving the word "official" a more restricted sense, the Acta Sanctae Sedis , forerunner of the Acta Apostolicae Sedis , was declared the only "official" publication of the Holy See. In 1912, it resumed the title Annuario Pontificio . From 1912 to 1924, it included not only lists of names, but also brief illustrative notes on departments of

1271-584: The individual Congregations. The Confederation has its headquarters at Sant'Anselmo, which is the seat of the Abbot Primate and hosts the quadrennial Congress of Abbots. Sant'Anselmo is also home to the Benedictine Pontifical Athenaeum , the Collegio Sant'Anselmo , and the "Church of Sant'Anselmo". Communities of Benedictine nuns and Religious Sisters are joined in 61 congregations and federations that are associated with

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1312-631: The modern Congregations were mostly founded in the 19th century when monasticism was revived. The majority are essentially national groupings, although the Subiaco Congregation (originally the Cassinese Congregation of the Primitive Observance) has from the first been truly international because of its interest in foreign mission. Since the time of the Reformation , there have been independent Benedictine communities in

1353-461: The other major type of religious institute – in that members take simple vows , whereas members of religious orders take solemn vows . Until the 16th century, the vows taken in any of the religious orders approved by the Apostolic See were classified as solemn. This was declared by Pope Boniface VIII (1235–1303). According to this criterion, the last religious order founded was that of

1394-552: The solemn vow of poverty alone. Towards the end of the Second Vatican Council, superiors general of clerical institutes and abbots president of monastic congregations were authorized to permit, for a just cause, their subjects of simple vows who made a reasonable request to renounce their property except for what would be required for their sustenance if they were to depart, thus assimilating their position to that of religious with solemn vows. These changes resulted in

1435-723: The starting point of the penitential procession presided over by the Pope on Ash Wednesday , and which ends at the basilica of Santa Sabina where the first stationary mass of Lent is celebrated. The present Rector of the church is Rev. Doroteo Toić, O.S.B. Religious congregation Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

1476-408: The vow of chastity remained unchanged and so rendered invalid any attempt at marriage, the vow of obedience obliged in relation, generally, to the bishop rather than to the religious superior, and the vow of poverty was modified to meet the new situation, but the expelled religious "could not, for example, will any goods to another; and goods which came to him reverted at his death to his institute or to

1517-464: Was "an order without order". The basic unit has always been the individual abbey, rather than the Congregation. This explains why some houses (e.g. Monte Cassino, Subiaco, Saint Paul-outside-the-Walls (Rome), Montserrat and Pannonhalma) have unbroken histories of more than a thousand years while the Congregations to which they belong are more recent. This balance between autonomy and belonging

1558-684: Was at the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215. Only the English Benedictine Congregation survives from this early attempt at centralization, and in historical reality even this Congregation is a 17th-century foundation although it was given juridical continuity with the medieval English Congregation by the papal bull "Plantata" of 1633. Primacy of honor is given to the Subiaco Cassinese Congregation , since this Congregation includes

1599-564: Was entrusted to the newspaper Giornale di Roma . The Monaldi Brothers ( Italian : Fratelli Monaldi ) began in 1872 to produce their own yearbook entitled The Catholic Hierarchy and the Papal Household for the Year ... ( Italian : La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'Anno ... ). The Vatican Press took over the Gerarchia Cattolica in 1885, thus making it a semi-official publication. It bore

1640-576: Was founded in 1687. The present college was reestablished in 1887 and moved to the newly constructed "Sant'Anselmo" on the Aventine Hill in 1896. Today the residential college houses an average of one hundred Benedictine monks from about forty countries, as well as other religious, diocesan priests, and lay people. As a house of formation, it offers a monastic environment for those who study at the onsite Pontifical Athenaeum of Saint Anselm or at other Roman pontifical universities. The present Rector of

1681-402: Was reinterpreted when Pope John XXIII (1958–1963) chose to reuse the ordinal XXIII, citing "twenty-two Johns of indisputable legitimacy." This was reflected in the 1963 Annuario Pontificio , which treated Alexander V and the first John XXIII as antipopes. Many churches try to obtain accurate ecclesiastical statistics by actively counting their congregants. The Annuario Pontificio superseded

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