The Black Ships (in Japanese : 黒船 , romanized : kurofune , Edo period term) were the names given to both Portuguese merchant ships and American warships arriving in Japan in the 16th and 19th centuries respectively.
97-403: In 1543, Portuguese initiated the first contacts, establishing a trade route linking Goa to Nagasaki . The large carracks engaged in this trade had the hull painted black with pitch , and the term came to represent all Western vessels. In 1639, after suppressing a rebellion blamed on the influence of Christian thought , the ruling Tokugawa shogunate retreated into an isolationist policy,
194-528: A colonial empire . It was one of the first global empires and one of the world's major economic, political and military powers in the 15th and 16th centuries, with territories that became part numerous countries. Portugal helped to launch the spread of Western civilization to other geographies. During and after the period of the Portuguese Empire , the Portuguese diaspora spread across
291-761: A sloop-of-war , USS Concord . During this period, while in port in Russian Kronstadt , Perry was offered a commission in the Imperial Russian Navy , which he declined. He spent 1833 to 1837 as second officer of the New York Navy Yard, later the Brooklyn Navy Yard , gaining a promotion to captain at the end of this tour. Perry had an ardent interest in and saw the need for naval education, supporting an apprentice system to train new seamen, and helped establish
388-805: A statue of Perry in Touro Park. It was designed by John Quincy Adams Ward , erected in 1869, and dedicated by his daughter. He was buried in Newport's Island Cemetery , near his parents and brother. There are also exhibits and research collections concerning his life at the Naval War College Museum and at the Newport Historical Society . Perry Street in Trenton, New Jersey is named in his honor. The U.S. Navy's Oliver Hazard Perry -class frigates (purchased in
485-578: A cannon bursting, killing several men and wounding Rodgers, Perry and others. Perry transferred to USS United States , commanded by Stephen Decatur , and saw little fighting in the war afterwards, since the ship was trapped in port at New London, Connecticut . Following the signing of the Treaty of Ghent which ended the war, Perry served on various vessels in the Mediterranean Sea . Perry served under Commodore William Bainbridge during
582-712: A cluster within the haplogroup R category, is more prevalent along the Atlantic façade, including the Cantabrian Coast and Portugal. Its highest frequency is in Galicia (northwestern corner of Iberia). The frequency of haplogroup H shows a decreasing trend from the Atlantic façade toward the Mediterranean. This finding adds strong evidence that Galicia and Northern Portugal was a cul-de-sac population,
679-642: A descendant of Mayflower passengers, both of whom were signers of the Mayflower Compact , Elder William Brewster , the Pilgrim colonist leader and spiritual elder of the Plymouth Colony, and George Soule , through Susannah Barber Perry. In 1809, Perry received a midshipman's warrant in the Navy and was initially assigned to USS Revenge , under the command of his elder brother. He
776-516: A kind of European edge for a major ancient central European migration. An interesting pattern of genetic continuity exists along the Cantabria coast and Portugal, a pattern observed previously when minor sub-clades of the mtDNA phylogeny were examined. Given the Paleolithic and Neolithic origins, as well as Bronze Age and Iron Age Indo-European migrations, the Portuguese ethnic origin
873-650: A limited-scale trade and diplomatic relations with China , Korea , the Ryukyu Islands , and the Dutch was maintained. The Sakoku policy remained in effect until 1853 with the arrival of Commodore Perry and the "opening" of Japan. Commodore Perry's show of military force was the principal factor in negotiating a treaty allowing American trade with Japan, thus effectively ending the Sakoku period of more than 200 years in which trading with Japan had been permitted to
970-497: A lower admixture with Mediterraneans . The Portuguese have one unique characteristic: a high frequency of HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13, which may reflect a founder effect from ancient Portuguese, i.e., Oestriminis and Cynetes . According to an early genetic study, the Portuguese are a relatively distinct population according to HLA data, as they have a high frequency of the HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13 genes,
1067-582: A reminder of the Gallaeci (also known as Callaeci), a Celtic tribe that lived in part of Northern Portugal . Alternatively the name may have come from the early settlement of Cale (today's Gaia ), situated on the mouth of the Douro River on the Atlantic coast ( Portus Cale ). The name Cale seems to come from the Celts – perhaps from one of their specifications, Cailleach – but which, in everyday life,
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#17327730755771164-589: A report on the expedition in three volumes, titled Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan . He was promoted to rear admiral on the retired list when his health began to fail, as a reward for his service in the Far East. Living in his adopted home of New York City, Perry's health began to fail as he suffered from cirrhosis of the liver from heavy drinking. Perry
1261-569: A treaty. In the interim, after a debate by officials the Japanese government had decided to avoid war and agree to a treaty with the United States. After roughly a month of negotiations, the shōgun ' s officials presented Perry with the Treaty of Peace and Amity . Perry refused certain conditions of the treaty but agreed to defer their resolution to a later time, and finally establishing formal diplomatic relations between Japan and
1358-714: A tribal Celtic group, related to the Lusones . The first area settled by the Lusitanians was probably the Douro Valley and the region of Beira Alta ; they subsequently moved south, and expanded on both sides of the Tagus river , before the Roman conquest. The Lusitanians originated from either Proto-Celtic or Proto-Italic populations who spread from Central Europe into western Europe after Yamnaya migrations into
1455-527: A year rather than the full year promised, and with ten ships and 1,600 men. American leadership designed the show of force to "command fear" and "astound the Orientals." After initial resistance, Perry was permitted to land at Kanagawa , near the site of present-day Yokohama on March 8. The Convention of Kanagawa was signed on March 31. Perry signed as American plenipotentiary , and Hayashi Akira , also known by his title of Daigaku-no-kami , signed for
1552-583: Is a Romance -speaking ethnic group and nation indigenous to Portugal , a country that occupies the west side of the Iberian Peninsula in south-west Europe , who share culture , ancestry and language . The Portuguese state began with the founding of the County of Portugal in 868 . Following the Battle of São Mamede (1128), Portugal gained international recognition as a kingdom through
1649-580: Is further emphasized by research by the Max Planck Institute on the origins of Indo-European languages. One study identified one common Celtic branch of peoples and languages spanning most of Atlantic Europe, including Lusitania, at around 7,000 BC. This work contradicts previous theories that excluded Lusitanian from the Celtic linguistic family. In Roman times, the Roman province of Lusitania
1746-786: Is the most common haplogroup in the Iberian peninsula and western Europe. One of the best-characterized of Iberian haplotypes is the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH). This haplotype reaches the highest frequencies there and in the British Isles. In Portugal it reckons generally 65% in the South, ranging from 87-96% northwards. The Neolithic colonization of Europe from Western Asia and the Middle East, beginning around 10,000 years ago, reached Iberia after reaching
1843-471: Is thought that the intimidation that the Japanese felt at the time could have influenced these portraits. Some portraits of Perry depict him as a tengu . However, the portraits of his crewmen are normal. When Perry returned to the United States after signing the Convention of Kanagawa , he brought with him diplomatic gifts, including art, pottery, textiles, musical instruments, and other artifacts now in
1940-659: The Anas ( Guadiana ) river. As the Lusitanians fought the Romans, the name Lusitania was adopted by the Gallaeci , tribes living north of the Douro, and other surrounding tribes, eventually spreading as a label to the nearby peoples fighting Roman rule in western Iberia. This led the Romans to name their original province in the area, which initially covered the entire western side of the Iberian peninsula, Lusitania. Rome conquered
2037-603: The Christian religion on what they perceived as backward Asian nations. The Japanese were forewarned by the Dutch of Perry's voyage but were unwilling to change their 250-year-old policy of national seclusion . There was considerable internal debate in Japan on how best to meet this potential threat to Japan's economic and political sovereignty. On November 24, 1852, Perry embarked from Norfolk, Virginia , for Japan, in command of
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#17327730755772134-596: The Conquest of Faro , religious and ethnic minorities such as the so-called "new Christians" or the " Ciganos " ( Roma gypsies ) later suffered persecution from the state and the Inquisition . As a consequence, many were expelled, condemned, and subjected to auto-da-fé , or fled the country, creating a Jewish diaspora in the Netherlands , England, US, Brazil, Balkans , and beyond. The political origin of
2231-827: The Danube Valley , while Proto-Germanic and Proto-Balto-Slavic may have developed east of the Carpathian Mountains , in present-day Ukraine , moving north and spreading with the Corded Ware culture in Middle Europe (third millennium BCE). One theory claimed that a European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European" and associated with the Bell Beaker culture , may have been ancestral to Celtic, Italic, Germanic, and Balto-Slavic lanaguages. The Lusitanians' Celtic root,
2328-701: The East India Squadron in pursuit of a Japanese trade treaty. He chose the paddle-wheeled steam frigate Mississippi as his flagship and made port calls at Madeira (December 11–15), Saint Helena (January 10–11), Cape Town (January 24 – February 3), Mauritius (February 18–28), Ceylon (March 10–15), Singapore (March 25–29), Macao and Hong Kong (April 7–28). In Hong Kong he met with American-born Sinologist Samuel Wells Williams , who provided Chinese language translations of his official letters, and where he rendezvoused with Plymouth . He continued to Shanghai (May 4–17), where he met with
2425-621: The Expedition for the opening of Japan , under the command of Commodore Matthew Perry . The expedition arrived on July 14, 1853 at Uraga Harbor (present-day Yokosuka ) in Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan . Though their hulls were not black, their coal -fired steam engines belched black smoke. Their arrival marked the reopening of the country to political dialogue after more than two hundred years of self-imposed isolation. Trade with Western nations followed five years later with
2522-533: The First Battle of Tabasco , and took part in the capture of Tampico on November 14, 1846. Perry had to return to Norfolk, Virginia , to make repairs and was there when the amphibious landings at Veracruz took place. His return to the U.S. gave his superiors the chance to give him orders to succeed Commodore Conner in command of the Home Squadron. Perry returned to the fleet, and his ship supported
2619-671: The Home Squadron had come to an end. However, the coming of the Mexican–American War persuaded the authorities not to change commanders in the face of the war. Perry, who eventually succeeded Conner, was made second-in-command and captained USS Mississippi . Perry captured the Mexican city of Frontera , demonstrated against Tabasco , being defeated in San Juan Bautista by Colonel Juan Bautista Traconis in
2716-560: The New Jersey coast. In June 1840, Perry received the title of commodore , when the Secretary of the Navy appointed him commandant of New York Navy Yard. The United States Navy did not have ranks higher than captain until 1857, so the title of commodore carried considerable importance. Officially, an officer would revert to his permanent rank after the squadron command assignment had ended, although in practice officers who received
2813-638: The Pontic–Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe during the Bronze Age , along with carriers of Indo-European languages like proto-Celtic and proto-Italic . Unlike older studies on uniparental markers, large amounts of autosomal DNA were analyzed in addition to paternal Y-DNA . An autosomal component was detected in modern Europeans that was not present in the Neolithic or Mesolithic, and which entered Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as
2910-688: The Portuguese throne . The Portuguese share some DNA with the Basques . The results of the present HLA study in Portuguese populations show that they have features in common with Basques and some Madrid -area Spaniards : a high frequency of the HLA- haplotypes A29-B44-DR7 (ancient Western Europeans) and A1-B8-DR3 are common characteristics. Many Portuguese and Basques do not show the Mediterranean A33-B14-DR1 haplotype , confirming
3007-400: The Roman province of Lusitania (modern Portugal , Extremadura and part of Salamanca ). They spoke Lusitanian , of which only a few short written fragments survive. Most Portuguese consider Lusitanians as their ancestors, although the northern regions ( Minho , Douro , Trás-os-Montes ) identify more with Gallaecians . Linguists such as Ellis Evans claimed that Gallaecian -Lusitanian
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3104-528: The Ryukyu Kingdom would be open to trade with the United States. Continuing on to the Ogasawara islands in mid-June, Perry met with the local inhabitants and purchased a plot of land. Perry reached Uraga at the entrance to Edo Bay in Japan on July 8, 1853. His actions at this crucial juncture were informed by a careful study of Japan's previous contacts with Western ships and what he knew about
3201-583: The Sakoku . During this "locked state", contact with Japan by Westerners was restricted to Dutch traders on Dejima island at Nagasaki. In 1844, William II of the Netherlands urged Japan to also open the mainland to trade, but was rejected. On July 8, 1853, the U.S. Navy sent four warships into the bay at Edo and threatened to attack if Japan did not begin trade with the West. The ships were Mississippi , Plymouth , Saratoga , and Susquehanna of
3298-749: The Second Barbary War . He then served in African waters aboard USS Cyane during its patrol off Liberia from 1819 to 1820. After that cruise, Perry was sent to suppress piracy and the slave trade in the West Indies . From 1821 to 1825, Perry placed in commission and commanded USS Shark , a schooner with 12 guns. He deployed to the West Africa Station to support the American and British joint patrols to suppress
3395-678: The Suebi , the Buri , and the Visigoths (an estimated 2–3% of the population), ruled the peninsula for centuries and assimilated into the local population. Some of the Vandals ( Silingi and Hasdingi ) and Alans lingered. The Suebians were the most numerous Germanic tribes. Portugal and Galicia, (along with Catalonia which was part of the Frankish Kingdom ), are the regions with
3492-463: The Treaty of Amity and Commerce . After this, the kurofune became a symbol of the end of isolation. In 1543 Portuguese traders arrived in Japan initiating the first contacts with the West. Soon they established a trade route linking their headquarters in Goa , via Malacca to Nagasaki . Large carracks engaged in the flourishing " Nanban trade ", introducing modern inventions from the European traders, such as refined sugar, optics, and firearms; it
3589-423: The Treaty of Zamora and the papal bull Manifestis Probatum . This Portuguese state paved the way for the Portuguese people to unite as a nation. The Portuguese explored distant lands previously unknown to Europeans—in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania (southwest Pacific Ocean). In 1415, with the conquest of Ceuta , the Portuguese took a significant role in the Age of Discovery , which culminated in
3686-448: The starboard side of the ship. The original flag was brought from the U.S. Naval Academy Museum to Japan for the Japan surrender ceremony and was displayed on that occasion at the request of Douglas MacArthur , who was a blood-relative of Perry. Today, the flag is preserved and on display at the Naval Academy Museum in Annapolis, Maryland . In the museum, the flag is displayed the 'wrong' way round. However, photographs show that at
3783-410: The 9th and 11th centuries , made by Norsemen who raided coastal areas mainly in the northern regions of Douro and Minho . Low-incidence, pre-Roman influence came from Phoenicians and Greeks in southern coastal areas. The name Portugal is a portmanteau that comes from the Latin word Portus (meaning port) and a second word Cale , whose meaning and origin are unclear. Cale is probably
3880-437: The 9th century. The term denoted the area between the Douro and Minho rivers. Portuguese origins are predominantly from Southern and Western Europe. The earliest modern humans inhabiting Portugal are believed to have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggest that modern Portuguese trace a proportion of these lineages to the paleolithic peoples who began settling
3977-472: The Americans would destroy them. He also fired blank shots from his 73 cannon, which he claimed was in celebration of the American Independence Day . Perry's ships were equipped with new Paixhans shell guns , cannons capable of wreaking great explosive destruction with every shell. He also ordered his ship boats to commence survey operations of the coastline and surrounding waters over the objections of local officials. Meanwhile, shōgun Tokugawa Ieyoshi
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4074-410: The Azores and Madeira belonged to 78–83% of the "Western European" haplogroup R1b , and Mediterranean J and E3b . The comparative table shows statistics by haplogroups of Portuguese men with men of European countries , and communities. Culturally and linguistically, the Portuguese are close to Galicians . The similarities among the two groups are pronounced. Galician and Portuguese may be
4171-417: The Black Ships are described in this famous kyōka (a humorous poem in 31-syllable waka form): This poem is a complex set of puns (in Japanese, kakekotoba or "pivot words"). Taihei ( 泰平 ) means 'tranquil'; Jōkisen ( 上喜撰 ) is the name of a costly brand of green tea containing large amounts of caffeine ; and shihai ( 四杯 ) means 'four cups', so a literal translation of
4268-400: The Christian influence was suppressed. Portuguese traders and Jesuit missionaries faced progressively tighter restrictions, and were confined to the island of Dejima before being expelled in 1639. The Tokugawa shogunate retreated back into a policy of isolationism identified as Sakoku ( 鎖国 , lit. ' locked country ' ) , forbidding contact with most outside countries. Only
4365-407: The Dutch, Koreans, Chinese, and Ainu exclusively. The sight of the four ships entering Edo Bay , roaring black smoke into the air and capable of moving under their own power, deeply frightened the Japanese. Perry ignored the requests arriving from the shore that he should move to Nagasaki—the official port for trade with the outside—and threatened in turn to take his ships directly to Edo , and burn
4462-460: The Dutch-born American diplomat, Anton L. C. Portman, who translated his official letters into the Dutch language , and where he rendezvoused with Susquehanna . Perry then switched his flag to Susquehanna and made call at Naha on Great Lewchew Island (Ryukyu, now Okinawa ) from May 17–26. Ignoring the claims of Satsuma Domain to the islands, he demanded an audience with the Ryukyuan King Shō Tai at Shuri Castle and secured promises that
4559-401: The EU as a whole) as of 2023. People aged 65 or more accounted for 23%. The total fertility rate is 1.35 against the EU average of 1.53. Life expectancy at birth is 83. Due to the high percentage of senior citizens, the crude mortality rate (12%) is well in excess of the crude birth rate (8%). Matthew C. Perry Matthew Calbraith Perry (April 10, 1794 – March 4, 1858)
4656-417: The European continent at the end of the last glaciation around 45,000 years ago. Northern Iberia is believed to have been a major Ice age refuge from which Paleolithic humans later colonized Europe. Migrations from northern Iberia during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic link modern Iberians to much of Western Europe, particularly the British Isles and Atlantic Europe . Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b
4753-539: The Indo-European languages. The first immigrations of Indo-European language speakers were followed by waves of Celts . The Celts arrived in Portugal about 3,000 years ago. Migration was particularly intense from the 7th to the 5th centuries BC. These two processes defined Iberia's cultural landscape "Continental in the northwest and Mediterranean towards the southeast", as historian José Mattoso described. The northwest–southeast cultural shift also shows in genetic differences: based on 2016 findings, haplogroup H,
4850-434: The Japanese hierarchical culture. As he arrived, Perry ordered his ships to steam past Japanese lines towards the capital of Edo and turn their guns towards the town of Uraga. Perry refused Japanese demands to leave or to proceed to Nagasaki , the only Japanese port open to foreigners. Perry attempted to intimidate the Japanese by presenting them a white flag and a letter which told them that in case they chose to fight,
4947-412: The Japanese side. The celebratory events for the signing ceremony included a Kabuki play from the Japanese side and, from the American side, U.S. military band music and blackface minstrelsy. Perry departed, mistakenly believing the agreement had been made with imperial representatives, not understanding the true position of the shōgun , the de facto ruler of Japan. Perry then visited Hakodate on
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#17327730755775044-435: The Mexican–American War. Commander Franklin Buchanan was captain of Susquehanna . Joel Abbot , Perry's second in command, was captain of Macedonian . Commander Henry A. Adams was chief of staff with the title "Captain of the Fleet". Major Jacob Zeilin , future commandant of the United States Marine Corps, was the ranking Marine officer and was stationed on Mississippi . Perry returned on February 13, 1854, after only half
5141-496: The Naval Efficiency Board. He died awaiting further orders on March 4, 1858, in New York City , of rheumatic fever that had spread to the heart, compounded by complications of gout and alcoholism . Initially interred in a vault on the grounds of St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery , in New York City, Perry's remains were moved to the Island Cemetery in Newport, Rhode Island , on March 21, 1866, along with those of his daughter, Anna, who died in 1839. In 1873, an elaborate monument
5238-438: The Portuguese state is in the founding of County of Portugal in 868 ( Portuguese : Condado Portucalense ; in period documents the name used was Portugalia ). It was the first time that a cohesive nationalism emerged there, as even during the Roman Era, the indigenous populations were from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Although the country began as a county, after the Battle of São Mamede on 24 June 1128 Portugal
5335-524: The Roman period, starting in 409 . These included the Suebi , Buri , Hasdingi Vandals and Visigoths . The pastoral North Caucasus ' Alans left traces in a few central-southern areas (e.g. Alenquer , from " Alen Kerke " or "Temple of the Alans"). The Umayyad conquest of Iberia , between the early 8th century until the 12th century , also left small Moorish , Jewish and Saqaliba genetic contributions. Other minor – as well as later – influences include small Viking settlements between
5432-647: The Roman provinces in Gaul (modern France). Three years later (147 B.C.), Viriathus became the leader of the Lusitanians and attacked Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. He commanded a confederation of Celtic tribes and prevented Roman expansion with guerrilla warfare. In 139 B.C. Viriathus was betrayed and killed in his sleep by his companions (emissaries to the Romans ), Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus , bribed by Marcus Popillius Laenas . However, when Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus returned to receive their reward, Consul Quintus Servilius Caepio ordered their execution, declaring, " Rome does not pay traitors " . Viriathus
5529-399: The United States. The fleet departed, leaving behind a consul , Townsend Harris , at Shimoda to negotiate a more permanent agreement. The Harris Treaty was signed with the United States on July 29, 1858, and within five years of the signing of the Treaty of Peace and Amity, Japan had moved to sign treaties with other Western countries. The surprise and fear inspired by the first visit of
5626-539: The area. On March 25, 1822, Perry sailed Shark to Key West and planted the U.S. flag, physically claiming the Florida Keys as United States territory. Perry renamed Cayo Hueso "Thompson's Island" for the Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson and the harbor "Port Rodgers" for the president of the Board of Navy Commissioners . Neither name stuck however. From 1826 to 1827, Perry acted as fleet captain for Commodore Rodgers. In 1828, Perry returned to Charleston, South Carolina , for shore duty. In 1830, he took command of
5723-407: The beach at Kurihama where he was allowed to land on July 14, 1853. After presenting the letter to attending delegates, Perry departed for Hong Kong, promising to return the following year for the Japanese reply. On his way back to Japan, Perry anchored off Keelung in Formosa, known today as Taiwan , for ten days. Perry and crewmembers landed on Formosa and investigated the potential of mining
5820-425: The city to the ground if he was not allowed to land. It was eventually agreed upon that he should land nearby at Kurihama , whereupon he delivered his letter and left. The following year, at the Convention of Kanagawa , Perry returned with a fleet of eight of the fearsome Black Ships, to demonstrate the power of the United States navy, and to lend weight to his announcement that he would not leave again, until he had
5917-415: The city. In 1847, Perry was elected as an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati in recognition of his achievements during the Mexican War. In 1852, Perry was assigned a mission by American President Millard Fillmore to force the opening of Japanese ports to American trade, through the use of gunboat diplomacy if necessary. The growing commerce between the United States and China,
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#17327730755776014-569: The coal deposits in that area. He emphasized in his reports that Formosa provided a convenient, mid-way trade location. Perry's reports noted that the island was very defensible and could serve as a base for exploration in a similar way that Cuba had done for the Spanish in the Americas. Occupying Formosa could help the United States counter European monopolization of the major trade routes. The United States government failed to respond to Perry's proposal to claim sovereignty over Formosa. To command his fleet, Perry chose officers with whom he had served in
6111-417: The collection of the Smithsonian Institution . Pacific Overtures is a musical set in Japan beginning in 1853 and follows the difficult westernization of Japan, told from the point of view of the Japanese. A replica of Perry's U.S. flag is on display on board the USS Missouri memorial in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , attached to the bulkhead just inboard of the Japanese surrender signing site on
6208-720: The curriculum at the United States Naval Academy . With the advent of the steam engine , he became a leading advocate of modernizing the U.S. Navy and came to be considered "The Father of the Steam Navy" in the United States. Matthew Perry was a member of the Perry family , a son of Sarah Wallace ( née Alexander) (1768–1830) and Navy Captain Christopher Raymond Perry (1761–1818). He was born April 10, 1794, in South Kingstown, Rhode Island . His siblings included Oliver Hazard Perry , Raymond Henry Jones Perry, Sarah Wallace Perry, Anna Marie Perry (mother of George Washington Rodgers ), James Alexander Perry, Nathaniel Hazard Perry, and Jane Tweedy Perry (who married William Butler ). His mother
6305-473: The curriculum for the United States Naval Academy. He was a vocal proponent of modernizing the Navy. Once promoted to captain, he oversaw construction of the Navy's second steam frigate USS Fulton , which he commanded after its completion. He was called "The Father of the Steam Navy", and he organized America's first corps of naval engineers. Perry conducted the first U.S. naval gunnery school while commanding Fulton from 1839 to 1841 off Sandy Hook on
6402-521: The halcyon slumber of the Pacific; The steam-powered ships, a mere four boats are enough to make us lose sleep at night. Kurofune ("The Black Ships") is also the title of the first Japanese opera, composed by Kosaku Yamada and premiering in 1940, "based on the story of Tojin Okichi, a geisha caught up in the turmoil that swept Japan in the waning years of the Tokugawa shogunate". Portuguese people The Portuguese people ( Portuguese : Portugueses – masculine – or Portuguesas )
6499-559: The highest ratios of Germanic Y-DNA. Other influences include small Viking settlements between the 9th and 11th centuries , made by Norsemen who raided coastal areas mainly in Douro and Minho . The Moors occupied what is now Portugal from the 8th century until the Reconquista movement expelled them in 1249. Some 2.000 of their population, mainly Berbers and Christian Jews became New Christians ( Cristãos novos ); some descendants of these people are still identifiable by their new surnames . Several genetic studies, including
6596-434: The hull painted black with pitch , and the term came to apply for all western vessels. The name was inscribed in the Nippo Jisho , the first western Japanese dictionary compiled in 1603. In 1549 Spanish missionary Francis Xavier started a Jesuit mission in Japan. Christianity spread, mingled with the new trade, making 300,000 converts among peasants and some daimyō (warlords). In 1637 the Shimabara Rebellion blamed on
6693-458: The latter is a unique Portuguese marker. In Europe, the A25-B18-DR15 gene is found only in Portugal; it also observed in some North Americans and in Brazilians (very likely of Portuguese ancestry). The pan-European haplotype A1-B8-DR3 and the western-European haplotype A29-B44-DR7 are shared by Portuguese, Basques, and Spaniards. The latter is also common in Irish, southern English, and western French populations. Men from mainland Portugal ,
6790-407: The most comprehensive genome-wide studies published on historical and modern populations of the Iberian Peninsula , conclude that the Moorish occupation left few to no Jewish , Arab and Berber genetic influences throughout Iberia, with higher incidence in the south and west, and ower incidence in the northeast, and almost none in Basque Country . Following the end of the Reconquista and
6887-522: The northern island of Hokkaido and Shimoda , the two ports which the treaty stipulated would be opened to visits by American ships. A handscroll with pictorial record from the Japanese side of US Commodore Matthew Perry's second visit to Japan in 1854 is retained in the British Museum in London. When Perry returned to the United States, Congress voted to grant him a reward of $ 20,000, equivalent to $ 520,000 in 2023, in appreciation of his work in Japan. He used part of this money to prepare and publish
6984-553: The peninsula during the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. from Carthage during the Punic Wars . After 193 B.C., the Lusitanians fought Rome's expansion peninsula following the defeat and occupation of Carthage in North Africa. They fought for years, repeatedly defeating the Roman invaders. In the end they were punished by Praetor Servius Galba in 150 B.C. He killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as slaves to
7081-409: The poem is: Awoken from sleep of a peaceful quiet world by Jokisen tea; with only four cups of it one can't sleep even at night. There is an alternative translation, based on the pivot words. Taihei can refer to the " Pacific Ocean " ( 太平 ) ; jōkisen also means ' steam-powered ships ' ( 蒸気船 ) ; and shihai also means 'four vessels'. The poem, therefore, has a hidden meaning: Breaking
7178-489: The population, both genetically and culturally; the Portuguese language derives mostly from Latin , mostly a later evolution of the Roman language after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . According to Mario Pei , the phonetic distance found between Portuguese and Latin stands at 31%. Roman domination lasted from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. After the Romans, Germanic peoples , namely
7275-486: The presence of American whalers in waters offshore Japan, and the increasing monopolization of potential coaling stations by European powers in Asia were all contributing factors. Shipwrecked foreign sailors were either imprisoned or executed, and the safe return of such persons was one demand. The Americans were also driven by concepts of manifest destiny and the desire to impose the benefits of western civilization and
7372-481: The rest of the continent. According to the demic diffusion model its impact was greatest in the southern and eastern regions. In the 3rd millennium BC, during the Bronze Age , the first wave of migrations by Indo-European language speakers into Iberia occurred. The expansion of haplogroup R1b in Western Europe, most common in many areas of Atlantic Europe , was primarily due to massive migrations from
7469-463: The same language ( see also: Reintegrationism ). Around 9.15 million (87%) Portuguese-born people live in the country, out of a total population of 10.467 million. About 782,000 foreigners live legally in the country (7%), thus approximately 9.685 million people living in Portugal hold Portuguese citizenship or legal residency. The median age stood at 46.8 years (versus 44.4 in
7566-508: The shaping of Japanese history. 90% of school children in Japan can identify him. Woodblock paintings of Matthew Perry closely resemble his actual appearance, depicting a physically large, clean shaven, jowly man. The portraits portray him with blue eyeballs, rather than blue irises. Westerners in this period were commonly thought of as "blue-eyed barbarians", however, in Japanese culture, blue eyeballs were also associated with ferocious or threatening figures, such as monsters or renegades. It
7663-529: The siege of Veracruz from the sea. After the fall of Veracruz, Winfield Scott moved inland, and Perry moved against the remaining Mexican port cities. Perry assembled the Mosquito Fleet and captured Tuxpan in April 1847. In June 1847 he attacked Tabasco personally, leading a 1,173-man landing force ashore and attacking the city of San Juan Bautista from land, defeating the Mexican forces and taking
7760-425: The signing ceremony, this flag was displayed properly, on its starboard side, with the stars in the upper right corner, as are all flags on vessels, known as ensigns. The cloth of this historic flag was so fragile that the conservator at the museum directed that a protective backing be sewn on it, which accounts for its currently being displayed 'port' side round. Japan erected a monument to Perry on July 14, 1901, at
7857-605: The slave trade . In 1815, the Spanish governor in Havana deeded the island of Key West to Juan Pablo Salas of St. Augustine in Spanish Florida . After Florida was transferred to the United States, Salas sold Key West to American businessman John W. Simonton for $ 2,000 in 1821. Simonton lobbied Washington to establish a naval base on Key West, both to take advantage of its strategic location and to bring law and order to
7954-495: The spot where the commodore first landed. The monument survived World War II and is now the centerpiece of a small seaside park called Perry Park at Yokosuka, Japan. Within the park there is a small museum dedicated to the events of 1854. Matthew C. Perry Elementary and High School can be found on Marine Corps Air Station, Iwakuni . At his birthplace in Newport, there is a memorial plaque in Trinity Church, Newport and
8051-737: The title of commodore retained the title for life, as did Perry. During his tenure in Brooklyn, he lived in Quarters A in Vinegar Hill , a building which still stands today. In 1843, Perry took command of the Africa Squadron , whose duty was to interdict the slave trade under the Webster-Ashburton Treaty , and continued in this endeavor to 1844. In 1845, Commodore David Conner 's length of service in command of
8148-540: The world. The Portuguese people's heritage largely derives from the Indo-European ( Lusitanians , Conii ), and Celtic peoples ( Gallaecians , Turduli and Celtici ). They were later Romanized after the Roman conquest . The Portuguese language –the native language of the overwhelming majority of Portuguese people–stems from Vulgar Latin . A number of male Portuguese lineages descend from Germanic tribes who arrived as ruling elites after
8245-544: Was a United States Navy officer who commanded ships in several wars, including the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War . He played a leading role in the Perry Expedition that ended Japan's isolationism and the Convention of Kanagawa between Japan and the United States in 1854. Perry was interested in the education of naval officers and assisted in the development of an apprentice system that helped establish
8342-580: Was born in County Down , Ireland and was a descendant of an uncle of William Wallace , the Scottish knight and landowner. His paternal grandparents were James Freeman Perry, a surgeon, and Mercy Hazard, a descendant of Governor Thomas Prence , a co-founder of Eastham, Massachusetts , who was a political leader in both the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies , and governor of Plymouth ; and
8439-561: Was extended north of the areas occupied by the Lusitanians to include the territories of Asturias and Gallaecia , but these were soon ceded to the jurisdiction of the Provincia Tarraconensis in the north, while the south remained the Provincia Lusitania et Vettones . After this, Lusitania's northern border was along the Douro river, while its eastern border passed through Salmantica and Caesarobriga to
8536-457: Was ill and incapacitated, which resulted in governmental indecision on how to handle the unprecedented threat to the nation's capital. On July 11, Rōjū Abe Masahiro bided his time, deciding that simply accepting a letter from the Americans would not constitute a violation of Japanese sovereignty. The decision was conveyed to Uraga, and Perry was asked to move his fleet slightly southwest to
8633-431: Was known to have been an alcoholic, which compounded the health complications leading to his death. He also suffered severe arthritis that left him in frequent pain, and on occasion precluded him from his duties. Perry spent his last years preparing for the publication of his account of the Japan expedition, announcing its completion on December 28, 1857. Two days later he was detached from his last post, an assignment to
8730-694: Was mainly a mixture of pre-Celts or para- Celts , such as the Lusitanians of Lusitania , and Celtic peoples such as Gallaeci of Gallaecia , the Celtici and the Cynetes of Alentejo and the Algarve . The Lusitanians (or Lusitānus – singular – Lusitani – plural – in Latin ) were an Indo-European people living in the Western Iberian Peninsula long before it became
8827-434: Was officially recognised as a kingdom via the Treaty of Zamora and the papal bull Manifestis Probatum of Pope Alexander III . The establishment of the Portuguese state in the 12th century led the Portuguese to group together as a nation. A subsequent turning point in Portuguese nationalism was the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, linked to Brites de Almeida , thereby putting an end to Castilian ambitions to take over
8924-599: Was one language (thus not separate languages) of the "p" Celtic variant. They were a large tribe who lived between Douro and Tagus rivers. The Lusitanians may have originated in the Alps and settled in the region in the 6th century BC. Sholars such as Dáithí Ó hÓgáin consider them to be indigenous . He claimed they were initially dominated by the Celts , before gaining full independence. Romanian archaeologist Scarlat Lambrino [ ro ] , active in Portugal for many years, proposed that they were originally
9021-538: Was placed by Perry's widow over his grave in Newport. Perry was married to Jane Slidell Perry (1797–1864), sister of United States Senator John Slidell (1793–1871), in New York on December 24, 1814, and they had ten children: In 1819, Perry joined the masonic Holland Lodge No. 8 in New York City , New York . Perry was a key agent in both the making and recording of Japanese history, as well as in
9118-611: Was synonymous with shelter, anchorage or door. Among other theories, some suggest that Cale may stem from the Greek word for kalós (beautiful). Another theory for Portugal postulates a French derivation, Portus Gallus "port of the Gauls". During the Middle Ages , the area around Cale became known through the Visigoths as Portucale . Portucale could have evolved in the 7th and 8th centuries, to become Portugale , or Portugal, from
9215-455: Was the firearms, arquebuses , which became a major innovation of the Sengoku period —a time of intense internal warfare—when the matchlocks were replicated. Later, they engaged in triangular trade , exchanging silver from Japan with silk from China via Macau . Carracks of 1200 to 1600 tons, named nau do trato ('treaty ship') or nau da China by the Portuguese, engaged in this trade had
9312-504: Was the first Portuguese ‘ national hero ’ . After Viriathus' rule, the celticized Lusitanians largely adopted romanized culture and the Latin language. Lusitanian inhabitants, following the rest of the Roman-Iberian peninsula, eventually gained the status of " Citizens of Rome ". Many saints emerged from the territory. These include Saint Engrácia , Saint Quitéria , and Saint Marina of Aguas Santas . The Romans impacted
9409-469: Was then assigned to USS President , where he served as an aide to Commodore John Rodgers . President attacked a British Royal Navy warship, HMS Little Belt in the lead-up to the War of 1812 . Perry continued aboard President during the War of 1812 and was present at the engagement with HMS Belvidera . Rodgers fired the first shot of the war at Belvidera . A later shot resulted in
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