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116-742: The glacier tongue was discovered by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13 , and was named by the expedition for Dennis G. Lillie , a biologist on the Terra Nova . The name Lillie has since been extended to the entire glacier. The lower half of the glacier was plotted by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition (ANARE) ( Thala Dan ) in 1962, which explored the area and utilized air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump , 1946–47. The whole feature

232-489: A blizzard struck, forcing the men to camp until 9 December, and to break into rations intended for the Glacier journey. When the blizzard lifted, the remaining ponies were shot as planned, and their meat deposited as food for the return parties. On 11 December, Meares and Dimitri turned back with the dogs, carrying a message back to base that "things were not as rosy as they might be, but we keep our spirits up and say

348-434: A desperate struggle to get the news through first. I wonder if we can do it." On 18 January they discovered Amundsen's tent, some supplies, a letter to King Haakon VII of Norway (which Amundsen politely asked Scott to deliver), and a note stating that Amundsen had arrived there with four companions on 14 December 1911. After confirming their position and planting their flag, Scott's party turned homewards. During

464-494: A government grant. The balance was raised by public subscription and loans. The expedition was further assisted by the free supply of a range of provisions and equipment from sympathetic commercial firms. The fund-raising task was largely carried out by Scott, and was a considerable drain on his time and energy, continuing in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand after Terra Nova had sailed from British waters. By far

580-628: A hand injury was failing to heal, he was badly frostbitten, and he is thought to have injured his head after several falls on the ice. "He is absolutely changed from his normal self-reliant self", wrote Scott. Near the bottom of the glacier Evans collapsed, and died on 17 February. On the Barrier stage of the homeward march, Scott reached the 82° 30' S meeting point for the dog teams, three days ahead of schedule, noting in his diary for 27 February 1912: "We are naturally always discussing possibility of meeting dogs, where and when, etc. It

696-494: A party consisting of Wilson, Bowers and Cherry-Garrard set out on 27 June 1911. Travelling during the Antarctic winter had not been previously tried; Scott wrote that it was "a bold venture, but the right men have gone to attempt it." Cherry-Garrard later described the horrors of the 19 days it took to travel the 60 miles (97 km) to Cape Crozier. Gear, clothes, and sleeping bags were constantly iced up; on 5 July,

812-673: A perilous journey which included a crossing of the difficult Drygalski Ice Tongue . Geological and other specimens collected by the Northern Party were retrieved from Cape Adare and Evans Cove by Terra Nova in January 1913. The objective of this journey was geological exploration of the coastal area west of McMurdo Sound, in a region between the McMurdo Dry Valleys and the Koettlitz Glacier . This work

928-482: A projecting ridge of Millen Range in the névé area of Pearl Harbor Glacier. So named by the Southern Party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63, due to its likeness to a head and to its position at the head of Pearl Harbor Glacier. 72°09′S 166°03′E  /  72.150°S 166.050°E  / -72.150; 166.050 . A peak 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) northeast of Le Couteur Peak. So named by

1044-411: A state of hurry bordering on panic", according to Cherry-Garrard. Progress was slower than expected, and the ponies' performance was adversely affected because Oates was opposed to using Norwegian snowshoes and had left them behind at Cape Evans. On 4 February, the party established Corner Camp, 40 miles (64 km) from Hut Point, when a blizzard held them up for three days. A few days later, after

1160-482: A venture described by Campbell, who was to lead it, as " the thing of the whole expedition", and Victoria Land . Terra Nova sailed from Cardiff on 15 June 1910. Scott, detained by expedition business, sailed later on a faster passenger liner and joined the ship in South Africa. In Melbourne he left Terra Nova to continue fund-raising while the ship proceeded to New Zealand. Waiting for Scott in Melbourne

1276-406: Is a critical position. We may find ourselves in safety at the next depot, but there is a horrid element of doubt." The party then met with three, ultimately critical, difficulties: the non-appearance of the dog teams, an unexpected large drop in temperature and a shortage of fuel in the depots. The low temperatures caused poor surfaces which Scott likened to "pulling over desert sand"; he described

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1392-716: Is a prominent northwest–southeast trending mountain range , located west of the Cartographers Range in the Victory Mountains of Antarctica . Peaks in the range include Inferno, Omega, Le Couteur, Head, Cirque, Gless, Turret, Crosscut and Mount Aorangi. It was named by the New Zealand Federated Mountain Clubs Antarctic Expedition (NZFMCAE) of 1962–63, for John M. Millen, leader of the expedition. Download coordinates as: The Millen Range in

1508-726: Is joined by Black Glacier from the west, and then by McCann Glacier north of Markinsenis Peak . The Black Glacier forms between the Salamander Range and the Neall Massif and flows north. Houliston Glacier joins Black Glacier from the east to the south of the Leitch Massif . Rawle Glacier joins it from the east to the north of the Leitch Massif. The Black Glacier is joined from the west by Leap Year Glacier before joining Lille Glacier. North of Mount Radspinner

1624-651: Is topped with a 10 metres (33 ft) high vertical spire, or tower, which is an excellent landmark. Named for its distinctive appearance by the Southern party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63. 72°22′S 166°19′E  /  72.367°S 166.317°E  / -72.367; 166.317 . A peak, 3,120 metres (10,240 ft) high, just north of Joice Icefall. So named by the Southern Party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63, due to its jagged northern ridge and summit. 72°23′S 166°21′E  /  72.383°S 166.350°E  / -72.383; 166.350 . An icefall draining from

1740-546: The Discovery Expedition from 1901 to 1904, and wanted to be the first to reach the geographic South Pole . He and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912, where they found that a Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen had preceded them by 34 days. Scott's party of five died on the return journey from the pole; some of their bodies, journals, and photographs were found by a search party eight months later. The expedition, named after its supply ship ,

1856-715: The Australasian Antarctic Expedition under Douglas Mawson was to leave in 1911, but would be working in a different sector of the continent; and Roald Amundsen , a potential rival from Norway, had also announced plans for an Arctic voyage. 65 men (including replacements) formed the shore and ship's parties of the Terra Nova Expedition. They were chosen from 8,000 applicants, and included seven Discovery veterans together with five who had been with Shackleton on his 1907–1909 expedition. Lieutenant Edward Evans , who had been

1972-460: The Bay of Whales , an inlet in the Barrier. Amundsen was courteous and hospitable, willing for Campbell to camp nearby and offering him help with his dogs. Campbell politely declined, and returned with his party to Cape Evans to report this development. Scott received the news on 22 February, during the first depot-laying expedition. According to Cherry-Garrard, the first reaction of Scott and his party

2088-686: The Bowers Mountains . Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for Robert F. Black, geologist, University of Wisconsin, project leader for Antarctic patterned ground studies, who carried out research in the McMurdo Sound region during several summer seasons in the 1960's. 72°00′S 164°34′E  /  72.000°S 164.567°E  / -72.000; 164.567 . A tributary glacier between Neall Massif and West Quartzite Range , flowing northwest into Black Glacier. Named by

2204-911: The Great Ice Barrier . In 1909, Scott received news that Ernest Shackleton 's Nimrod expedition had narrowly failed to reach the Pole. Starting from a base close to Scott's Discovery anchorage in McMurdo Sound , Shackleton had crossed the Great Ice Barrier, discovered the Beardmore Glacier route to the Polar Plateau , and had struck out for the Pole. He had been forced to turn for home at 88° 23' S, less than 100  geographical miles (112 miles (180 km)) from his objective. Scott had claimed

2320-1131: The Homerun Range and Robinson Heights , and then WNW between Everett Range and Anare Mountains into Lillie Glacier. This feature saddles with Tucker Glacier , the latter draining southeast to the Ross Sea . Mapped by USGS from surveys and air photos by United States Navy Squadron VX-6, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for Commander Gordon K. Ebbe, commanding officer of Squadron VX-6 from June 1955 to June 1956. 71°03′S 165°23′E  /  71.050°S 165.383°E  / -71.050; 165.383 . Tributary glacier that flows south from Anare Mountains and enters Ebbe Glacier east of Springtail Bluff . Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photography, 1960-63. Named by US-ACAN for John W. Robertson, photographer's mate with United States Navy Squadron VX-6 at McMurdo Station, 1967-68 and 1968-69. 70°59′S 164°45′E  /  70.983°S 164.750°E  / -70.983; 164.750 . Tributary glacier located north of Mount Hemphill in

2436-877: The New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE), 1967-68, for R. Houliston, electrician at Scott Base, 1967-68. 71°50′S 164°40′E  /  71.833°S 164.667°E  / -71.833; 164.667 . A tributary glacier in the Concord Mountains , flowing northwest between Leitch Massif and King Range into the Black Glacier. Named by the northern party of NZGSAE, 1963-64, for Russell Rawle, leader at Scott Base, 1964. 71°42′S 164°15′E  /  71.700°S 164.250°E  / -71.700; 164.250 . A tributary glacier between Molar Massif and Mount Stirling in

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2552-504: The Royal Indian Marine , and Lawrence Oates ("Titus"), an Army captain from the 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons . Oates, independently wealthy, volunteered £1,000 (equivalent to about £129,000 in 2023) and his services to the expedition. The Admiralty also provided a largely naval lower deck, including the Antarctic veterans Edgar Evans (no relation to Edward Evans), Tom Crean and William Lashly . Other seamen in

2668-607: The United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Elmer E. Gless, biologist at Hallett Station, summers 1965-66, 1966-67 and 1967-68. 72°14′S 166°03′E  /  72.233°S 166.050°E  / -72.233; 166.050 . The major peak about 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) high on

2784-504: The United States Geological Survey . British Antarctic Expedition, 1910%E2%80%9313 The Terra Nova Expedition , officially the British Antarctic Expedition , was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913. Led by Captain Robert Falcon Scott , the expedition had various scientific and geographical objectives. Scott wished to continue the scientific work that he had begun when leading

2900-580: The Victory Mountains . It drains northwest from a common divide with Midway Glacier to join the flow of the Greenwell Glacier northwest of Boss Peak . Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1960-63. Named by the northern party of NZFMCAE which explored the area, 1962-63, to continue the sequence of features in the vicinity named after famous battles. 72°04′S 166°11′E  /  72.067°S 166.183°E  / -72.067; 166.183 . A glacier in

3016-523: The 1911 winter in their hut. Their exploration plans for the summer of 1911–1912 could not be fully carried out, partly because of the condition of the sea ice and also because they were unable to discover a route into the interior. Terra Nova returned from New Zealand on 4 January 1912, and transferred the party to the vicinity of Evans Cove , a location approximately 250 miles (400 km) south of Cape Adare and 200 miles (320 km) northwest of Cape Evans. They were to be picked up on 18 February after

3132-410: The Barrier, enabling the men to preserve their strength for the later Glacier and Plateau stages. In practice, the motor sledges proved only briefly useful, and the ponies' performance was affected by their age and poor condition. As to dogs, while Scott's experiences on Discovery had made him dubious of their reliability, his writings show that he recognised their effectiveness in the right hands. As

3248-618: The Bowers Mountains, draining northeast from Edlin Névé and at the terminus coalescing with Montigny Glacier (from the north), with which it enters the larger Graveson Glacier. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by US-ACAN for Carlisle S. Irwin, glaciologist, who participated in the study of Meserve Glacier in 1966-67. 71°05′S 163°24′E  /  71.083°S 163.400°E  / -71.083; 163.400 . A steep tributary glacier in

3364-545: The Bowers Mountains, draining southeast into Black Glacier. So named by the northern party of NZGSAE, 1963-64, as party members arrived here in the new year of 1964 after climbing out of the Sledgers Glacier. 71°33′S 164°33′E  /  71.550°S 164.550°E  / -71.550; 164.550 . A tributary glacier which drains the east slopes of Mount Stirling in the Bowers Mountains and flows east between Mount Radspinner and Markinsenis Peak into

3480-534: The Bowers Mountains, flowing eastward and at the terminus coalescing with Irwin Glacier (from the south), with which it enters the larger Graveson Glacier. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by US-ACAN for Raymond J. Montigny, glaciologist, who participated in the study of Meserve Glacier in 1966-67. 71°01′S 163°24′E  /  71.017°S 163.400°E  / -71.017; 163.400 . A tributary glacier, 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) long, draining

3596-468: The Bowers Mountains. It drains the slopes near Mount Verhage and flows north along the west side of Posey Range to enter Graveson Glacier adjacent to Mount Draeger . Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for Scott B. Smithson , geologist at McMurdo Station, 1967-68. 71°07′S 163°25′E  /  71.117°S 163.417°E  / -71.117; 163.417 . A steep tributary glacier in

Lillie Glacier - Misplaced Pages Continue

3712-574: The Bowers Mountains. The glacier saddles with Carryer Glacier on the west and is nourished in part by Edlin Névé. Named by the NZGSAE to this area, 1967-68, for Lieutenant Commander Robert D. McLin, United States Navy, pilot of Hercules LC-130 aircraft in Antarctica that season. 71°14′S 163°25′E  /  71.233°S 163.417°E  / -71.233; 163.417 . A very prominent nunatak 1,620 metres (5,310 ft) which rises above

3828-690: The Everett Range between Mount Works and Mount Calvin and entering the lower part of Greenwell Glacier. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Robert P. Horne, United States Navy Reserve, pilot of C-130 aircraft on photographic flights in Operation Deep Freeze 1968 and 1969. 71°03′S 164°45′E  /  71.050°S 164.750°E  / -71.050; 164.750 . A tributary glacier about 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) long, draining northwest from

3944-978: The Explorers Range and the Posey Range. It is joined by the Smithson Glacier from the east and the McLin Glacier, Irwin Glacier, Montigny Glacier and Van Loon Glacier from the west. The McLin and Irwin glaciers are both fed by the Edlin Névé. The Lillie Glacier is also fed by the Rastorguey Glacier and the Crawford Glacier from the west. Tributaries from the right (east) are, from south to north, 72°04′S 165°27′E  /  72.067°S 165.450°E  / -72.067; 165.450 . A large icefall at

4060-592: The Koettlitz Glacier. After further work there, they started homewards on 2 March, taking a southerly route to Hut Point, where they arrived on 14 March. This was a continuation of the work carried out in the earlier journey, this time concentrating on Granite Harbour region approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of Butter Point. Taylor's companions this time were Debenham, Gran and Forde. The main journey began on 14 November and involved difficult travel over sea ice to Granite Harbour, which

4176-594: The Lillie Glacier is joined by Champness Glacier from the west, and then at the north end of the Mirabito Range by the Greenwell Glacier from the east. The Greenwell Glacier forms and flows northeast between the Mirabito Range to the west and the Homerun Range to the east. At its head it is joined to the Jutland Glacier and Plata Glacier. Just before entering the Lillie Glacier it is joined from

4292-521: The Lillie Glacier, draining that portion of the Bowers Mountains between the Posey Range and the southern part of Explorers Range. The feature is fed by several lesser tributaries and enters Lillie Glacier via Flensing Icefalls. Named by the northern party of NZGSAE, 1963-64, for F. Graveson, mining engineer, who wintered at Scott Base in 1963 and was field assistant on this expedition. 71°15′S 163°52′E  /  71.250°S 163.867°E  / -71.250; 163.867 . A tributary glacier in

4408-550: The Lillie Glacier. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by US-ACAN for Chief Utilitiesman J.M. McCann, United States Navy. McCann was a member of the McMurdo Station winter party in 1962 and took part in summer support activities, 1963-65. 71°25′S 164°22′E  /  71.417°S 164.367°E  / -71.417; 164.367 . A tributary glacier, 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) long, draining northeast from

4524-609: The Maori people as "Aorangi" (the cloud piercer). 72°27′S 166°28′E  /  72.450°S 166.467°E  / -72.450; 166.467 . A peak rising to 2,960 metres (9,710 ft) high immediately southeast of Mount Aorangi in the south part of Millen Range. Named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC), on the proposal of geologist R.A. Cooper, after Peter Braddock, field leader of geological parties to

4640-414: The McMurdo Sound area as his own "field of work", and Shackleton's use of the area as a base was in breach of an undertaking he gave Scott. This soured relations between the two explorers, and increased Scott's determination to surpass Shackleton's achievements. As he made his preparations for a further expedition, Scott was aware of other impending polar ventures. A Japanese expedition was being planned;

4756-473: The Northern Party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63, due to the peak's position at the head of a large cirque containing a section of the Pearl Harbor Glacier névé . 72°12′S 165°51′E  /  72.200°S 165.850°E  / -72.200; 165.850 . A peak, 2,630 metres (8,630 ft) high, standing 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) west-southwest of Cirque Peak. Mapped by

Lillie Glacier - Misplaced Pages Continue

4872-651: The Southern Party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63, because this was the last major peak climbed by the party, January 2, 1963. 72°09′S 165°59′E  /  72.150°S 165.983°E  / -72.150; 165.983 . A peak between Cirque and Omega Peaks, in the north part of Millen Range. Named by the Southern Party of the NZFMCAE, 1962-63, for P.C. Le Couteur, geologist with this party. 72°11′S 165°58′E  /  72.183°S 165.967°E  / -72.183; 165.967 . A peak 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) south of Le Couteur Peak. So named by

4988-660: The Southern Party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63. 72°14′S 166°13′E  /  72.233°S 166.217°E  / -72.233; 166.217 . A ridge about 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) long extending northeast from Turret Peak. Visited by a New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme (NZARP) geological party led by R.H. Findlay, 1981-82, and named in association with Turret Peak. 72°16′S 166°06′E  /  72.267°S 166.100°E  / -72.267; 166.100 . A prominent rock peak, 2,790 metres (9,150 ft) high, standing 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) northwest of Crosscut Peak. The peak

5104-585: The Squadron, Terra Nova became exempt from Board of Trade regulations which might otherwise have deemed her unfit to sail. Scott defined the objects of the expedition in his initial public appeal: "The main objective of this expedition is to reach the South Pole, and to secure for the British Empire the honour of this achievement." There were other objectives, both scientific and geographical;

5220-867: The Victory Mountains, flowing north between Mirabito Range and Monteath Hills into Jutland Glacier. One of several features in the Victory Mountains named after naval encounters, this glacier named after the naval battle of the Rio de la Plata, December 1939. Named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place Names Committee (NZ-APC) on the suggestion of R.H. Findlay, New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme (NZARP) geologist to this area, 1981-82. 71°17′S 164°56′E  /  71.283°S 164.933°E  / -71.283; 164.933 . A valley glacier, 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) long, draining southwest from

5336-509: The area in the 1974-75 and 1980-81 seasons. 72°17′S 166°43′E  /  72.283°S 166.717°E  / -72.283; 166.717 . A prominent snow peak 2,440 metres (8,010 ft) high situated at the west side of the mouth of Lensen Glacier where the latter joins Pearl Harbor Glacier. Named by the northern party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63, for F.H. Pearson, surveyor with the party. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

5452-422: The coast. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-65. Named by US-ACAN for Robert Y. George, zoologist at McMurdo Station, 1967-68. Tributaries from the left (west) are, from south to north, 71°40′S 164°42′E  /  71.667°S 164.700°E  / -71.667; 164.700 . A broad tributary to the Lillie Glacier flowing northeast, marking the southeast extent of

5568-419: The completion of further geological work, but due to heavy pack ice, the ship was unable to reach them. The group, with meagre rations which they had to supplement by fish and seal meat, were forced to spend the winter months of 1912 in a snow cave which they excavated on Inexpressible Island . Here they suffered severe privations— frostbite , dysentery and hunger, with extreme winds and low temperatures, and

5684-525: The composition of the polar party: five men (Scott, Wilson, Oates, Bowers and Edgar Evans) would go forward while Lieutenant Evans, Lashly and Crean would return to Cape Evans. The decision to take five men forward involved recalculations of weights and rations, since everything had been based on four-men teams. The polar group continued towards the Pole, passing Shackleton's Farthest South (88° 23' S) on 9 January. Seven days later, about 15 miles (25 km) from their goal, Amundsen's black flag

5800-579: The culpability of certain expedition members, remains controversial. After RRS Discovery 's return from the Antarctic in 1904, Captain Robert Falcon Scott eventually resumed his naval career but continued to nurse ambitions of returning south, with the conquest of the South Pole as his specific target. The Discovery Expedition had made a significant contribution to Antarctic scientific and geographical knowledge, but in terms of penetration southward had reached only 82° 17' and had not traversed

5916-410: The descent to the Barrier. On 7 February, they began their descent and had serious difficulty locating a depot. In a brief spell of good weather, Scott ordered a half-day's rest, allowing Wilson to "geologise"; 30 pounds (14 kg) of fossil-bearing samples were added to the sledges. These plant fossils were later used to support the theory of continental drift . Evans's health was deteriorating;

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6032-449: The discomfort of a blubber stove in confined quarters. On 17 April 1912 a party under Atkinson, in command at Cape Evans during the absence of the polar party, went to relieve Campbell's party but were beaten back by the weather. The Northern Party survived the winter in their icy chamber, and set out for the base camp on 30 September 1912. Despite their physical weakness, the whole party managed to reach Cape Evans on 7 November , after

6148-401: The dog teams set off again from the base camp to replenish depots and meet the polar party between latitude 82 and 82.30 on 1 March to assist the party home. The motor party, consisting of Lieutenant Evans, Day, Lashly, and Hooper, started from Cape Evans on 24 October, with two motor sledges, their objective being to haul loads to latitude 80° 30' S and wait there for

6264-628: The dog teams: "We very nearly came through, and it's a pity to have missed it, but lately I have felt that we have overshot our mark. No-one is to blame and I hope no attempt will be made to suggest that we had lacked support." On the same day, Oates, who "now with hands as well as feet pretty well useless", voluntarily left the tent and walked to his death. Scott wrote that Oates' last words were, "I am just going outside and may be some time". Millen Range The Millen Range ( 72°20′S 166°15′E  /  72.333°S 166.250°E  / -72.333; 166.250  ( Millen Range ) )

6380-420: The dogs required regular attention. Scott spent much time calculating sledging rations and weights for the forthcoming polar march. The routine included regular lectures on a wide range of subjects: Ponting on Japan, Wilson on sketching, Oates on horse management and geologist Debenham on volcanoes. To ensure that physical fitness was maintained there were frequent games of football in the half-light outside

6496-457: The dogs, after risking his own life to rescue a dog-team that had fallen into a crevasse. When the slower pony party arrived, one of the animals was in very poor condition and died shortly afterwards. Later, as the surviving ponies were crossing the sea ice near Hut Point, the ice broke up. Despite a determined rescue attempt, three more ponies died. Of the eight ponies that had begun the depot-laying journey, only two returned home. On 23 April,

6612-826: The east by the Horne Glacier. The Lillie Glacier flow north between the Posey Range to the west and the Everett Range to the east. Past Everett Spur it is joined from the east by the Ebbe Glacier. The Ebbe Glacier forms to the east of the Homerun Range and flows northwest and then west between the Everett Range to the southwest and the Anare Mountains to the northeast. It is fed from the Anare Mountains by Robertson Glacier, which enters from

6728-404: The east slopes of Explorers Range between Mount Hager and Mount Ford . It descends east to join Lillie Glacier south of Platypus Ridge . Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-65. Named by US-ACAN after Douglas I. Crawford, biologist at McMurdo Station, 1965-66. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

6844-465: The east slopes of the Explorers Range between Mount Ford and Mount Sturm and joins Lillie Glacier via Flensing Icefall. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN after Vladimir I. Rastorguev, Soviet IGY observer, a Weather Central meteorologist at Little America V in 1957. 70°53′S 163°13′E  /  70.883°S 163.217°E  / -70.883; 163.217 . A tributary glacier which drains

6960-518: The eastern point of the island, before proceeding to McMurdo Sound to its west, where both Discovery and Nimrod had previously landed. After Scott had considered various possible wintering spots, he chose a cape remembered from the Discovery days as the "Skuary", about 15 miles (24 km) north of Scott's 1902 base at Hut Point . Scott hoped that this location, which he renamed Cape Evans after his second-in-command, would be free of ice in

7076-775: The eastern slopes of the Bowers Mountains between Rasturguev Glacier and Montigny Glacier. It merges into the larger Graveson Glacier at the east margin of the mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photography, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for meteorologist Harry van Loon, a member of the Antarctic Weather Central team at Little America on the Ross Ice Shelf 1957-58, who has written numerous scientific papers dealing with Antarctic and southern hemisphere atmospheric research. 71°10′S 163°06′E  /  71.167°S 163.100°E  / -71.167; 163.100 . A névé at

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7192-624: The expedition developed, he became increasingly impressed with their capabilities. Unlike the Discovery Expedition, where fundraising was handled jointly by the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), the Terra Nova Expedition was organised as a private venture without significant institutional support. Scott estimated the total cost at £40,000, half of which was eventually met by

7308-695: The first days of December the ship was struck by a heavy storm; at one point, with the ship taking heavy seas and the pumps having failed, the crew had to bail her out with buckets. The storm resulted in the loss of two ponies, a dog, 10 long tons (10,000 kg) of coal and 65 imperial gallons (300 L) of petrol. On 10 December, Terra Nova met the southern pack ice and was halted, remaining for twenty days before breaking clear and continuing southward. The delay, which Scott attributed to "sheer bad luck", had consumed 6.1 long tons (6,200 kg) of coal. Arriving off Ross Island on 4 January 1911, Terra Nova scouted for possible landing sites around Cape Crozier at

7424-583: The foot of the Beardmore Glacier. Scott believed that ponies had served Shackleton well, and he thought he could resolve the motor traction problem by developing a tracked snow "motor" (the forerunner of the Snowcat and of the tank ). Scott always intended to rely on man-hauling for the Polar Plateau , believing it impossible to ascend the Beardmore Glacier with motors or with animals. The motors and animals would be used to haul loads only across

7540-1321: The head of Lillie Glacier, draining from the polar plateau between the King Range and the Millen Range . Named by the Northern Party of New Zealand Federated Mountain Clubs Antarctic Expedition (NZFMCAE), 1962-63, for R. Lloyd, field assistant with the Southern Party of that expedition. 71°20′S 165°00′E  /  71.333°S 165.000°E  / -71.333; 165.000 . A major tributary glacier, 45 nautical miles (83 km; 52 mi) long, draining northwest between Mirabito Range and Everett Range to enter Lillie Glacier below Mount Works . Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy aerial photography, 1960-63. Named by United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Commander Martin D. Greenwell, United States Navy, Commander of Antarctic Squadron Six (VX-6), 1961-62. 71°55′S 166°12′E  /  71.917°S 166.200°E  / -71.917; 166.200 . A broad tributary glacier, 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) long and 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) wide, in

7656-410: The hut; Scott recorded that, "Atkinson is by far the best player, but Hooper, P.O. Evans and Crean are also quite good." The South Polar Times , which had been produced by Shackleton during the Discovery Expedition, was resurrected under Cherry-Garrard's editorship. On 6 June, a feast was arranged to mark Scott's 43rd birthday; a second celebration on 21 June marked Midwinter Day, the day that marks

7772-406: The ice between McLin Glacier and Graveson Glacier, in the Bowers Mountains. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for Carry D. McKenzie, glaciologist, who participated in the study of Meserve Glacier in 1966-67. 71°00′S 163°45′E  /  71.000°S 163.750°E  / -71.000; 163.750 . A broad north-flowing tributary to

7888-537: The ice when they were finally spotted from the ship on 18 February. Geological specimens from both Western Mountains expeditions were retrieved by Terra Nova in January ;1913. This journey was conceived by Wilson. He had suggested the need for it in the Zoology section of the Discovery Expedition's Scientific Reports, and was anxious to follow up this earlier research. The journey's scientific purpose

8004-712: The journey went first to the Natural History Museum in South Kensington , and thereafter were the subject of a report from Cossar Stewart at the University of Edinburgh . The eggs failed to support Wilson's theories. Cherry-Garrard afterwards described this as the "worst journey in the world", and used this as the title of the book that he wrote about the expedition. Scott called the Winter Journey "a very wonderful performance", and

8120-587: The junction of the Graveson Glacier and the Rastorguev Glacier with the Lillie Glacier. So named by the northern party of NZGSAE, 1963-64, because the icefall's longitudinal system of parallel crevassing resembles the carcass of a whale when being flensed. 71°12′S 163°27′E  /  71.200°S 163.450°E  / -71.200; 163.450 . A tributary glacier which flows north of McKenzie Nunatak into Graveson Glacier, in

8236-550: The largest single cost was the purchase of the ship Terra Nova , for £12,500. Terra Nova had been in Antarctica before, as part of the second Discovery relief operation. Scott wanted to sail her as a naval vessel under the White Ensign ; to enable this, he obtained membership of the Royal Yacht Squadron for £100. He was thus able to impose naval discipline on the expedition, and as a registered yacht of

8352-535: The luck must turn." The party began the ascent of the Beardmore, and on 20 December, reached the beginning of the polar plateau where they laid the Upper Glacier Depot. There was still no hint from Scott as to who would be in the final polar party. On 22 December, at latitude 85° 20' S, Scott sent back Atkinson, Cherry-Garrard, Wright and Keohane. Scott reminded Atkinson "to take

8468-498: The march had resumed, Scott sent the three weakest ponies home (two died en route). As the depot-laying party approached 80°, he became concerned that the remaining ponies would not make it back to base unless the party turned north immediately. Against the advice of Oates, who wanted to go forward, killing the ponies for meat as they collapsed, Scott decided to lay One Ton Depot at 79°29′S, more than 30 miles (48 km) short of its intended location. Scott returned to Safety Camp with

8584-474: The midpoint of the long polar night. After reporting Amundsen's arrival to Scott at Cape Evans, Campbell's Eastern party (Campbell, Priestley, Levick, George P. Abbott , Harry Dickason ) and Frank V. Browning became the "Northern Party". On 9 February 1911 they sailed northwards, arriving at Robertson Bay , near Cape Adare on 17 February , where they built a hut close to Norwegian explorer Carstens Borchgrevink 's old quarters. The Northern Party spent

8700-428: The motor sledges. Oates would be in charge of the ponies, but as he could not join the expedition until May 1910, Scott instructed Meares, who knew nothing of horses, to buy them—with unfortunate consequences for their quality and performance. A "polarised" motor car had been unsuccessfully tried in the Antarctic by Shackleton, on his 1907–1909 expedition, while his pioneering use of ponies had transported him as far as

8816-465: The navigating officer on Morning , the Discovery Expedition's relief ship in 1904, was appointed Scott's second-in-command. Evans had abandoned plans to mount his own expedition and transferred his financial backing to Scott. Among the other serving Royal Navy personnel released by the Admiralty were Lieutenant Harry Pennell , who would serve as navigator and take command of Terra Nova once

8932-431: The next three weeks they made good progress, Scott's diary recording several "excellent marches". Nevertheless, Scott began to worry about the physical condition of his party, particularly of Edgar Evans, who was suffering from severe frostbite and was, Scott records, "a good deal run down." The condition of Oates's feet became an increasing anxiety as the group approached the summit of the Beardmore Glacier and prepared for

9048-436: The north end of Millen Range. So named by the Southern Party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63, because geologic examination showed it contained the granite/greywacke contact, with baking of the sedimentary rock imparting a reddish color to the peak. 72°10′S 166°11′E  /  72.167°S 166.183°E  / -72.167; 166.183 . A peak 3.5 nautical miles (6.5 km; 4.0 mi) east of Le Couteur Peak, situated on

9164-843: The north. The Lillie Glacier is then joined from the east by the McLean Glacier, the Beaman Glacier and the George Glacier flowing from the Anare Mountains . The George Glacier flows into the Lillie Glacier Tongue . Before reaching its mouth on the west the Lillie Glacier flows north west past the Flensing Icefall. This is fed by the Graveson Glacier from the north. The Graveson Glacier forms west of Mount Verhage and flows north between

9280-545: The northwest side of Toboggan Gap. The name was suggested by Bradley Field, geologist, NZGS, whose field party camped below the peak during the New Year period, 1981-82. 72°16′S 166°03′E  /  72.267°S 166.050°E  / -72.267; 166.050 . A pass through the Millen Range just north of Turret Peak, offering good sledging from the polar plateau to the Pearl Harbor Glacier ne~ve. Named by

9396-484: The option of exploring Victoria Land to the north-west if King Edward VII Land proved inaccessible. On 26 January, Campbell's party left in the ship and headed east. After several failed attempts to land his party on the King Edward VII Land shore, Campbell exercised his option to sail to Victoria Land. On its return westward along the Barrier edge, Terra Nova encountered Amundsen's expedition camped in

9512-427: The others. By 1 November, both motor sledges had failed after little more than 50 miles (80 km) of travel, so the party man-hauled 740 pounds (336 kg) of supplies for the remaining 150 miles (240 km) reaching their assigned latitude two weeks later. Scott's main party, which had left Cape Evans on 1 November with the dogs and ponies, caught up with them on 21 November. Scott's initial plan

9628-777: The party; on the Discovery Expedition he had accompanied Scott on the Farthest South march to 80°S. As well as being a qualified medical doctor and a distinguished research zoologist, he was also a talented illustrator. Wilson's scientific team—which Scott's biographer David Crane considered "as impressive a group of scientists as had ever been on a polar expedition" —included some who would enjoy later careers of distinction: meteorologist George Simpson ; Canadian physicist Charles Wright ; and geologists Frank Debenham and Raymond Priestley . Senior geologist T. Griffith Taylor , biologists Edward W. Nelson and Denis G. Lillie , and assistant zoologist Apsley Cherry-Garrard completed

9744-515: The penguin colony and collect several emperor penguin eggs. Subsequently, their igloo shelter was almost destroyed in a blizzard with winds of force 11 on the Beaufort scale . The storm also carried away the tent upon which their survival would depend during their return journey, but fortunately this was recovered half a mile away. The group set out on the return journey to Cape Evans, arriving there on 1 August. The three eggs that survived

9860-489: The polar plateau through the Millen Range into Lensen Glacier. Named by the Southern Party of NZFMCAE, 1962-63, after I. Joice, field assistant to the party. 72°25′S 166°22′E  /  72.417°S 166.367°E  / -72.417; 166.367 . The highest mountain, 3,135 metres (10,285 ft) high, in the Millen Range. So named by the NZFMCAE, 1962-63, because of this mountain's cloudpiercing ability, and also in memory of Mount Cook , New Zealand, known to

9976-407: The ponies would be shot for food. Thereafter, 12 men in three groups would ascend the glacier and begin the crossing of the polar plateau, using man-hauling. Only one of these groups would carry on to the pole; the supporting groups would be sent back at specified latitudes. The composition of the final polar group would be decided by Scott during the journey. For the return journey, Scott ordered that

10092-400: The ponies" as they transferred stores and materials from ship to shore. A prefabricated accommodation hut measuring 50 by 25 feet (15.2 m × 7.6 m) was erected and made habitable by 18 January. Scott's programme included a plan to explore and carry out scientific work in King Edward VII Land, to the east of the Barrier. A party under Campbell was organised for this purpose, with

10208-529: The scientific work was considered by Wilson as the main work of the expedition: "No one can say that it will have only been a Pole-hunt ... We want the scientific work to make the bagging of the Pole merely an item in the results." He hoped to continue investigations, begun during the Discovery Expedition, of the emperor penguin colony at Cape Crozier and to fulfil a programme of geological, magnetic and meteorology studies on an "unprecedented" scale. There were further plans to explore King Edward VII Land,

10324-408: The shore parties had landed; and two Surgeon-Lieutenants, George Murray Levick and Edward L. Atkinson . Ex-Royal Navy officer Victor Campbell , known as "The Wicked Mate", was one of the few who had skills in skiing , and was chosen to lead the party that would explore King Edward VII Land . Two non-Royal Navy officers were appointed: Henry Robertson Bowers ("Birdie"), who was a lieutenant in

10440-400: The shore party included Patrick Keohane , Robert Forde , Thomas Clissold (cook) and Frederick Hooper (domestic steward). Dimitri Gerov  [ ru ] (dog driver), a Russian, and Anton Omelchenko  [ ru ] (groom), a Ukrainian, also landed. To head his scientific programme, Scott appointed Edward Wilson as chief scientist. Wilson was Scott's closest confidant among

10556-399: The short Antarctic summer, enabling the ship to come and go. As the seas to the south froze over, the expedition would have ready access over the ice to Hut Point and the Barrier. At Cape Evans the shore parties disembarked, with the ponies, dogs, the three motorised sledges (one of which was lost during unloading), and the bulk of the party's stores. Scott was "astonished at the strength of

10672-523: The south side of Mount Sturm in the Bowers Mountains. Several glaciers, including the Carryer Glacier, Irwin Glacier, McLin Glacier and Graveson Glacier, are nourished by this névé. Named by NZGSAE, 1967-68, for G. Edlin, who served as postmaster at Scott Base and assisted in the field during this expedition. 70°57′S 163°30′E  /  70.950°S 163.500°E  / -70.950; 163.500 . Large tributary glacier which drains

10788-515: The southwest part of Anare Mountains, draining west and entering the lower part of Ebbe Glacier just south of Beaman Glacier. Named by US-ACAN for Kenneth S. McLean, topographic engineer with the USGS Topo East-West party that surveyed this area in the 1962-63 season. 70°58′S 164°38′E  /  70.967°S 164.633°E  / -70.967; 164.633 . A tributary to Ebbe Glacier lying close north of McLean Glacier in

10904-536: The southwest part of Anare Mountains. Named by US-ACAN for First Lieutenant Charles W. Beaman, USA, helicopter pilot who flew missions in support of the USGS Topo West survey of this area in the 1962-63 season. 70°41′S 164°15′E  /  70.683°S 164.250°E  / -70.683; 164.250 . A valley glacier in the west part of Anare Mountains. It rises east of Mount Burch and flows northwest past Mount Kelly to Lillie Glacier Tongue on

11020-550: The sun set for the duration of the winter months, and the party settled into the Cape Evans hut. Under Scott's naval regime the hut was divided by a wall made of packing cases, so that officers and men lived largely separate existences, scientists being deemed "officers" for this purpose. Everybody was kept busy; scientific work continued, observations and measurements were taken, equipment was overhauled and adapted for future journeys. The surviving ponies needed daily exercise, and

11136-531: The surface as "coated with a thin layer of woolly crystals, formed by radiation no doubt. These are too firmly fixed to be removed by the wind and cause impossible friction on the [sledge] runners." The low temperatures were accompanied by an absence of wind, something Scott had expected to assist them on their northern journey. The party were further slowed down by the frostbite in Oates' left foot. Daily marches were now down to less than five miles (8 km), which

11252-403: The team. Cherry-Garrard had no scientific training, but was a protégé of Wilson's. He had, like Oates, contributed £1,000 to funds. After first being turned down by Scott, he allowed his contribution to stand, which impressed Scott sufficiently for him to reverse his decision. Crane describes Cherry-Garrard as "the future interpreter, historian and conscience of the expedition." Herbert Ponting

11368-423: The temperature fell below −77 °F (−61 °C)—"109 degrees of frost—as cold as anyone would want to endure in darkness and iced up clothes", wrote Cherry-Garrard. Often the daily distance travelled was little more than a single mile. After reaching Cape Crozier on 15 July, the party built an igloo from snow blocks, stone, and a sheet of canvas they had brought for the roof. They were then able to visit

11484-455: The two dog-teams south in the event of Meares having to return home, as seemed likely" to assist the polar party on its return journey the following March. The remaining eight men continued south, in better conditions which enabled them to make up some of the time lost on the Barrier. By 30 December, they had "caught up" with Shackleton's 1908–1909 timetable. On 3 January 1912, at latitude 87° 32' S, Scott made his decision on

11600-412: The vicinity of Ian Peak in the Bowers Mountains and entering Lillie Glacier at Griffith Ridge . Named by the NZGSAE to northern Victoria Land, 1967-68, for G.R. Champness, field assistant with that party. 70°55′S 163°44′E  /  70.917°S 163.733°E  / -70.917; 163.733 . A large icefall at the east side of the Bowers Mountains, situated south of Platypus Ridge at

11716-642: The western Victory Mountains extends in a southeast direction to the east of the East Quartzite Range , Destination Nunataks and Barker Range . It is bounded to the east by the Pearl Harbor Glacier , Muller Glacier , Lensen Glacier and Wood Glacier . Features include, from northwest to southeast, 72°07′S 165°59′E  /  72.117°S 165.983°E  / -72.117; 165.983 . A peak 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) north of Le Couteur Peak in

11832-818: Was a telegram from Amundsen, informing Scott that the Norwegian was "proceeding south"; the telegram was the first indication to Scott that he was in a race. When asked by the press for a reaction, Scott replied that his plans would not change and that he would not sacrifice the expedition's scientific goals to win the race to the Pole. In his diary he wrote that Amundsen had a fair chance of success, and perhaps deserved his luck if he got through. Scott rejoined Terra Nova in New Zealand, where additional supplies were taken aboard, including 34 dogs, 19 Siberian ponies and three motorised sledges. The ship, heavily overloaded, finally left Port Chalmers on 29 November. During

11948-508: Was a private venture financed by public contributions and a government grant. It had further backing from the Admiralty , which released experienced seamen to the expedition, and from the Royal Geographical Society . The expedition's team of scientists carried out a comprehensive scientific programme, while other parties explored Victoria Land and the Western Mountains . An attempted landing and exploration of King Edward VII Land

12064-450: Was an urge to rush over to the Bay of Whales and "have it out" with Amundsen. Scott recorded the event calmly in his journal. "One thing only fixes itself in my mind. The proper, as well as the wiser, course is for us to proceed exactly as though this had not happened. To go forward and do our best for the honour of our country without fear or panic." The aim of the first season's depot-laying

12180-652: Was forced to land on the glacier again. There were no serious injuries. The Lillie Glacier forms below the Evans Névé , fed by the Lloyd Icefall to the east of the East Quartzite Range and southwest of the Victory Mountains . It flows north through the Concord Mountains between the King Range to the west and the Mirabito Range to the east. To the north of Toilers Mountain in the King Range it

12296-416: Was highly satisfied with the experiments in rations and equipment: "We are as near perfection as experience can direct." On 13 September 1911, Scott revealed his plans for the South Pole march. Sixteen men would set out, using the two remaining motor sledges, ponies and dogs for the Barrier stage of the journey, which would bring them to the Beardmore Glacier . At this point the dogs would return to base and

12412-426: Was insufficient given the lack of oil. By March 10, it became evident the dog teams were not coming: "The dogs which would have been our salvation have evidently failed. Meares [the dog-driver] had a bad trip home I suppose." In a farewell letter to Sir Edgar Speyer , dated March 16, Scott wondered whether he had overshot the meeting point and fought the growing suspicion that he had in fact been abandoned by

12528-433: Was mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960–62. On 22 October 1964 a United States Navy ski-equipped LC-47 airplane flew from Hallett Station to establish a cache of fuel drums on Lillie Glacier for army helicopters to use when supporting a scientific party later in the season. After unloading the drums and taking off, the plane developed engine trouble and

12644-561: Was reached on 26 November. Headquarters were established at a site christened Geology Point, and a stone hut was built. During the following weeks, exploration and surveying work took place on the Mackay Glacier, and a range of features to the north of the glacier were identified and named. The party was due to be picked up by Terra Nova on 15 January 1912, but the ship could not reach them. The party waited until 5 February before trekking southward, and were rescued from

12760-501: Was spotted and the party knew that they had been forestalled. They reached the Pole the next day, 17 January: "The Pole. Yes, but under very different circumstances from those expected ... Great God! This is an awful place and terrible enough for us to have laboured to it without the reward of priority. Well, it is something to have got here." Scott still hoped to race Amundsen to the telegraph cablehead in Australia: "Now for

12876-477: Was that the dogs would return to base at this stage. Because of slower than expected progress, he decided to take the dogs on further. Day and Hooper were dispatched to Cape Evans with a message to this effect for Simpson, who had been left in charge there. On 4 December, the expedition had reached the Gateway, the name given by Shackleton to the route from the Barrier on to the Beardmore Glacier. At this point

12992-440: Was the expedition's photographer, whose pictures would leave a vivid visual record. On the advice of explorer Fridtjof Nansen , Scott recruited a young Norwegian ski expert, Tryggve Gran . Scott had decided on a mixed transport strategy, relying on contributions from dogs, motor sledges and ponies. He appointed Cecil Meares to take charge of the dog teams and recruited Shackleton's former motor specialist, Bernard Day, to run

13108-418: Was to place a series of depots on the Barrier from its edge—Safety Camp—down to 80°S, for use on the polar journey which would begin the following spring. The final depot would be the largest, and would be known as One Ton Depot. The work was to be carried out by 12 men, the eight fittest ponies, and two dog teams; ice conditions prevented the use of the motor sledges. The journey started on 27 January "in

13224-425: Was to secure emperor penguin eggs from the rookery near Cape Crozier at an early embryo stage, so that "particular points in the development of the bird could be worked out". This required a trip in the depths of winter to obtain eggs in an appropriately early stage of incubation. A secondary purpose was to experiment with food rations and equipment in advance of the coming summer's polar journey. Scott approved, and

13340-588: Was undertaken by a party consisting of Taylor, Debenham, Wright and Edgar Evans. They landed from Terra Nova on 26 January at Butter Point , opposite Cape Evans on the Victoria Land shore. On 30 January, the party established its main depot in the Ferrar Glacier region, and then conducted explorations and survey work in the Dry Valley and Taylor Glacier areas before moving southwards to

13456-597: Was unsuccessful. A journey to Cape Crozier in June and July 1911 was the first extended sledging journey in the depths of the Antarctic winter. For many years after his death, Scott's status as tragic hero was unchallenged and few questions were asked about the causes of the disaster which overcame his polar party. In the final quarter of the 20th century the expedition came under closer scrutiny, and more critical views were expressed about its organization and management. The degree of Scott's personal culpability and, more recently,

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