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80-466: The Kingdom of Sardinia included the island of Sardinia and the continental areas of Piedmont (with the capital Turin) and Liguria (with Genoa). The Kingdom of Naples included the island of Sicily (with Palermo). The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia was part of the Austrian Empire , which also shared ruling family with Modena , Parma and Tuscany (capital Florence). The Papal States included

160-597: A Viceroy governing the island on the king's behalf. This arrangement continued after the personal union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon to form Spain under the Habsburg dynasty . During this time the island became a target for Barbary pirates , due to the frequent wars between Spain and the Ottoman Empire . From the 1570s onward a series of towers, known today as the Spanish Towers, were built around

240-617: A revision in November 2018 that defines the kilogram by defining the Planck constant to be exactly 6.626 070 15 × 10  kg⋅m ⋅s , effectively defining the kilogram in terms of the second and the metre. The new definition took effect on 20 May 2019. Prior to the redefinition, the kilogram and several other SI units based on the kilogram were defined by a man-made metal artifact: the Kilogramme des Archives from 1799 to 1889, and

320-618: A blue border, or using a blue flag with the Savoy cross in one canton. Eventually, King Charles Albert of Savoy adopted the "revolutionary" Italian tricolor , surmounted by the Savoyard shield, as his flag. This flag would later become the flag of the Kingdom of Italy , and the tricolor without the Savoyard escutcheon remains the flag of Italy . References : Kilogram#SI multiples The kilogram (also spelled kilogramme )

400-630: A cylinder composed of platinum–iridium , the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK), became the standard of the unit of mass for the metric system and remained so for 130 years, before the current standard was adopted in 2019 . The kilogram is defined in terms of three defining constants: The formal definition according to the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) is: The kilogram, symbol kg,

480-656: A liberal ministry under Count Camillo Benso di Cavour was installed and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving Italian unification . The Kingdom of Sardinia took part in the Crimean War , allied with the Ottoman Empire , Britain , and France, and fighting against Russia. In 1859, France sided with the Kingdom of Sardinia in a war against Austria , the Austro-Sardinian War . Napoleon III did not keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of

560-4577: A light and a heavy pound. Dedicated use:  # gold   ∆ silver   § jewels   † apothecaries'   ‡ silk   @ spices, drugs and pigments   ¥ commercial   ¢ oil     ship cargoes: Σ grain   flour etc   § salt 1 grano (grain) = 1 ⁄ 6912 libbra 1 carato = 4 grani 1 tomin = 12 grani 1 denaro (scruple) = 24 grani 1 ottavo (drachm) = 3 denari 1 carato = 6 denaro ( a.k.a. scrupolo) 1 oncia (ounce) = 8 ottavi 1 oncia = 4 quarto (quarta) 1 libbra (pound) = 12 oncie 1 rubbo = 25 libbre 1 quintale = 4 rubbi 1 cantaro = 6 rubbi 1 cantaro = 100 rotoli 1 denaro = 24 grani 1 oncia = 24 denari 1 marco = 8 once = 7.5562 troy ounce 1 marco di zecca = 8 once 1 denaro = 10 grani 1 grosso = 10 denari 1 oncia = 10 grossi 1 libbra metrica = 10 once = 1 kg 1 rubbio = 10 libbre 1 grano ( a.k.a. denaro) = 50.998 mg 1 marco = 234.997 g 1 libbra piccola = 12 once = 326.793 g 1 libbra grossa = 28 once 1 libbra grossa = 28 once = 763 g 1 libbra da olio = 32 once 1 rubbio = 8.17 kg 1 fascio = 10 peso = 87.14 kg 1 grano = 1 dg 1 denar = 1 g 1 denaro (from 1803) = 1 g 1 grosso = 1 dag 1 oncia = 1 hg 1 libbra nuova = 1 kg 1 rubbio = 10 kg 1 quintale = 10 rubbi 1 quintale = 10 miriagrammi = 100 kg 1 centinajo metrico ( a.k.a. centarello) = 100 kg 1 marco = 238.499 g 1 libbra sottile = 301 g 1 libbra sottile = 301.23 g 1 libbra grossa = 12 once = 477 g 1 libbra grossa = 12 once = 476.999 g 1 centinaio sottile = 100 libbre = 30.123 kg 1 centinajo (–1869) = 100 libbre sottile 1 centinajo (–1869) = 100 libbre grossa Austrian, but not part of Lombardy-Venetia. 1 funto (–1858) = 1 Wiener Pfund 1 centinaji = 100 funti 1 migliajo (–1858) = 10 centinaji 1 oncia = 16 ferlini 1 libbra ( a.k.a. lira) = 12 once = 0.7044 lb 1 libbra = 340.457 g 1 peso = 25 libbre = 8.2 kg 1 scrupolo = 20 accini 1 trapeso = 20 accini 1 drachma = 3 scrupoli 1 dramma = 3 trapesi ( a.k.a. scrupoli) 1 oncia = 10 drachme 1 oncia = 10 dramme 1 libbra = 12 once = 0.321 kg 1 libbra = 12 once = 0.70722 lb 1 libbra = 12 once 1 libbra = 12 once 1 libbra (–1840) = 320.759 g 1 rotolo = 861 g 1 rotolo = 2 + 7 ⁄ 9 libbre 1 rotolo di puglia = 1000 trappesi = 890.997 g 1 cantaio piccolo (1840 6/4-) = 32.076 kg 1 cantaro = 100 rotoli = 89.100 kg 1 cantaio grosso (1840 6/4-) = 89.1 kg 1 taro = 20 grani 1 onza = 70 tarì = 26.4473 g 1 libbra = 12 oncie = 0.70723 lb 1 rotolo = 30 once = 12 once alla grossa = 793.42 g 1 rottolo sottile = 30 oncie = 1.76 lb 1 rottolo grosso = 38 oncie = 1.925 lb 1 cantaro = 79.15 kg 1 cantaro = 100 rotoli = 79.342 kg 1 libbra = 12 once = 317 g 1 libbra = 317.368 g 1 cantaro = 100 rotoli = 79.34 kg 1 denaro = 24 grani 1 oncia = 24 denari 1 libbra = 12 once 1 centinaio = 100 libbre = 33.907 kg 1 rubbio = 600 libbre 1 rubbio = 640 libbre 1 rubbio = 720 libbre 1 denaro = 24 grani = 1.178 g 1 oncia = 12 denari 1 libbra = 12 once = 339 g 1 libbra = 6912 grani = 339.072 g 1 libbra = 0.7477 lb 1 decina = 10 libbre = 3.391 kg 1 cantaro ( a.k.a. centinajo) (–1870) = 100 libbre 1 cantaro piccolo = 100 libbre = 33.9073 kg 1 cantaro (–1870) = 160 libbre 1 cantaro (–1870) = 250 libbre 1 cantaro grosso ( a.k.a. migliajo) (–1870) = 1000 libbre = 339.07 kg 1 libbra = 0.7277 1 rubbo = 25 libbre 1 centinajo = 2 ⁄ 3 cantari 1 centinajo = 4 rubbi = 32.96 kg 1 carato = 4 grani 1 ferlino = 10 carati 1 ferlino = 10 carati = 1.885 g 1 ferlino = 1.9225 g 1 ottavo = 2 ferlini 1 oncia = 8 ottavi 1 oncia = 16 ferlini 1 libbra mercantile = 12 once = 362 g 1 libbra = 0.7984 1 libbra = 12 once 1 libbra = 361.851 g 1 peso = 25 libbre = 9.046 kg 1 ferlino = 10 carati = 1.80 g 1 oncia = 16 ferlini 1 centinajo (–1859) = 34.514 kg 1 denaro = 24 grani 1 oncia = 24 denari 1 marco = 234.997 g 1 libbra = 12 once = 0.7197 lb 1 libbra = 328 g 1 rubbio = 25 libbre 1 grano = 53.363 mg 1 denaro = 24 grane = 1280.71 mg 1 cantaro = 4 rubbi 1 cantaro di comercio = 25 libbre = 10.164 kg 1 cantaro grosso ( a.k.a. cantarello) = 26 libbre = 10.5706 kg 1 calpo = 10 cantari grossi Kingdom of Sardinia The Kingdom of Sardinia , also referred to as

640-489: A mass measurement instrument such as a Kibble balance as a primary standard for the kilogram mass. The kilogram was originally defined in 1795 during the French Revolution as the mass of one litre of water . The current definition of a kilogram agrees with this original definition to within 30 parts per million . In 1799, the platinum Kilogramme des Archives replaced it as the standard of mass. In 1889,

720-484: A military campaign which lasted a year or so, occupied the Pisan territories of Cagliari and Gallura along with the city of Sassari , claiming the territory as the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica . In 1353, Arborea waged war on Aragon. The Crown of Aragon did not reduce the last of the judicates (indigenous kingdoms of Sardinia) until 1420. The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica retained its separate character as part of

800-566: A prison in Bologna. The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica (later, just the "Kingdom of Sardinia" from 1460 ) was a state whose king was the King of Aragon , who started to conquer it in 1324, gained full control in 1410, and directly ruled it until 1460. In that year it was incorporated into a sort of confederation of states, each with its own institutions, called the Crown of Aragon , and united only in

880-586: A secret clause in the Treaty of Anagni . This was an inducement to join in the effort to restore Sicily , then under the rule of James's brother Frederick III of Sicily , to the Angevin dynasty over the oppositions of the Sicilians. The two islands proposed for this new kingdom were occupied by other states and fiefs at the time. In Sardinia, three of the four states that had succeeded Byzantine imperial rule in

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960-447: A weight measurement to a mass and therefore require precise measurement of the strength of gravity in laboratories ( gravimetry ). All approaches would have precisely fixed one or more constants of nature at a defined value. Because an SI unit may not have multiple prefixes (see SI prefix ), prefixes are added to gram , rather than the base unit kilogram , which already has a prefix as part of its name. For instance, one-millionth of

1040-545: A written specification. At the 94th Meeting of the CIPM in 2005, it was recommended that the same be done with the kilogram. In October 2010, the CIPM voted to submit a resolution for consideration at the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM), to "take note of an intention" that the kilogram be defined in terms of the Planck constant , h (which has dimensions of energy times time, thus mass × length / time) together with other physical constants. This resolution

1120-4571: Is a list of units before the adoption of the metric system as well as local names for metric-based units. Over time many unit names were reused for metric units, adding an unnecessary obstacle to the system change. These units are marked with . They are also placed after the traditional. Units varied from one province or city to another. In the north the atomo was the smallest unit. Dedicated use:  # architect's   † commercial   ‡ mercer's 1 piede liprando = 0.51377 m 1 punto (point) = 1 ⁄ 144 piede liprando 1 oncia (inch) = 12 punti 1 piede liprando (foot) = 12 oncie 1 canna = 4 piedi liprando 1 trabucco = 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 canna 1 miglio (mile) = 4333 + 1 ⁄ 3 piedi liprando 1 punto = 12 atomi 1 oncia = 12 punti 1 piede = 12 diti ( a.k.a. pollici) 1 piede = 435.185 mm 1 braccio = 12 once 1 braccio = 2 piedi 1 miglio = 1 km 1 dito ( a.k.a. pollico) = 36.27 mm 1 oncia = 12 punti 1 piede = 12 diti 1 piè = 15.61 in 1 braccio = 12 once = 594.94 mm 1 trabucco = 6 piedi 1 miglio = 3000 braccii = 1784.81 m 1 atomo = 1 mm 1 dito = 1 cm 1 palmo = 1 dm 1 metro = 1 m 1 linea = 10 decimi 1 piede = 348 mm 1 piede = 12 once = 347.735 mm 1 piè = 13.69 in 1 braccio = 683 mm 1 cavezzo = 6 piedi = 2.08641 m 1 miglio = 1000 passi = 1738.67 m 1 cavezzo = 6 piedi 1 piè = 20.593 in 1 braccio = 22.741 in 1 oncia = 5 minuti 1 decima = 10 centesimi = 26.455 mm 1 palmo = 10 decime = 12 once = 264.55 mm 1 palmo = 10 decime 1 palmo = 12 once = 10.381 in 1 canna = 10 palmi = 2.646 m 1 canna = 10 palmi = 2.6455 m 1 canna = 8 palmi 1 canna = 8 palmi 1 pertica ( a.k.a. passo) = 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 palmi 1 miglio = 7000 palmi = 1.147 miles 1 miglio = 1000 passi ( geographical mile ) = 1855.11 m 1 palmo = 9.5297 in 1 canna = 2.06480 m 1 canna = 8 palmi 1 canna = 8 palmi = 2.06479 m 1 cortena = 4 canne 1 corda = 4 cortene = 33.037 m 1 miglio = 45 corde = 1486.66 m 1 canna = 10 palmi = 2.065 m 1 palmo = 12 once = 8.79 in 1 palmo = 8.796 in 1 palmo = 8.347 in 1 palmo mercantile = 24.908 cm 1 palmo architettonica = 22.319 cm 1 palmo d'ara = 12.500 cm 1 once = 10 decimi 1 pie (foot) = 16 once = 11.72 in 1 pié = 11.592 in 1 braccia da mercante = 67 cm 1 braccia par le tele = 63.5 cm 1 braccia d'ara = 75 cm 1 canna = 78.4 in 1 canna = 10 palmi 1 canna = 7 1/2 piedi = 2.23190 m 1 canna mercantile = 8 palmi = 1.99263 m 1 canna architettonica = 10 palmi = 2.2319 m 1 canna d'ara = 9 palmi = 1.125 m 1 catena = 10 stajoli = 25 + 1 ⁄ 2 palmi 1 miglio = 1000 passi = 1487.93 m 1 oncia = 10 decimi = 18.6 mm 1 piede = 297.587 mm 1 braccio = 30.732 in 1 canna = 10 palmi = 2.234 m 1 pié = 15.384 in 1 braccio = 35 + 1 ⁄ 3 in 1 piede = 38 cm 1 braccio = 64 cm 1 punto = 12 atomi 1 oncia = 12 punti 1 braccio di legno = 12 once 1 braccio = 21.344 in 1 pertica = 6 braccia 1 piè = 22.428 in 1 punto = 12 atomi 1 oncia = 12 punti 1 piè liprando = 12 once = 20.228 in 1 canna = 8 palmi = 2.1 m 1 miglio = 4333 + 1 ⁄ 3 piedi liprando = 1.3835 mile 1 raso = 14 oncie 1 piede manuale = 2 ⁄ 3 piede liprando 1 piede manuale = 8 once = 342.511 mm 1 trabucco = 6 piedi liprandi = 3.096 m 1 trabucco = 6 piedi liprandi 1 pertica = 2 trabucci 1 pertica = 12 piedi liprandi = 6.16519 m 1 miglio = 800 trabucchi = 2466.08 m 1 piede = 293 mm 1 raso = 14 oncie 1 raso = 0.6 m 1 trabucco = 6 piedi liprandi 1 pertica = 2 trabucci 1 palmo = 5 + 1 ⁄ 3 once 1 palmo = 248 mm 1 piè manuale = 2 ⁄ 3 piè liprando 1 braccio = 2 + 1 ⁄ 3 palmi 1 braccio = 28 once = 581.22 mm 1 canna = about 9 palmi 1 canna piccola = 9 palmi = 2.24186 m 1 canna = 10 palmi = 2.49095 m 1 canna grossa = 12 palmi = 2.98914 m 1 quattrino = 4 denari = 9.728 mm 1 soldo = 12 denari 1 palmo = 10 soldi = 11.49 in 1 braccio = 2 palmi 1 canna = 4 braccia 1 canna = 5 braccii = 2.91825 m 1 canna = 5 braccia 1 canna = 4 braccia = 2.3346 m 1 canna ( a.k.a. percha) = 5 bracchia 1 miglio = 2833 + 1 ⁄ 3 braccia = 1.0277 mile 1 miglio = 2833 + 1 ⁄ 3 braccii = 1653.67 m 1 braccio = 2 palmi = 583 mm One libbra (pound) differed between 307 and 398 g. Several countries used both

1200-655: Is described as "a common informal name" on Russ Rowlett's Dictionary of Units of Measurement. When the United States Congress gave the metric system legal status in 1866, it permitted the use of the word kilo as an alternative to the word kilogram , but in 1990 revoked the status of the word kilo . The SI system was introduced in 1960 and in 1970 the BIPM started publishing the SI Brochure , which contains all relevant decisions and recommendations by

1280-619: Is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI), having the unit symbol kg . 'Kilogram' means 'one thousand grams ' and is colloquially abbreviated to kilo . The kilogram is an SI base unit , defined ultimately in terms of three defining constants of the SI, namely a specific transition frequency of Cs, the speed of light, and the Planck constant. A properly equipped metrology laboratory can calibrate

1360-400: Is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 15 × 10 when expressed in the unit J⋅s, which is equal to kg⋅m ⋅s , where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and Δ ν Cs . Defined in term of those units, the kg is formulated as: This definition is generally consistent with previous definitions:

1440-526: The CGPM concerning units. The SI Brochure states that "It is not permissible to use abbreviations for unit symbols or unit names ...". For use with east Asian character sets, the SI symbol is encoded as a single Unicode character, U+338F ㎏ SQUARE KG in the CJK Compatibility block. The replacement of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK) as the primary standard

1520-525: The Houses of Anjou and Aragon , established on paper a Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae that would be a fief of the papacy. Then, ignoring the indigenous states which already existed, the Pope offered his newly created fief to James II of Aragon , promising him papal support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily. In 1323 James II formed an alliance with Hugh II of Arborea and, following

1600-669: The Judicate of Arborea in the course of war with the Republic of Pisa , James II seized the Pisan territories in the former states of Cagliari and Gallura and asserted his papally-approved title. In 1347, Aragon made war on landlords of the Doria House and the Malaspina House, who were citizens of the Republic of Genoa , which controlled most of the lands of the former Logudoro state in north-western Sardinia, including

1680-672: The Kingdom of Sardinia - Piedmont , Sardegna and Corsica or Piedmont–Sardinia as a composite state during the Savoyard period, was a country in Southern Europe from the late 13th until the mid-19th century; officially 1297 to 1768 for the Corsican part of this kingdom. The kingdom was a member of the Council of Aragon and initially consisted of the islands of Corsica and Sardinia , sovereignty over both of which

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1760-481: The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia had been conquered. Following the bloody battles of Magenta and Solferino , both French victories, Napoleon thought the war too costly to continue and made a separate peace behind Cavour's back in which only Lombardy would be ceded. Due to the Austrian government's refusal to cede any lands to the Kingdom of Sardinia, they agreed to cede Lombardy to Napoleon, who in turn then ceded

1840-651: The Kingdom of Naples , Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan. During the War of the Quadruple Alliance , Victor Amadeus II , Duke of Savoy and King of Sicily, had to agree to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and receive Sardinia in exchange. The exchange was formally ratified in the Treaty of The Hague of 17 February 1720. Because the Kingdom of Sardinia had existed since the 14th century,

1920-480: The Kingdom of Piedmont , since the island of Sardinia had always been of secondary importance to the monarchy. Under Savoyard rule, the kingdom's government, ruling class, cultural models and center of population were entirely situated in the mainland. Therefore, while the capital of the island of Sardinia and the seat of its viceroys had always been de jure Cagliari , it was the Piedmontese city of Turin ,

2000-804: The Maddalena archipelago in the Strait of Bonifacio from the Republic of Genoa and claimed it as part of Sardinia. Since then the archipelago has been a part of the Sardinian region. In 1792, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the other states of the Savoy Crown joined the First Coalition against the French First Republic , but was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon and forced to conclude the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris (1796) , giving

2080-464: The Papal States (1870). On 17 March 1861, to more accurately reflect its new geographic, cultural and political extent, the Kingdom of Sardinia changed its name to the Kingdom of Italy , and its capital was eventually moved first to Florence and then to Rome . The Savoy-led Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was thus the legal predecessor of the Kingdom of Italy, which in turn is the predecessor of

2160-526: The Treaty of Stupinigi , the Kingdom of Sardinia extended its protectorate over the Principality of Monaco . In the reaction after Napoleon, the country was ruled by conservative monarchs: Victor Emmanuel I (1802–21), Charles Felix (1821–31) and Charles Albert (1831–49), who fought at the head of a contingent of his own troops at the Battle of Trocadero , which set the reactionary Ferdinand VII on

2240-560: The mass remains within 30 ppm of the mass of one litre of water. The kilogram is the only base SI unit with an SI prefix ( kilo ) as part of its name. The word kilogramme or kilogram is derived from the French kilogramme , which itself was a learned coinage, prefixing the Greek stem of χίλιοι khilioi "a thousand" to gramma , a Late Latin term for "a small weight", itself from Greek γράμμα . The word kilogramme

2320-662: The one between Great Britain and Ireland , the various Savoyard states were unified under one legal system with their capital in Turin, and granted a constitution, the Statuto Albertino . By the time of the Crimean War in 1853, the Savoyards had built the kingdom into a strong power. There followed the annexation of Lombardy (1859), the central Italian states and the Two Sicilies (1860), Venetia (1866), and

2400-620: The 10th century. The Archons still wrote in Greek or Latin, but one of the oldest documents left of the Judicate of Cagliari (the so-called Carta Volgare ), issued by Torchitorio I de Lacon-Gunale in 1070, was already written in the Romance Sardinian language , albeit with the Greek alphabet . The realm was divided into four small kingdoms, the Judicates of Cagliari , Arborea , Gallura and Logudoro , perfectly organized as

2480-538: The 9th century had passed through marriage and partition under the direct or indirect control of Pisa and Genoa in the 40 years preceding the Anagni treaty. Genoa had also ruled Corsica since conquering the island nearly two centuries before ( c . 1133). There were other reasons beside this papal decision: it was the final successful result of the long fight against the Ghibelline (pro-imperial) city of Pisa and

Italian units of measurement - Misplaced Pages Continue

2560-404: The 9th century. After that, communications with Constantinople became very difficult, and powerful families of the island assumed control of the land. Facing Arab attempts to sack and conquer, while having almost no outside help, Sardinia used the principle of translatio imperii ("transfer of rule") and continued to organize itself along the ancient Roman and Byzantine model. The island was not

2640-586: The Arborean army led by Brancaleone Doria again swept most of the island into Arborean rule. This situation lasted until 1409 when the army of the Judicate of Arborea suffered a heavy defeat by the Aragonese army in the Battle of Sanluri . After the sale of the remaining territories for 100,000 gold florins to the Judicate of Arborea in 1420, the "Kingdom of Sardinia" extended throughout the island, except for

2720-642: The Byzantines had been driven away by Catholic Normans . Even the title of "Judge" was a Byzantine reminder of the Greek church and state, in times of harsh relations between eastern and western churches ( Massacre of the Latins , 1182, Siege of Constantinople (1204) , Recapture of Constantinople , 1261). Before the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica, the Archons (ἄρχοντες) or, in Latin, judices , who reigned in

2800-460: The Crown of Aragon and was not merely incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon. At the time of his struggles with Arborea, Peter IV of Aragon granted an autonomous legislature to the kingdom and its legal traditions. The kingdom was governed in the king's name by a viceroy . In 1420, Alfonso V of Aragon , king of Sicily and heir to Aragon, bought the remaining territories for 100,000 gold florins of

2880-524: The Crown of Aragon to a united Spain. The defeat of the local kingdoms, communes and signorie , the firm Aragonese (later Spanish) rule, the introduction of a sterile feudalism , as well as the discovery of the Americas, provoked an unstoppable decline of the Kingdom of Sardinia. A short period of uprisings occurred under the local noble Leonardo Alagon , marquess of Oristano , who defended his territories against Viceroy Nicolò Carroz and managed to defeat

2960-518: The French army free passage through Piedmont. On 6 December 1798 Joubert occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel IV to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. The provisionary government voted to unite Piedmont with France. In 1799 the Austro-Russians briefly occupied the city, but with the Battle of Marengo (1800), the French regained control. The island of Sardinia stayed out of

3040-535: The French word kilo , a shortening of kilogramme , was imported into the English language where it has been used to mean both kilogram and kilometre. While kilo as an alternative is acceptable, to The Economist for example, the Canadian government's Termium Plus system states that "SI (International System of Units) usage, followed in scientific and technical writing" does not allow its usage and it

3120-760: The Holy Roman Empire itself. Furthermore, Sardinia was then under the control of the very Catholic kings of Aragon, and the last result of rapprochement of the island to Rome. The Sardinian church had never been under the control of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople ; it was an autonomous province loyal to Rome and belonging to the Latin Church , but during the Byzantine period became influenced by Byzantine liturgy and culture. In 1297, Pope Boniface VIII , intervening between

3200-465: The IPK from 1889 to 2019. In 1960, the metre , previously similarly having been defined with reference to a single platinum-iridium bar with two marks on it, was redefined in terms of an invariant physical constant (the wavelength of a particular emission of light emitted by krypton , and later the speed of light ) so that the standard can be independently reproduced in different laboratories by following

3280-461: The Italian capital until 1865, when the capital was moved to Florence . But many revolts exploded throughout the peninsula, especially in southern Italy, and on the island of Sicily, because of the perceived unfair treatment of the south by the Piedmontese ruling class. The House of Savoy ruled Italy until 1946, when Italy was declared a republic by referendum . The result was 54.3% in favor of

Italian units of measurement - Misplaced Pages Continue

3360-487: The Judicate of Arborea in the 1420 from the last judge, William III of Narbonne , and the "Kingdom of Sardinia" extended throughout the island, except for the city of Castelsardo (at that time called Casteldoria or Castelgenovese ) that was stolen from the Doria in 1448, and renamed Castillo Aragonés ( Aragonese Castle ). Corsica, which had never been conquered, was dropped from the formal title and Sardinia passed with

3440-401: The Kingdom of Sardinia were to keep the new acquisitions they would have to cede Savoy and Nice to France. This was done through the Treaty of Turin , which also called for referendums to confirm the annexation. Subsequently, somewhat controversial referendums showed over 99.5% majorities in both areas in favour of joining France. In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi started his campaign to conquer

3520-575: The Republic. When the Duchy of Savoy acquired the Kingdom of Sicily in 1713 and the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1723, the flag of Savoy became the flag of a naval power. This posed the problem that the same flag was already in use by the Knights of Malta . Because of this, the Savoyards modified their flag for use as a naval ensign in various ways, adding the letters FERT in the four cantons, or adding

3600-529: The Sardinian Parliament proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy , so ratifying the annexations of all other Apennine states, plus Sicily, to the Kingdom of Sardinia. The institutions and laws of the kingdom were quickly extended to all of Italy, abolishing the administrations of the other regions. Piedmont became the most dominant and wealthiest region in Italy and the capital of Piedmont, Turin, remained

3680-546: The Spanish throne. Victor Emmanuel I disbanded the entire Code Napoléon and returned the lands and power to the nobility and the Church. This reactionary policy went as far as discouraging the use of roads built by the French. These changes typified Sardinia. The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution, the Statuto Albertino , was enacted in the year of revolutions, 1848 under liberal pressure. In

3760-630: The areas of Latium (with the capital Rome), Umbria , Romagna (with Bologna) and the Marches (with Ancona). Milan adopted the metric system in 1803, during the Napoleonic wars , albeit reusing names of older units. After the Congress of Vienna , the various Italian states reverted to their original systems of measurements. In 1845 Sardinia passed legislation to introduce the metric system within five years. In 1859 Lombardy (but not Venetia)

3840-525: The capital of Savoy since the mid 16th century, which was the de facto seat of power. This situation would be conferred official status with the Perfect Fusion of 1847, when all the kingdom's governmental institutions would be centralized in Turin. When the mainland domains of the House of Savoy were occupied and eventually annexed by Napoleonic France , the king of Sardinia temporarily resided on

3920-405: The city of Alghero and the semiautonomous Republic of Sassari , and added them to its direct domains. The Judicate of Arborea , the only Sardinian state that remained independent of foreign domination, proved far more difficult to subdue. Threatened by the Aragonese claims of suzerainty and consolidation of the rest of the island, in 1353 Arborea, under the leadership of Marianus IV , started

4000-413: The city of Castelsardo (at that time called Casteldoria or Castelgenovese ), which had been stolen from the Doria in 1448. The subduing of Sardinia having taken a century, Corsica, which had never been wrested from the Genoese, was dropped from the formal title of the kingdom. Under the Crown of Aragon Sardinia continued to be governed as a semi-independent kingdom, retaining its own parliament and

4080-449: The conquest of the remaining Sardinian territories, which formed the Kingdom of Sardinia. In 1368 an Arborean offensive succeeded in nearly driving the Aragonese from the island, reducing the "Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica" to just the port cities of Cagliari and Alghero and incorporating everything else into their own kingdom. A peace treaty returned the Aragonese their previous possessions in 1388, but tensions continued and, in 1382,

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4160-490: The exchange allowed Victor Amadeus to retain the title of king in spite of the loss of Sicily. Victor Amadeus initially resisted the exchange, and until 1723 continued to style himself King of Sicily rather than King of Sardinia. The state took the official title of Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus and Jerusalem , as the House of Savoy still claimed the thrones of Cyprus and Jerusalem , although both had long been under Ottoman rule. In 1767–1769, Charles Emmanuel III annexed

4240-429: The following centuries is scarce. Due to Saracen attacks, in the 9th century Tharros was abandoned in favor of Oristano , after more than 1800 years of occupation; Caralis , Porto Torres and numerous other coastal centres suffered the same fate. There is a record of another massive Saracen sea attack in 1015–16 from the Balearics , commanded by Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī (Latinized as Museto ). The Saracen attempt to invade

4320-490: The island for the first time in Sardinia's history under Savoyard rule. The Congress of Vienna (1814–15), which restructured Europe after Napoleon's defeat, returned to Savoy its mainland possessions and augmented them with Liguria , taken from the Republic of Genoa . Following Geneva 's accession to Switzerland , the Treaty of Turin (1816) transferred Carouge and adjacent areas to the newly created Swiss Canton of Geneva . In 1847–48, through an act of Union analogous to

4400-450: The island from the 9th or 10th century until the beginning of the 11th century, can be considered real kings of all Sardinia (Κύριε βοήθε ιοῦ δού λού σου Tουρκοτουρίου ἅρχωντοσ Σαρδινίας καί τής δού ληςσου Γετιτ ), even though nominal vassals of the Byzantine emperors. Of these sovereigns, only two names are known: Turcoturiu and Salusiu (Tουρκοτουριου βασιλικου προτοσπαθαριου και Σαλουσιου των ευγενεστατων άρχωντων), who probably ruled in

4480-413: The island under his rule, despite years of war against the other Sardinian judges, and he finally concluded a peace treaty with them in 1172. The second did not have the opportunity. Invested with the title from his father, Emperor Frederick II in 1239, he was soon recalled by his parent and appointed Imperial Vicar for Italy. He died in 1272 without direct recognized heirs after a detention of 23 years in

4560-456: The island was stopped by the Judicates with the support of the fleets of the maritime republics of Pisa and Genoa . Pope Benedict VIII also requested aid from the two maritime republics in the struggle against the Arabs. After the Great Schism , Rome made many efforts to restore Latinity to the Sardinian church, politics and society, and to finally reunify the island under one Catholic ruler, as it had been for all of southern Italy, when

4640-425: The island's coast to guard against pirate raids. The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession . By the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, Spain's European empire was divided: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan , while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria ), received the Spanish Netherlands ,

4720-493: The king and his prime minister, wanted to conquer Rome as well. Garibaldi was disappointed in this development, as well as in the loss of his home province, Nice , to France. He also failed to fulfill the promises that had gained him popular and military support by the Sicilians: that the new nation would be a republic, not a kingdom, and that the Sicilians would see great economic gains after unification. The former did not come to pass until 1946. On 17 March 1861, law no. 4671 of

4800-464: The mainland states, which included, besides Savoy and Aosta , dynastic possessions like the Principality of Piedmont and the County of Nice , over both of which the Savoyards had been exercising their control since the 13th century and 1388, respectively. The formal name of this composite state was the " States of His Majesty the King of Sardinia ", and it was and is referred to as either Sardinia – Piedmont , Piedmont–Sardinia , or erroneously

4880-402: The person of the king. The Crown of Aragon was made by a council of representatives of the various states and grew in importance for the main purpose of separating the legacy of Ferdinand II of Aragon from that of Isabella I of Castile when they married in 1469. The idea of the kingdom was created in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII , as a hypothetical entity created for James II of Aragon under

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4960-425: The personal property of the ruler and of his family, as was then the dominant practice in western Europe, but rather a separate entity and during the Byzantine Empire , a monarchical republic , as it had been since Roman times. Starting from 705 to 706, Saracens from north Africa (recently conquered by Arab armies) harassed the population of the coastal cities. Information about the Sardinian political situation in

5040-404: The present-day Italian Republic . In 238 BC Sardinia became, along with Corsica, a province of the Roman Empire . The Romans ruled the island until the middle of the 5th century when it was occupied by the Vandals , who had also settled in north Africa. In 534 AD it was reconquered by the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire . It remained a Byzantine province until the Arab conquest of Sicily in

5120-460: The reach of the French for the rest of the war and was, for the first time in centuries governed directly by its king instead of a viceroy. In 1814, the Crown of Savoy enlarged its territories with the addition of the former Republic of Genoa , now a duchy, and it served as a buffer state against France. This was confirmed by the Congress of Vienna , which returned the region of Savoy to its borders after it had been annexed by France in 1792. By

5200-500: The reproducible production of new, kilogram-mass prototypes on demand (albeit with extraordinary effort) using measurement techniques and material properties that are ultimately based on, or traceable to, physical constants. Others were based on devices that measured either the acceleration or weight of hand-tuned kilogram test masses and that expressed their magnitudes in electrical terms via special components that permit traceability to physical constants. All approaches depend on converting

5280-449: The same year the island of Sardinia, a Piedmontese dependency for more than a century, lost its own residual autonomy to the mainland through the so-called Perfect fusion issued by Charles Albert; as a result, the kingdom's fundamental institutions were deeply transformed, assuming the shape of a constitutional and centralized monarchy on the French model; under the same pressure, Charles Albert declared war on Austria. After initial success,

5360-405: The southern Apennines in the name of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He quickly toppled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , which was the largest of the states in the region, stretching from Abruzzo and Naples on the mainland to Messina and Palermo on Sicily. He then marched to Gaeta in the central peninsula. Cavour was satisfied with the unification, while Garibaldi, who was too revolutionary for

5440-438: The territory to the Kingdom of Sardinia to avoid "embarrassing" the defeated Austrians. Cavour angrily resigned from office when it became clear that Victor Emmanuel would accept this arrangement. On 5 March 1860, Piacenza , Parma , Tuscany, Modena , and Romagna voted in referendums to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. This alarmed Napoleon III, who feared a strong Savoyard state on his south-eastern border and he insisted that if

5520-407: The union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile , Sardinia became a part of the burgeoning Spanish Empire . In 1720, the island and its kingdom were ceded by the Habsburg and Bourbon claimants to the Spanish throne to the Duke of Savoy , Victor Amadeus II . The Savoyards united it with their historical possessions on the Italian mainland, and the kingdom came to be progressively identified with

5600-477: The viceroy's army in the 1470s, but was later crushed at the Battle of Macomer in 1478, ending any further revolts in the island. The unceasing attacks from north African pirates and a series of plagues (in 1582, 1652 and 1655) further worsened the situation. Although the " Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica " could be said to have started as a questionable and extraordinary de jure state in 1297, its de facto existence began in 1324 when, called by their allies of

5680-487: The war took a turn for the worse and Charles Albert was defeated by Marshal Radetzky at the Battle of Custozza (1848) . Like all the various duchies and city-states on the Apennine peninsula and associated islands, the Kingdom of Sardinia was troubled with political instability under alternating governments. After a short and disastrous renewal of the war with Austria in 1849, Charles Albert abdicated on 23 March 1849 in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II . In 1852,

5760-618: Was accepted by the 24th conference of the CGPM in October 2011 and further discussed at the 25th conference in 2014. Although the Committee recognised that significant progress had been made, they concluded that the data did not yet appear sufficiently robust to adopt the revised definition, and that work should continue to enable the adoption at the 26th meeting, scheduled for 2018. Such a definition would theoretically permit any apparatus that

5840-592: Was adopted in Great Britain when the word was used for the first time in English in 1795, with the spelling kilogram being adopted in the United States. In the United Kingdom both spellings are used, with "kilogram" having become by far the more common. UK law regulating the units to be used when trading by weight or measure does not prevent the use of either spelling. In the 19th century

5920-640: Was annexed. In 1860 Parma, Modena, Tuscany, Umbria, Romagna and the Marches, and the Two Sicilies (Naples) were assimilated into Sardinia and under the Law 132 of 28 July 28, 1861 the metric system became the official system of measurement throughout the (this year) Italian kingdom . The last to be incorporated were Venetia (1866), and the rest of the Papal States (1870). For historical Roman measurements see Ancient Roman units of measurement . The following

6000-410: Was capable of delineating the kilogram in terms of the Planck constant to be used as long as it possessed sufficient precision, accuracy and stability. The Kibble balance is one way to do this. As part of this project, a variety of very different technologies and approaches were considered and explored over many years. Some of these approaches were based on equipment and procedures that would enable

6080-474: Was claimed by the papacy , which granted them as a fief, the regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae ("kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica" ), to King James II of Aragon in 1297. Beginning in 1324, James and his successors conquered the island of Sardinia and established de facto their de jure authority. In 1420, after the Sardinian–Aragonese war , the last competing claim to the island was bought out. After

6160-520: Was mostly, but not always, in the south and east, in the Judicates of Cagliari and Arborea. That was the cause of conflicts leading to a long war between the Judges, who regarded themselves as kings fighting against rebellious nobles. Later, the title of King of Sardinia was granted by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire to Barisone II of Arborea and Enzio of Sardinia . The first could not reunify

6240-525: Was motivated by evidence accumulated over a long period of time that the mass of the IPK and its replicas had been changing; the IPK had diverged from its replicas by approximately 50 micrograms since their manufacture late in the 19th century. This led to several competing efforts to develop measurement technology precise enough to warrant replacing the kilogram artefact with a definition based directly on physical fundamental constants. The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) approved

6320-494: Was the previous realm, but was now under the influence of the papacy , which claimed sovereignty over the entire island, and in particular of the Italian states of Genoa and Pisa, that through alliances with the "judges" (the local rulers), secured their political and economic zones of influence. While Genoa was mostly, but not always, in the north and west regions of Sardinia, that is, in the Judicates of Gallura and Logudoro; Pisa

6400-580: Was written into French law in 1795, in the Decree of 18 Germinal , which revised the provisional system of units introduced by the French National Convention two years earlier, where the gravet had been defined as weight ( poids ) of a cubic centimetre of water, equal to 1/1000 of a grave . In the decree of 1795, the term gramme thus replaced gravet , and kilogramme replaced grave . The French spelling

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